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U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR 

CHILDREN’S  BUREAU 

JULIA  C.  LATHROP.  Chief 


«24}J: 


2-cr 


INFANT  MORTALITY 

MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


A STUDY  OF  INFANT  MORTALITY 
IN  A SUBURBAN  COMMUNITY 


INFANT  MORTALITY  SERIES  No.  4 
Bureau  Publication  No.  1 1 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1915 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Letter  of  transmittal 5 

Introduction 7,  8 

General  characteristics  of  Montclair 9, 10 

Location 9 

History 9 

Population 9 

Wealth 9 

Industries 10 

Liquor  licenses 10 

Hospitals 10 

Social  agencies 10 

Analysis  of  infant  mortality,  Montclair,  1912 11-23 

Infant  mortality  rate 11,  12 

Environment -. . 13-15 

Neighborhood  incidence 13 

Housing 14, 15 

Nativity,  nationality,  and  color  of  mother A 16 

Age  at  death  and  direct  cause  of  death 17, 18 

Sex 18 

Illegitimacy 18 

Attendant  at  birth 18,19 

Economic  status  of  the  family 19,  30 

Mothers 21,22 

Occupation 21 

Literacy 21,22 

Feeding 22,23 

Civic  factors  tending  to  reduce  infant  mortality 23-29 

Expenditures  for  health  and  sanitation 23 

Activities  of  the  board  of  health 24-26 

Birth  registration : 24 

Supervision  of  the  milk  supply 25,  26 

Laboratory  analysis 25 

Dairy  inspection 25 

Supervision  of  the  water  supply 26 

Activities  of  the  engineering  department 27,  28 

Sewage  disposal 27 

Disposal  of  ashes  and  garbage 27 

Paving 28 

The  baby  clinic 28,29 

APPENDIX. 

Milk  regulations * 31-36 

3 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Labor, 

Children’s  Bureau, 
Washington , March  8,  1915 . 

Sir:  I transmit  herewith  a study  of  infant  mortality  in  the  town  of 
Montclair,  N.  J 

In  this  study  the  Children’s  Bureau  cooperated  with  the  health 
authorities  of  Montclair.  The  schedules  were  furnished  by  the  Chil- 
dren’s Bureau  and  the  data  were  collected  by  nurses  of  the  town 
health  department  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  C.  H.  Wells,  health 
officer.  Miss  Sophia  A.  Vogt,  of  the  Children’s  Bureau,  visited  Mont- 
clair and  started  the  inquiry.  The  material  was  tabulated  in  the 
bureau  and  the  text  written  by  Miss  Margaretta  A.  Williamson,  of  the 
bureau  staff. 

This  description  of  the  life  of  babies  in  Montclair  during  one  calen- 
dar year  is  of  interest  because  it  shows  the  facts  regarding  a particu- 
larly favored  suburban  community  in  charge  of  a notably  efficient 
health  officer.  It  is  seen  that  the  general  infant  death  rate  of  Mont- 
clair was  84.6  as  against  an  estimated  rate  of  124  for  the  birth- 
registration  area  of  the  United  States  for  1910.  A reading  of  the 
report  shows  the  variations  above  and  below  the  average  rate  in  the 
different  localities  of  the  town  and  their  accompanying  characteristic 
factors. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

Julia  C.  Lathrop,  Chief. 

Hon.  William  B.  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Labor. 


5 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  Montclair  Board  of  Health  in  1913  determined  to  conduct  an 
inquiry  into  infant  mortality  in  Montclair,  basing  its  inquiry  upon 
all  the  births  which  occurred  in  the  town  during  the  calendar  year 
1912  and  proceeding  according  to  the  plan  adopted  by  the  Federal 
Children’s  Bureau  for  its  series  of  infant  mortality  studies.  Schedule 
forms,  such  as  had  been  used  by  the  Children’s  Bureau  in  its  field 
study  in  Johnstown,  Pa.,  were  furnished  to  the  board  of  health,  and 
a field  agent  of  the  bureau  was  sent  to  Montclair  to  explain  to  the 
local  investigators  the  schedule  questions  and  the  bureau’s  methods 
of  collecting  statistical  information.  Two  Montclair  nurses  visited 
the  homes  of  the  babies,  interviewed  the  mothers,  and  filled  out  for 
each  baby  a schedule  covering  the  first  year  of  its  life  or  as  much  of 
the  first  year  as  it  survived.  The  fourth-ward  mothers  were  visited 
by  the  board  of  health  nurse.  The  other  nurse  was  engaged  to  make 
the  investigations  in  the  rest  of  the  town.  Believing  that  a report 
of  the  results  of  this  inquiry  into  infant  mortality  in  a suburban 
community  would  be  of  interest,  the  scheduled  information  has  been 
tabulated  by  the  Children’s  Bureau. 

In  the  report  have  been  included  a brief  description  of  the  town, 
an  analysis  of  infant  mortality  in  Montclair  in  1912,  and  a discussion 
of  the  various  social  and  civic  factors  which  in  Montclair  seem  to 
have  been  closely  related  to  the  problem  of  infant  mortality. 

The  chief  sources  of  information  were  as  follows:  Interviews  with 
the  Montclair  mothers,  who  by  their  interest  and  cooperation  made 
the  inquiry  possible;  interviews  with  public  officials  and  with  doctors, 
nurses,  and  others  who  had  been  closely  connected  with  infant- 
welfare  work;  annual  reports  of  the  town  departments,  particularly 
the  full  and  detailed  reports  of  the  board  of  health;  reports  of  social 
and  charitable  agencies;  and  personal  observation  of  conditions. 

In  view  of  the  decision  to  include  in  this  inquiry  all  babies  born  in 
Montclair  in  1912,  and  to  study  the  conditions  surrounding  them  dur- 
ing their  first  year  of  life,  the  birth  certificates  were  copied  from  the 
records  of  the  health  officer  for  all  babies  born  in  that  year,  and  a 
12-months’  lapse  of  time  from  the  date  of  birth  was  allowed  in  each 

7 


8 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


case  before  the  baby  was  visited;  i.  e.,  a baby  born  in  November, 
1912,  was  not  visited  until  after  November,  1913,  in  order  that  the 
first  12  months  of  life  might  have  been  completed.  Births  (num- 
bering 53)  to  nonresident  parents  at  the  Mountainside  Hospital  and 
stillbirths  (20)  were  excluded  from  the  study.1 

The  mothers  of  the  babies,  located  from  the  addresses  on  the  birth 
certificates,  were  interviewed  and  questioned  as  to  the  care  and  home 
environment  of  the  babies  during  the  first  year.  The  investigation 
was  entirely  democratic.  All  mothers  who  could  be  found,  whether 
rich  or  poor,  native  or  foreign,  were  visited.  Notwithstanding  the 
personal  nature  of  the  schedule  questions  only  8 mothers  refused  to 
give  the  information.  From  the  518  birth  certificates,  complete 
schedules  relating  to  402  babies  were  secured  and  are  included  in  the 
statistics  of  this  report.  Information  relating  to  116  births  could 
not  be  obtained  for  the  following  reasons : Seventy- three  mothers  had 
moved  away  from  Montclair;  20  could  not  be  located;  8 refused  to 
give  the  information;  1 mother  had  died;  3 were  ill;  1 baby  was 
found  to  have  been  born  outside  of  Montclair;  6 mothers  were  not 
visited;  and  in  4 cases  the  information  was  not  used  because  it  had 
not  been  obtained  from  the  mother. 

The  infant  mortality  rate  in  this  study  is  obtained  by  comparing 
the  number  of  babies  born  alive  in  Montclair  in  1912  and  included  in 
this  study  with  the  number  of  these  same  babies  who  died  before 
they  were  a year  old.  The  number  of  such  deaths  per  1,000  live 
births  gives  an  exact  infant  mortality  rate  for  the  limited  group  con- 
sidered. This  method,  which  has  been  worked  out  for  the  infant 
mortality  series  of  the  Children’s  Bureau,  differs  from  the  usual 
method  of  computing  the  infant  mortality  rate.  The  usual  method 
is  to  compare  the  live  births  in  a given  area  during  a single  calendar 
year  with  the  deaths  under  1 year  occurring  during  the  same  year, 
regardless  of  the  possibility  that  some  of  the  babies  who  died  during 
the  year  may  have  been  born  in  a different  area  and  that  not  all  who 
die  under  12  months  of  age  die  in  the  calendar  year  of  their  birth. 


i The  following  summary  of  the  number  of  stillbirths  and  the  number  per  hundred  live  births  from 
1908  to  1912  has  been  prepared  from  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Health  for  1912: 


Year. 

The  town. 

Colored. 

Italian. 

Other  white. 

Number. 

Per  hun- 
dred live 
births. 

Number. 

Per  hun- 
dred live 
births. 

Number. 

Per  hun- 
dred live 
births. 

Number. 

Per  hun- 
dred live 
births. 

1908 

20 

4.7 

5 

7.6 

2 

2.3 

13 

4.8 

1909 

24 

5.6 

7 

12.1 

4 

5.8 

13 

4.4 

1910 

20 

4.7 

5 

8.6 

3 

2.8 

12 

4.7 

1911 

15 

3.2 

4 

6.4 

5 

5.1 

6 

2 

1912 

20 

3.9 

4 

4.9 

6 

4.5 

1C 

3.3 

INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


9 


GENERAL  CHARACTERISTICS  OF  MONTCLAIR. 

Location. — Montclair  lies  13  miles  to  the  northwest  of  New  York 
City,  in  Essex  County,  N.  J.,  and  is  served  by  the  Erie  and  the 
Delaware,  Lackawanna  & Western  Railroads  and  by  an  interurban 
trolley.  Located  in  a well-wooded,  country-like  section  of  New 
Jersey,  it  occupies  a long  rectangular  area  comprising  6.1  square 
miles  and  extending  along  the  slope  of  the  first  range  of  the  Orange 
Mountains.  With  an  average  altitude  of  300  feet,  it  has  become 
noted  for  its  healthful  climate. 

History. — Montclair  had  its  origin  over  two  centuries  ago  in  the 
little  settlement  “Cranetown,”  then  an  outlying  plantation  of 
Newark.  The  early  settlers  were  English,  who  came  to  Key  Jersey 
from  the  colony  of  New  Haven.  In  1812  Bloomfield,  including 
Cranetown,  then  known  as  West  Bloomfield,  was  organized  as  a 
separate  township.  In  1860  the  name  of  Montclair  was  substituted 
for  West  Bloomfield,  and  in  1868  Montclair,  together  with  the 
Dutch  settlement  Speertown — the  nucleus  of  Upper  Montclair — was 
incorporated  as  a separate  township.  In  1894  Montclair  became  a 
town.1 

Population. — In  1910,  according  to  the  Federal  census,  Montclair 
had  a population  of  21,550,  of  which,  after  the  native  white  group, 
the  next  largest  factors  were  the  Negroes  (11.5  per  cent)  and  the 
Italians  (7  per  cent)  with  an  additional  2.8  per  cent  native-born  of 
Italian  parentage.  The  estimated  population  for  1912,  the  year 
which  this  infant  mortality  study  covers,  was  approximately  24,000.2 

Wealth. — Due  partly  to  its  healthful  climate  and  attractive  loca- 
tion and  partly  to  the  efforts  which  have  been  made  to  add  to  the 
natural  beauty  of  the  town,  Montclair  has  become  one  of  the  most 
pleasing  of  the  New  York  suburbs.  Many  New  York  business  and 
professional  men  have  recognized  its  desirability  and  have  built 
there  comfortable  suburban  homes.  That  Montclair  is  a town  of 
exceptional  wealth  is  shown  by  the  comparison  of  the  assessed 
valuation  of  property  in  towns  of  approximately  the  same  size — 
i.  e.,  20,000  to  30,000  population.  In  1912  it  had  an  assessed  prop- 
erty valuation  of  $40,319,062,  which  was  considerably  higher  than 
that  of  any  other  New  Jersey  city  or  town  of  the  same  population 
group  and  higher  than  that  of  any  city  or  town  of  the  United  States 
in  the  same  group  with  the  exception  of  Brookline,  Mass.,  and 
Newport,  R.  I.3 

1 Whittemore,  History  of  Montclair,  N.  J. 

2 Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Health,  1913;  estimate  based  on  arithmetic  method  of  U.  S.  Bureau  of 
the  Census  for  approximating  population  for  intercensal  years. 

s U.  S.  Bureau  of  the  Census  Report  on  Assessed  Valuation  of  Property  and  Amounts  and  Rates  of  Levy, 
1860-1912. 

. 85978°— 15 2 


10 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


Industries. — Montclair  is  preeminently  a town  of  homes.  The  resi- 
dents have  apparently  discouraged  the  location  of  industrial  enter- 
prises. In  1912  an  electrical  establishment  employing  12  persons  and 
a coated-paper  factory  employing  200  persons  constituted  the  only 
industrial  establishments  in  the  town.1 

Liquor  licenses. — Liquor  licenses  are  granted  in  Montclair  by  a 
majority  vote  of  the  town  council.  In  1912  licenses  were  held  by 
8 inns  and  taverns  and  3 wholesale  houses.2 

Hospitals. — Mountainside  Hospital  is  supported  by  citizens  of  the 
following  seven  towns:  Bloomfield,  Caldwell,  Cedar  Grove,  Essex 
Falls,  Glen  Ridge,  Montclair,  and  Verona.  In  1912  there  were  ad- 
mitted to  the  hospital  1,363  cases,  of  which  158  were  maternity  cases. 
One  hundred  and  thirty-one  infants  were  born  and  5 infants  died  at 
the  hospital  during  the  same  year.3 

St.  Vincent  Nursery  and  Babies  Hospital  is  maintained  by  the 
Sisters  of  Charity  for  babies  under  2 years.  During  1912  only  2 of 
the  112  inmates  entered  from  Montclair. 

Social  agencies. — The  social  agencies  of  Montclair  are  organized  in 
a council  of  philanthropy  to  promote  cooperation  and  prevent  dupli- 
cation of  effort.  The  following  agencies  are  registered  with  the  Coun- 
cil of  Philanthropy  and  send  representatives  to  the  monthly  meetings: 

Altruist  Society. 

Board  of  Education. 

Board  of  Health. 

Children’s  Home  Association. 

Committee  of  the  Federation  of  Women’s  Organizations. 

Day  Nursery. 

Daughters  of  American  Revolution. 

Fresh  Air  and  Convalescent  Home. 

Homeopathic  Society.. 

Montclair  Civic  Association. 

Mountainside  Hospital. 

New  England  Society. 

Tuberculosis  Prevention  and  Relief  Association. 

Poor  master. 

Sons  of  American  Revolution. 

The  Altruist  Society  corresponds  to  the  charity-organization  soci- 
eties of  other  communities.  It  acts  as  a sort  of  clearing  house  and 
maintains  at  its  headquarters  a card  index  in  which  are  registered  all 
cases  receiving  help  from  any  of  the  agencies  represented  in  the 
Council  of  Philanthropy. 

1 Industrial  Directory  of  New  Jersey,  compiled  and  published  by  the  New  Jersey  Bureau  of  Statistics, 
1912. 

2 Annual  Report  of  Town  Council,  Montclair,  N.  J.,  1912. 

3 Annual  report  of  Mountainside  Hospital,  1912. 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


11 


ANALYSIS  OF  INFANT  MORTALITY,  MONTCLAIR,  1912. 

Although  the  group  of  babies  found  in  a city  the  size  of  Montclair 
is  necessarily  small,  and  there  are  manifest  limitations  to  an  analysis 
of  the  information  concerning  the  402  births  and  34  infant  deaths 
included  in  the  Montclair  inquiry,  it  is  interesting  to  find  that  the 
data  collected  in  this  study  agree  in  general  with  the  findings  of  the 
more  comprehensive  inquiries  into  infant  mortality  which  have  been 
made  in  this  and  foreign  countries. 

INFANT  MORTALITY  RATE. 

The  results  of  the  study  in  Montclair  show  that  of  the  402  babies 
included  in  the  investigation  34  died  before  they  were  1 year  old, 
giving  an  infant  mortality  rate  for  this  selected  group  of  1912  babies 
of  84.6  per  1,000  live  births.  This  rate  is  slightly  less  than  the  rate 
(89)  for  the  same  year  computed  according  to  the  usual  method  1 
and  published  in  the  board  of  health  report  for  that  year.  The  aver- 
age rate  for  the  five  years  from  1909  to  1913,  computed  according  to 
the  usual  method,  was  84.8,  which  was  but  slightly  lower  than  the 
rate  (89)  for  1912.  In  1913  the  rate  dropped  to  64. 

Because  of  this  country’s  inadequate  system  of  birth  registration 
it  is  impossible  to  show  the  infant  mortality  of  any  one  city  as  com- 
pared with  that  of  other  cities  throughout  the  United  States.  The 
following  table,  however,  shows  the  infant  mortality  rates  for  1912 
in  cities  of  approximately  the  size  of  Montclair  (i.  e.,  20,000  to  30,000 
population)  within  the  so-called  area  of  birth  registration : 2 

Live  births , deaths  under  1 year , and  infant  mortality  rate  in  1912  for  cities  and  towns  of 
20,000  to  30,000  population  (1910)  within  the  area  of  birth  registration. 


Live  births. 

City. 

Deaths  under  1 year. 

Total. 

Number. 3 

Infant 

mortality 

rate. 

Maine: 

Lewiston 

631 

110 

174.3 

Bangor 

371 

53 

142.9 

New  Hampshire:4 

Nashua 

616 

82 

133.1 

Concord 

378 

43 

113.8 

Vermont: 

Burlington 

554 

95 

171.5 

Massachusetts: 

Chicopee 

953 

169 

177 

North  Adams 

548 

62 

113. 1 

Gloucester 

476 

52 

109.2 

Medford 

551 

55 

99.8 

Waltham 

634 

55 

86.8 

Brookline 

418 

23 

55 

1 For  explanation  of  usual  method  of  computing  infant  mortality  rate,  see  page  8. 

2 Comprising  the  New  England  States,  Pennsylvania,  and  Michigan,  New  York  City,  and  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 

3 From  State  report. 

4 Figures  for  New  Hampshire  by  correspondence^  State  report  not  yet  available. 


12 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J, 


Live  births,  deaths  under  1 year , and  infant  mortalitg  rate  in  1912  for  cities  and  towns  of 
20,000  to  30,000  population  (1910)  within  the  area  of  birth  registration — Continued. 


Live  births. 


Connecticut: 

Norwich 

Danbury 

Middletown . . . 

Norwalk 

Meriden 

Stamford 

Rhode  Island:1 
Central  Falls . . 

Warwick 

Cranston 

Newport 

Michigan: 

Battle  Creek... 
Muskegon  City 
Pennsylvania:1 
Shenandoah. . . 

Pottsville 

Hazleton 

Norristown 

Easton 

Butler 


Total. 

Deaths  under  1 
year. 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate. 

641 

90 

140.4 

540 

72 

133.3 

575 

75 

130.4 

509 

48 

94.3 

747 

81 

108.4 

799 

105 

131.4 

691 

120 

173.7 

653 

87 

133.1 

485 

56 

115.5 

541 

42 

77.6 

477 

65 

136.3 

682 

59 

86.5 

870 

217 

249.4 

457 

69 

151 

758 

93 

122.7 

630 

78 

123.8 

619 

60 

96.9 

597 

63 

105.5 

1 Figures  for  Rhode  Island  and  Pennsylvania  by  correspondence,  as  State  reports  not  yet  available. 


The  census  report  on  mortality  statistics  for  1911  gives  the  esti- 
mated infant  mortality  rate  for  the  birth  registration  area  of  the 
United  States  for  1910  as  124.  This  estimated  rate  may  be  com- 
pared with  the  rates  for  foreign  countries  in  the  following  table,  in 
which  the  1912  figures  have  been  given  wherever  possible,  and  in  all 
other  cases  the  year  indicated  is  the  latest  year  for  which  statistics 
are  available. 

Deaths  of  infants  under  1 year  of  age  per  1,000  live  births  in  foreign  countries  for  the  latest 
year  for  which  statistics  are  available } 


Country. 

Year. 

Deaths 
under  1 
year  per 
1,000  live 
births. 

Country. 

Year. 

Deaths 
under  1 
year  per 
1,000  live 
births. 

Chile 

1911 

332 

Servia 

1911 

146 

Russia 

1909 

248 

Switzerland 

1911 

123 

Ceylon 

1912 

215 

Scotland 

1911 

112 

Jamaica 

1912 

193 

Ontario 

1912 

110 

German  Empire  

1911 

192 

Finland 

1912 

109 

Roumania 

1912 

186 

England  and  Wales 

1912 

95 

Hungary 

1912 

186 

Denmark 

1912 

93 

Austria 

1912 

180 

Netherlands 

1912 

87 

Bulgaria 

1909 

171 

Ireland 

1912 

86 

Belgium 

1911 

167 

France 

1912 

78 

Japan 

1910 

160 

Australia 

1912 

72 

Spain 

1907 

158 

Sweden 

1911 

72 

Italy . . . 

1911 

153 

Norway 

1911 

65 

Prussia. 

1912 

146 

New  Zealand . 

1912 

51 

1 Compiled  from  statistics  contained  i:i  the  Seventy-fifth  Annual  Report  of  the  Registrar  General  of 
Births,  Deaths,  and  Marriages  in  England  and  Wales,  1912. 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J.  13 

ENVIRONMENT. 

Neighborhood  incidence. — The  fourth  ward  is  the  most  congested 
section  of  Montclair,  and  in  it  is  found  most  of  the  negro  and  foreign 
population  of  the  town,  the  Italian  being  the  predominating  na- 
tionality. Moreover  in  1912,  according  to  the  report  of  the  board 
of  health,  the  tenement-house  population  of  ward  4 was  1,476,  or  27.3 
per  cent  of  the  population  of  the  ward,  and  268  children  under  5 years 
of  age,  or  38.4  per  cent  of  the  children  of  that  age  in  the  ward,  were 
living  in  tenements.  In  this  ward  were  located  80  of  the  113  tene- 
ment houses  of  Montclair.1 

The  other  wards,  except  for  a few  scattered  gi  cups  of  shabby- 
looking  cottages,  are  almost  uniformly  attractive  residential  sections 
with  well-kept  shaded  streets,  comfortable  one-family  dwellings,  and 
plenty  of  open  space.  The  finest  residences  are  to  be  found  on  the 
mountain  in  the  section  extending  across  the  upper  portions  of  the 
second,  third,  and  fifth  wards.  The  business  district  of  Montclair  is 
almost  exclusively  confined  to  Bloomfield  Avenue,  which  is  the  main 
street  of  the  town. 

The  variation  in  the  infant  mortality  rate  in  different  sections  of 
the  town  is  shown  in  the  following  table : 


Table  1. — Population,  births,  deaths  under  1 year,  arid  infant  mortaltity  rate,  by  wards. 


Ward. 

Population, 
1912  (esti- 
mated).! 

Live 

births. 

Deaths 
under 
1 year. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate. 

The  town 

23, 896 

402 

34 

84.6 

Ward  1 

3,848 
4,831 
5,050 
5,406 
4, 761 

44 

3 

68.2 

Ward  2 

78 

4 

51.3 

Ward  ‘6 i. 

43 

3 

Ward  4 

161 

21 

m4 

Ward  5 

76 

3 

39.5 

1 Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Health  of  the  Town  of  Montclair,  N.  J.,  p.  21.  1912. 


The  highest  rate  as  well  as  the  greatest  number  of  infant  deaths 
was  found  in  the  fourth  ward,  which  also  had  the  highest  birth  rate. 
In  1912  almost  twice  as  many  babies  died  in  the  fourth  ward  as  in  all 
the  other  wards  combined.  The  rate  for  this  ward  (130.4)  was  more 
than  one  and  one-half  times  as  high  as  the  rate  (84.6)  for  the  town  as  a 
whole. 

In  1913,  however,  the  infant  mortality  rate  for  the  fourth  ward 
was  lower  than  the  rate  for  the  second  and  third  wards,  while  in  1914 
its  rate  was  lower  than  the  average  for  the  entire  town.  This  grati- 
fying decrease  in  the  infant  death  rate  of  the  most  congested  sec- 
tion of  the  town  should  probably  be  ascribed  largely  to  the  develop- 
ment of  the  baby  clinic,2  with  the  “ follow-up  ’ ’ visits  of  the  nurse  to 
the  mothers  in  their  homes  and  to  the  careful  supervision  by  the 
board  of  health  of  the  housing  and  sanitation  of  this  section. 


1 For  definition  of  tenement  house,  see  p.  14. 


2 For  baby  clinic,  see  page  28. 


14 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


Table  2 shows  the  distribution  of  births  and  of  deaths  of  infants 
under  1 year  of  native  white,  foreign  white,  and  negro  mothers  in 
the  various  wards.  By  far  the  greatest  number  of  births  to  foreign 
and  negro  mothers  occurred  in  the  fourth  ward.  * 

Table  2. — Births  and  deaths  under  1 year,  according  to  nativity  and  color  of  mother,  by 

wards. 


Ward. 

| 

All  mothers. 

Native  white 
mothers. 

Foreign-born  white 
mothers. 

Negro  mothers. 

Births. 

Dealns 
under 
1 year. 

Births. 

Deaths 
under 
1 year. 

Births. 

Deaths 
under 
1 year. 

Births. 

Deaths 
under 
1 year. 

The  town 

402 

34 

143 

7 

193 

17 

66 

10 

Ward  1 

44 

3 

33 

2 

9 

2 

1 

Ward  2 

78 

4 

40 

2 

26 

1 

12 

1 

Ward  3 

43 

3 

22 

11 

1 

10 

2 

Ward  4 

161 

21 

30 

2 

103 

13 

28 

6 

Ward  5 

76 

3 

18 

1 

44 

2 

14 

Housing . — Generally  speaking,  the  housing  in  Montclair  is  good. 
The  most  common  type  of  house  is  the  two  story  and  attic  frame 
cottage  for  one  family,  with  a yard  of  good  size.  The  town’s  hous- 
ing problem  resolves  itself  for  the  most  part  into  that  of  improving 
conditions  in  the  fourth  ward,  where  one  finds  the  greatest  con- 
gestion and  overcrowding,  where  one  notices  the  greatest  number 
of  houses  of  unkempt  appearance  and  in  bad  repair,  and  where  one 
occasionally  finds  basement  tenements  and  constantly  sees  dirty  yards. 

The  fourth  ward  in  1912  filed  with  the  board  of  health  more  com- 
plaints against  nuisances  than  any  other  ward.  There  were  26  com- 
plaints about  plumbing  from  this  ward,  or  56  per  cent  of  the  plumbing 
complaints  for  the  entire  town. 

According  to  the  definition  of  a “tenement  house”  which  appears  in 
the  State  tenement-house  act1  there  were  in  the  town,  December  31, 
1912,  133  tenement  houses,  20  of  which  would  be  ordinarily  classed  as 
apartment  houses.  The  Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Health  for 
1912  gives  the  following  interesting  statistics  as  to  certain  living 
conditions  of  the  tenement-house  population: 

The  entire  tenement-house  population  averages  1.26  persons  per  room,  or  5 persons 
to  every  four  rooms;  the  colored  population  averages  1.01  persons  per  room,  the  Italian 
1.67,  and  the  other  white  population  0.86.  Over  half  of  the  tenement-house  popula- 
lation  lives  in  three-room  tenements,  with  an  average  of  1.4  persons  per  room.  There 
are  95  families  in  two-room  tenements  and  3 in  one-room  tenements.  All  of  the  tene- 
ment houses  are  provided  with  sewer  connection  for  water-closets  and  sinks. 

1 A tenement  house  is  any  house  or  building  or  portion  thereof  which  is  rented,  leased,  let,  or  hired  out 
to  be  occupied  or  is  occupied  as  the  home  or  residence  of  three  families  or  more  living  independently  of 
each  other  and  doing  their  cooking  upon  the  premises,  or  by  more  than  two  families  upon  any  floor  so 
living  and  cooking  but  having  a common  right  in  the  halls,  stairways,  yards,  water-closets,  or  privies,  or 
some  of  them. 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


15 


As  will  be  shown  in  the  discussion  of  sewage  disposal,  Montclair  is 
well  sewered.  In  1912  there  remained  in  the  town  76  privies  on  un- 
sewered streets  and  26  privies  on  streets  in  which  there  were  sewers. 
It  should  be  said,  however,  that  the  board  of  health  has  passed  an 
ordinance  providing  that  all  privy  vaults  which  for  lack  of  a public 
sewer  in  the  street  can  not  be  abolished  must  be  made  water-tight 
and  provided  with  a fly- tight  superstructure  and  self-closing  covers. 

Although  it  is  recognized  that  it  would  be  impossible  to  determine 
the  relative  importance  of  any  particular  housing  defect  in  its  relation 
to  infant  mortality,  nevertheless  a classification  of  babies  visited 
according  to  the  type  of  home  in  which  they  were  found  may  be  of 
interest.  Babies  who  died  during  the  first  week  have  been  excluded 
from  the  following  summary  because  it  was  felt  that  in  a considerable 
number  of  these  cases  prenatal  influences  must  have  been  largely 
responsible  for  their  deaths.  Nor  have  illegitimate  babies  been 
included,  since  their  home  conditions  were  abnormal.  The  figures 
are  too  small  to  be  conclusive,  but  they  show  a tendency  toward  an 
increase  of  infant  deaths  where  poor  housing  conditions  were  found. 

Although  in  Montclair  was  found  a large  group  of  babies  whose 
parents  owned  their  homes  and  an  additional  group  whose  parents 
paid  over  $30  a month  rent,  over  one-third  of  the  babies  lived  in 
homes  where  the  rental  was  less  than  $15  a month. 

It  will  be  seen  that  23  of  the  babies  visited  lived  in  homes  where 
the  toilet  was  a yard  privy  and  129  in  homes  in  which  was  no 
bathtub.  A large  number  of  homes  were  reported  as  dirty  or  only 
moderately  clean,  and  a still  larger  number  of  yards  were  reported 
as  dirty. 

The  means  for  ventilation  of  the  baby’s  room  was  in  most  cases 
good.  The  actual  ventilation,  however,  which  is  shown  in  the  sum- 
mary, depended  on  the  custom  of  the  mother  or  attendant. 


Table  3. — Babies  surviving  at  least  one  week  and  deaths  under  1 year  of  age , according  to 
specified  housing  conditions. 


Housing  conditions. 

Num- 

ber. 

Deaths 
under 
1 year. 

Housing  conditions. 

Num- 

ber. 

Deaths 
under 
1 year. 

Total 

384 

19 

Yard: 

Clean 

199 

Q 

Monthly  rental: 

Unclean 

181 

o 

11 

Under  $15 

135 

8 

No  yard 

4 

$15  to  $30 

76 

5 

$30  and  over ! 

32 

1 

Toilet: 

Free  rent 

9 

1 

W ater-closet 

361 

15 

Home  owned 

119 

2 

Yard  privy 

23 

4 

Not  reported 

13 

2 

Ventilation  of  baby’s  room: 

Cleanliness  of  home: 

Good 

186 

7 

Clean 

226 

9 

Fair 

115 

4 

Moderately  clean;  dirty 

158 

10 

Poor 

82 

8 

Not  reported 

1 

Bath: 

Bathtub 

255 

3 

No  bathtub 

129 

16 

i 

16  INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 

NATIVITY,  NATIONALITY,  AND  COLOR  OF  MOTHER. 

Table  4 shows  the  variation  in  the  infant  mortality  rate  of  Mont_ 
clair  according  to  the  nativity,  nationality,  and  color  of  mother. 
The  death  rate  for  babies  of  native  white  mothers  (49  per  1,000  live 
births)  is  very  low;  the  rate  for  babies  of  foreign-born  mothers  (88.1) 
is  slightly  higher  than  for  the  town  as  a whole,  while  the  rate  among 
negro  babies  (151.5)  is  more  than  three  times  as  high  as  among  babies 
of  native  white  mothers. 

More  foreign-born  white  mothers  were  interviewed  than  native 
white  mothers,  which  fact,  considering  the  small  proportion  of  foreign- 
born  population  in  Montclair,  appears  to  indicate  a higher  birth 
rate  among  the  foreign-born  women.  The  Italians  formed  by  far 
the  largest  group  of  the  foreign-born  mothers,  only  small  groups  of 
mothers  of  British,  Scandinavian,  German,  and  other  nationalities 
being  represented  among  the  births  in  1913.  Nearly  all  the  negro 
mothers  were  native. 

Table  4. — Births , deaths  under  1 year , and  infant  mortality  rate , according  to  nativity , 
nationality,  and  color  of  mother. 


Nativity,  nationality,  and  color  of  mother. 

Births. 

Deaths 
under 
1 year. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate. 

All  mothers 

402 

34 

84.6 

49 

88.1 

89.3 

Native  white 

143 

7 

Foreign-born  white 

193 

17 

10 

Italian 

112 

Others 

81 

7 

86.4 

British 

33 

2 

0) 

0) 

0) 

0) 

151.5 

Scandinavian 

21 

2 

German 

9 

2 

All  others 

2 18 

1 

Negro 

66 

10 

Native 

59 

10 

169.5 

Foreign 

3 7 

1 Total  number  of  births  less  than  40;  base  therefore  considered  too  small  for  use  in  computing  an  infant 
mortality  rate. 

2 Includes  2 Swiss,  6 Canadian,  4 Russian,  2 Polish,  2 Hebrew,  1 Greek,  and  1 Armenian, 
s Includes  6 West  Indians  and  1 Bermudian. 


Because  of  the  small  numbers  in  each  group  it  is  impossible  to 
show  a comparison  of  infant  mortality  rates  among  the  various 
foreign  nationalities  represented  in  the  inquiry.  Table  4 shows, 
however,  that  in  the  largest  single  nationality  group  (the  Italian) 
the  infant  mortality  rate  was  somewhat  higher  than  in  the  others. 

The  Italians  and  Negroes,  the  two  largest  population  groups  after 
the  native  white,  seem  to  have  been  attracted  to  Montclair  by  the 
opportunities  offered  for  unskilled  labor  and  domestic  service.  The 
fathers  of  the  negro  babies  visited  during  the  inquiry  were  for  the 
most  part  servants,  chauffeurs,  janitors,  and  laborers,  and  the  fathers 
of  the  Italian  babies  were  generally  small  tradesmen,  teamsters,  and 
laborers. 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J.  17 

AGE  AT  DEATH  AND  DIRECT  CAUSE  OF  DEATH. 

The  first  3 months  of  a baby’s  life  are  generally  admitted  to  be  the 
most  critical  of  the  first  year.  Of  the  34  infant  deaths,  24,  or  70.6 
per  cent,  occurred  during  the  first  quarter.  Ten  of  the  34  babies  died 
when  1 day  or  less  than  1 day  old. 

Table  5. — Number  and  per  cent  of  deaths  under  1 year  occuring  in  each  specified  period . 


Period. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Deaths  in  first  year 

34 

100.0 

Deaths  in  first  3 quarters 

32 

94.1 

Deaths  in  first  2 quarters 

28 

82.4 

Deaths  in  first  quarter 

24 

70.6 

Deaths  in  first  month 

13 

38.2 

Deaths  in  first  day 

10 

29.4 

The  next  table  shows  the  infant  deaths  classified  according  to  the 
immediate  cause,  or  the  disease  directly  responsible  for  death,  as 
certified  by  the  attending  physician. 


Table  6. — Deaths  under  1 year , according  to  cause  of  death  of  infant  and  nativity  and 

color  of  mother. 


Deaths  of  babies  of— 

Cause  of  death. 

All 

mothers. 

Native 

white 

mothers. 

Foreign- 
born  white 
mothers. 

Negro 

mothers. 

All  causes 

34 

7 

17 

10 

Diseases  of  digestive  tract 

11 

1 

6 

4 

Premature  birth  or  congenital  debility 

9 

3 

6 

Diseases  of  respiratory  tract 

7 

1 

2 

4 

Malnutrition 

3 

1 

1 

I 

All  other  causes 

4 

i 1 

22 

31 

i Peritonitis.  2 Includes  1 case  of  asphyxia  neonatorum  and  1 case  of  diphtheria.  3 Acute  nephritis. 


Eleven  babies  of  the  group  studied  died  from  digestive  diseases. 
Eight  of  these  11  deaths  occurred  in  the  fourth  ward.  It  is  signifi- 
cant that  only  1 of  the  11  was  being  exclusively  breast  fed  at  the 
time  of  death,  4 were  partly  breast  fed,  and  6 were  bottle  fed.  The 
fatality  from  diarrheal  diseases  is  always  found  to  be  higher  during 
the  summer  months.  Eight  of  the  11  infant  deaths  in  Montclair 
from  these  diseases  occurred  in  July  and  August. 

In  1913  special  efforts  were  made  to  lower  the  deaths  from  diarrhea. 
The  baby  clinic  was  by  this  time  established  on  a sound  basis,  with  a 
physician  in  consultation  and  the  board  of  health  nurse  to  follow  up 
the  doctor’s  instructions  and  to  give  the  mothers  directions  in  their 
own  homes  as  to  infant  hygiene  and  the  preparation  of  feedings.  In 
1913  there  was  not  a single  infant  death  from  diarrhea.1  Although 
the  1913  record  is,  of  course,  abnormal,  such  a decided  decrease  seems 

1 Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Health  of  the  Town  of  Montclair,  N.  J.,  p.  51.  1913. 

85978°— 15 3 


18 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


to  indicate  that  definite  efforts  have  been  put  forth  to  check  the  infant 
deaths  from  this  disease. 

Of  the  34  deaths  of  Montclair  babies  9 were  from  prematurity  or 
congenital  debility.  As  a large  proportion  of  these  deaths  is  usually 
ascribed  to  prenatal  causes,  it  would  seem  that  in  Montclair  further 
care  of  the  mothers  is  needed  during  their  period  of  pregnancy. 

In  Montclair  some  few  prospective  mothers  are  reached  during 
their  pregnancy  by  the  women’s  clinic  which  since  1904  has  been 
held  twice  a week  at  the  Mountainside  Hospital.  Obstetrical  cases 
coming  to  the  hospital  for  advice  have  been  referred  to  this  clinic. 
The  number  of  mothers  who  have  the  advantage  of  clinical  advice, 
however,  is  small,  and  it  would  seem  either  that  the  existence  of 
the  clinic  should  be  more  widely  advertised  or  that  the  prenatal  work 
should  be  reorganized  to  include  regular  visits  of  a nurse  to  the 
prospective  mother  in  her  own  home. 

Syphilis  has  long  been  recognized  as  a factor  among  the  causes 
of  fetal  deaths  and  deaths  .of  early  infancy.  Venereal  diseases  were 
made  reportable  in  Montclair  in  March,  1913.  During  the  remainder 
of  that  year  14  cases  of  syphilis  and  4 of  gonorrhea  were  reported. 
A recent  ordinance  of  the  board  of  health  (Dec.  8,  1914)  provides 
that  treatment  of  persons  found  to  be  affected  with  venereal  disease 
shall  be  compulsory. 

There  were  7 deaths  from  respiratory  diseases,  of  which  6 occurred 
in  February  and  1 in  March.  Three  babies  died  of  malnutrition  and 
1 from  each  of  the  following  causes : Asphyxia  neonatorum,  diphthe- 
ria, peritonitis,  and  acute  nephritis. 

SEX. 

It  is  generally  found  that  infant  mortality  is  higher  among  males 
than  among  females.  The  mortality  rate  of  male  infants  in  Mont- 
clair was  found  to  be  88.2  and  of  female  infants  80.8. 

ILLEGITIMACY. 

Only  7 of  the  402  babies  included  in  this  investigation,  or  1.7  per 
cent,  were  born  out  of  wedlock.  Four  of  the  7 were  in  the  fourth 
ward,  2 in  the  first  ward,  and  1 in  the  second.  One  was  of  native 
white  parentage,  2 of  Polish,  1 of  Italian,  1 of  Swedish,  and  2 of 
negro.  Four  of  the  7 died— 3 of  enterocolitis  and  1 of  inanition. 

ATTENDANT  AT  BIRTH. 

It  is  perhaps  of  some  interest  to  know  to  what  extent  mothers 
are  attended  at  birth  by  midwives.  Montclair  has  a considerable 
group  of  midwife  cases,  mostly  among  the  Italian  mothers.  There 
are  two  possible  explanations  for  this  condition— one,  the  national 
custom  among  the  Italians;  the  other,  the  lower  fee  demanded  by 
the  midwife,  who  in  addition  will  render  certain  little  household 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


19 


services.  Seventy-four  of  the  402  births  included  in  this  study  were 
attended  by  midwives;  of  this  number  65  were  births  to  foreign-born 
white  mothers.  Only  5 native  white  mothers  and  4 negro  mothers 
were  attended  by  midwives. 

The  midwives  of  New  Jersey  are  licensed  by  the  State  board  of 
medical  examiners  after  an  examination  before  the  board  and  are 
required  to  register  at  the  office  of  the  county  clerk.  The  law 
provides  that  they  shall  always  secure  the  services  of  a reputable 
physician  upon  the  appearance  of  any  abnormal  symptoms  in  either 
mother  or  child.  Whenever  a midwife  files  a birth  certificate  with 
the  Montclair  Board  of  Health  the  nurse  calls  on  the  following  day 
at  the  address  given  to  verify  the  information  on  the  certificate.  In 
this  way  she  can  determine  incidentally  whether  the  mother  and 
child  received  proper  attention  at  the  hands  of  the  midwife.  A 
recent  amendment  of  the  sanitary  code  of  Montclair  provides  that 
a midwife  when  called  to  a case  shall  report  immediately  to  the 
board  of  health  the  name  and  address  of  the  patient.  This  provi- 
sion will  enable  the  board  of  health  nurse  to  be  present  at  the  deliv- 
ery when  it  is  considered  advisable  and  will  be  a means  of  further 
supervision  of  midwives. 

ECONOMIC  STATUS  OF  THE  FAMILY. 

It  is  obvious  that  even  the  care  given  the  baby  by  its  mother 
often  must  be  offset  by  the  evils  resulting  from  an  income  insuffi- 
cient for  the  family’s  needs,  since  a low  income  frequently  must 
involve  undesirable  housing  accommodations,  an  overworked  mother, 
insufficient  nourishment  for  mother  and  child,  and  lack  of  competent 
medical  advice.  Sir  Arthur  Newsholme  has  found  in  his  English 
studies  that  u infant  mortality  is  higher  among  the  poor  than  among 
the  well  to  do,  although  natural  feeding  of  infants  is  probably  more 
general  among  the  former.”  1 Table  7 shows  that  in  Montclair  the 
infant  mortality  rate  was  approximately  two  and  one-half  times  as 
high  among  families  where  the  income  was  less  than  $12  a week  as 
among  families  where  the  income  was  $23  a week  or  more. 

Table  7. — Births , deaths  under  1 year , and  infant  mortality  rate , according  to  total  family 

income. 


Total  family  income. 

Births. 

Deaths 
under 
1 year. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate. 

Total 

2395 

30 

75.9 

Under  *025 

95 

* 11 

115.8 

$625  to  $1,199 

111 

9 

81. 1 

$1,200  ana  over 

128 

6 

46.9 

Not  reported 

61 

4 

65.6 

1 Report  on  Infant  and  Child  Mortality,  by  the  medical  officer  of  the  local  government  board,  1909-10. 
London,  1910. 

2 Exclusive  of  illegitimate  births. 


20 


INFANT  MORTALITY.*  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


The  following  table  shows  that  of  the  95  babies  living  in  families 
where  the  income  was  less  than  $625  only  5 were  babies  of  native 
white  mothers,  66  were  babies  of  foreign-born  white  mothers,  and 
24  babies  of  negro  mothers.  Of  the  128  babies  in  the  group  with 
an  income  of  $1,200  and  over,  100,  or  78.1  per  cent,  were  babies  of 
native  white  mothers. 


Table  8. — Number  of  births , according  to  total  family  income  and  nativity  and  color  of 

mother. 


Total  family  income. 

All 

mothers. 

Native 

white 

mothers. 

Foreign- 
born  white 
mothers. 

Negro 

mothers. 

Total 

i 395 

142 

189 

64 

Under  $625 

95 

5 

66 

24 

$625  to  $1,199 

111 

24 

54 

33 

$1,200  and  over 

128 

100 

26 

2 

Not  reported 

61 

13 

43 

5 

1 Exclusive  of  illegitimate  births. 


The  father’s  occupation  gives  some  indication  of  the  economic 
and  social  position  of  the  family  and  the  standard  of  living  which 
they  must  undertake  to  maintain. 

Table  9. — Births , deaths  under  1 year , and  infant  mortality  rate,  according  to  occupation 
of  father  and  nativity  and  color  of  mother. 


Occupation  of  father. 

All  mothers. 

Native  white 
mothers. 

Foreign-born 
white  mothers. 

Negro  mothers. 

Births. 

Deaths  un- 
der 1 year. 

Births. 

Deaths  un- 
der 1 year. 

Births. 

Deaths  un- 
der 1 year. 

Births. 

Deaths  un- 
der 1 year. 

Number. 

Infant  mortal- 
ity rate. 

Number. 

Infant  mortal- 
ity rate. 

Number. 

Infant  mortal- 
ity rate. 

Number. 

Infant  mortal- 
ity rate. 

All  occupations 

1395 

30 

75.9 

142 

7 

49.3 

189 

15 

79.4 

64 

8 

125 

Professional  and  business... 

120 

5 

41.  7 

88 

4 

45.5 

31 

1 

(2) 

1 

! 

Skilled  trades  

121 

9 

74.  4 

41 

3 

73.2 

66 

6 

90.9 

14 

Semiskilled  and  unskilled 

trades,  domestic  service.. 

148 

15 

101.4 

12 

89 

8 

89.  9 

47 

7 

148.9 

Not  reported 

6 

1 

(2) 

1 

3 

2 

1 

(2) 

1 Exclusive  of  illegitimate  births. 

2 Total  number  of  live  births  less  than  40;  base  therefore  considered  too  small  for  use  in  computing  an 
infant  mortality  rate. 


The  group  of  babies  whose  fathers  were  professional  or  business 
men  shows  the  extremely  low  infant  mortality  rate  of  41.7.  In  the 
“skilled  trades”  group  the  rate  has  risen  to  74.4,  while  among  babies 
whose  fathers  are  engaged  in  semiskilled  trades,  unskilled  trades,  and 
domestic  service  the  rate  is  101.4 — more  than  double  the  rate  for  the 
first  group.  It  will  be  seen  that  unskilled  workers  form  a large  group 
among  the  foreigners  and  Negroes,  while  few  professional  or  business 
men  are  found  in  these  population  groups. 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J.  21 

MOTHERS. 

Occupation. — The  mother’s  occupation  bears  a very  close  relation 
to  the  welfare  of  the  baby.  If  the  mother’s  employment  during 
pregnancy  involves  the  strain  of  long  hours  and  hard  work,  the  result 
is  that  she  is  less  fit  to  bear  the  child  or  care  for  it  after  its  birth. 
Her  employment  outside  the  home  after  the  birth  of  the  child  means 
that  the  baby  during  her  absence  must  depend  for  its  care  upon  a 
relative,  neighbor,  or  paid  attendant;  it  means  also  the  cessation  of 
breast  feeding.  Table  10  shows  that  only  45  Montclair  mothers  were 
engaged  in  any  occupation  other  than  that  of  housekeeping  for  their 
own  families.  Of  the  45  mothers  who  were  gainfully  employed, 
about  three-fourths  (34)  were  engaged  in  domestic  or  personal  serv- 
ice, including  the  mothers  who  were  living  out  in  service,  those 
who  went  out  by  the  day,  those  who  did  laundry  work  either  in  their 
own  homes  or  elsewhere,  and  those  who  kept  lodgers.  One  mother 
was  employed  in  a jam  factory  and  10  were  helping  either  regularly 
or  occasionally  in  their  husbands’  stores.  A comparison  of  the 
infant  deaths  among  babies  of  working  and  of  non  working  mothers 
shows  that  a much  larger  proportion  of  babies  of  working  mothers 
failed  to  survive  their  first  year;  there  were  10  deaths  among  the 
45  babies  of  working  mothers  as  contrasted  with  24  deaths  among 
the  357  babies  of  nonworking  mothers. 

Table  10. — Births  and  deaths  under  1 year , according  to  occupation , nativity , and  color  of 

mother. 


All  mothers. 

Native  white 
mothers. 

Foreign-bom 
white  mothers. 

Negro  mothers. 

Occupation  of  mother. 

Births. 

Deaths 
under 
1 year. 

Births. 

Deaths 
under 
1 year. 

Births. 

Deaths 
under 
1 year. 

Births. 

Deaths 
under 
1 year. 

All  occupations 

402 

34 

143 

7 

193 

17 

66 

10 

Mothers  not  gainfully  em- 
ployed   

357 

24 

141 

7 

178 

15 

38 

2 

Mothers  gainfully  employed. . 

45 

10 

2 

15 

2 

28 

8 

Domestic  or  personal 
service 

34 

10 

1 

6 

2 

27 

8 

Retail  trade 

10 

1 

8 

1 

Factory  employment 

1 

1 

Literacy. — Comparisons  are  shown  in  the  following  table  between 
the  infant  mortality  of  babies  of  literate  and  of  illiterate  mothers,  and 
of  babies  of  mothers  who  can  speak  English  and  of  those  who  must 
depend  on  a foreign  language.  Only  babies  of  foreign-born  white 
mothers  have  been  included  in  these  computations.  The  presence 
in  the  community  of  comparatively  large  groups  of  illiterate  mothers 
and  of  mothers  who  can  not  speak  English  increases  the  problem 
presented  to  the  agencies  interested  in  infant-welfare  work,  for  the 
illiterate  mothers  are  generally  less  careful  in  following  instructions 
than  the  more  intelligent  mothers,  while  the  mothers  who  do  not 


22 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


speak  English  must  explain  their  difficulties  through  an  interpreter. 
The  rate  of  infant  mortality  in  Montclair  is  found  to  be  relatively 
high  among  babies  of  illiterate  mothers  and  of  mothers  who  can  not 
speak  English. 


Table  11. — Births , deaths  under  1 year , and  infant  mortality  rate,  according  to  the  mother's 
literacy  and  ability  to  speak  English,  for  all  babies  of  foreign-born  white  mothers. 


Mother’s  literacy  and  ability  to  speak  English. 

Births. 

Deaths 
under 
1 year. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate. 

All  mothers 

193 

17 

88.1 

Literacy: 

Literate 

104 

83 

6 

121 

70 

2 

8 

9 

76.9 

108.4 

Illiterate 1 . . 

Not  reported 

Ability  to  speak  English: 

Can  speak  English 

9 

8 

74.4 

114.3 

Can  not  speak  English 

Not  reported 

1 Unable  to  read  and  write  in  any  language. 


FEEDING. 

Authorities  agree  that  the  breast  milk  of  the  mother  is  the  best 
possible  food  for  the  baby,  particularly  during  the  early  months  of 
its  life.  It  is  significant  that  of  the  23  babies  who  died  within  the 
first  year  but  after  the  first  week  only  5 were  exclusively  breast  fed 
at  the  time  of  their  death,  6 were  partly  breast  fed,  and  12  were  arti- 
ficially fed. 

Table  12  shows  the  type  of  feeding  prevailing  among  Montclair 
babies  at  different  ages.  “ Breast  fed”  as  used  in  this  report  means 
that  the  baby  was  nursed  and  had  no  artificial  food  whatever; 
“ partly  breast  fed”  means  that  the  baby  was  nursed  but  was  being 
given  artificial  food  as  well;  “artificially  fed”  means  that  the  baby 
had  been  completely  weaned. 

Table  12. — Number  and  per  cent  of  babies  receiving  specified  type  of  feeding  at  3,  6,  and 
9 months,  respectively,  according  to  nativity  and  color  of  mother. 


Age  of  baby  and  nativity  and 
color  of  mother. 

Alive  at 
age  indi- 
cated. 

Breast  fed. 

Partly  breast  fed. 

Artificially  fed. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Babies  of  all  mothers: 

Aged  3 months 

378 

290 

76.7 

14 

3.7 

74 

19.6 

Aged  6 months 

374 

196 

52.4 

36 

9.6 

142 

38 

Aged  9 months 

370 

92 

24.9 

91 

24.6 

187 

50.5 

Babies  of  native  white  mothers: 

Aged  3 months 

137 

85 

62 

5 

3.6 

47 

34.3 

Aged  6 months 

137 

55 

40.1 

12 

8.8 

70 

51.1 

Aged  9 months 

136 

22 

16.2 

25 

18.4 

89 

65.4 

Babies  of  foreign-bom  white 
mothers: 

Aged  3 months 

179 

159 

88.8 

5 

2.8 

15 

8.4 

Aged  6 months 

178 

112 

62.9 

20 

11.2 

46 

25.8 

Aged  9 months 

177 

54 

30.5 

56 

31.6 

67 

37.9 

Babies  of  negro  mothers: 

Aged  3 months 

62 

46 

74.2 

4 

6.5 

12 

19.4 

Aged  6 months 

59 

29 

49.2 

4 

6.8 

26 

44.1 

Aged  9 months 

57 

16 

28.1 

10 

17.5 

31 

54.4 

INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


23 


Over  three-fourths  of  the  Montclair  babies  living  at  the  end  of 
their  first  quarter  were  breast  fed  at  that  age;  over  one-half  were 
breast  fed  at  the  end  of  their  first  6 months;  and  over  one-half  had 
been  completely  weaned  at  the  end  of  their  first  9 months. 

Foreign-born  white  mothers  nursed  their  babies  longer  than  either 
the  native  white  or  negro  mothers.  Only  one-twelfth  of  the  foreign- 
born  white  mothers  were  feeding  their  babies  artificially  at  the  end 
of  the  first  three  months  as  contrasted  with  approximately  one-fifth 
of  the  negro  mothers  and  one-third  of  the  native  white  mothers. 
At  the  end  of  nine  months  almost  two-thirds  of  the  native  white 
mothers,  slightly  over  one-half  of  the  negro  mothers,  and  little  more 
than  one-third  of  the  foreign-born  mothers  were  feeding  their  babies 
artificially. 

From  Table  13,  showing  the  variations  in  the  type  of  feeding 
according  to  the  father’s  earnings,  it  is  apparent  that,  generally 
speaking,  as  the  income  increased  maternal  nursing  decreased. 
That  a high  infant  mortality  rate  accompanied  a low  income  has 
already  been  shown.1  It  would  seem,  then,  tUat  the  disadvantages  of 
a low  income  were  sufficient  to  offset  the  greater  prevalence  of  breast 
feeding  among  the  babies  of  the  poorer  families. 


Table  13. — Distribution  of  babies  of  specified  age  by  earnings  of  father  and  number  and 
per  cent  of  such  babies  completely  weaned  from  breast. 


Annual  earnings  of  father. 

Babies  living  at  specified  age. 

Total. 

Under 

$625. 

$625  to 
$899. 

$900  and 
over. 

Not 

reported. 

3 months 

372 

118 

55 

169 

30 

Completely  weaned  from  breast 

73 

15 

7 

45 

6 

Per  cent  

19.6 

12.7 

12.7 

26.6 

20 

6 months 

371 

118 

55 

169 

29 

Completely  weaned  from  breast 

138 

35 

11 

76 

16 

Per  cent 

37.2 

29.7 

20 

45 

55.2 

9 months 

367 

117 

53 

168 

29 

Completely  weaned  from  breast 

183 

42 

22 

98 

21 

Per  cent 

49.9 

35.9 

41.5 

58.3 

72.4 

CIVIC  FACTORS  TENDING  TO  REDUCE  INFANT  MORTALITY. 

EXPENDITURES  FOR  HEALTH  AND  SANITATION. 

Of  the  110  cities  in  the  United  States  with  a population  approxi- 
mating that  of  Montclair,  i.  e.,  20,000  to  30,000,  Montclair  in  1913 
ranked  fourth  in  its  per  capita  expenditure  for  health  and  sanita- 
tion; of  the  five  New  Jersey  cities  within  the  same  population  group, 
Montclair  ranks  first.  The  following  figures  are  taken  from  the 


See  Table  7,  p.  19. 


24 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


bulletin  of  the  Bureau  of  the  Census  on  “ Municipal  revenue,  expen- 
ditures, and  public  properties,  1913”: 


Cities  in  20,000  to  30,000  population  group. 

Expenditures1  for 
health  and  sanita- 
tion. 

Total. 

Per  capita. 

United  States: 

Newport,  R.  I 

$79, 135 
58,344 

51. 132 
43,675 
47, 466 
46,884 
45, 157 
34,380 
32,933 
31,209 

43,675 

30. 132 
19,663 
12,050 
10, 749 

$2. 76 
2.14 
2.04 
1.82 
1.62 
1.62 
1.57 
1.46 
1.44 
1.43 

1.82 

1.35 

.80 

.57 

.47 

Wilmington,  N.  C 

Stockton,  Cal 

Montclair,  N.  J 

Waltham,  Mass 

Madison,  Wis 

Newburgh,  N.  Y 

Richmond,  Ind 

Long  Beach,  Cal 

Winston-Salem,  N.  C 

New  Jersey: 

Montclair 

Plainfield 

New  Brunswick 

Kearney 

Union 

1 Including  expenditures  for  board  of  health,  collection  of  ashes  and  garbage,  sewer  connections,  main- 
tenance and  repair,  and  street  cleaning. 


ACTIVITIES  OF  BOARD  OF  HEALTH. 

BIRTH  REGISTRATION. 

In  Montclair  the  health  officer  is  also  the  registrar  of  vital  statis- 
tics. The  law  provides  that  births  shall  be  registered  within  five 
days.  Various  methods  are  in  use  to  make  the  registration  of  births 
as  full  and  accurate  as  possible.  All  death  records  of  children  are 
checked  back  upon  the  birth  returns. 

When  a birth  certificate  is  filed  by  a midwife  or  by  any  other 
person  than  a physician  the  board  of  health  nurse  visits  the  mother 
on  the  following  day  to  see  that  the  certificate  has  been  filled  out 
correctly.  This  practice  provides  a check  on  the  midwives  who 
are  apt  to  be  careless  in  their  returns. 

In  1912  one  physician  was  fined  $200  for  failure  to  register  10 
births.  Three  canvasses  from  house  to  house  for  the  purpose  of 
securing  unreported  births  have  been  made  during  the  past  eight 
years  in  sections  of  the  city  where  mothers  are  attended  by  midwives. 
Since  January  1,  1914,  a very  interesting  plan  for  furthering  regis- 
tration has  been  in  use.  As  soon  as  the  attending  physician  or  mid- 
wife files  a certificate  of  birth  a transcript  is  made  by  the  board 
of  health  on  an  attractive  form  bearing  the  official  seal  of  the  board 
of  health  and  is  mailed  to  the  mother,  together  with  the  following 
circular  explaining  the  importance  of  birth  registration,  and  asking 
her  to  correct  any  errors  on  the  certificate: 

IMPORTANT  NOTICE. 

The  accompanying  certificate  of  birth  is  an  exact  copy  of  the  original  certificate 
that  is  on  file  at  this  office.  As  this  is  a permanent  record,  a record  by  which  a child 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


25 


may  be  admitted  to  school;  a record  by  which  he  (or  she)  may  prove  that  he  is  of 
sufficient  age  to  leave  school  and  go  to  work;  a record  by  which  he  may  prove  his 
right  to  vote,  or  to  marry,  or  to  come  into  possession  of  money  that  has  been  left  to 
him;  a record  by  which  he  may  prove  his  place  of  birth  or  age  as  a prerequisite  to 
holding  certain  public  offices,  it  is  imperative  for  the  future  good  of  the  infant  that 
all  facts  recorded  at  the  time  of  his  birth  shall  be  accurate,  and  you  are  therefore 
requested  to  return  this  certificate  for  correction  if  any  inaccuracy  is  noted.  It  is  of 
particular  importance  that  the  names  of  the  infant  and  of  both  parents  shall  be  spelled 
correctly.  If  the  name  of  the  infant  is  changed,  the  certificate  should  be  returned  at 
once  for  correction. 

A certificate  similar  to  the  inclosed  form  has  been  sent  to  the  parents  of  every 
child  born  in  Montclair  since  January  1,  1914,  and  you  will  confer  a favor  upon  your 
friends  by  urging  them  to  secure  such  a certificate  if  they  have  a child  for  which  a 
certificate  has  not  been  received,  for  there  may  be  some  infants  whose  births  have 
not  been  recorded  at  this  office  and  who  may  thereby  be  put  to  great  inconvenience  in 
later  years.  Parents  who  desire  may  obtain,  free  of  charge,  certificates  for  children 
whose  births  occurred  in  Montclair  prior  to  January  1,  1914,  by  making  application 
at  the  office  of  the  board  of  health,  Municipal  Building,  Montclair,  N.  J. 

Montclair  Board  or  Health. 

The  mothers  are  beginning  to  learn  that  they  should  receive  one 
of  the  official  certificates  and  to  ask  for  it  in  case  it  fails  to  come. 
Thus  unreported  births  are  brought  to  light. 

SUPERVISION  OF  THE  MILK  SUPPLY. 

For  several  years  Montclair  has  had  the  advantage  of  an  excellent 
milk  supply,  and  Montclair  mothers,  whether  rich  or  poor,  have  been 
able  to  secure  pure  milk  for  their  babies.  The  board  of  health 
recognizes  that  one  of  its  most  important  functions  is  the  supervision 
of  the  town  milk.  Stringent  regulations  have  been  adopted  and  are 
rigidly  enforced.1  The  system  worked  out  consists  of  two  checks 
upon  impure  milk — laboratory  analysis  and  dairy  inspection.  Mont- 
clair is  one  of  the  few  towns  of  its  size  with  a bacteriological  labora- 
tory. The  laboratory  of  the  board  of  health  is  completely  equipped 
with  standard  apparatus.  The  milk  tests  are  made  by  a trained 
bacteriologist,  who  examines  the  milk  for  bacteria  count,  butter  fats, 
solids,  and  sediment. 

Laboratory  analysis. — During  1912,  307  samples  of  milk  were  ana- 
lyzed, averaging  over  2 samples  a month  for  each  supply,  since  there 
were  in  that  year  11  supplies  for  the  town.  The  bacteria  limit  fixed 
by  ordinance  is  100,000  bacteria  per  cubic  centimeter.  In  1912  one 
supply  averaged  above  this  limit.  The  average  count  of  all  supplies 
weighted  according  to  the  quantity  delivered  by  each  dealer  was 
50,000  for  raw  milk  and  8,500  for  the  pasteurized  supply.  Only  one 
sample  collected  during  the  year  contained  less  than  the  11.5  per 
cent  of  solids  required  by  law  for  normal  milk. 

Dairy  inspection. — All  the  dairies  supplying  Montclair  with  milk 
are  inspected  at  intervals  during  the.  year.  These  dairies  numbered 


For  milk  regulations,  see  p.  31. 


26 


INFANT  MORTALITY  I MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


99  at  the  end  of  1912.  They  are  scored  according  to  the  United 
States  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  score  card,  the  possible  score 
of  100  being  subdivided  as  follows: 


Equipment. 


Total. 


Method. 


40 


Total 


60 


Cows 8 

Stable 18 

Utensils 10 

Milk  room 4 


Cleanliness  of  cows 8 

Cleanliness  of  stable  and  yard 16 

Cleanliness  of  milk  room 3 

Cleanliness  of  utensils 8 

Cleanliness  of  milking 9 

Handling  and  cooling  of  milk 16 


The  following  summary1  of  dairy  scores  for  1911,  1912,  and  1913 
shows  an  improvement  each  year.  All  dairies  from  which  cream  and 
pasteurized  milk  are  obtained  are  included,  as  well  as  those  supplying 
raw  milk: 


Score. 

Number 

of 

Per  cent  distribution  of  dairies. 

dairies, 

1913. 

1913 

1912 

1911 

Total  

113 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

90  to  100 

9 

8.0 

7.1 

6.5 

80  to  90 - 

9 

8.0 

10.1 

10.7 

70  to  80  

83 

73.4 

72.7 

33.4 

60  to  70 

11 

9.7 

10.1 

41.9 

Below  60  

1 

.9 

7.5 

The  scores  of  each  individual  dairyman,  showing  equipment, 
methods,  and  total  score,  are  published  in  the  board  of  health  report, 
so  that  the  housewife  of  Montclair  may  intelligently  choose  her  milk 
dealer.  The  reports  also  publish  detailed  descriptions  of  the  individ- 
ual milk  supplies  of  Montclair  with  reference  to  average  bacteria 
count,  richness  of  milk,  dairies  from  which  the  supply  is  derived,  etc. 

SUPERVISION  OF  THE  WATER  SUPPLY. 

The  board  of  health  makes  a bacterial  analysis  of  the  town  water 
every  other  day  and  a complete  analysis  once  a month.  The  typhoid- 
fever  record  of  a town  is  generally  taken  as  some  indication  of  the 
purity  of  the  water  supply.  In  1912  there  were  15  cases  of  typhoid 
fever,  but  no  fatalities.1 

The  source  of  the  water  supply  is  the  Passaic  Biver  above  Little 
Falls.  The  Montclair  Water  Co.  operates  a filtration  plant  at  Little 
Falls,  supplying  filtered  water  to  the  following  municipalities:  Pater- 
son, Passaic,  part  of  the  township  of  Acquackanonk,  Prospect  Park, 
Little  Falls,  Montclair,  Bloomfield,  Glen  Ridge,  West  Orange,  Nutley, 
Kearney,  Harrison,  East  Newark,  and  Bayonne.  The  system  con- 
sists of  a mechanical  filtration  plant  with  a large  settling  and  coagu- 
lating basin  and  a sterilization  plant. 


Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Health  of  the  Town  of  Montclair,  N.  J.,  1913. 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


27 


ACTIVITIES  OF  THE  ENGINEERING  DEPARTMENT. 

Newsholme  recognizes  municipal  sanitation  as  one  of  the  chief 
means  for  a low  infant  mortality. 

Sewage  disposal. — According  to  the  report  of  the  committee  on  dis- 
posal of  sewage  of  Orange,  Montclair,  and  East  Orange,  1912,  “it 
may  be  said  that  each  of  the  municipalities  is  quite  well  sewered  in  so 
far  as  the  removal  of  sewage  alone  is  concerned.”  In  1912  Montclair 
had  about  63  miles  of  sanitary  sewers,  which  compared  very  favor- 
ably with  its  67  miles  of  town  streets. 

The  sewage  leaves  Montclair  from  the  southwest  corner  of  the  town 
and  passes  through  Glen  Ridge  and  into  Bloomfield;  here  the  Orange 
branch  sewer  and  the  Montclair  branch  sewer  join,  forming  the  Union 
outlet  sewer.  This  sewer  follows  the  Second  River  to  a point  in  North 
Newark  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Passaic  River,  where  the  sewage  is 
discharged  into  the  river. 

A new  system  of  sewage  disposal  has  been  proposed  for  Orange, 
Montclair,  and  East  Orange  combined.  The  new  plan  provides  for 
carrying  the  sewage  of  the  three  towns  in  new  sewers  by  gravity  to 
a point  in  Belleville,  to  be  reached  at  such  an  elevation  that  the 
sewage  can  pass  from  there  by  gravity  through  sewage-disposal  works 
and  discharge,  clarified  and  purified,  into  the  Third  River,  a tributary 
of  the  Passaic.  The  recommended  sewage-disposal  works  consist 
of  a coarse  screen,  grit  chambers,  main  settling  tanks  of  the  Imhoff 
type,  sludge  drying  beds,  sprinkling  filters,  chemical  house  with 
disinfection  equipment,  and  final  settling  tanks.  The  total  estimated 
cost  is  $1,080,000,  to  be  shared  by  the  three  municipalities.1 

Disposal  of  ashes  and  garbage. — The  method  of  disposal  of  ashes 
and  garbage  is  as  follows : One  collection  of  ashes  a week  is  made  in 
the  summer  season  and  two  a week  during  the  winter  months,  three 
teams  being  employed  in  the  summer  and  six  in  the  winter.  The 
material  collected  is  used  for  filling  low  areas  wherever  practicable 
and  in  building  roadways  on  dirt  streets.  The  remainder  is  hauled 
to  the  dump  on  Wildwood  Avenue. 

Two  collections  of  garbage  a week  are  made  from  all  the  house- 
holds and  during  the  summer  months  three  a week  in  the  business 
section.  The  material  collected  is  taken  to  the  north  end  of  the  town, 
where  it  is  dumped  into  zinc-lined  receptacles,  which  are  protected 
from  the  weather  and  provided  with  means  for  flushing.  The  water 
used  in  flushing  is  carried  away  to  a cesspool.  The  wagon,  after 
dumping,  is  also  flushed.  From  the  tanks  the  garbage  is  taken  away 
by  farmers  of  the  adjoining  country.  This  method  of  disposing 
of  the  town’s  ashes  and  garbage  falls  short  of  the  present-day  stand- 
ards for  this  branch  of  municipal  sanitation.  The  town  engineer, 

1 Report  on  the  Disposal  of  Sewage  of  Orange.  Montclair,  and  East  Orange,  N.  J.,  by  Rudolph  Ilering 
and  John  E.  Gregory,  March,  1912. 


28 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


in  his  annual  report  for  1913,  advocates  a properly  designed  incin- 
erator and  presents  the  following  argument  in  its  favor: 

The  time  is  not  far  away  when  the  lowlands  will  have  become  filled  and  dumps 
can  not  be  found  except  with  long  hauls  and  with  resulting  high  hauling  cost.  The 
garbage  dump  as  at  present  operated  requires  constant  attention  to  avoid  it  becoming 
a nuisance  and  at  best  is  insanitary.  A properly  designed  incinerator  plant  would  be 
a great  improvement  over  the  present  method  and  would  provide  as  well  a place 
for  the  disposal  of  other  wastes  for  which  no  provision  is  at  present  made.  An  incin- 
erator plant  would  also  make  possible  the  collection  of  ashes  and  garbage  by  the  same 
wagons  and  greatly  reduce  the  cost  of  collections. 

Paving. — In  the  town  of  Montclair  in  1913 1 there  were  83.3  miles 
of  streets,  of  which  8 miles  were  private  streets,  8.2  miles  country 
roads,  and  67  miles  town  streets.  Of  the  67  miles  of  town  streets 
58.9  miles  were  macadamized,  less  than  a mile  (the  main  business 
street  of  the  town)  was  permanently  improved  or  paved,  and  7.6 
miles  were  unimproved  dirt  roads. 

THE  BABY  CLINIC. 

The  consensus  of  opinion  in  Montclair  seems  to  be  that  the  con- 
sultations at  the  baby  clinic  and  the  visits  of  the  nurse,  who  shows 
the  mother  in  her  home  how  to  prepare  feedings,  have  been  of  the 
utmost  importance  in  saving  the  lives  of  Montclair  babies. 

The  baby  clinic,  reorganized  under  its  present  system  in  March, 
1912,  is  an  instance  of  a cooperation  of  social,  civic,  and  private 
agencies  in  an  effort  to  save  the  babies  of  the  community.  A weekly 
clinic  for  consultation  as  to  feedings  and  infant  hygiene  and  for 
medical  advice  is  held  at  the  Montclair  Day  Nursery  under  the  joint 
charge  of  a Montclair  physician,  who  has  given  her  services,  and  the 
board  of  health  nurse.  Two  dairies  furnish  the  clinic  babies  with 
certified  milk  at  10  cents  a quart,  and  the  board  of  health  furnishes 
milk,  sugar,  barley  water,  and  limewater  for  modifying  the  milk  to 
mothers  who  are  unable  to  pay.  The  major  part  of  the  work  con- 
sists of  the  visits  of  the  nurse  to  teach  the  mother  in  her  own  home 
how  to  prepare  feedings  in  accordance  with  the  formula  worked  out 
for  her  baby  at  the  clinic.  A card  containing  the  following  announce- 
ment of  the  clinic  is  mailed  to  the  mother  of  every  baby  for  whom  a 
birth  certificate  is  filed: 


SPECIAL  ANNOUNCEMENT. 

The  attention  of  parents  is  called  to  the  fact  that  a clinic  for  babies  is  held  at  the 
day  nursery,  Glen  Ridge  Avenue  and  Grove  Street,  Montclair,  N.  J.,  at  3 o’clock 
every  Thursday  afternoon.  If  your  baby  is  sick,  or  if  its  food  does  not  agree  with  it, 
you  may  obtain  medical  advice  free  by  taking  the  infant  to  the  clinic  at  the  hour 
mentioned . If  your  baby  needs  attention  on  some  other  day  of  the  week,  and  you  have 
no  physician,  telephone  to  the  board  of  health  office  (Montclair  2700)  and  ask  to  have 
the  nurse  call  at  your  home.  There  is  no  charge  for  her  service. 

Montclair  Board  of  Health. 


1 First  Annual  Report  of  Town  Engineer,  Montclair,  N.  J. 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


29 


The  clinic  urges  breast  feeding  wherever  possible,  with  supple- 
mentary feedings  of  modified  milk  where  the  mother’s  milk  is  found 
to  be  insufficient. 

In  the  discussion  of  infant  deaths  from  diarrhea  the  fact  has  been 
noted  that  while  in  1912  diarrhea  was  the  leading  cause  (disease)  of 
infant  mortality,  not  a single  baby  died  from  this  disease  in  1913. 
Practically  all  the  clinic  babies  come  from  the  fourth  ward,  in  which, 
as  has  been  seen,  the  infant  mortality  rate  has  greatly  decreased. 
The  influence  of  the  clinic  is  felt  by  a large  proportion  of  the  fourth- 
ward  babies,  since  83  of  the  187  babies  born  in  this  ward  in  1913  were 
brought  to  the  clinic,  and  many  more  were  visited  in  their  homes.1 

i Report  of  Dr.  Mercelis  to  the  Montclair  (N.  J.)  Board  of  Health,  on  the  “Babies  milk  clinic,”  March, 
1914. 


APPENDIX. 


MILK  REGULATIONS. 

[Extracts  from  an  ordinance  establishing  a sanitary  code  for  the  town  of  Montclair.  Passed  Apr.  9,  1907, 

and  as  amended  to  Jan.  1, 1915.] 

Article  8. 

MILK  AND  ITS  PRODUCTION. 

Section  1.  Any  person  desiring  to  engage,  either  as  principal  or  agent,  in  the  pro- 
duction, sale,  or  distribution  of  milk  or  cream  within  the  town  of  Montclair  may  make 
application  therefor  to  the  board  of  health,  upon  blanks  to  be  furnished  by  the  board, 
setting  forth  the  locality  from  which  such  person  or  persons  procure  the  milk  or  cream; 
also  a full  and  complete  list  of  the  names  and  addresses  of  those  from  whom  he  pur- 
chases milk  or  cream,  and  also  the  place  at  or  from  which  he  desires  to  sell  milk  or 
cream,  and  whether  he  desires  to  sell  raw  or  pasteurized  milk  or  cream,  or  both.  Said 
application  shall  also  state  whether  the  applicant  desires  to  sell  as  principal  or  agent, 
and  if  as  agent,  give  the  name  of  his  principal.  It  shall  be  signed  by  the  applicant, 
and  if  granted  by  the  said  board  a license  shall  be  issued  to  him  signed  by  the  president 
and  secretary  of  the  board  in  the  following  form: 

[“Board  of  health,  Montclair,  N.  J.  Milk  license  No. .] 

“ , of , is  hereby  licensed  to  engage  in  the  business  of  selling  and 

distributing  in  the  town  of  Montclair  (raw  or  pasteurized)  milk  and  cream  from  (store  or 
wagons)  for  a period  of  one  year  from  the  date  hereof:  Provided , That  if  such  person  or 
any  of  his  employees,  servants,  or  agents  shall  violate  any  ordinance  of  the  said  board 
in  conducting  said  business,  or  any  of  the  provisions  of  an  act  entitled  ‘An  act  to 
regulate  the  production,  distribution,  and  sale  of  milk  or  cream,’  approved  March 
30,  1914,  or  other  statutory  regulations  of  such  sales,  this  license  may,  in  the  discre- 
tion of  the  board,  be  revoked  by  the  board. 

“Dated  at  Montclair,  N.  J.,  this day  of , 191 — .” 

The  annual  license  fee  shall  be  $1  for  each  place  at  or  from  which  milk  is  sold  and  for 
each  wagon  or  vehicle  used  in  the  distribution  thereof. 

All  persons  engaged  in  the  business  of  selling  milk  or  cream  in  the  town  of  Montclair 
at  the  date  when  this  ordinance  takes  effect,  who  desire  to  continue  the  same,  must 
file  their  applications  for  a license  not  later  than  the  Monday  before  the  second  Tues- 
day of  January  of  each  year.  Licenses  when  granted  shall  be  for  a period  of  one  year 
from  the  time  of  granting  the  same:  Provided , That  any  licenses  so  granted  may  be 
vacated  by  the  board  in  case  the  licensee  or  any  of  his  employees,  servants,  or  agents 
shall  violate  any  of  the  provisions  of  the  ordinance  regulating  the  production,  sale,  and 
distribution  of  milk  and  cream  or  any  of  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  the  Legislature  of 
the  State  of  New  Jersey  entitled  “An  act  to  regulate  the  production,  distribution, 
and  sale  of  milk  and  cream,”  approved  March  30,  1914,  or  other  statutory  regulations 
of  such  sales. 

Persons  desiring  hereafter  to  commence  the  business  of  selling  milk  or  cream  in 
Montclair  may  make  their  application  at  any  meeting  of  the  board,  but  in  every  such 
case  new  applications  must  be  made  on  the  Monday  before  the  second  Tuesday  of 
January  of  each  year,  as  above  provided. 

LICENSE  REQUIRED 

No  person  shall  sell  or  offer  for  sale  in  the  town  of  Montclair  any  milk  or  cream 
unless  such  person  has  obtained  a license  from  the  board  of  health  authorizing  him  to 
make  such  sale.  All  persons  having  a license  as  required  by  this  section  shall  at  all 
times  display  such  license  in  a conspicuous  manner  in  the  place  where  the  milk  and 
cream  is  kept  for  sale  or  distribution:  Provided , That  when  such  sale  or  distribution  is 

31 


32 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


made  from  a wagon  or  other  vehicle  such  vehicles  shall  have  displayed  on  both  sides 
thereof  either  a metal  license  tag  that  will  be  furnished  by  the  board  of  health  upon 
application  by  the  proper  parties  or  a painted  sign  similar  in  lettering  to  the  license 
tags  furnished  by  the  board  and  with  the  proper  license  number. 

No  person  who  is  licensed  by  the  board  to  sell  milk  or  cream  in  the  town  of  Montclair 
shall  add  any  dairy  to  his  source  of  supply  without  the  written  permission  of  the  board.1 

Any  person  who  is  licensed  to  sell  milk  or  cream  in  the  town  of  Montclair  shall 
immediately  withdraw  from  the  town  any  supply  upon  notification  from  the  board 
that  the  producer  of  such  supply  has  failed  or  refused  to  comply  with  any  of  the 
requirements  that  are  or  hereafter  may  be  required  of  milk  producers. 

No  milk  shall  hereafter  be  produced,  sold,  exposed  for  sale,  or  delivered  within  the 
town  of  Montclair  unless  it  is  produced  and  handled  in  accordance  with  the  require- 
ments of  this  article. 

Sec.  2.  No  person  shall  hereafter  engage  in  the  sale  or  exposure  for  sale  of  milk 
within  the  town  of  Montclair  without  first  having  filed  with  the  board  of  health  a 
true  and  complete  statement  of  the  locality  from  which  all  the  milk  they  handle  is 
produced,  a complete  list  of  the  persons  from  whom  the  said  milk  is  purchased,  and 
a complete  list  of  the  localities  from  which  ice  for  cooling  purposes  is  obtained;  and 
if  at  any  time  the  place  at  which  said  milk  is  produced  or  the  persons  from  whom  the 
said  milk  is  purchased  or  the  locality  from  which  said  ice  is  obtained  be  changed 
the  said  board  shall  be  notified  immediately.  On  or  before  the  15th  day  of  June  and 
of  December  of  each  year,  and  at  any  other  time  within  three  days  of  the  receipt  of  a 
request  therefor,  any  person  engaged  in  the  sale  of  milk  in  Montclair  shall  furnish 
said  board  with  a complete  list  of  all  persons  to  whom  milk  is  regularly  sold. 

Sec.  3.  All  premises  whereon  milk  is  produced  or  handled  for  sale  or  distribution 
in  the  town  of  Montclair  shall  be  open  to  this  board  for  inspection  at  any  time,  and 
owners  of  cows  from  which  said  milk  is  produced  shall  permit  a veterinarian  in  the 
employ  of  this  board  to  examine  said  cows  at  any  time. 

Such  examination  shall  consist  of  any  efficient  and  reasonable  method  that  may  be 
used  by  the  said  veterinarian  to  determine  whether  or  not  the  cows  are  diseased. 

STABLES. 

Sec.  4.  Cows  shall  be  stabled  under  light,  dry,  and  well-ventilated  conditions,  and 
the  stables  shall  conform  in  all  respects  to  the  requirements  hereinafter  set  forth,  viz: 

(a)  Any  portion  of  a barn  used  as  a cow  stable  shall  be  tightly  ceiled  overhead,  shall 
be  entirely  partitioned  off  from  the  rest  of  the  barn,  and  shall  not  be  used  for  the 
storage  of  farm  utensils  nor  for  any  other  purpose. 

(b)  The  walls  and  ceilings  of  said  stables,  not  otherwise  treated  in  a manner  ap- 
proved by  this  board,  shall  be  whitewashed  at  least  every  six  months. 

(c)  Stables  shall  have  at  least  2 square  feet  of  unobstructed  window  glass  per  500 
cubic  feet  of  air  space,  the  windows  to  be  arranged  so  as  to  light  all  portions  of  the 
stable  effectively. 

(d)  Each  cow  shall  have  at  least  3 feet  in  width  of  floor  space  when  fastened  in 
stanchions,  and  in  all  cases  where  no  adequate  artificial  means  of  ventilation  is  pro- 
vided each  animal  shall  have  air  space  of  at  least  600  cubic  feet.  All  cow  stables 
shall  be  well  ventilated  at  all  times. 

(e)  All  stables  shall  be  provided  with  a tight,  dry  floor,  and  the  manure  drops  or 
urine  gutters  shall  be  water-tight  and  shall  be  thoroughly  cleaned  at  least  twice 
each  day. 

(f ) No  manure,  garbage,  nor  other  putrescible  matter  shall  be  allowed  within  100 
feet  of  any  cow  stable,  milk  house,  or  cooling  room;  and  the  drainage  from  said  build- 
ings shall  be  such  that  no  liquid  wastes  can  collect  within  this  distance. 

(g)  No  raw  milk  or  cream  shall  be  sold  in  the  town  of  Montclair  unless  it  is  produced 
and  handled  at  a farm  or  dairy  that  scores  at  least  80  on  the  official  score  card  of  the 
United  States  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  and  no  pasteurized  milk  or  cream  shall  be 
sold  unless  it  is  produced  and  handled  at  a farm  or  dairy  that  scores  at  least  70  on  said 
score  card. 

cows. 

Sec.  5 (a).  No  milk  shall  be  sold  or  offered  for  sale  or  distributed  in  the  town  of 
Montclair  except  from  cows  in  good  health  nor  unless  the  cows  from  which  it  is 
obtained  have,  within  one  year,  been  examined  by  a veterinarian  whose  competency 
is  vouched  for  by  the  State  veterinary  association  of  the  State  in  which  the  herd  is 
located  and  a certificate  signed  by  such  veterinarian  has  been  filed  with  the  board 
of  health  stating  the  number  of  cows  in  each  herd  that  are  free  from  disease.  This 


1 Art.  8,  see.  5 (a). 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


33 


examination  shall  include  the  tuberculin  test,1  and  charts  showing  the  reaction  of  each 
individual  cow  shall  be  filed  with  this  board.  All  cows  which  react  shall  be  removed 
from  the  premises  at  once  if  the  sale  of  milk  is  to  continue,  and  no  cows  shall  be  added 
to  a herd  until  certificates  of  satisfactory  tuberculin  tests  of  said  cows  have  been  filed 
with  this  board. 

Every  cow  that  is  tested  as  required  by  the  provisions  of  this  section  and  found  to 
be  free  from  disease  shall,  immediately  after  such  test  is  completed,  be  tagged  in  the 
following  manner  by  the  veterinarian  who  made  the  test:  Provided,  That  if  a cow 
is  already  tagged  in  compliance  with  this  section  no  retagging  will  be  required  if  the 
tag  contains  a proper  serial  number.  The  tag  shall  be  attached  to  one  ear  of  the 
cow  so  that  it  will  be  plainly  visible  and  so  that  it  can  not  be  removed  unless  the  ear 
be  torn.  The  tags  shall  be  serially  numbered  in  a manner  approved  by  the  board 
and  shall  be  of  such  construction  that  when  once  removed  they  can  not  be  reused. 
[The  board  furnishes  ear  tags  without  cost  to  the  dairyman.] 

Each  certificate  that  is  filed  as  required  by  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  state 
clearly  how  each  cow  is  tagged,  so  that  any  such  cow  may  be  identified. 

Any  person  who  at  any  time,  whether  temporarily  or  otherwise,  has  in  his  herd 
or  on  his  premises  a cow  or  cows  that  have  not  been  tagged  as  outlined  above  shall 
be  considered  as  having  willfully  violated  this  ordinance  and  shall  be  liable  to  a 
penalty  of  $25  for  each  cow  not  so  tagged. 

The  owner  of  every  cow  that  reacts  to  the  tuberculin  test  shall  notify  this  board  in 
writing  within  72  hours  after  the  test  is  completed  of  the  disposition  that  has  been 
made  of  such  reacting  cow.  The  said  notification  shall  also  contain  the  name  and 
address  of  the  person  to  whom  the  reacting  cow  was  sold  or  the  name  and  address  of 
the  person  by  whom  said  cow  was  slaughtered. 

Every  herd  in  which  more  than  one  reactor  is  found  to  every  15  cows  shall  be  retested 
at  the  end  of  six  months  in  the  manner  hereinbefore  provided  for  making  tuberculin 
tests,  and  the  records  of  such  tests  shall  be  filed  with  the  board  of  health  as  required 
in  the  case  of  annual  tests. 

Every  person  who  is  licensed  by  the  board  to  sell  milk  or  cream  in  the  town  of 
Montclair  shall  file,  or  cause  to  be  filed,  with  the  board  of  health,  within  72  hours 
after  the  completion  of  a tuberculin  test  of  any  cow  in  a herd  from  which  his  supply 
is  obtained,  a chart  showing  full  details  of  such  tuberculin  test,  and  such  chart,  to 
be  accepted  by  the  board,  must  show  that  temperature  readings  were  made  at  least 
every  two  hours  from  the  tenth  to  the  twentieth  hour  after  the  cow  was  injected 
with  tuberculin;  and  whenever  at  the  twentieth  hour  a rising  temperature  is  being 
recorded,  additional  temperatures  must  be  taken  and  recorded  until  a definite  reac- 
tion is  established  or  the  temperature  of  the  cow  drops  to  normal.  The  chart  must 
also  state  the  name  of  the  manufacturer  of  the  tuberculin  used,  the  amount  used,  and 
the  hour  of  injection.  If  the  cow  has  been  previously  tested  within  a period  of  four 
months,  or  if  the  herd  on  the  previous  test  showed  a large  percentage  of  tuberculous 
animals  or  of  animals  with  a suspicious  temperature,  the  amount  of  tuberculin  used 
and  the  hours  of  reading  temperatures  shall  conform  to  the  best  practice  in  such  cases. 

Every  cow  that  has  been  admitted  to  the  State  of  New  Jersey  within  three  months 
and  added  to  a herd  from  which  milk  is  produced  for  sale  in  Montclair  must  be  retested 
not  less  than  60  days  and  not  more  than  90  days  after  such  admission  to  the  State,  and 
no  cow  shall  be  added  to  a herd  unless  such  cow  has  been  tested  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  board  within  3 months. 

In  addition  to  the  tuberculin  tests  already  required  by  this  section  the  board  may, 
when  in  its  opinion  the  number  of  tuberculous  cows  found  in  a herd  or  the  extent  of 
the  lesions  found  in  said  cows  warrants  such  action,  require  by  resolution  that  a herd 
shall  be  retested,  and  no  raw  milk  or  cream  from  such  a herd  shall  be  sold  in  the 
town  of  Montclair  until  such  a retest  is  made  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  board:  Pro- 
vided, That  a five-day  notice  to  make  such  a retest  must  be  served  by  the  board  upon 
the  person  who  is  licensed  to  sell  such  milk  or  cream. 

The  board  may  also  require  that  any  cow  that  shows  an  irregular  temperature  at 
the  time  of  a tuberculin  test,  or  that,  in  the  opinion  of  the  board,  has  not  been  prop- 
erly tested,  shall  be  removed  from  the  herd,  and  no  person  shall  sell  in  the  town  of 
Montclair  any  raw  milk  or  cream  from  any  such  cow  until  a retest  has  been  made  to 
the  satisfaction  of  the  board. 

All  tuberculin  tests  required  by  this  section  may  be  made  by  any  regularly  qualified 
veterinarian,  unless  the  board  can  show  cause  why  tests  made  by  such  veterinarian 
should  not  be  accepted. 


1 The  tuberculin  test  will  not  be  required  whenever  the  board  by  resolution  permits  or  requires  tha 
pasteurization  of  a supply. 


34 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


All  tuberculin-test  charts  that  are  filed  with  the  board  must  have  appended  thereto 
a veterinarian’s  certificate  as  to  the  general  health  of  all  nonreacting  cows. 

No  diseased  cow  or  any  cow  that  is  in  a condition  to  impair  the  healthfulness  of  the 
milk  shall  be  allowed  to  remain  in  any  herd  from  which  milk  is  produced  for  sale  in 
the  town  of  Montclair. 

Every  person  who  is  licensed  by  the  board  to  sell  raw  milk  or  raw  cream  in  the 
town  of  Montclair  shall  notify  the  board,  or  cause  it  to  be  notified,  at  once  of  the 
removal  for  any  reason  of  any  cow  from  any  herd  from  which  his  supply  is  obtained. 
Such  notification  shall  give  the  ear-tag  number  and  the  reason  for  the  removal  from 
the  herd  of  any  such  cow,  together  with  the  name  and  address  of  the  person  who  has 
just  secured  possession  of  the  cow,  in  case  such  cow  did  not  die  or  was  not  slaughtered 
on  the  premises.  No  Montclair  board  of  health  ear  tag  shall  be  removed  for  any 
reason  from  any  cow  while  such  cow  remains  in  the  possession  of  a dairyman  who 
produces  milk  or  cream  that  is  sold  in  Montclair,  and  no  cow  that  has  been  removed 
from  a herd  shall  be  returned  to  the  herd  without  the  knowledge  of  the  board.  When 
a cow  is  returned  to  a herd  after  calving,  the  board  shall  be  notified  of  the  date  of 
parturition. 

No  person  shall  sell  any  pasteurized  milk  or  cream  within  the  town  of  Montclair 
unless  a certificate  signed  by  a regularly  qualified  veterinarian  has  been  filed  with 
the  board  within  six  months  for  every  herd  from  which  such  supply  is  obtained. 
Such  certificate  must  state  that  the  said  veterinarian  has  personally  examined  every 
cow  in  the  herd,  and  it  must  also  state  the  number  of  healthy  cows  found  and  the 
number  of  diseased  cows  found,  with  the  nature  and  extent  of  the  disease  in  each 
case  and  the  disposition  that  has  been  made  of  such  diseased  cows. 

(b)  Cows  shall  at  all  times  be  kept  in  a clean  condition,  and  the  udders  shall  be 
washed  or  wiped  with  a clean,  damp  cloth  immediately  before  milking. 

(c)  No  milk  shall  be  obtained  from  any  cow  which  has  calved  within  10  days  or 
from  any  cow  within  30  days  before  the  normal  time  of  calving. 

(d)  All  milk  shall  be  obtained  from  cows  fed  and  watered  under  the  following 
conditions:  All  food  given  to  such  cows  shall  be  sweet  and  wholesome.  The  use  of 
either  distillery  slops  or  fermented  brewery  grains  is  prohibited,  and  their  presence 
on  any  dairy  premises  will  be  considered  sufficient  cause  for  the  exclusion  of  the  milk 
from  such  dairies  from  sale  or  delivery  in  said  town.  Water  supplied  to  cows  shall  be 
pure  and  free  from  all  contamination  from  stable  or  household  wastes,  and  no  spring 
or  shallow  well  in  or  adjoining  any  stable  yard  shall  be  used  for  watering  said  cows. 


EMPLOYEES. 

Sec.  6.  (a)  All  milkers  and  all  other  attendants  handling  milk  in  any  dairy  shall  be 
personally  clean.  When  entering  upon  their  duties  connected  with  the  dairy  their 
hands  and  outer  garments  must  be  clean. 

If  at  any  time  any  person  or  persons  having  any  connection  with  a dairy,  or  with  the 
handling  of  milk,  or  any  resident  member  of  the  family  of  any  person  so  connected, 
shall  be  stricken  with  cholera,  smallpox,  diphtheria,  membranous  croup,  typhus, 
typhoid  or  scarlet  fever,  measles,  tuberculosis,  syphilis,  or  any  other  communicable 
disease  that  may  hereafter  be  declared  by  this  board  to  be  dangerous  to  the  public 
health,  notice  shall  be  given  to  said  board  immediately  by  the  owner  or  owners  of  such 
dairies,  and  said  board  may  order  the  sale  of  such  milk  discontinued  for  such  time  as 
it  deems  necessary.  No  milk  produced  from  the  dairy  of  any  person  failing  to  give 
notice  shall  hereafter  be  sold  or  exposed  for  sale  or  delivered  in  the  town  of  Montclair 
until  special  permission  therefor  has  been  granted  by  said  board. 

All  persons,  including  milkers,  who  come  in  contact  with  milk  or  cream  before  it  is 
sealed  in  the  final  container  must  be  free  from  all  communicable  diseases  as  shown  by 
a medical  examination  made  every  three  months,  and  no  person  shall  sell  any  milk  or 
cream  in  the  town  of  Montclair  until  a certificate,  signed  by  a regularly  licensed  physi- 
cian, who  is  approved  by  the  board,  that  such  persons  have  been  examined  by  the  said 
physician  within  30  days  and  show  no  evidence  of  any  communicable  disease,  has  been 
filed  with  the  board  of  health.  Such  examinations  shall  include  any  tests  that  the 
board  may  by  resolution  prescribe.  Like  certificates  shall  be  filed  with  the  board  of 
health  on  the  1st  day  of  January,  April,  July,  and  October  of  each  year  based  upon 
examinations  that  have  been  made  of  all  such  persons  during  the  previous  month: 
Provided , That  such  certificates  will  not  be  required  for  those  persons  who  handle 
milk  and  cream  that  are  to  be  pasteurized.  Additional  certificates  must  be  filed  for 
new  employees  as  soon  as  they  begin  their  duties.  All  certificates  must  be  on  forms 
furnished  by  the  board  and  must  give  the  name  of  every  person  examined. 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


35 


UTENSILS  AND  METHODS. 

(b)  Utensils  used  for  the  collection  and  transportation  of  milk  shall,  before  being 
used,  be  thoroughly  washed  with  pure  water  and  soda  or  soap,  or  by  some  other  approved 
means,  and  then  sterilized  by  steam. 

(c)  As  soon  as  milk  is  drawn  from  a cow,  and  before  straining,  it  must  be  removed 
from  the  stable  to  a separate  room,  where  it  shall  be  strained  immediately.  It  shall 
then,  within  45  minutes  of  the  time  of  milking,  and  in  a building  separate  from  the  said 
stable,  be  cooled  to  50°  F.,  or  below,  by  some  method  approved  by  this  board.  The 
above-mentioned  cooling  room  shall  be  properly  ventilated  and  lighted,  shall  be  used 
for  no  other  purpose  than  that  indicated  above,  shall  at  all  times  be  kept  in  a clean 
condition,  and  shall  not  be  connected  with  any  stable,  barn,  or  dwelling. 

(d)  All  milk  shall  be  delivered  in  bottles,  but  no  milk  in  partially  filled  bottles  shall 
be  sold  or  offered  for  sale.  No  tickets  shall  be  used  in  connection  with  the  sale  or 
delivery  of  milk.  No  bottles  shall  be  filled,  capped,  or  recapped  outside  the  dairy 
building  regularly  used  for  this  purpose,  and  said  bottling  room  shall  at  all  times  be 
kept  in  a clean  and  sanitary  condition.  Milk  bottles  shall  be  used  for  no  other  purpose 
than  as  receptacles  for  milk. 

No  person  shall  remove  milk  bottles  from  a building  wherein  a disease  dangerous  to 
the  public  health  exists,  or  has  existed,  until  he  has  first  obtained  permission  in  writing 
from  the  board  of  health.1 

All  rooms  in  which  milk  or  cream  is  pasteurized  or  bottled  and  all  rooms  in  which 
milk  utensils  are  washed  or  sterilized  shall  be  provided  with  a smooth,  well-drained, 
nonabsorbent  floor.  Such  rooms  shall  at  all  times  be  clean  and  light  and  shall  be 
effectively  screened  between  the  1st  day  of  April  and  November  of  each  year. 

MILK. 

Sec.  7.  (a)  Samples  of  milk  shall  be  furnished  this  board  by  any  producer  or  dealer 
at  any  time  upon  proper  payment  therefor. 

(b)  No  raw  milk  shall  be  sold,  offered  for  sale,  or  delivered  in  the  town  of  Montclair 
unless  at  least  80  per  cent  of  the  samples,  as  shown  by  analyses  made  by  or  for  the  board, 
contain  less  than  100,000  bacteria  per  cubic  centimeter:  Provided,  That  no  action 
will  be  taken  to  exclude  any  supply  unless  at  least  two  samples  taken  on  different  days 
are  found  to  contain  more  than  100,000  bacteria  per  cubic  centimeter. 

No  pasteurized  milk  that  contains  over  10,000  bacteria  per  cubic  centimeter  shall 
be  sold  or  offered  for  sale  or  delivered  in  the  town  of  Montclair. 

No  milk  or  cream  that  contains  any  appreciable  amount  of  sediment  or  foreign  matter 
shall  be  sold,  offered  for  sale,  or  delivered  in  the  town  of  Montclair,  regardless  of 
whether  or  not  the  bacteria  count  exceeds  the  limit  set  by  this  section.  ‘ ‘ Appreciable 
amount  of  sediment”  shall  be  construed  to  mean  anything  more  than  a few  minute 
particles  in  a quart  of  milk. 

(c)  The  board  of  health  may,  from  time  to  time,  When  in  its  opinion  the  public 
interest  may  require,  permit  by  resolution  the  sale  of  milk  that  is  produced  under 
conditions  other  than  as  herein  specified:  Provided,  That  such  milk  is  pasteurized 
by  subjecting  it  to  a temperature  of  150°  F.  for  20  minutes,  or  by  an  equivalent 
process. 

The  board  of  health  may,  when  in  its  opinion  the  public  health  requires  such  action, 
require  by  resolution  that  any  milk  or  cream  supply  shall  be  pasteurized  under  the 
supervision  of  the  board,  and  no  person  shall  sell  any  such  supply  after  he  has  been 
notified  by  the  board  to  pasteurize  it  unless  such  supply  is  pasteurized  under  the 
supervision  of  the  board:  Provided , That  such  supply  may  be  sold  without  pasteuri- 
zation after  the  board  by  resolution  decides  that  the  necessity  for  such  pasteurization 
no  longer  exists.2 

No  person  [who  is  licensed  by  the  board  to  sell  milk  or  cream]  shall  at  any  time 
pasteurize  his  supply  or  permit  any  part  of  it  to  be  pasteurized  without  the  written 
permission  of  the  board,  nor  shall  any  dealer  at  any  time  sell  as  raw  milk  or  cream, 
without  the  written  permission  of  the  board,  any  supply  that  he  has  been  authorized 
or  directed  by  the  board  to  pasteurize.2 

No  pasteurized  milk  shall  be  sold  in  the  town  of  Montclair  unless  it  is  conspicuously 
labeled  “Pasteurized.”  Said  label  shall  also  state  the  degree  (temperature  and 
length  of  exposure  at  that  temperature)  and  date  of  pasteurization. 

(d)  No  substance  or  compound  shall  be  added  to  any  milk  which  is  to  be  exposed 
or  offered  for  sale,  and  no  substance  shall  be  subtracted  therefrom. 


Art.  10,  sec.  4. 


2 Art.  8,  sec.  5 (a). 


36 


INFANT  MORTALITY:  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


(e)  No  milk  shall  be  sold  in  Montclair  which  is  obtained  from  a dealer  who  handles 
in  part  a supply  not  approved  by  this  board ; and  no  person  shall  deliver  or  offer  for 
sale  in  the  town  of  Montclair  any  milk  unless  the  entire  supply  which  he  handles 
complies  with  the  requirements  hereinbefore  set  forth,  unless  satisfactory  evidence 
is  given  this  board  that  the  two  supplies  are  kept  separate. 

No  milk  or  cream  shall  be  sold  in  the  town  of  Montclair  if  it  is  handled  or  stored  at 
a milk  station,  dairy,  or  distributing  station  at  which  a milk  or  cream  supply  not 
approved  by  the  board  and  not  contained  in  a final  container  which  is  plainly  labeled 
with  the  source  of  the  supply  is  handled  or  stored. 

No  milk  or  cream  shall  be  sold  in  the  town  of  Montclair  unless  the  container  in  which 
it  is  delivered  has  plainly  marked  thereon  the  name  of  either  the  producer  or  the 
vender  of  the  milk  or  cream,  and  in  case  a license  to  sell  milk  or  cream  is  granted  to 
a dealer  who  handles  separately  more  than  one  supply,  such  container  shall  in  addi- 
tion have  marked  thereon  the  source  of  the  supply.  No  false  or  misleading  statement 
or  mark  shall  appear  upon  any  container  or  be  attached  thereto. 

(f)  No  milk  shall  be  delivered,  stored,  or  transported  at  a temperature  exceeding 
50°  F. 

No  milk  shall  be  sold  from  any  store  unless  said  store  has  adequate  facilities  for 
keeping  said  milk  at  a temperature  below  50°  F.,  and  no  milk  shall  be  stored  or  sold 
at  a temperature  higher  than  50°  F.  All  milk  shall  be  kept  and  delivered  in  the 
original  bottles.1 * * * 5 

(g)  No  ice  which  is  obtained  from  a source  which  is  contaminated  or  which  is  so 
situated  that  it  may  become  contaminated  shall  be  used  for  cooling  milk. 

Any  person  who  violates  any  of  the  regulations  above  set  forth  shall,  upon  con- 
viction thereof,  forfeit  and  pay  a penalty  of  $25  for  each  offense. 


1 Art.  7,  sec.  8. 


ADDITIONAL  COPIES 

OF  THIS  PUBLICATION  MAY  BE  PROCURED  FROM 
THE  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  DOCUMENTS 
GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

AT 

5 CENTS  PER  COPY 

V 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR 

CHILDREN’S  BUREAU 

JULIA  C.  LATHROP.  Chief 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  CHILD 
LABOR  LAWS 

PART  I 

EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM 
CONNECTICUT 

By 

HELEN  L.  SUMNER  and  ETHEL  E.  HANKS 

<s 

INDUSTRIAL  SERIES  No.  2,  Part  I 
Bureau  Publication  No.  12 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1915 


ADDITIONAL  COPIES 
OF  THIS  PUBLICATION  MAY  BE  PROCURED  FROM 
THE  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  DOCUMENTS 
GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

AT 

10  CENTS  PER  COPY 


V 


ikz-7 


contents. 


£ 

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£ 

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■ Page. 

Letter  of  transmittal . . . ; 5 

Administrative  agencies  and  their  functions  (chart) Follows  page  5 

Introduction 7-12 

Method  of  securing  employment  certificates  (chart) Faces  page  12 

Method  of  securing  certificates 12-19 

Original  regular  certificates 13-17 

Subsequent  regular  certificates 17 

Summer-vacation  certificates 18 

Lost  certificates 19 

Statements  of  age 19 

Evidence  of  age 19-21 

Physical  requirements 21 

Educational  requirements 22-25 

Evening-school  attendance 25 

Enforcement 25-26 

Keeping  children  in  school 26 

School  census 27-30 

Applicants  for  certificates 30 

Unemployed  children 31-33 

Inspection 34,  35 

Summary 36 

Records 36-38 

State  records 37 

Hartford  district  records 37 

Local  records  kept  by  State  agents  outside  of  Hartford  district 37 

Conclusion 38-52 

Method  of  securing  certificates 39 

Evidence  of  age 39 

Educational  requirements 40 

Physical  requirements 41 

Enforcement 42-46 

Unemployed  children 46-48 

Relation  to  other  child  labor  laws 48-50 

Centralization  and  records 50-52 

Appendix 53-69 

Laws  relating  to  employment  certificates 53-56 

Forms  used  in  the  administration  of  employment  certificate  laws 56-68 

3 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Labor, 

Children’s  Bureau, 
Washington , March  8, 1915. 

Sir:  I transmit  herewith  the  first  of  a series  of  studies  of  the 
administration  of  child  labor  laws  with  reference  to  the  method  of 
issuing  employment  certificates. 

The  effective  value  of  a child  labor  law  is  measured  by  the  equity, 
economy,  and  facility  with  which  it  can  be  enforced. 

In  the  enforcement  of  child  labor  laws  the  employment  certificate 
may  be  treated  as  the  key,  since  no  law  for  the  protection  of  children 
or  young  persons  can  be  enforced  unless  there  is  some  ready  method 
of  determining  exactly  what  persons  in  a given  establishment  are 
subject  to  that  law.  This  method  the  employment  certificate  should 
provide. 

This  first  report  covers  a study  of  the  employment  certificate  sys- 
tem in  the  State  of  Connecticut.  It  is  intended  to  make  similar 
studies  in  at  least  half  a dozen  States,  selected  so  as  to  show  how 
various  types  of  laws  and  various  methods  of  enforcement  actually 
work  out  in  practice. 

Legal  requirements  and  legal  limitations  differ  widely  in  the  various 
States  of  the  Union,  and  proper  protection  of  youthful  workers  may 
well  be  secured  without  uniformity  in  nonessentials.  This  study  is 
designed  to  bring  out  those  common  essentials  in  the  use  of  the  cer- 
tificate without  which  the  rights  of  the  child  can  not  be  preserved. 
It  is  plainly  a comparative  study  in  administration,  designed  to 
bring  out  a standard  method. 

Acknowledgment  should  be  made  of  the  cooperation  of  the  Federal 
Commission  on  Industrial  Relations,  which  contributed  a portion  of 
the  cost  of  the  field  work.  The  series  of  studies  is  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Miss  Helen  L.  Sumner,  head  of  the  industrial  division  of  the 
bureau.  The  field  studies  have  been  made  by  Miss  Ethel  E.  Hanks, 
except  as  to  the  questions  relating  to  the  school  census,  which  were 
investigated  by  Mr.  A.  V.  Parsons. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

Julia  C.  Lathrop,  Chief. 


Hon.  W.  B.  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Labor. 


5 


ADMINISTRATIVE  AGENCIES  AND  THEIR  FUNCTIONS 


TORY  INSPECTORS 


No  duties  or  powers 
relating  to  enforce- 
ment of  certificate 
law;  inspectors 
sometimes  report  to 
State  board  of  edu- 


Temporary  special  agents 


ISSUE  CERTIFIC  VTES,  El 


Regular  employment  [ 
certificates  to  chil- 
dren 14-16  on  pro- 
duction of 

Vacation  certificates 
to  children  14-16  on 
production  of 

Statements  of  age  to 
children  over  16  on 
product  ion  of 

i 

1 

i-  i 

1 1 

i 1 

School  record  or 
satisfactory 
examination 
paper  in  edu- 


ployment  signed 
by  employer 
(1  lie  presence  of 
the  parent  is 
also  required) 


EMPLOYERS 


^ailing  to  send  com 
mencement  or  termina- 
tion notices 


CHILDREN  14-16 

A.  With  uvular  employ- 
ment. certificates— To  see 
that  unemployed  children 
return  to  school  or  to 
work 

B.  With  vacation  employ- 
ment certificates— To  see 
that  such  childreu  return 
to  school  in  September 


CHILDREN  7-16 

To  enforce  school  attend- 
ance—(a)  of  children  not 
located  by  attendance 
officers  in  large  towns: 
(b)  of  all  children  in 
small  towns 


Reported  to  at- 
tendance offi- 
cer or  State 
agent 


Employer  may 
be  reported  to 
State’s  dis- 
trict attorney 
for  prosecu- 


fr 

j LOCAL  BOARDS  OF  EDUCATION  | 

V --  — 1 

! In  large  towns  attendance 
officers  follow  up 

In  small  towns  teachers,  ! Superintendents,  principals, 

etc.,  report  to  State  agents  and  teachers 

1 

Children  leaving 

Children  ou  census  ! Childreu  leaving  Issue  school  records 

records  but  not  on  school  (monthly)  to  children  wishing 

school  registers  (an-  1 to  apply  for  em- 

1 pa1t^vmen 

ADMINISTRATION  OF  THE  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFI- 
CATE SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 


INTRODUCTION. 

In  Connecticut  the  administration  of  the  employment  certificate 
system  is  centralized  in  the  State  board  of  education.  Agents  of  the 
State  board  not  only  issue  all  certificates  but  perform  all  the  work  of 
inspection  of  establishments  for  violation  of  the  law.  The  factory 
inspection  department — which  in  most  States  inspects  establish- 
ments for  children  under  age  or  working  without  certificates,  and 
which  even  in  Connecticut  is  charged  with  the  duty  of  enforcing  all 
laws  relating  to  hours,  labor  conditions,  and  employments  prohibited 
for  children — has  no  legal  authority  whatever  in  regard  to  the 
minimum  age  and  employment  certificate  law.  This  act,  indeed,  is 
considered  almost  solely  as  a provision  of  the  compulsory  education 
law,  under  which  children  from  14  to  16  years  of  age  who  have  already 
received  a certain  degree  of  education  may  leave  school  on  condition 
that  they  go  to  work. 

A law  which  went  into  effect  in  September,  191 1,1 2  provides  that  no 
child  under  14  years  of  age  shall  be  employed  in  a manufacturing, 
mechanical,  or  mercantile  establishment,  and  that  no  child  under  16 
years  of  age  shall  be  so  employed  unless  the  employer  has  obtained  a 
certificate  signed  by  the  secretary  or  an  agent  of  the  State  board  of 
education  or  by  some  other  school  officer  “ designated  by  said  board.” 
This  certificate  must  give  the  date  of  the  child’s  birth,  must  show 
that  he  is  over  14  years  of  age,  and  must  state  that  he  is  “able  to 
read  with  facility,  to  legibly  write  simple  sentences,  and  to  perform 
operations  of  the  fundamental  rules  of  arithmetic  with  relation  both 
to  whole  numbers  and  to  fractions,”  and  that  he  does  not  appear  to 
be  physically  unfit  for  employment. 

In  addition  to  this  regular  employment  certificate  a temporary  or 
vacation  certificate  permitting  employment  during  summer  vacation 
is  authorized  by  an  act  of  1913 2 for  “any  child  in  good  physical  con- 
dition, between  14  and  16  years  of  age,  on  application  in  person  to 
the  secretary  or  an  agent  of  the  State  board  of  education.”  No 
educational  qualifications  are  requisite  to  obtain  this  vacation 
certificate. 


1 Acts  of  1911,  ch.  119.  For  the  text  of  this  act  see  p.  56. 

2 Acts  of  1913,  ch.  211.  For  the  text  of  this  act  see  p.  56. 


7 


8 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 


These  acts  are  supplemented  by  the  compulsory  school-attendance 
law,  which  provides  that  children  over  7 and  under  16  years  of  age 
must  attend  regularly  a public  day  school  or  receive  regularly  during 
the  hours  the  public  school  is  in  session  thorough  instruction  in  the 
studies  taught  in  the  public  schools,  except  that  children  over  14 
years  of  age  are  exempt  from  school  attendance  “ while  lawfully 
employed  at  labor  at  home  or  elsewhere.”1 

In  a study  of  the  employment  certificate  system  these  laws  of  1911 
and  1913  and  the  compulsory  school  laws  are  the  only  legislative 
enactments  which  are  of  importance.  Connecticut  has,  however, 
other  laws  relating  to  child  labor  which  are  enforced  by  the  State 
factory  inspector.  Most  conspicuous  among  these  are  the  law 
prohibiting  employment  under  16  years  of  age  in  certain  dangerous 
trades2  and  the  law  limiting  the  hours  of  labor  of  minors  under 
16  to  10  a day  and  55  a week  in  manufacturing  establishments  and  to 
58  a week,  except  at  Christmas  time,  in  mercantile  establishments 
and  prohibiting  employment  of  minors  under  16  in  manufacturing  or 
mercantile  establishments  after  6 p.  m.  or  in  mercantile  establish- 
ments after  6 p.  m.  on  more  than  one  day  a week,  except  at  Christmas 
time,  or  after  10  p.  m.  at  any  time.3  But  as  the  only  connection 
between  these  laws  and  the  employment  certificate  system  lies  in  the 
fact  that  employment  certificates  constitute  evidence  of  age,  they  are 
not  considered  in  this  study,  which  relates  exclusively  to  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  employment  certificate  system. 

As  for  the  application  of  the  employment  certificate  act,  though 
the  law  mentions  only  manufacturing,  mechanical,  and  mercantile 
establishments,  the  State  board  of  education  has  interpreted  it 
broadly  and  requires  employment  certificates  of  children  employed 
in  all  sorts  of  establishments,  in  offices  and  bowling  alleys,  or  with 
wagons,  or  by  telegraph  or  other  messenger  companies — in  fact,  of 
practically  all  child  laborers  except  newsboys  and  children  employed 
in  agricultural  pursuits  and  in  domestic  service.  Though  this  inter- 
pretation has  never  been  subjected  to  legal  test,  the  State  board  of 
education  has  had  the  favorable  opinion  of  attorneys  upon  this  broad 
interpretation  of  the  law.  It  should  be  noted  that  this  interpretation 
is  not  based  entirely  upon  the  wording  of  the  employment  certificate 
act,  for  the  requirement  that  children  working  during  school  hours 
in  any  occupation  shall  have  certificates  may  be  considered  as  an 
administrative  regulation  in  the  enforcement  of  the  compulsory  edu- 
cation law,  which  exempts  children  between  14  and  16  years  of  age 
from  school  attendance  if  they  are  “ lawfully”  employed,  regardless 
of  occupation. 

1 General  Statutes,  revised  edition,  1902,  sec.  2116.  For  the  text  of  this  section  and  others  relating  to  its 
enforcement  see  pp.  53,  54. 

2 Acts  of  1911,  ch.  123. 

3 Acts  of  1909,  ch.  220,  as  amended  by  Acts  of  1913,  ch.  179. 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  9 

Employment  certificates  are  made  out  to  a particular  employer 
and  are  good  only  in  his  hands.  They  can  not  be  obtained,  therefore, 
until  the  child  has  a position  promised,  and  they  must  be  renewed 
whenever  the  child  changes  employers. 

Certificates  must  be  signed,  according  to  law,  “by  the  secretary  or 
an  agent  of  the  State  board  of  education  or  by  a school  supervisor, 
school  superintendent,  or  supervising  principal  or  acting  school  visitor 
designated  by  such  board.”  The  State  board  has  exercised  this 
power  by  designating  only  its  own  agents  to  issue  certificates.  In  the 
smaller  towns  and  villages,  however,  there  are  34  school  supervisors, 
also  appointed  by  the  State  board  of  education  though  their  functions 
are  similar  to  those  of  county  superintendents  in  other  States,  who 
assist  by  passing  upon  documents  presented  by  children  and  parents 
in  application  for  certificates  and  by  filling  out  “ information  cards”  and 
sending  them  to  the  nearest  agent,  who  makes  out  the  certificates  and 
mails  them  back  to  the  parents  and  employers.  But  these  super- 
visors assist  in  issuing  only  a few  certificates,  and  none  of  the  other 
persons  mentioned  in  the  law  have,  in  fact,  any  part  in  the  procedure 
except  as  they  furnish  transcripts  of  school  records  to  children. 

The  law  further  provides  that  employers  must  keep  certificates  on 
file  and  must  show  them  with  lists  of  the  children  under  16  employed 
“to  the  secretary  or  an  agent  of  the  State  board  of  education  when 
demanded  during  the  usual  business  hours.”  Thus  the  inspection  as 
well  as  the  issuing  of  certificates  is  placed  in  the  hands  of  these  agents. 

The  secretary  of  the  State  board  of  education  and  six  agents  bear 
the  main  burden  of  administering  the  law.  Two  State  attendance 
officers,  however,  assist  the  agents  as  needed  during  busy  seasons,  and 
from  time  to  time  additional  persons  are  employed  for  periods  of 
from  one  to  six  months  in  special  canvasses  of  the  larger  towns  and 
cities.  The  two  State  attendance  officers  when  assigned  to  the  duty 
of  issuing  certificates  and  of  enforcing  the  certificate  law  have  exactly 
the  same  powers  and  duties  as  the  State  agents  appointed  for  that 
purpose.  The  secretary  of  the  State  board  has  also  an  assistant,  who 
has  the  power  of  an  agent,  and  there  are  two  clerks,  one  of  whom 
performs  the  actual  work  of  issuing  certificates  in  the  Hartford  office 
while  the  other  spends  half  of  each  day  in  Bridgeport  assisting  one 
agent  and  the  other  half  in  New  Haven  assisting  another  agent.  In 
other  towns  school  employees  often  help  the  agents  in  looking  up 
school  records  and  in  making  out  certificates,  but  not  in  interviewing 
parents  or  children.  All  clerical  assistance  of  this  nature  needed  by 
the  agents  is  paid  for  by  the  State  board  of  education. 

The  force  concerned  with  the  administration  of  the  employment 
certificate  law,  then,  consists  of  the  secretary  of  the  State  board  of 
education,  his  assistant,  six  agents,  two  clerks,  two  State  attendance 
officers,  temporary  canvassers  as  needed,  school  supervisors  in  the 
88399°— 15 2 


10  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 

• 

smaller  towns  and  villages,  and  other  school  employees  for  clerical 
work.  None  of  these  persons,  however,  except  the  two  clerks,  are 
regularly  employed  exclusively  in  the  administration  of  the  employ- 
ment certificate  law.  The  secretary  and  his  assistant  are  concerned 
with  the  entire  school  system  of  the  State  and  can  give  only  a small 
part  of  their  time  to  the  subject  of  employment  certificates.  The 
agents,  moreover,  in  addition  to  their  duties  in  connection  with  child 
labor  have  certain  other  duties,  to  be  described  later,  in  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  compulsory  education  law. 

The  secretary  of  the  State  board  of  education  and  his  assistant 
are  in  charge  of  the  central  office  in  the  capitol  building  at  Hartford, 
where  the  records  for  the  entire  State  are  kept,  where  the  corre- 
spondence centers,  and  where  uniform  instructions  to  the  other  agents 
are  formulated.  There,  too,  employment  certificates  are  issued  to 
Hartford  children  by  the  clerk  assigned  to  that  branch  of  the  work. 
The  inspection  of  establishments  in  the  Hartford  district  is  usually 
done  by  one  of  the  other  six  agents.  Of  these  six  agents  one  is  in 
Bridgeport  five  days  and  in  New  Milford  one  day  a week;  another  is 
in  New  Haven  two  whole  days  and  three  hah  days  a week,  having 
office  hours  also  at  certain  hours  in  half  a dozen  other  near-by  places; 
and  the  other  four  have  office  hours  once  a week  or  once  a fortnight 
in  a number  of  different  towns.  Each  agent  has  a certain  district 
assigned  to  him  and  maintains  headquarters  in  some  town  of  his 
district.  The  districts  are  changed  from  time  to  time  as  experience 
may  prove  desirable. 

All  forms  used  in  the  administration  of  the  laws  are  prepared  by 
the  State  board  of  education,  are  uniform  throughout  the  State,  and 
are  distributed  only  by  the  agents  of  the  State  board.  All  except  the 
blank  employment  certificates  are  freely  distributed  to  the  children 
and  to  the  persons  who  must  fill  them  out.  Blank  employment  cer- 
tificates, however,  are  handled  only  by  the  agents  and  their  clerks 
and  are  not  even  intrusted  to  school  supervisors. 

During  the  year  ended  August  1,  1914,  there  were  issued  in  the 
State  of  Connecticut  6,965  original  and  6,312  subsequent  certificates. 
Of  the  originals  658  were  vacation  certificates.  It  therefore  appears 
that  during  this  single  year  an  average  of  two  certificates  were  issued 
for  each  child.  Assuming  that  about  one-half  of  the  8,308  children 
who  received  certificates  during  the  previous  year  were  not  yet  16  at 
the  end  of  this  year,  there  were  probably  in  force  on  August  1,  1914, 
in  addition  to  some  600  or  more  vacation  certificates,  about  10,500 
regular  certificates. 

The  number  of  applications  rejected  is  nearly  as  large  as  the  num- 
ber of  certificates  issued.  This  does  not  mean,  however,  that  as 
many  children  were  refused  as  received  certificates,  for  in  the  figures 
relating  to  applications  one  child  may  appear  as  many  times  as  he 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  11 

applied  during  the  year.  Many  of  the  children,  moreover,  whose 
first  applications  were  refused  may  later  have  received  certificates 
and  so  be  counted  both  as  having  been  refused  and  as  having  been 
granted  certificates.  During  the  year  ended  August  1,  1914,  13,051 
applications,  but  probably  a considerably  smaller  number  of  appli- 
cants, were  handled,  of  which  5,458  were  rejected.  Of  the  remainder 
628  cases  were  continued  into  the  next  year.  The  following  were  the 
causes  of  rejection,  in  the  order  of  their  importance: 1 


Failed  on  educational  test 1, 910 

No  evidence  of  age 1, 547 

No  employment 1,159 

Under  14  years  of  age 598 

Over  16  years  of  age 168 

Other  reasons  (housework,  farm  work,  etc.) 40 

Physical  condition 30 

Parent  did  not  appear 6 


Total 5,458 


The  children  who  received  employment  certificates  during  the  year 
ended  August  1,  1914,  were  distributed  as  follows: 


Counties. 

Certifi- 

cates 

issued. 

Cities  and  towns  in  which  over  75 
certificates  were  issued. 

Certifi- 

cates 

issued. 

New  Haven 

2,065 

New  Haven 

1,053 

Water  bury 

402 

Meriden 

201 

Fairfield 

1,736 

Bridgeport 

924 

Norwalk 

275 

Stamford 

192 

Hartford 

1,438 

Danbury 

Hartford 

126 

637 

New  Britain 

297 

Manchester 

156 

Bristol 

88 

New  London 

621 

Norwich 

267 

Stonington 

95 

Windham 

484 

Plainfield 

134 

W indham  ( W ill  imantic ) 

114 

Putnam 

84 

Litchfield 

282 

Torrington 

113 

Middlesex 

172 

Middletown 

97 

Tolland 

167 

Vernon 

92 

6,965 

The  census  statistics  of  child  labor  in  Connecticut  in  1910  2 show 
6,141  boys  and  4,548  girls,  in  all  10,689  children  14  and  15  years  of 
age  engaged  in  gainful  occupations.  There  were  also  679  children 
from  10  to  13  years  of  age  at  work;  of  these  254  were  newsboys, 
84  servants,  and  about  150  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits.  But 
nearly  200  appear  to  have  been  engaged  in  occupations  which  now 
are  and  appear  then  to  have  been  prohibited  for  children  under  14 
years  of  age.  Many  of  these  children,  however,  were  probably  em- 
ployed out  of  school  hours.  Moreover,  the  present  law  was  not  in 


1 Report  of  the  State  Board  of  Education,  1913-14. 

* Thirteenth  Census  of  the  United  States,  1910,  Vol.  IV,  Population,  Occupation  Statistics,  pp.  442-445 » 


12  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 

effect  at  that  time.  Of  the  10,689  children  from  14  to  15  years  of 
age,  inclusive,  engaged  in  gainful  occupations  in  Connecticut  in  1910, 
about  1,500  were  newsboys  or  servants  or  were  engaged  in  agricul- 
tural pursuits,  leaving  only  about  9,000  in  occupations  for  which 
certificates  are  now  required. 

If  these  census  figures  are  even  roughly  comparable  with  the  fig- 
ures relating  to  employment  certificates  in  force,  it  appears  that  in 
1914  somewhere  between  1,000  and  1,500  more  children  were  at  work 
in  Connecticut  than  in  1910.  It  should  be  noted,  however,  that  the 
statistics  of  the  certificated  children  in  1914  include  some  children 
who  work  only  on  Saturdays  and  before  or  after  school  hours. 

METHOD  OF  SECURING  CERTIFICATES. 

Four  different  kinds  of  employment  certificates  are  issued  in  Con- 
necticut: (1)  Original  regular  certificates,  (2)  subsequent  regular  cer- 
tificates, (3)  original  summer-vacation  certificates,  and  (4)  subsequent 
summer-vacation  certificates.  A subsequent  certificate  is  merely  a 
copy  of  an  original  certificate  made  out  to  a new  employer.  Vaca- 
tion certificates  are  good  for  employment  only  during  the  long  sum- 
mer vacations.  For  work  before  or  after  school  hours  or  on  Saturdays 
during  the  months  when  the  schools  are  in  session,  regular  employ- 
ment certificates  must  be  secured  exactly  as  if  the  children  were 
employed  all  day  and  did  not  attend  school.  To  children  over  16 
“ Statements  of  age,”  as  they  are  called,  certifying  to  the  fact  that 
such  children  are  past  the  age  when  certificates  are  required  are  also 
issued,  on  request,  by  the  State  board  of  education. 

When  the  present  law  went  into  effect,  in  September,  1911,  printed 
instructions  for  obtaining  employment  certificates  were  issued;  but 
when  the  edition  of  these  instructions  was  exhausted  it  was  not  con- 
sidered necessary  to  reprint  them,  and  for  some  time  none  were  used. 
Recently  new  instructions 1 have  been  printed  and  distributed. 

In  Hartford  the  office  in  the  State  capitol  building  is  open  every 
day  from  9 a.  m.  to  5 p.  m.  In  Bridgeport  and  in  New  Haven  the 
offices  are  in  buildings  near  the  business  centers,  the  hours  being  from 
8 a.  m.  to  12  m.  in  Bridgeport  and  from  2 to  4 p.  m.  in  New  Haven. 
In  the  smaller  places  the  office  is  usually  in  a school  or  a public  room, 
as,  for  example,  the  town  clerk’s  office,  and  the  hours  are  on  certain 
fixed  days  and  may  be  either  inclusive,  as  from  9 to  11  a.  m.,  or  at  a 
set  time,  as  2 p.  m.  As  the  agents  are  employed  throughout  the  year 
and  are  not  entitled  to  even  a day’s  vacation  without  loss  of  pay,  the 
hours  are  the  same  throughout  the  year  and  there  is  no  difficulty  in 
securing  certificates  when  the  schools  are  closed. 


Form  27,  p.  69. 


METHOD  OF  SECURING  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATES 


- ! 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  13 

ORIGINAL  REGULAR  CERTIFICATES. 

In  order  to  obtain  an  original  regular  certificate,  a child  must  (1) 
appear  in  person,  (2)  be  accompanied  by  one  of  his  parents  or  his 
guardian,  (3)  bring  an  “ Employment  ticket”  or  other  form  of  prom- 
ise of  employment  signed  by  an  employer,  (4)  present  evidence  to 
show  the  date  of  his  birth,  (5)  appear  to  be  physically  fit  for  work, 
and  (6)  prove  either  by  a school  record  or  by  an  examination  that  he 
meets  the  educational  requirements  of  the  law. 

Of  these  requisites,  those  directly  required  by  law  are  the  evidence 
of  age  and  the  educational  and  physical  requirements.  That  the 
child  shall  apply  in  person  is  indirectly  made  essential,  however,  by 
the  provision  that  he  shall  not  “ appear  to  be  physically  unfit  for 
employment,”  as  well  as  by  the  provision  that  the  issuing  officer  shall 
certify  to  his  education.  As  for  the  presence  of  the  parent,  the  law 
requires  that  one  copy  of  the  certificate  shall  be  “ delivered  to  the 
parent  or  guardian,”  and  in  order  that  it  may  be  so  delivered  the 
State  board  of  education  holds  that  the  parent  or  guardian  must  be 
present.  The  word  guardian  is  interpreted  to  mean  legal  guardian, 
a ruling  which  is  said  to  have  been  effective  in  preventing  boarding- 
house keepers  and  other  alleged  friends  or  relatives  from  exploiting 
children  for  their  wages.  If  a child  under  16  has  no  parent  or  legal 
guardian  in  this  country,  he  can  not  get  a certificate  to  work.  The 
requirement  that  one  copy  must  be  “ delivered  to  the  employer”  is 
held  to  imply  that  the  issuing  officer  must  know  the  name  of  the 
employer,  and  therefore  that  the  child  must  bring  a promise  of  em- 
ployment. This  ruling  resulted  from  experience  of  a few  cases  in 
which  employers  returned  certificates  sent  them,  stating  that  they 
never  employed  or  wished  to  employ  the  children  named. 

In  the  Hartford  office  the  parents  and  children  are  interviewed  only 
by  the  clerk  and  in  the  other  offices  only  by  the  agent  or  his  clerk. 
When  the  child  first  comes  in,  whether  or  not  he  has  with  him  the 
requisites  for  obtaining  a certificate,  his  name  and  address  and  all 
other  facts  not  dependent  upon  later  proceedings  are  entered  on  what 
is  called  an  “Information  card.”  1 Whether  the  application  for  a 
certificate  is  granted  or  refused,  the  results  of  the  entire  proceeding, 
including  the  disposition  of  the  case,  must  ultimately  be  recorded  on 
this  card,  which  is  a permanent  office  record.  No  child  who  applies, 
therefore,  goes  away  without  leaving  in  the  office  his  name  and 
address,  the  name  of  his  father  and  mother,  a physical  description  of 
himself,  and  usually  other  valuable  information,  such  as  the  name  of 
the  school  he  has  been  attending  and  his  teacher’s  name,  which  can 
be  used  by  school-attendance  officers  in  following  him  up  to  see  that 
he  goes  to  school  if  he  is  not  granted  a certificate  to  work.  This 


Form  1,  p.  56. 


14  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 

information  card  serves  as  a device  to  assist  in  the  enforcement  of 
the  compulsory  education  law. 

If  a child  appears  to  be  physically  unfit  for  work  he  may  be  sent 
to  a physician  for  examination  as  soon  as  the  information  card  is 
made  out  or  at  any  later  stage  of  the  proceedings.  In  such  case  he  is 
given  a note  to  the  physician  and  nothing  further  is  done  unless  he 
returns  with  a signed  statement  that  he  is  in  good  physical  condition. 
In  case  he  brings  an  unfavorable  report  or  fails  to  return,  his  applica- 
tion is  counted  as  rejected  on  account  of  physical  condition.  If  not 
sent  to  a doctor  or  hospital  for  treatment  he  is  obliged  to  return  to 
school.  During  the  year  1913-14  there  were  30  such  rejections. 

A child  who  has  not  brought  a transcript  from  a school  register  1 
showing  sufficient  schooling  to  exempt  him  from  further  examination 
on  that  score  is  given  an  educational  test.,2  The  amount  of  schooling 
required  and  the  character  of  the  educational  test  will  be  described 
later  in  considering  the  educational  requirements  for  obtaining  cer- 
tificates. If  the  child  fails  to  pass  the  educational  test  the  word 
“Ref used,”  with  the  reason  for  refusal,  is  written  in  red  ink  on  the 
face  of  his  information  card,  which  is  filed  for  future  reference.  He 
is  then  followed  up,  by  a process  which  will  be  described  later,  to  see 
that  he  returns  to  school.  Failure  to  pass  the  educational  test  is  the 
most  common  of  all  causes  for  the  refusal  of  certificates.  As  has 
been  seen,  the  applications  of  nearly  2,000  children  were  rejected  for 
this  cause  alone  during  the  year  which  ended  August  1,  1914. 

If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  child  fulfills  the  educational  requirements 
but  has  failed  to  bring  one  of  his  parents  or  his  guardian,  an  employment 
ticket,  or  evidence  of  his  age,  he  is  sent  away  with  the  blank  forms 
which  he  must  have  filled  out  and  with  exact  instructions  as  to  what 
he  must  bring  before  he  can  get  his  certificate.  A child  is  not  usually 
sent  away  for  additional  papers  or  for  his  parent  or  guardian  until 
he  has  passed  his  educational  test.  The  only  exception  to  this  rule 
is  in  the  case  of  a child  who  claims  to  have  completed  a grade  which 
would  exempt  him  from  the  test.  Such  a child,  instead  of  being 
examined  at  his  first  appearance,  may  be  sent  away  with  instruc- 
tions and  with  a blank  form  for  the  transcript  of  his  school  record, 
together  with  any  other  forms  which  he  may  need.  A child  who, 
after  having  received  such  instructions,  fails  to  appear  again,  like 
the  child  who  fails  to  pass  the  educational  test,  is  followed  up  to 
see  that  he  returns  to  school.  An  application  that  is  not  completed 
by  the  child’s  bringing  the  parent  and  producing  all  necessary  docu- 
ments automatically  becomes  a refused  case  at  the  end  of  the  suc- 
ceeding month. 

The  parent  or  guardian,  whether  he  appears  at  the  first  visit  oi 
later,  is  questioned  as  to  his  willingness  to  have  the  child  go  to  work, 


i Form  2,  p.  56. 


2 Form  3a,  p.  5S. 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  15 

and  is  urged  to  allow  the  child  to  remain  in  school.  If  the  parent 
is  unwilling,  the  certificate  is  refused;  but  as  unwilling  parents  nat- 
urally do  not  come  to  the  office,  such  cases  are  practically  eliminated 
by  the  requirement  that  parents  or  guardians  must  be  present. 
When  the  law  went  into  effect  the  presence  of  the  parent  was  not 
required,  and  there  is  therefore  no  blank  space  on  the  information 
card  for  this  point,  but  a notation  is  made  at  the  bottom  of  the  card 
stating  who  appeared  with  the  child.  There  are  no  exceptions  to 
this  requirement.1  In  six  cases  during  the  year  ended  August  1, 1914, 
applications  were  rejected  because  the  parents  did  not  appear.  The 
parent  or  guardian,  however,  is  never  obliged  to  come  to  the  office 
more  than  once,  even  if  the  child  must  come  back  with  additional 
papers. 

The  board  of  education  provides  a blank  form,  called  an  employ- 
ment ticket,2  for  the  employer’s  statement  that  if  a certain  child 
obtains  a legal  certificate  before  a certain  date  he  intends  to  employ 
that  child.  These  employment  tickets  are  distributed  among  em- 
ployers, and  if  a child  appears  at  the  issuing  office  without  a promise 
of  employment  he  is  given  one  of  the  blanks  to  take  to  his  prospec- 
tive employer.  The  use  of  these  forms,  however,  is  not  essential. 
Any  similar  written  statement  signed  by  an  employer  is  accepted. 
Moreover,  if  a child  appears  claiming  to  have  procured  work  at  a 
certain  establishment,  but  bears  no  written  evidence  of  the  fact,  the 
employer  often  is  called  up  by  telephone.  If  he  confirms  the  child’s 
statement  and  if  everything  else  is  satisfactory,  the  certificate  is 
made  out,  but  failure  to  bring  a promise  of  employment  is  a frequent 
cause  of  failure  to  procure  a certificate.  In  the  year  1913-14,  as 
has  been  seen,  certificates  were  refused  for  this  reason  in  1,159  cases. 

It  is  not  necessary  in  practice  to  question  the  authenticity  of  a 
promise  of  employment,  as  frauds  are  automatically  checked  up 
through  the  provision  of  the  law,  described  more  fully  later  on,  which 
requires  that  employers  shall  send  to  the  office  of  the  State  board  at 
Hartford  a notice  of  commencement  of  employment.  If  such  a 
notice  is  not  returned  within  a reasonable  time  after  the  certificate 
has  been  issued,  the  agents  of  the  State  board  follow  up  the  case. 
Thus  it  is  impossible  for  a child  by  forging  or  inventing  an  employer’s 
name  to  escape  from  the  network  of  the  law. 

Lack  of  evidence  of  age  3 is  an  even  more  frequent  cause  of  failure 
to  secure  a certificate  than  is  lack  of  a promise  of  work.  During  the 
year  ended  August  1,  1914,  1,547  applications  were  rejected  because 

1 One  girl,  for  example,  who  had  appeared  repeatedly  at  the  New  Haven  office  stating  that  her  mother 
was  ill  in  bed  and  that  her  father  was  at  work,  and  who  had  tried  bringing  various  other  persons  in  their 
stead,  was  finally  obliged  to  have  her  father  appear,  though  he  lost  his  own  piece-rate  wages  while  away 
from  his  work. 

2 Form  4,  p.  59. 

3 Form  5 or  6 or  other  record,  p.  59. 


16  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 

no  evidence  of  age  was  produced.  These  figures  include  all  cases  in 
which  the  children,  having  been  sent  away  to  procure  evidence  of 
age,  never  returned.  In  598  cases  in  which  such  evidence  appears  to 
have  been  produced  the  applications  were  rejected  because  the  chil- 
dren were  under  14,  and  in  168  cases  because  they  were  over  16  years 
of  age  and  therefore  needed  no  certificates. 

Second  and  later  visits  to  the  office  of  the  State  board  of  education 
or  to  an  agent  to  procure  an  employment  certificate  are  generally 
caused  by  failure  to  bring  the  parent  or  guardian,  a promise  of 
employment,  or  evidence  of  age.  In  a few  cases,  of  course,  the  pro- 
cedure is  delayed  by  sending  the  child  to  a physician  for  a physical 
examination,  but  this  is  rare.  The  educational  test,  given  always  at 
the  first  appearance  in  case  the  child  does  not  present  a school  rec- 
ord from  one  of  the  higher  grades,  separates  those  who  are  educa- 
tionally qualified  from  those  who  are  not  and  prevents,  for  a time  at 
least,  second  visits  to  the  office  of  children  who  are  not  able  to  pass 
the  examination.  The  parent,  as  has  been  pointed  out,  is  not  obliged 
to  be  present  more  than  once,  but  if  he  failed  to  come  when  the 
child  made  his  first  application  he  must  appear  with  the  child  at  some 
later  time.  If  a child  has  actually  secured  a position  he  usually 
brings  his  promise  of  employment,  for  employers  generally  under- 
stand this  requirement ; but  many  children  still  apply  without  know- 
ing that  they  must  first  secure  work.  The  provisions  of  the  law  are 
becoming  better  known,  however,  and  often  children  come  to  the 
office  for  the  first  time  accompanied  by  their  parents  and  bringing 
all  the  necessary  documents.  In  any  event  the  child,  after  his  first 
appearance,  is  always  sent  away,  either  (1)  with  his  certificate, 
(2)  with  a refusal  to  grant  a certificate,  (3)  with  a note  to  the  physi- 
cian, (4)  with  all  the  blank  forms  necessary  to  be  filled  out  in  his 
case  before  a certificate  can  be  granted,  or  (5)  with  the  blank  forms 
for  all  other  documents  and  instructions  as  to  securing  a birth  record. 

When  a child  who  does  not  appear  to  be  physically  unfit  to  work 
has  either  passed  the  educational  test  or  brought  a satisfactory 
transcript  of  his  school  record,  has  produced  his  parent  or  guardian, 
and  has  brought  some  form  of  promise  of  employment  signed  by  an 
employer  and  satisfactory  evidence  of  his  age,  he  is  given  his  cer- 
tificate.1 

Certificates  are  issued  in  triplicate — one  copy  for  the  parent,  one 
for  the  employer,  and  one  for  the  State  board  of  education.  The 
employer’s  copy  and  the  State  board  copy  are  practically  the  same, 
and  both  contain  the  name  of  the  employer  for  whom  the  child  may 
work,  with  a caution  on  the  employer’s  copy  that  the  child  named  can 
be  lawfully  employed  only  by  the  employer  named.  The  parent’s 
copy  does  not  contain  the  name  of  an  employer,  but  states  that  it 


1 Form  7,  p.  60. 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  17 

is  not  good  for  employment  for  longer  than  one  week.  The  text  of 
the  law  is  printed  on  the  back  of  each  copy.  The  certificate  itself 
contains  no  description  of  the  child,  but  the  information  card  gives 
the  color  of  the  hair  and  eyes,  the  complexion,  and  a general  state- 
ment as  to  height. 

The  employer’s  copy  is  usually  sent  by  mail,  but  delay  in  the  child’s 
going  to  work  after  he  has  received  a certificate  is  prevented  by  allow- 
ing him  to  work  for  a week  on  the  parent’s  copy,  which  is  handed 
directly  to  the  parent  or  to  the  child  with  instructions  not  to  lose 
it  and  to  come  back  or  notify  the  agent  if  he  changes  employers.  In 
some  cases,  as  in  Bridgeport,  where  the  office  hours  of  the  agent  are 
in  the  morning  and  the  child  can  go  immediately  to  work,  he  is  often 
given  the  employer’s  copy  as  well  as  the  parent’s  copy,  with  instruc- 
tions to  take  the  former  to  the  employer.  Any  danger  from  this 
procedure  is  obviated,  in  the  agent’s  opinion,  by  the  fact  that  the 
employer  must  notify  the  office  of  the  State  board  of  education  in 
Hartford  when  the  child  begins  work. 

When  the  employer’s  copy  of  the  certificate  is  sent  it  has  attached 
to  it  a blank  notice  of  commencement  of  employment,1  a blank 
notice  of  termination  of  employment,2  and  a copy,  labeled  “ Important 
notice,”3  of  the  section  of  the  law  which  makes  the  employer  liable 
to  a fine  of  not  more  than  $10  for  failure  to  send  these  notices  promptly 
to  the  State  board  of  education.  The  notice  of  commencement  of 
employment  is  yellow;  the  notice  of  termination  is  a vivid  red;  and 
in  the  copy  of  the  legal  provision  relating  to  the  return  of  these 
notices  the  word  “ promptly”  and  the  sentence  relating  to  the  penalty 
are  underlined  in  red  ink.  Commencement  and  termination  notices 
must  be  sent  by  the  employer  direct  to  the  office  of  the  State  board 
of  education  at  Hartford.  If,  however,  the  employment  does  not 
end  until  after  the  child  is  16  years  of  age,  a termination  notice  is 
not  required. 

SUBSEQUENT  REGULAR  CERTIFICATES. 

When  a child  is  discharged  or  quits  work  the  employer  retains  his 
own  copy  of  the  certificate.  The  child,  however,  while  hunting  for  a 
new  position,  may  take  his  parent’s  copy  with  him  to  serve  as 
evidence  that  he  can  be  legally  employed.  When  he  secures  work 
he  gives  his  parent’s  copy  to  his  employer  and  may  then  work  a 
week  without  any  other  form  of  certificate.  This  gives  him  ample 
time  in  which  to  obtain  a subsequent  certificate  made  out  to  the  new 
employer. 

1 Form  8,  p.  61.  2 Form  9,  p.  61.  2 Form  10,  p.  61. 

88399°— 15 3 


18  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT1. 

Application  for  a subsequent  certificate  may  be  made  by  the  parent, 
by  the  child,  or  by  the  employer;  it  may  be  made  in  person  or  by  mail; 
and  it  may  be  directed  either  to  the  agent  from  whom  the  original 
certificate  was  secured  or  to  the  State  board  of  education  at  Hartford. 
A blank  form  1 is  provided  for  such  application,  but  its  use  is  not 
essential.  Any  similar  form  of  application  is  as  good.  As  the  infor- 
mation cards  of  all  children  to  whom  certificates  have  been  issued 
by  each  agent  are  kept  by  him,  as  the  State  board  copies  of  all 
certificates  issued  in  the  State  are  on  file  in  the  Hartford  office,  and 
as  instructions  concerning  cases  to  be  followed  up  are  all  issued  from 
Hartford,  it  makes  no  difference  whether  a subsequent  certificate  is 
issued  by  the  agent  or  by  the  central  office. 

No  formality  except  a simple  request  is  necessary  in  order  to  obtain 
a subsequent  certificate,2  which  is  merely  a copy  of  the  original 
certificate  made  out,  in  triplicate  as  before,  to  a new  employer. 
Across  the  face  of  this  certificate  is  stamped  a form  to  be  filled  in 
with  the  number  of  the  original  certificate  of  which  this  one  is  a 
copy,  with  the  date  of  issue  and  with  the  name  of  the  secretary  of 
the  State  board  of  education.  It  is  not  necessary  that  the  previous 
employer  shall  have  sent  in  a termination  notice  before  a subsequent 
certificate  is  issued;  nor  is  it  necessary  for  the  child  to  furnish  proof, 
in  the  form  of  a promise  of  employment,  that  he  has  actually  se- 
cured another  position.  If  the  application  is  made  by  the  parent  or 
child,  however,  the  agent  usually  assures  himself  in  some  way,  often 
by  telephoning  the  employer,  that  the  child  really  has  a position. 

The  employer’s  copy  of  a subsequent  certificate,  like  the  employer’s 
copy  of  an  original  certificate,  is  sent  to  the  employer  by  mail,  with 
commencement  and  termination  notices  and  a warning  to  send  such 
notices  to  the  State  board  of  education.  The  State  board  copy  is 
filed  with  the  original  State  board  copy  in  the  central  office  at  Hartford. 
The  parent’s  copy  is  not  usually  given  to  the  parent  but  filed  with 
the  employment  ticket.  If,  however,  the  child  brings  a much  soiled 
and  torn  original  parent’s  copy,  the  new  one  is  given  to  the  child 
and  the  old  one  destroyed.  Outside  of  Hartford  the  parent’s  copy 
of  a subsequent  certificate,  with  the  name  of  the  employer  added, 
is  usually  filed  with  the  information  card,  which  itself  contains  the 
name  of  the  first  employer,  so  that  the  agents  can  always  tell  where 
a child  is  working  without  applying  to  the  Hartford  office. 

SUMMER-VACATION  CERTIFICATES. 

Original  and  subsequent  summer-vacation  certificates,3  good  for 
employment  only  during  the  long  summer  vacation  of  the  public 
schools,  are  obtained  in  exactly  the  same  way  as  original  and  sub- 


i Form  11,  p.  61. 


2 Form  12,  p.  62. 


3 Form  13,  p.  63. 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  19 

sequent  regular  certificates  except  that  transcripts  from  the  school 
records  are  not  required  and  no  educational  test  is  given.  The 
certificate  plainly  states  that  the  child  must  return  to  school  at  the 
beginning  of  the  fall  term.  The  act  governing  regular  certificates  is 
printed  on  the  back  of  the  summer-vacation  certificate  form. 

LOST  CERTIFICATES. 

If  a child  loses  his  parent’s  copy  of  his  certificate,  he  is  never  given 
a new  one  until  he  changes  employers  and  rarely  even  then;  but  the 
inconvenience  caused  the  child  is  slight,  as  the  employer  for  whom  he 
is  or  has  been  working  does  not  need  a copy  of  his  parent’s  certificate, 
and  to  aid  him  in  finding  a new  employer  the  agents  usually  give  him 
a blank  “ Employment  ticket”  which  he  presents  to  be  filled  out. 
As  no  proof  of  the  loss  of  a parent’s  copy  is  required,  there  is  nothing 
to  prevent  a child  from  giving  his  parent’s  copy  to  another  child, 
but  the  other  child  could  not  work  on  it  for  more  than  a week  unless 
the  employer  also  was  willing  to  violate  the  law. 

STATEMENTS  OF  AGE. 

For  children  who  are  over  16  years  of  age  and  therefore  do  not 
come  under  the  provisions  of  the  child  labor  law,  the  State  board  of 
education  has  undertaken  to  issue  statements  1 which  certify  that 
evidence  is  on  file  in  its  office  showing  that  these  children  are 
actually  over  16  and  which  name  the  character  of  the  evidence. 
These  statements,  like  employment  certificates,  are  issued  in  tripli- 
cate, one  copy  for  the  child  or  parent,  one  for  the  employer,  and  one 
for  the  records  of  the  State  board.  Outside  of  Hartford  the  em- 
ployer’s copy  is  usually  kept  by  the  agents  themselves. 

All  that  is  necessary  to  obtain  a statement  of  age  is  for  the  child 
to  appear  at  the  office  with  satisfactory  evidence  of  the  date  of  his 
birth.  An  information  card,  stating  the  character  of  the  evidence, 
and  the  three  copies  of  the  statement  are  then  made  out  and  signed 
by  the  issuing  officer.  During  the  year  ended  August  1,  1914,  846 
such  statements  of  age  were  issued. 

EVIDENCE  OF  AGE. 

The  law  does  not  specify  what  may  be  received  as  evidence  of  age 
in  support  of  an  application  for  an  employment  certificate.  It  does 
specify,  however,  that  the  certificate  must  state  the  date  of  birth  of 
the  child  and  must  show  him  to  be  over  14  years  of  age,  and  it  pro- 
vides also  that  the  secretary  and  the  agents  of  the  State  board  “ shall 
have  power  to  require  all  statements  of  fact  offered  in  support  of  such 
application  to  be  made  under  oath”  which  they  may  themselves 
administer. 


1 Form  14,  p.  64. 


20  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 

The  documents  required  in  practice  as  evidence  of  age  are  as  fol- 
lows: (1)  For  children  born  in  Connecticut,  town  clerk’s  certificates, 
if  obtainable;  (2)  for  children  born  in  other  States,  copies  of  birth 
certificates,  if  obtainable;  (3)  for  foreign-born  children,  passports  or 
other  documentary  evidence  of  age  at  arrival  in  this  country,  or  (4) 
if  passports  are  not  obtainable,  foreign  birth  certificates;  (5)  for  either 
native  or  foreign-born  children  unable  to  procure  any  one  of  the  above- 
named  documents,  baptismal  records;  or  (6)  if  no  such  record  can  be 
procured,  affidavits  of  age  sworn  to  by  the  parents  or  guardians. 

Most  of  the  children  now  applying  for  certificates  who  were  born  in 
Connecticut  are  able  to  obtain  town  clerk’s  certificates  of  age.1  Since 
1897,  when  several  prosecutions  occurred  and  special  efforts  were 
made  by  the  registrars  of  the  larger  cities  to  arouse  doctors  and  mid- 
wives to  the  importance  of  recording  all  births,  over  90  per  cent,  it  is 
believed,  of  the  births  in  Connecticut  have  been  recorded.  A town 
clerk’s  certificate  costs  15  cents,  a fee  which  may  seem  a hardship  to 
the  child  who  is  going  to  work  but  is  believed  to  be  necessary  in  order 
to  prevent  constant  demands  from  children  for  certificates  to  prove 
that  they  are  old  enough  to  go  to  moving-picture  shows. 

If  a foreign-born  child  has  a passport  or  other  similar  paper,  he  is 
not  obliged  to  send  for  other  documentary  proof  of  his  age;  but  if  he 
can  not  produce  such  a paper  his  parent  is  told  to  write  to  the  place 
where  he  was  born  for  a birth  certificate.  The  agents  do  not  state 
to  whom  the  child  or  his  parent  should  write;  require  no  evidence 
such  as  a registry  receipt  that  a letter  has  been  written;  and  demand 
no  proof  later,  when  the  child  or  parent  returns  claiming  that  the  birth 
record  can  not  be  obtained,  that  such  is  actually  the  case.  The  Russian 
Jews  particularly  complain  of  the  expense  of  obtaining  birth  records. 
Nevertheless,  persistence  in  demanding  documentary  proof  of  age 
from  foreigners  has  been  rewarded  with  considerable  succes*s.  Foreign 
papers  must  be  translated  if  the  agent  can  not  read  them,  but  a trans- 
lation must  always  be  accompanied  by  the  original  paper.  In  Hart- 
ford foreign  documentary  proof  of  age  is  usually  retained  and  filed 
along  with  other  evidence  relating  to  the  child.  Outside  of  Hartford 
such  documents  are  returned  to  the  child  or  parent.  When  a foreign 
document  is  returned,  in  order  to  prevent  its  fraudulent  use  later  for 
a younger  child  of  the  same  family,  it  is  stamped  with  the  date  when  it 
was  presented  at  the  office  of  the  State  board  of  education  or  to  one 
of  the  agents. 

While  waiting  the  receipt  of  a foreign  birth  record  or  of  a communi- 
cation stating  that  it  can  not  be  obtained,  the  child  is  not  allowed  to 
work  but  must  go  to  school. 

Transcripts  of  school  records  and  entries  in  family  Bibles  are  not 
accepted  as  evidence  of  age,  for  such  documents  are  considered  to  be 


i Form  5,  p.  59. 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  21 

merely  former  statements  of  the  parents.  When  presented  they  must 
be  accompanied  by  affidavits  of  age  sworn  to  by  the  parents.1  These 
parents’  affidavits  are  believed  to  furnish,  in  case  of  need,  a better  basis 
of  prosecution  for  false  statements  than  do  school  or  Bible  records. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS. 

The  law  provides  not  only  that  every  employment  certificate  must 
state  that  the  child  “does  not  appear  to  be  physically  unfit  for  em- 
ployment” but  that  the  secretary  or  an  agent  of  the  State  board  of 
education  or  one  of  the  other  school  authorities  authorized  to  issue 
certificates  “may  cause  any  child  to  be  examined  by  a reputable 
physician  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  him  in  determining  whether  such 
child  is  physically  fit  for  employment,  and  may  charge  the  expense 
of  such  physical  examination  against  the  State  as  a part  of  his 
expenses.”  Under  this  authority  the  agent,  before  granting  certifi- 
cates, sends  to  a physician  for  examination  such  children  as  he  has 
reason  to  believe  are  or  may  be  in  bad  health.  Under  the  same 
authority,  moreover,  children  found  at  work  who  appear  to  the  agents 
physically  unfit  are  sometimes  sent  to  a physician  and  not  permitted 
to  resume  their  employment  until  they  have  had  a physical  examina- 
tion and  have  been  pronounced  in  good  health.  The  physicians  who 
handle  all  such  cases  are  selected  by  the  State  board  of  education. 

In  the  vast  majority  of  cases  the  physical  fitness  of  a child  to  go  to 
work  is  determined  by  the  agent  who  issues  the  certificate,  and  except 
in  extraordinary  instances  the  agent’s  judgment  is  based  on  the 
child’s  answers  to  questions  as  to  whether  he  has  ever  been  seriously 
ill  or  is  well  at  the  time  of  making  application.  If  the  facts  as  stated 
by  the  child  appear  to  make  it  advisable,  or  if  the  child  looks  ill  even 
though  he  claims  to  be  in  good  physical  condition,  he  is  sent  to  a 
physician. 

No  record  is  kept  of  the  number  of  children  required  to  undergo 
physical  examinations,  but  in  1911-12  only  9 were  refused  certificates 
at  the  Hartford  office  because  of  physical  unfitness.  Twenty-two 
were  refused  in  1912-13,  all  but  one  of  them  at  the  Hartford  office,  and 
30  were  refused  in  1913-14  in  the  entire  State  for  this  reason. 

The  physician  to  whom  children  are  sent  fills  out  no  blank  form 
describing  the  child’s  condition,  but  merely  writes  to  the  agent  that 
he  finds  such  and  such  defects  or  that  the  child  is  in  good  health. 
If  the  physician  finds  any  serious  defect  and  states  that  he  believes 
it  would  be  harmful  to  the  child  to  work,  the  child  is  refused  a certifi- 
cate and,  according  to  the  seriousness  of  the  case,  is  sent  to  a doctor 
or  a hospital  for  treatment  or  back  to  school.  But  the  agent,  not 
the  physician,  is  the  ultimate  authority  in  the  disposition  of  all  cases. 


1 Form  6,  p.  59. 


22  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 


EDUCATIONAL  REQUIREMENTS. 

The  burden  of  maintaining  the  educational  standard  for  children 
who  wish  to  go  to  work  rests  partly  upon  the  State  board  of  education 
and  partly  upon  the  local  school  visitors,  town  school  committees,  or 
local  boards  of  education.  The  child  labor  law  provides  that  in  order 
to  obtain  an  employment  certificate  a child  must  be  able  to  read  with 
facility,  to  write  legibly  simple  sentences,  and  to  perform  the  opera- 
tions of  the  fundamental  rules  of  arithmetic  with  relation  both  to 
whole  numbers  and  to  fractions.  No  school  record  is  required  and  no 
school  grade  which  must  have  been  attained  is  specified.  An  earlier  act,1 
which  is  still  in  effect,  provides  that  ‘‘whenever  the  school  visitors, 
town  school  committee,  or  board  of  education  of  any  town  or  dis- 
trict shall  by  vote  decide  or  whenever  the  State  board  of  education 
shall  ascertain  that  a child  over  14  and  under  16  years  of  age  has  not 
schooling  sufficient  to  warrant  his  leaving  school  to  be  employed,  and 
shall  so  notify  the  parent  or  guardian  in  writing,”  the  child  must  at- 
tend school  until  the  parent  or  guardian  has  obtained  a “leaving 
certificate”  stating  that  the  education  of  the  child  is  satisfactory 
either  to  the  local  school  authorities  or,  if  the  notice  has  been  given  by 
the  board,  to  the  State  board  of  education,  or  until  the  child  is  16 
years  of  age. 

Under  this  law  a grade  standard  for  leaving  school  to  be  employed 
has  been  established  in  many  of  the  smaller  towns  of  Connecticut — 
25  towns  in  August,  1914 — but  not  in  the  larger  cities  where  most  of 
the  employment  certificates  are  obtained.  Under  the  rules  of  the 
town  school  committee  of  Norwalk,  for  example,  no  child  is  permitted 
to  leave  school  until  he  has  completed  the  fifth  grade.  In  the  other 
places  which  have  such  a requirement  children  must  usually  have  com- 
pleted the  sixth  grade,  but  in  some  towns  they  must  have  completed 
the  seventh  grade. 

In  granting  or  refusing  certificates,  agents  of  the  State  board  of 
education  not  only  determine  whether  or  not  the  child  has  sufficient 
education  to  go  to  work  under  the  child  labor  law,  but  “ascertain” 
whether  or  not  he  has  the  amount  of  schooling  which  has  been  decided 
by  vote  of  the  local  school  authorities  to  warrant  his  leaving  school  to 
be  employed.  If  the  child  is  found  lacking  under  either  requirement, 
the  agent  notifies  the  parent  and  the  child  must  go  back  to  school. 

In  issuing  the  certificate  the  agent  satisfies  himself  as  to  the  child’s 
educational  qualifications  in  one  of  two  ways.  He  either  accepts  a 
transcript  from  a school  register,2  signed  by  the  superintendent, 
principal,  or  teacher  of  the  school,  or  gives  the  child  an  examination. 
If  a transcript  from  a school  register  is  accepted  in  Hartford,  it 
must  show  that  the  child  has  completed  the  ninth  grade  and  in  other 


1 Acts  of  1903,  ch.  29,  as  amended  by  acts  of  1905,  ch.  36.  For  the  text  of  this  act,  see  p.  53. 

2 Form  2,  p.  56. 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  23 

places  that  he  has  completed  the  fifth  grade;  otherwise  an  examina- 
tion is  given  unless  there  is  a grade  requirement  for  leaving  school, 
when  the  transcript  must  show  that  he  has  completed  that  grade. 
It  is  generally  believed  that  when  children  have  completed  the 
fifth  grade  they  have  a thorough  knowledge  of  fractions,  and  until 
the  fall  of  1913  the  Hartford  office,  as  well  as  the  agents  outside  of 
Hartford,  did  not  require  the  educational  test  for  children  whose  school 
records  showed  completion  of  the  fifth  grade.  At  that  time,  however, 
it  was  learned  that  the  mercantile  establishments  in  Hartford  wished 
the  children  they  employed  to  be  better  prepared  in  arithmetic  than 
they  were.  Thereafter  all  children  in  Hartford  were  given  the  test 
except  those  who  had  completed  the  ninth  grade.  The  educational 
test  is  not  given  in  towns  which  have  a grade  requirement  for  leav- 
ing school,  for  in  all  such  towns  the  agents  cooperate  with  the  local 
school  authorities  by  refusing  to  issue  certificates  to  children  who, 
even  though  they  might  satisfy  the  requirements  of  the  State  law, 
do  not  meet  the  local  grade  standard.  Even  in  other  towns  chil- 
dren from  the  fourth  and  lower  grades  are  usually  refused  without 
examination. 

Transcripts  from  school  registers  are  taken  in  lieu  of  examination 
only  from  Connecticut  schools  or  from  approved  schools  outside  of 
Connecticut.  Records  from  parochial  schools  in  Connecticut  are 
accepted  on  the  same  basis  as  those  from  public  schools.  The  com- 
pulsory education  law  provides  that  children  attending  a private  or 
parochial  school  must  be  instructed  during  the  hours  and  terms 
that  the  public  schools  are  in  session  and  in  the  studies  taught  in  the 
public  schools.  The  subjects  definitely  specified  as  those  which 
children  must  be  taught  are  reading,  writing,  spelling,  English  gram- 
mar, geography,  arithmetic,  and  United  States  history. 

School  records  from  foreign  countries  or  even  from  many  States 
of  the  Union  are  not  accepted  in  place  of  the  educational  test.  If 
from  a school  in  Massachusetts  or  New  York,  however,  a school 
record  certifying  to  the  grade  completed,  made  out  on  the  transcript 
form  of  the  Connecticut  State  Board  of  Education  and  signed  by 
the  superintendent,  principal,  or  teacher  of  the  school  which  the 
child  last  attended,  is  accepted. 

It  is  the  custom  in  Connecticut  to  promote  children  twice  a year, 
and  in  many  places  the  examinations  for  promotion  are  checked  up 
in  the  office  of  the  city  superintendent  of  schools.  This  method 
makes  it  difficult,  at  least  for  principals  or  teachers  of  public  schools^ 
to  get  rid  of  troublesome  children  by  promoting  them  into  a grade 
from  which  they  can  get  certificates  without  examination.  Under 
any  circumstances,  if  an  agent  suspects  that  a transcript  of  a school 
record  is  fraudulent  or  has  not  been  honestly  issued  he  may  require 
the  child  to  take  the  educational  test;  and  during  the  summer  vaca- 


24  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 

tion,  when  the  schools  are  not  in  session  and  children  can  not  get 
transcripts  from  school  registers,  reliance  in  issuing  regular  certifi- 
cates is  placed  wholly  upon  office  examinations. 

Until  the  fall  of  1914  the  educational  test  consisted  simply  of  an 
examination  in  arithmetic.  The  child  was  required  to  write  his  name, 
his  address,  the  name  of  the  town,  and  the  date  at  the  top  of  a sheet 
of  paper,  and  was  given  half  a dozen  problems  in  arithmetic,  which 
he  was  required  to  work  out  on  the  sheet.  These  problems  were  the 
same  for  all  children  and  involved,  as  will  be  seen  by  examination  of 
the  form  1 filled  out  by  a child  in  the  Hartford  office,  both  common 
and  decimal  fractions.  No  test  was  made  of  the  child’s  ability  to 
read,  and  the  only  evidence  required  of  his  ability  to  write  was 
the  writing  of  his  name  and  address  and  the  date  at  the  head  of 
his  arithmetic  test.  The  assumption  was  that  if  a child  had  been 
in  school  long  enough  to  be  able  to  pass  this  examination  in  arith- 
metic he  must  also  have  learned  to  read  and  write. 

During  the  fall  of  1914  reading  and  writing  tests2  were  added. 
These  are  much  simpler  than  the  test  in  arithmetic,  which  is  practically 
the  same  as  before.  The  reading  and  writing  tests  seem  adapted  to  a 
child  who  has  completed  the  work  of  the  first  grade,  whereas  the 
arithmetic  examination  could  hardly  be  passed  by  a child  who  had 
not  completed  the  work  of  the  fifth  grade.  In  the  reading  test  there 
are  only  two  words  of  more  than  one  syllable,  and  the  writing  test 
consists  merely  of  answers  to  questions  as  to  age,  when  last  at  school 
and  what  grade,  father’s  name  and  business,  where  the  child  intends 
to  work,  the  name  of  the  State,  and  the  names  of  the  days  of  the  week. 
An  indefinite  time  is  allowed  for  the  educational  test,  and  if,  in  the 
unfamiliar  surroundings,  the  child  appears  to  be  nervous  or  unable 
to  concentrate  his  attention,  he  is  often  allowed  several  trials. 

In  order  to  secure  uniformity  throughout  the  State  the  entire  edu- 
cational test  is  now  printed  for  use  by  all  agents,  but  it  is  changed 
every  month  or  two. 

In  this  connection  attention  should  be  called  to  the  fact  that  the 
child  labor  law  does  not  require  ability  to  read  and  write  in  the 
English  language.  Unless  there  is  some  local  regulation  to  the 
contrary,  children  whose  education  has  been  entirely  in  a foreign 
tongue  are  entitled  to  receive  employment  certificates  if  they  can 
pass  the  arithmetic  test  and  can  “read  with  facility”  and  “legibly 
write  simple  sentences”  in  any  language.  This  fact  doubtless 
accounts  for  the  simplicity  of  the  reading  and  writing  tests  as  com- 
pared with  the  test  given  in  arithmetic. 

Teachers  in  the  regular  graded  classes  often  give  special  assistance 
to  children  who  wish  to  pass  the  educational  test  and  to  children  who 
have  come  back  to  school  after  failure  to  pass  it.  Agents  of  the  State 


i Form  3,  p.  57. 


2 Form  3a,  p.  58. 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  25 

board  sometimes  even  tell  the  children  to  ask  for  such  help.1  In 
some  towns,  as  New  Britain  and  Meriden,  the  ungraded  classes  assist 
backward  children  to  meet  the  educational  test  for  employment 
certificates.  In  at  least  one  instance  an  agent  of  the  State  board, 
on  the  advice  of  the  superintendent  of  schools  but  much  to  the  dis- 
appointment of  the  teacher,  refused  certificates  to  an  entire  group  of 
backward  and  slightly  defective  children  trained  in  an  ungraded 
class,  because  they  did  not  understand  one  minor  process  in  arith- 
metic, though  they  successfully  solved  the  more  difficult  problems  in 
which  they  had  been  coached.  But  as  the  test  is  printed  and  the 
same  one  is  used  for  some  time,  it  would  seem  easy  for  a child  to 
memorize  the  solutions  to  the  particular  problems  given  and  to  pass 
the  test  without  a thorough  knowledge  of  the  principles  involved. 

EVENING-SCHOOL  ATTENDANCE. 

Until  1911  attendance  at  evening  school  was  compulsory  for  all 
illiterates  over  14  and  under  16  years  of  age  who  were  employed  in 
towns  where  public  evening  schools  were  maintained.  As  this  law 
applied  only  to  children  who,  under  the  child  labor  act  of  1911,  can 
not  obtain  certificates,  i.  e.,  to  children  who  are  unable  to  read  and 
write  in  any  language,  it  was  entirely  superseded  by  the  latter  act 
so  far  as  children  who  must  have  certificates  are  concerned.  At 
present  there  is  no  compulsory  evening  school  attendance  in  Con- 
necticut. Evening  schools  are  maintained,  however,  in  several  towns 
and  are  largely  attended  by  foreign-born  children  as  well  as  by  adults. 

ENFORCEMENT. 

The  laws  prohibiting  the  employment  of  children  under  14  and 
providing  that  those  from  14  to  16  years  of  age  must  have  employ- 
ment certificates  from  the  State  board  of  education  and  be  actually 
at  work  or  attend  school  are  enforced  by  two  methods,  first  by  an 
elaborate  system  of  following  up  both  children  and  employers,  and 
second  by  the  inspection  of  establishments  where  children  are 
employed.  A child  between  14  and  16  years  of  age  must  be  in  school 
unless  he  is  lawfully  at  work.  This  dovetailing  of  the  child  labor  and 
compulsory  education  laws  means  in  practice  that,  during  school 
hours  at  least,  one  law  is  as  well  enforced  as  the  other.  The  main 
element  in  the  enforcement  of  the  certificate  law  is  an  elaborate 
system  of  following  up  children  in  order  to  enforce  the  compulsory 
education  law.  In  this  system,  as  will  be  seen,  the  employer  checks 
up  violations  by  the  child;  the  child  checks  up  violations  by  the 

1 A boy  came  to  the  Hartford  office,  for  example,  who  claimed  to  have  finished  the  seventh  grade  and 
who  brought  all  the  necessary  papers  to  procure  a certificate.  He  was  exceedingly  nervous  and,  after 
trying  several  times,  was  unable  to  pass  the  educational  test  and  was  refused  a certificate.  He  was  told 
to  ask  the  teacher  to  explain  to  him  the  more  difficult  operations  and  to  return  and  try  again  in  a few  weeks. 

88399?— 15 4 


26  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 

employer;  and  the  machinery  devised  for  enforcing  school  attend- 
ance automatically  and  simultaneously  enforces  the  employment 
certificate  law.  Inspection  is  used  merely  as  a means  of  filling  up 
the  loopholes  in  the  system  of  reports  and  counter  reports  which  has 
been  devised  to  keep  all  children  under  14,  and  all  under  16  who  are 
not  lawfully  employed,  in  school  during  the  hours  and  terms  that  the 
public  schools  are  in  session  and  to  prevent  violations  during  school 
vacations. 

In  considering  how  the  methods  of  enforcing  school  attendance  of 
children  from  14  to  16  years  of  age  work  out  in  practice,  two  classes 
of  towns  or  cities  and  three  classes  of  children  must  be  considered. 
First,  there  are  the  larger  towns  which  have  school-attendance 
officers.  In  these  towns  all  children  except  those  who  have  employ- 
ment certificates  are  directly  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  local 
attendance  officers  except  that  these  officers  may  report  to  the  agents 
or  attendance  officers  of  the  State  board  children  whom  they  are 
unable  for  any  reason  to  locate — particularly  if  they  suspect  that  such 
children  may  be  illegally  employed.  Second,  there  are  the  smaller 
towns  and  villages  which  have  no  local  attendance  officers  and  where 
the  agents  and  attendance  officers  of  the  State  board  enforce  the 
school  attendance  of  all  children. 

As  for  the  children,  there  are,  first,  children  who  have  been  in  a pub- 
lic school  in  Connecticut  and  do  not  have  employment  certificates; 
second,  children  who  have  never  been  in  a public  school  in  Connecti- 
cut and  do  not  have  employment  certificates;  and  third,  children  who, 
whether  or  not  they  have  been  in  a public  school  in  Connecticut, 
have  already  been  given  employment  certificates.  So  far  as  the  first 
two  classes  of  children  are  concerned  the  problem  is  primarily  one  of 
the  enforcement  of  the  compulsory  education  law. 

KEEPING  CHILDREN  IN  SCHOOL. 

In  the  larger  towns  children  from  7 to  16  years  of  age  who  drop 
out  of  a public  school  or  are  irregular  in  their  attendance  are  reported 
to  the  local  attendance  officers  and  are  followed  up  by  them.  Regard- 
less of  the  ages  of  the  children,  all  cases  which  can  not  be  located  are 
supposed  to  be  reported  weekly  by  these  officers  to  an  agent  of  the 
State  board.  This  agent  later  reports  back  to  the  local  attendance 
officers  the  results  of  his  investigations.  In  the  smaller  places,  where 
there  are  no  local  attendance  officers,  the  superintendents,  principals, 
or  teachers  send  to  the  State  agent  in  charge  of  their  district  monthly 
reports  of  unexcused  absences  and  of  irregular  attendance,  and  the 
agent  follows  up  all  such  cases  regardless  of  the  ages  of  the  children. 

No  child,  then,  can  leave  school  without  being  reported  to  some 
official  whose  duty  it  is  to  see  that  he  either  returns  to  school  or  pro- 
duces some  lawful  excuse  for  his  absence.  The  disappearance, 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  27 

through  the  family’s  moving  to  another  town  or  district,  of  a child 
who  has  once  been  in  a public  school  is  rendered  particularly  difficult 
by  the  fact  that  the  State  agents,  who  are  in  charge  of  the  unlocated 
cases  of  truancy  reported  by  local  attendance  officers  in  the  larger 
towns  and  cities  as  well  as  of  all  cases  reported  by  school  authorities 
in  the  smaller  places,  are  in  constant  communication  with  one  another. 

Thus  if  the  State  agents  and  the  local  truant  officers  have  enough 
time  and  are  conscientious  enough  to  perform  their  duties  thoroughly, 
it  must  be  practically  impossible  for  a child  who  has  been  in  a public 
school  in  Connecticut  to  go  to  work  under  14  years  of  age,  or  under  16 
without  an  employment  certificate.  It  should  be  noted,  however, 
that  there  are  only  two  local  attendance  officers  in  New  Haven,  two 
in  Bridgeport,  and  one  in  Hartford. 

The  agents  of  the  State  board  of  education  see  that  children  who 
have  been  employed  on  summer-vacation  certificates  return  to  school 
in  the  fall  and  that  children  of  any  age  who  have  been  placed  in 
private  homes  by  county  officers  attend  school  regularly. 

Children  who  have  never  been  in  a public  school  in  Connecticut 
and  do  not  have  employment  certificates,  with  whom  may  be  classed 
the  few  children  who  disappear  from  the  school  system  and  can  not 
be  located,  are  of  two  classes — those  who  have  attended  parochial  or 
private  schools  in  Connecticut  and  those  who  have  come  into  the 
State  from  the  outside,  either  from  another  State  or  from  abroad. 
Parochial  schools  are  required  by  law  to  keep  registers  of  attendance 
in  the  form  prescribed  by  the  State  board  of  education  for  public 
schools,  and  these  registers  must  be  open  during  school  hours  for 
inspection  by  the  secretary  and  the  agents  of  the  State  board.  These 
schools  must  also  make  to  the  State  board  annual  reports  1 which, 
however,  do  not  include  reports  of  absences  from  school.  In  some 
places  parochial  schools  are  cooperating  with  the  State  and  local 
authorities  by  reporting  their  truancy  cases  in  the  same  way  as  pub- 
lic schools,  but,  in  general,  they  are  reluctant  to  ask  for  the  assist- 
ance of  public  school  attendance  officers,  and  such  cooperation  is 
entirely  voluntary. 

SCHOOL  CENSUS. 

In  the  case  of  children  who  come  into  Connecticut,  either  from  other 
States  or  from  abroad,  and  who  do  not  promptly  report  at  a public 
school,  the  principal  means  of  enforcement  of  the  compulsory  educa- 
tion law  is  the  annual  school  census.  The  primary  purpose  of  this 
census  is  to  serve  as  a basis  for  the  apportionment  of  school  funds, 
though  it  serves  also  as  a certain  check  upon  parochial  school  chil- 
dren. Each  town  or  district  is  entitled  to  $2.25  from  the  State  for 
every  child  enumerated,  and  districts  within  towns  are  also  entitled 


General  Statutes,  revised  edition,  1902,  sec.  2104. 


28  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 

to  city  funds,  which  in  Hartford  bring  the  total  up  to  about  $6  for 
every  name  listed. 

The  law  directs  the  enumerators,  whenever  they  find  children  who 
are  not  in  school,  to  “ ascertain  the  reason  for  such  nonattendance 
and  if  such  persons  are  employed  at  labor  the  names  of  their  em- 
ployers or  of  the  establishments  where  they  are  employed.”  1 In 
many  places  in  the  State  the  school  registers  are  checked  up  by  the 
enumeration  lists  to  see  that  all  children  in  school  are  counted  in  the 
enumeration  and  that  all  children  enumerated  are  either  in  school 
or  otherwise  accounted  for.  It  is  in  such  places  that  the  census  is 
of  the  greatest  assistance  in  enforcing  the  compulsory  education  and 
child  labor  laws;  but  even  in  other  places,  if  the  enumeration  is 
carefully  made,  it  brings  to  light  the  names  of  children  who  have 
come  into  the  State  from  outside  and  are  not  enrolled  in  any  school 
and  tends  to  prevent  such  children  from  going  to  work  illegally. 

The  annual  enumeration  covers  all  children  over  4 and  under  16 
years  of  age  and  is  made  in  districts  by  the  school  district  committee 
or,  if  they  fail  or  are  unable  to  do  so,  by  the  clerk,  and  in  towns  by 
one  or  more  persons  appointed  by  the  town  school  committee.  The 
law  requires  that  the  enumeration  shall  be  made  during  September 
and  shall  show  the  names  and  ages  of  all  children,  together  with  the 
names  of  their  parents  or  guardians,  who  belonged  to  the  district 
or  town  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  that  month.2  Returns  are  supposed 
to  be  made  to  the  school  visitors  or  the  town  school  committee  by  Sep- 
tember 25,  and  the  law  provides  that  if  the  returns  from  any  district 
are  not  in  by  that  time  “one  of  the  school  visitors  or  a person  duly 
appointed  by  the  board  of  school  visitors  shall  make  a complete 
enumeration  before  the  15th  of  October.”  In  practice  the  school 
census  is  taken  as  early  as  possible  in  September.  It  can  hardly  be 
begun,  however,  as  early  as  the  first  Tuesday,  for  schools  are  not 
yet  open  at  that  time  and  parents  and  children  are  often  away  from 
home. 

No  particular  qualifications  are  required  for  school  census  enumer- 
ators. In  districts  where  the  clerk  takes  the  census  there  is  generally 
greater  uniformity  in  methods  from  year  to  year  than  in  towns  where 
political  considerations  are  apt  to  enter  into  the  appointment  of 
enumerators  and  where  a new  set  of  enumerators  is  appointed  every 
year.  In  Hartford  and  Willimantic,  for  example,  good  results  are 
said  to  be  obtained  by  having  the  census  taken  each  year  by  the  same 
enumerators,  while  in  Bridgeport  it  is  stated  that  the  change  of  enu- 
merators each  year  has  proved  a serious  handicap  in  securing  com- 
plete returns.  Nevertheless,  in  the  fact  that  enumerators  are  paid 

1 General  Statutes,  revised  edition,  1902,  secs.  2252  and  2255,  as  amended  by  acts  of  1913,  ch.  182.  For 
the  text  of  these  sections,  see  p.  54. 

2 Until  1913  the  school  census  was  taken  in  October. 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 


29 


from  3 to  5 cents  for  every  name  there  is  a strong  incentive  to  secure 
all  the  names  possible.  In  some  districts  enumerators  are  obliged  to 
hire  and  pay  their  own  interpreters. 

Enumerators  are  supposed  to  make  a house-to-house  canvass. 
They  accept  the  parent’s  statement  for  all  information  wanted, 
including  whether  or  not  the  child  is  in  school  and  if  employed  the 
name  of  his  employer.  There  is  a penalty  of  $3  for  failure  to  give 
the  information  required,1  but  none  for  giving  false  information 
except  a general  penalty  of  $20  for  making  a false  statement  concern- 
ing the  age  of  the  child  “with  intent  to  deceive  the  town  clerk  or 
registrar  of  births,  marriages,  and  deaths  of  any  town  or  the  teacher 
of  any  school.”  2 

Blank  forms  for  the  census  enumeration  are  furnished  by  the  State 
board  of  education,3  but  their  use  is  not  obligatory.  In  most  of  the 
larger  towns  and  cities,  indeed,  they  have  been  found  unsuitable 
because  they  have  no  spaces  provided  for  the  addresses  of  the  parents 
or  of  the  children.  In  many  places  local  forms  and  methods  have 
been  devised. 

In  Bridgeport,  for  example,  the  enumeration  is  first  taken  on  a 
pad  form,4  a separate  slip  for  each  family,  and  the  blanks  call  not 
only  for  the  present  residence  but  for  the  residence  on  October  1 of 
the  previous  year.  This  information  is  then  transferred  to  a per- 
manent form,5  which  is  filed  in  a card  catalogue  and  which  contains 
each  child’s  record  in  parallel  columns  year  by  year  for  the  entire  period 
of  compulsory  school  attendance.  This  system  makes  it  impossible 
for  any  child  whose  true  age  was  recorded  when  he  entered  school 
to  skip  a year  when  he  is  nearing  14  in  order  to  go  to  work  earlier, 
for  a misstatement  of  age  is  detected  as  soon  as  the  information 
secured  in  the  latest  enumeration  is  transferred  to  the  card  containing 
the  record  of  earlier  enumerations. 

In  most  places,  owing  mainly  to  the  financial  incentives  offered 
both  to  school  districts  and  to  enumerators,  the  school  census  is 
believed  to  be  taken  with  a fair  degree  of  accuracy.  New  Britain, 
however,  reports  that  a double  method  of  checking  reveals  the  fact 
that  from  400  to  600  names  are  omitted  each  year  by  the  enumerators. 
In  some  towns  an  insufficient  number  of  enumerators  are  employed. 
Thus  New  Britain  with  its  population  of  about  44,000  can  not  secure 
as  good  results  with  two  enumerators  as  Willimantic  with  its  popu- 
lation of  only  12,000  can  secure  with  three  enumerators.  For  with 
fewer  enumerators  either  carefulness  or  rapidity  in  covering  the  city 
must  be  sacrificed,  and  both  are  factors  in  the  accuracy  of  the  census. 

1 General  Statutes,  revised  edition,  1902,  sec.  2226. 

2 General  Statutes,  revised  edition,  1902,  sec.  2120.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  54. 

3 Form  15,  p.  65. 

< Form  16,  p.  66. 

6 Form  17,  p.  66. 


30  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 

Though  not  always  done,  it  appears  to  be  a general  custom  to 
compare  the  census  records  with  the  school  registers.  Out  of  the 
seven  cities  visited  this  is  done  in  five — Hartford,  Bridgeport,  Water- 
bury,  New  Britain,  and  Willimantic.  In  Bridgeport,  as  has  been 
seen,  the  census  records  of  each  year  are  compared  with  previous 
census  records  as  well  as  with  lists  furnished  by  the  schools.  In  New 
Britain,  too,  there  is  a double  check,  as  the  enumerators’  records  are 
not  only  compared  with  the  school  registers  but  with  cards  made  out 
in  school  by  the  children  themselves.  This  latter  method  of  checking 
is  the  one  in  use  in  Middletown,  where  it  is  considered  better  than  a 
comparison  with  the  school  registers.  In  Middletown,  just  previous 
to  the  taking  of  the  census,  blank  cards  1 are  distributed  in  parochial 
as  well  as  in  public  schools  and  are  filled  out  by  all  the  children 
enrolled.  In  addition  to  data  concerning  the  child  they  ask  for 
information  in  regard  to  the  child’s  brothers  and  sisters,  their  names 
and  ages,  and  where  they  are  at  work  or  in  school.  This  latter 
feature  is  an  additional  check,  which  is  valuable  to  the  State  agents 
in  discovering  cases  of  illegal  employment. 

New  Haven  is  the  only  one  of  the  seven  cities  visited  where 
no  effort  is  made  to  compare  the  school  census  returns  with  the 
names  of  the  children  enrolled  in  school.  The  superintendent  of 
schools  stated,  however,  that  he  believed  the  census,  made  annually 
by  10  men,  to  be  practically  complete  and  accurate. 

APPLICANTS  FOR  CERTIFICATES. 

Children  who  have  once  applied  for  certificates,  whether  or  not 
they  have  been  in  school  in  Connecticut  and  whether  or  not  they 
get  the  certificates  for  which  they  apply,  find  themselves  caught  in 
another  network  of  reports  and  counter  reports.  Among  these  chil- 
dren are  many  newcomers  in  the  State  who  might  not  otherwise  be 
located  until  the  next  census,  but  who  have  been  sent  in  to  obtain 
certificates  by  employers  to  whom  they  have  applied  for  work. 

Reports  of  the  names  of  all  children  who  have  applied  for  certifi- 
cates, with  the  disposition  of  each  case,  are  supposed  to  be  made  by 
the  agent  of  the  State  board  to  the  local  school  board,  the  attendance 
department,  or  the  teacher  in  the  town.  Where  office  hours  for 
issuing  certificates  are  held  more  often  than  once  a week,  as  in 
New  Haven  and  Bridgeport,  the  reports  are  made  weekly,  and  in 
other  places  they  are  made  after  each  office  period.  Reports  of  pend- 
ing cases,  i.  e.,  of  children  who  have  applied  but  failed  to  produce 
their  parents  or  guardians  or  one  or  more  of  the  requisite  documents, 
are  made  monthly.  Where  the  agent’s  office  is  in  a school  building 
the  disposition  of  each  case  is  checked  up  on  the  school  records  at  the 


i Form  18,  p.  66. 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  3l 

time  of  the  child’s  application.  In  Hartford,  where  cooperation  with 
the  schools  began  later  than  in  some  of  the  other  cities  and  is  not  as 
thoroughly  worked  out,  the  disposition  of  cases  is  reported  to  some 
of  the  schools  only  if  the  children  have  brought  transcripts  from 
school  registers  and  not  if  their  qualifications  have  been  determined 
solely  by  the  educational  test;  but  in  one  school  district,  where  the 
children  are  mainly  foreign  born,  this  report  is  made  at  once. 

The  school  authorities,  after  being  notified  that  a child  has  been 
refused  a certificate  or  has  not  returned  to  complete  his  records,  are 
supposed  to  report  to  the  agent  within  one  week  whether  or  not  the 
child  is  in  attendance,  and  within  two  weeks  the  agent  is  expected  to 
inform  the  secretary  of  the  State  board  as  to  the  exact  whereabouts 
of  the  child. 

In  addition  to  this  system  of  reporting,  if  a child  is  refused  a cer- 
tificate on  the  ground  of  insufficient  education,  an  “ attendance 
notice,”1  which  states  that  the  child  has  not  sufficient  education  to 
warrant  his  leaving  school  to  be  employed  and  names  the  school 
which  he  must  attend,  may  be  either  given  or  sent  to  his  parent. 
One  of  the  stubs  attached  to  this  attendance-notice  form  is  sent  as  a 
memorandum  to  the  State  board  of  education  at  Hartford  and  the 
other  is  retained  by  the  agent  for  use  in  following  up  the  case.  Of 
these  notices  559  were  sent  out  by  the  State  agents  during  the  year 
ended  August  1,  1914.  There  is  a penalty  of  not  exceeding  $5  for 
each  week’s  failure  on  the  part  of  the  parent  to  send  his  child  to 
school  after  having  received  such  a notice. 

UNEMPLOYED  CHILDREN. 

The  agents  of  the  State  board  of  education  are  primarily  responsible 
for  the  school  attendance  of  children  who  have  received  employment 
certificates  but  are  temporarily  unemployed.  They  are  sometimes 
assisted  by  local  attendance  officers.  But  as  soon  as  a child  is  re- 
ported to  the  local  school  authorities  as  having  been  granted  a 
certificate  to  work,  his  name  is  removed  from  the  school  register. 
Thereafter  he  is  supposed  to  be  in  charge  of  the  State  board,  and  all 
reports  concerning  him  are  handled  by  the  State  agents. 

Whenever  a certificated  child  is  not  actually  at  work  he  is  supposed, 
under  the  compulsory  education  law,  to  be  in  school.  In  order  to 
make  it  possible  to  enforce  this  provision  the  system  of  commence- 
ment and  termination  notices  already  mentioned  was  made  part  of 
the  law.  And  in  order  to  enforce  the  return  of  these  notices  the 
State  board  has  devised  a follow-up  system  by  means  of  which  the 
child  automatically  checks  up  the  employer.  Thus,  if  an  employer 
to  whom  a child  has  had  a certificate  made  out  fails  to  send  in  a 


1 Form  19,  p.  67. 


32  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 


commencement  notice  he  is  sent  a form  letter 1 together  with  another 
blank  commencement  notice  and  another  copy  of  the  section  of  the 
law,  with  the  penalty  of  $10  for  failure  to  return  commencement  and 
termination  notices  underlined  in  red  ink.  If  he  does  not  respond  to 
this  notice,  the  case  is  sent  to  the  nearest  agent  with  instructions  to 
investigate.  In  the  same  way,  if  a child  applies  for  a subsequent  cer- 
tificate or  an  agent  of  the  State  board  hears  in  any  way  that  a child 
has  left  a certain  employer,  and  if  the  termination  notice  in  either 
case  has  not  been  received,  the  previous  employer  is  sent  a form 
letter2  requesting  him  to  return  at  once  the  termination  notice  for 
that  child.  This  also  is  followed  up,  if  necessary,  by  an  agent’s  visit. 
An  occasional  prosecution,  it  is  evident,  would  cause  the  children 
themselves  automatically  to  force  their  employers  to  send  in  com- 
mencement and  termination  notices.  There  is  said  to  be  much  diffi- 
culty, however,  in  persuading  prosecuting  attorneys  to  bring  action 
in  such  cases.  Up  to  August  1,  1914,  only  one  such  case  had  been 
prosecuted — a test  case  brought  in  Hartford,  which  was  thrown  out 
by  the  supreme  court  because  the  State  agent  had  not  kept  his 
promise  to  allow  the  employer  three  weeks  for  the  return  of  the 
notice. 

In  regard  to  the  return  of  termination  notices,  employers  complain 
that  it  is  often  impossible  to  tell  when  a child  has  quit  work  and 
therefore  impossible  to  avoid  delay  in  sending  the  notice  to  the  State 
board  of  education.  As  the  child  has  no  interest  in  the  employer’s 
copy  of  his  certificate  he  is  not  obliged  to  ask  for  its  return  and 
the  employer  can  not  know,  when  a child  fails  to  appear,  whether 
he  is  ill  or  has  found  other  employment.  For  this  reason  some 
employers  keep  the  parent’s  copy,  as  well  as  their  own  copy,  of 
each  certificate  on  file,  knowing  that  the  child  is  likely  to  ask  for  his 
parent’s  copy  before  leaving.  Some  of  the  agents  even  instruct 
children  to  leave  their  parents’  copies  with  their  employers,  a proce- 
dure which  is  a protection  to  the  employer  but  perhaps  a handicap  to 
the  child  in  seeking  a better  position. 

If  a child  does  not  apply  for  a new  certificate  within  a short  time 
after  a termination  notice  has  been  received  at  the  office  of  the  State 
board  in  Hartford,  a return  postal  card  3 is  sent  to  his  parent  asking 
where  he  is  employed,  or,  if  not  employed,  where  he  is  attending 
school.  This  postal  card  is  intended  to  be  sent  a week  after  the 
termination  notice  is  received,  but  in  practice  it  is  often  not  sent  for 
several  weeks.  If  no  answer  is  received  within  two  weeks,  or  if  the 
child  is  reported  to  be  out  of  work  and  not  in  school,  an  agent  is 
notified.  The  agent  may  either  turn  the  case  over  to  a local  attend- 
ance officer  or  go  himself  to  the  home  and  tell  the  parent  that  the 


1 Form  20,  p.  67. 


* Form  21,  p.  67. 


a Form  22,  p.  68. 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  33 

child,  if  not  at  work,  must  go  to  school.  Agents  are  required  to  report 
to  the  State  board  upon  such  cases  within  two  weeks  after  notification. 
After  his  first  visit  to  the  home  the  agent  generally  allows  the  child  a 
week  in  which  to  secure  another  position. 

The  provision  that  unemployed  children  must  go  back  to  school  is 
the  most  difficult  part  of  the  law  to  enforce.  In  the  first  place  it 
is  entirely  dependent  upon  the  sending  in  by  employers  of  termina- 
tion notices.  If  the  employer  fails  to  send  this  notice  the  child  may 
be  either  unemployed  and  not  in  school  or  illegally  employed  for 
months  unless  he  is  accidentally  discovered.  In  Hartford  the  voca- 
tional counselor  employed  by  the  vocational  guidance  committee,  a 
private  organization,  assists  in  locating  such  cases  and  reporting 
them  to  the  State  board.  At  one  time  the  counselor  found  in  three 
months  some  50  cases  in  which  employers  had  failed  to  send  in  ter- 
mination notices.  The  offenders  were  warned,  and  since  that  time 
employers  are  said  to  have  been  much  more  careful  about  sending 
these  notices  promptly. 

A second  reason  for  the  difficulty  in  getting  unemployed  children 
back  to  school  is  that  no  provision  is  made  in  the  schools  for  profitably 
utilizing  their  time.  In  some  places  these  children  are  put  in  un- 
graded classes,  but  as  they  have  already  passed  the  educational  test 
for  a certificate  this  provision  does  not  by  any  means  fill  their  needs. 
Where  in  the  absence  of  ungraded  classes  they  are  put  back  into  the 
regular  grades  their  condition  is  even  more  unsatisfactory,  for  they 
find  themselves  in  a lower  grade  than  they  would  have  been  if  they  had 
remained  in  school  and  at  the  same  time  in  the  company  of  children 
who  are  in  many  ways  less  mature  than  themselves.  The  difficulty 
involved  in  such  association,  as  well  as  the  difficulty  of  teaching  these 
children  in  the  regular  grades,  which  they  may  enter  or  leave  at  any 
time  of  the  year,  serves  to  make  unemployed  children  undesirable 
pupils  from  the  teacher’s  standpoint. 

Recognizing  the  lack  of  opportunity  in  the  schools  and  the  lack  of 
welcome  there,  the  agents  of  the  State  board  of  education,  instead 
of  attempting  to  send  unemployed  children  back  to  school,  often 
attempt  to  find  new  positions  for  them.  Moreover,  if  a family  is 
known  to  need  a child’s  earnings  the  agent  may  even  help  him  to 
get  his  first  position.  In  either  case  the  agent  usually  calls  up  an 
employer  and  recommends  the  child  or  sends  the  child  to  an  estab- 
lishment which  he  knows  to  be  in  need  of  help.  A blank  form1  has 
recently  been  prepared  for  agents’  records  of  children  who  are  in 
need  of  work. 


88399°— 15 5 


i Form  28,  p.  69. 


34  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 

INSPECTION. 

The  inspection  of  establishments  for  certificated  children,  like  the 
issuing  of  certificates  and  the  following  up  of  unemployed  children, 
is  done  by  agents  of  the  State  hoard  of  education.  The  regular 
factory  inspectors,  as  has  been  pointed  out,  have  no  duties  in  con- 
nection with  the  enforcement  of  the  law  relating  to  employment 
certificates,  and  any  assistance  they  may  render  is  purely  voluntary. 
They  do  aid,  to  a limited  extent,  by  reporting  cases  of  “suspects”  or 
of  certificates  on  file  in  establishments  where  the  children  are  not 
working.  But  they  have  no  legal  right  to  ask  to  see  employment 
certificates  and  do  not  often  see  them. 

The  agents  of  the  State  board  of  education,  on  the  other  hand,  have 
the  power  to  demand  the  production  of  certificates  for  children  under 
16,  together  with  lists  of  such  children,  but  have  no  legal  power  to  go 
through  an  establishment  to  see  whether  the  children  at  work  there 
are  all  on  the  list.  The  employer  is  liable  to  a fine  of  not  more  than 
$100  for  neglect  to  keep  certificates  and  show  them  to  the  agents  of 
the  State  hoard,  hut  he  can,  if  he  wishes,  forbid  the  agents  to  enter  his 
workrooms.  In  practice,  it  is  said,  this  is  not  a serious  limitation  of 
power,  as  in  only  two  cases  have  employers  ever  refused  to  allow 
agents  to  go  through  their  establishments. 

A more  serious  limitation  of  power  appears  to  lie  in  the  fact  that 
agents  can  not  prosecute  directly,  but  can  only  report  violations  of 
the  law  to  the  State’s  attorney  for  the  district,  who  uses  his  own 
judgment  about  bringing  cases  into  court.  Nevertheless,  during  the 
year  ended  August  1,  1914,  there  were  29  prosecutions  for  illegal  em- 
ployment. The  penalty  in  such  cases  is  a fine  of  not  more  than  $100. 

The  only  regular  inspectors  of  the  State  board  of  education  are  the 
six  agents  who  visit  establishments  in  their  districts  whenever  they 
are  not  occupied  in  keeping  office  hours  to  issue  certificates  or  in 
work  connected  with  the  enforcement  of  the  compulsory  education 
law.  In  addition  to  inspections  made  by  regular  agents  special 
canvasses  are  made  at  irregular  intervals  in  the  larger  towns.  During 
these  canvasses  all  the  regular  agents  and  several  additional  ones  are 
turned  into  a single  district.  During  1912-13  eight  additional  agents 
were  employed,  most  of  them  for  only  a month  or  two,  but  some  of 
them  for  three  months.  The  number  of  towns  canvassed  during  the 
year  ended  August  1,  1914,  was  14,  and  the  number  of  establishments 
inspected  was  937.  The  State  board,  however,  has  a list  of  about 
7,500  establishments  in  the  State  in  which  children  under  16  years 
of  age  are  employed. 

The  procedure  of  inspection  is  very  simple.  In  a small  establish- 
ment the  agent  secures  the  certificates  at  the  office  and  then  goes 
through  the  workrooms.  Whenever  he  sees  a child  who  appears  to 
be  under  16  he  asks  his  name  and  looks  for  his  certificate.  If  it  is 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  35 

found,  the  agent  makes  no  further  inquiry;  if  not  found,  he  asks  the 
child’s  age  and  address  and  the  name  of  the  school  last  attended. 
Later  he  ascertains  the  correct  age  of  the  child  from  the  school  or 
from  the  files  in  his  own  office.  Whenever  he  finds  a child  who 
•appears  to  be  certainly  under  16  years  of  age  working  without  a cer- 
tificate he  instructs  the  foreman  or  employer  to  cease  employing 
the  child  until  the  correct  age  is  established  and  tells  the  child  to 
come  to  his  office  with  proof  of  age.  If  the  agent  does  not  find  a 
child  for  every  certificate  on  file,  he  makes  inquiry  at  the  office  as  to 
the  missing  children,  and  if  he  finds  that  a child  has  been  dismissed 
and  no  termination  notice  sent  to  the  State  board  he  requires  the 
employer  to  make  out  the  termination  notice  before  he  leaves  the 
premises.  The  agent  also  instructs  employers  to  take  no  risks  when 
in  doubt  as  to  the  ages  of  children  applying  for  work  without  em- 
ployment certificates,  but  to  send  them  to  his  office  for  statements 
of  age.  The  agent  makes  no  inquiry  as  to  hours,  character  of  work, 
or  labor  conditions. 

In  a large  establishment  the  agent  generally  makes  his  tour  of  the 
workrooms  without  the  certificates,  but  speaks  to  and  writes  down 
the  names  of  all  the  children  who  appear  to  be  under  16  years  of  age. 
Later  he  compares  the  names  and  the  certificates  in  the  main  office. 
Sometimes  the  employer  summons  all  the  children  together  and  the 
agent  checks  them  up  by  the  certificates.  By  this  method,  how- 
ever, it  is  impossible  for  the  agent  to  detect  the  child  who  is  not  16 
years  of  age  but  who  because  claiming  to  be  is  not  told  by  the 
employer  to  appear,  and  for  this  reason  he  usually  makes  a tour  of 
the  establishment.  In  all  other  respects  the  procedure,  is  exactly  the 
same  as  in  small  establishments. 

Whenever  an  agent  inspects  an  establishment  he  records  the  re- 
sults on  a card,1  which  gives,  in  addition  to  the  name  and  address 
of  the  firm,  the  business  in  which  it  is  engaged,  the  name  of  the  super- 
intendent, the  number  of  hands  employed,  the  number  of  girls  and 
boys  between  14  and  16  years  of  age,  the  number  working  without 
certificates,  and  the  number  employed  under  14  years  of  age.  The 
agent  keeps  this  card,  but  the  information  is  transferred  to  another 
blank,2  which  is  sent  to  the  State  board  at  Hartford.  This  latter 
blank,  it  should  be  noted,  is  now  filled  out  only  in  part,  as  its  ques- 
tions were  made  to  fit  inspections  under  the  old  law  and  cover  some 
questions,  such  as  those  relating  to  hours  and  wages,  which  the  agent 
can  not  now  legally  ask.  The  agent  also  keeps  a list  of  inspections 
as  a guide  to  future  work,  and  the  State  board  makes  up,  from  the 
reports  which  it  receives,  a record  of  the  history  of  inspections3  by 
establishments.  This  last  form,  it  is  said,  has  not  proved  entirely 
satisfactory,  as  it  does  not  show  on  what  date  the  information  was 
gathered  and  has  to  be  supplemented  by  notes  on  the  back. 


1 Form  23,  p.  68. 


2 Form  24,  p.  68. 


Form  25,  p.  68. 


36  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 

SUMMARY. 

To  sum  up,  the  principal  duties  of  the  agents  of  the  State  board  of 
education,  who  are  primarily  responsible  for  the  enforcement  of  the 
employment  certificate  law,  are  (1)  to  issue  certificates;  (2)  to  inspect 
manufacturing,  mechanical,  and  mercantile  establishments  in  their 
own  districts  and  see  whether  certificates  are  on  file;  (3)  to  assist 
from  time  to  time  in  special  canvasses  of  their  own  or  other  districts; 

(4)  to  report  to  the  State’s  attorney  and  to  act  as  prosecuting  wit- 
nesses in  cases  of  violation  of  law,  whether  by  employers  or  parents; 

(5)  to  follow  up  employers  who  fail  to  send  in  commencement  or 
termination  notices;  (6)  to  follow  up  in  large  towns  all  children  from 
7 to  16  years  of  age  who  have  dropped  out  of  school' or  who,  having 
applied  and  not  been  given  certificates,  can  not  be  located  by  the 
local  attendance  officers;  (7)  to  follow  up  in  small  towns  all  children 
from  7 to  16  years  of  age  who  have  dropped  out  of  school  or  have 
applied  and  not  been  given  certificates;  (8)  to  follow  up  children 
of  school  age  who  are  not  in  school  but  have  been  located  by  the 
annual  school  census;  (9)  to  see  that  children  who  have  been  em- 
ployed on  summer-vacation  certificates  return  to  school  in  the  fall; 
(10)  to  report  to  school  boards,  superintendents,  or  teachers  the 
names  of  children  who  have  applied  for  certificates,  with  the  dispo- 
sition of  each  case;  and  (11)  to  follow  up  children  who  have  been 
employed  but  are  out  of  work. 

The  agents  make  monthly  reports  1 of  the  number  of  towns  visited, 
the  number  and  kind  of  establishments  inspected  and  the  results, 
the  number  of  special  cases  investigated,  the  number  of  applications 
for  certificates,  the  number  of  certificates  issued  and  refused,  the 
number  of  notices  to  attend  school  and  of  statements  of  age  issued, 
the  number  and  the  results  of  prosecutions,  the  number  of  copies 
of  certificates  (subsequent  certificates)  issued,  the  number  of  letters 
written,  and  the  number  of  days  occupied  in  issuing  certificates. 
From  these  reports  the  State  board  can  make  out  monthly  statements 
for  the  entire  State.  The  agents  also  have  monthly  meetings  in 
Hartford,  when  they  compare  notes,  discuss  doubtful  cases,  and 
receive  instructions. 

RECORDS. 

The  records  kept  of  the  administration  of  the  employment 
certificate  law  are  of  three  classes — those  relating  ho  the  State  as  a 
whole,  those  relating  to  the  Hartford  district,  and  those  relating  to 
districts  outside  of  Hartford.  Both  the  State  and  the  local  Hartford 
records  are  kept  in  the  State  capitol  building  at  Hartford,  and  the 
local  records  of  other  districts  are  kept  in  the  offices  of  the  State 
agents  for  those  districts. 

These  records  are  as  follows: 


1 Form  26,  p 69. 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  37 

STATE  RECORDS. 

1.  Alphabetical  file  of  State  board  copies  of  all  certificates  in  force 
in  the  State,  each  certificate  accompanied  by  commencement  and 
termination  notices  and  subsequent  certificates  for  that  child. 
(Forms  7,  8,  9,  12,  pp.  60,  61,  62.) 

2.  Similar  file  of  expired  certificates  and  of  statements  of  age. 
(Form  14,  p.  64.) 

3.  Similar  file  of  vacation  certificates.  (Form  13,  p.  63.) 

4.  Correspondence  file  of  form  letters  to  employers,  parents,  etc., 
and  other  correspondence.  (Forms  20,  21,  22,  pp.  67,  68.-) 

5.  Memoranda  of  attendance  notices  given  parents  of  children 
refused  certificates,  pasted  in  books  by  months.  (Form  19,  p.  67.) 

6.  File  of  agents’  reports  of  inspections.  (Form  24,  p.  68.) 

7.  Historical  records  of  inspections  of  each  establishment. 
(Form  25,  p.  68.) 

8.  Monthly  reports  of  State  agents.  (Form  26,  p.  69.) 

HARTFORD  DISTRICT  RECORDS. 

1.  Alphabetical  file  of  information  cards  for  all  applicants,  in- 
cluding both  those  refused  and  those  granted  certificates,  and  also 
information  cards  for  children  over  16  who  have  received  statements 
of  age.  (Form  1,  p.  56.) 

2.  Alphabetical  file  of  evidence  of  all  kinds  warranting  the  refusal 
or  the  granting  of  certificates,  including  evidence  of  age,  examination 
papers,  transcripts  of  school  records,  and  employment  tickets. 
(Forms  2,  3,  3a,  (back),  4,  5,  pp.  56,  57,  58,  59.) 

3.  Information  cards  for  continued  or  pending  cases.  (Form  1, 
p.  56.) 

4.  Memoranda  of  agents’  reports  of  inspections.  (Form  23,  p.  68). 
In  Hartford  the  duplicate  memoranda  of  attendance  notices  (Form 
19)  are  sometimes  destroyed  and  are  sometimes  given  to  a State 
agent  or  to  the  local  attendance  officer.  Parents’  copies  of  subse- 
quent certificates  (Form  12)  are  either  destroyed  or  exchanged; 
in  the  latter  case  the  old  parent’s  copy  is  destroyed.  Employers’ 
copies  of  statements  of  age  (Form  14)  are  sent  to  the  employers. 

LOCAL  RECORDS  KEPT  BY  STATE  AGENTS  OUTSIDE  OF  HARTFORD 

DISTRICT. 

1.  Alphabetical  file  of  information  cards  for  children  granted 
certificates,  parents’  copies  of  subsequent  certificates  with  the  names 
of  the  employers  inserted  by  the  agents,  and  employers’  copies  of 
statements  of  age  for  children  over  16.  together  with  information 
cards  for  such  children.  (Forms  1,  12,  14,  pp.  56,  62,  64.) 

2.  Alphabetical  file  of  information  cards  for  children  refused 
certificates.  (Form  1,  p.  56.) 


38  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 

3.  Alphabetical  file  of  all  documents  accepted  as  evidence  of  age, 
and  of  examination  papers.  (Forms  2,  3,  3a,  3a  (back),  pp.  56,  57, 
58,  59.)  Transcripts  of  school  records  and  employment  tickets  are 
destroyed  from  time  to  time. 

4.  Duplicate  memoranda  of  attendance  notices.  (Form  19,  p.  67.) 

5.  Information  cards  for  continued  cases.  (Form  1,  p.  56.) 

6.  Memoranda  of  agents7  reports  of  inspections.  (Form  23,  p.  68.) 

7.  List  of  inspections — kept  in  a book. 

8.  Teachers’  attendance  reports  for  all  children  in  small  towns — 
kept  until  unexcused  absences  have  been  investigated. 

CONCLUSION.  ' 

The  most  striking  features  of  the  administration  of  the  employment 
certificate  system  in  Connecticut  are  its  centralization  and  its  conse- 
quent uniformity  in  procedure.  The  law  is  short  and  on  many  points, 
such  as  the  evidence  of  age  to  be  accepted,  specifies  no  details  of  pro- 
cedure; but  it  is  so  drafted  as  to  give  the  State  board  of  education 
power  to  make  rules  and  regulations  relating  to  these  details.  This 
is  done  not  by  any  formal  delegation  of  authority,  but  simply  by  plac- 
ing the  whole  matter  in  the  hands  of  the  secretary  and  agents  of  the 
State  board  who,  though  they  can  not  issue  certificates  to  children 
who  do  not  meet  the  requirements  laid  down  in  the  law,  are  alone 
responsible  for  determining  whether  or  not  these  requirements  are 
met.  The  law  does  not  make  the  issuing  of  certificates  mandatory 
upon  the  secretary  and  agents  of  the  State  board.  In  other  words, 
the  child  is  not  given  the  right  to  demand  a certificate  upon  produc- 
ing certain  documents,  but  before  issuing  the  certificate  the  agent 
must  be  satisfied  of  the  truth  of  the  facts  to  which  he  personally 
certifies. 

This  shifting  of  emphasis  from  the  child’s  right  to  an  employment 
certificate  to  the  power  of  the  secretary  and  agents  of  the  State  board 
to  use  their  discretion  under  the  law  in  issuing  such  certificates  makes 
it  possible  to  establish  a uniform  system  of  rules  and  regulations  gov- 
erning details  which  in  many  States  are  specified  in  the  law  itself. 
Such  rules  and  regulations  could  not  be  enforced  if  local  officials 
issued  the  certificates  without  central  control,  and  such  a method  of 
issuing  them  under  a law  of  this  kind  would  lead  to  wide  differences  in 
actual  standards  throughout  the  State;  but  this  possible  danger 
appears  to  be  entirely  obviated  by  the  fact  that  the  State  board  is 
able  to  keep  the  issuing  of  certificates  entirely  in  the  hands  of  its  own 
agents,  over  whom  it  has  complete  control. 

Similar  uniformity  exists  in  most  of  the  methods  by  which  the  law 
is  enforced.  The  taking  of  the  school  census  and  the  following  up  of 
the  truants  from  school  in  places  where  there  are  local  truant  officers 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  39 


are  practically  the  only  functions  of  the  enforcement  system  which  are 
not  performed  under  the  direct  unifying  supervision  of  the  State  board 
of  education. 

METHOD  OF  SECURING  CERTIFICATES. 

In  spite  of  the  fact  that  instead  of  definitely  giving  children  the  right 
to  demand  certificates  the  law  gives  the  secretary  and  agents  of  the 
State  board  of  education  the  power  to  issue  them,  the  necessary  pro- 
cedure for  obtaining  certificates  seems  to  involve  almost  as  little  hard- 
ship to  children  as  is  consistent  with  the  proper  protection  of  their 
interests  which  is  the  main  purpose  of  the  law.  Though  there  may 
seem  to  be  some  hardship  in  the  rigid  requirement  that  one  of  the 
parents  must  be  present  in  person,  his  presence  is  required  only  once, 
and  experience,  it  is  claimed,  has  demonstrated  that  this  is  desirable. 

That  the  child  shall  bring  a promise  of  employment  is  essential  if 
an  employment  certificate  is  to  be  in  reality  what  its  name  implies 
and  not  merely  a permit  to  leave  school  for  any  purpose  whatever. 
If  a child  has  actually  secured  a position  this  requirement  does  not 
commonly  make  necessary  a second  trip  to  the  agent’s  office  before 
getting  a certificate,  for  employers  generally  understand  that  they  must 
give  the  child  such  a promise,  and  any  signed  statement  of  the  kind  is 
accepted.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  child  has  no  position  promised 
this  requirement  prevents  him  from  getting  out  of  school  merely  to 
roam  the  streets.  In  any  event  the  child  goes  away  from  the  first 
interview  with  full  instructions  as  to  what  he  must  bring  next  time  in 
order  to  secure  a certificate. 

The  procedure  of  obtaining  a subsequent  certificate,  or  a copy  of  the 
original  certificate  for  a new  employer,  is  as  simple  as  it  could  well  be 
made.  The  child,  the  parent,  or  the  employer  may  apply  in  person 
or  by  letter  or  postal  card,  and  without  further  formalities  the  copy 
is  sent.  Inconvenience  to  the  child  in  securing  a new  position  and 
going  to  work  at  once  is  obviated  by  the  fact  that,  pending  receipt 
of  a copy  reading  to  his  new  employer,  he  may  work  for  a week  on  the 
authority  of  the  parent’s  copy  of  his  original  certificate. 

EVIDENCE  OF  AGE. 

The  evidence  of  age  required  seems  fairly  conclusive,  though  it 
might  be  improved  in  some  cases  if  the  agents  knew  and  gave  positive 
instructions  as  to  the  official  from  whom  foreign-born  children  could 
secure  copies  of  their  birth  records.  If  this  were  done  and  proof,  such 
as  a receipt  for  a registered  letter,  were  produced  at  the  office  showing 
that  the  parent  had  actually  attempted  to  obtain  such  a record,  it 
might  be  possible  in  cases  where  the  child  appeared  to  be  certainly 
over  14  years  of  age  to  relax  somewhat  the  requirement  that  a child 
must  wait  weeks  on  foreign  mails  before  getting  his  employment  cer- 


40  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 

tificate.  Whether  or  not  it  seemed  best  to  relax  this  rule,  birth  reg- 
istration, it  is  well  known,  is  more  complete  in  most  European  countries 
than  in  the  United  States,  and  copies  of  birth  certificates  can  very 
generally  he  obtained  for  foreign-born  children,  provided  application 
is  made  to  the  proper  official  and  the  regular  fee  is  sent.  Often,  how- 
ever, parents  know  neither  to  whom  they  should  write  nor  the  amount 
of  money  to  send,  and  if  left  undirected  they  sometimes  write  to  rela- 
tives and  sometimes,  even  if  they  write  to  the  proper  official,  fail  to 
send  the  fee.  As  a result  many  children  for  whom  transcripts  of 
birth  records  could  have  been  secured,  if  application  accompanied  by 
the  requisite  fee  had  been  made  to  the  proper  official,  must  finally 
secure  certificates  with  no  better  evidence  of  age  than  they  first  pro- 
duced. In  these  cases  the  effort  of  sending  to  the  foreign  country 
and  the  delay  of  waiting  for  a reply  are  so  much  labor  and  time  lost. 

EDUCATIONAL  REQUIREMENTS. 

The  educational  standard  required  to  obtain  a certificate  is  prac- 
tically completion  of  the  fifth  grade — not  a very  high  standard  for 
14-year-old  children.  Even  this  standard  is  lowered  by  three  facts: 

First.  The  reading  and  the  writing  tests  are  so  much  simpler  than  the 
arithmetic  test  that  special' coaching  in  the  latter  subject  may  enable 
a child  who  has  not  in  other  subjects  a fifth-grade  education  to 
obtain  a certificate.  These  children  and  perhaps  others,  if  exam- 
ined a year  later  and  after  having  been  out  of  school  for  several 
months,  might  not  be  able  to  pass  the  test;  but  no  such  examina- 
tion is  given. 

Second.  Fifth-grade  school  records  are  accepted  in  lieu  of  the  test 
in  practically  all  cities  and  towns,  except  Hartford,  where  large  num- 
bers of  children  are  employed,  and  teachers  or  principals  who  wish 
to  get  rid  of  backward  or  troublesonfe  children  may  therefore  be 
able  to  promote  them  out  of  school  into  industry.  In  Hartford  the 
ninth-grade  requirement  seems  to  make  this  kind  of  promotion  dif- 
ficult, for  in  city  schools  the  collusion  of  several  teachers  would  be 
required  to  push  a child  who  could  not  pass  a fifth-grade  examina- 
tion up  through  the  ninth  grade.  In  many  other  places  this  is  prac- 
tically impossible,  it  is  claimed,  as  promotions  are  made  twice  a 
year  as  the  result  of  examinations  which  are  checked  up  in  the 
office  of  the  superintendent  of  schools.  No  such  check  is  placed 
upon  private  schools,  and  the  State  board  of  education  itself  uses 
no  method  of  detecting  unearned  promotions.  The  records  of  appli- 
cants might  be  examined;  but  this  would  be  a laborious  process  as 
compared  with  the  simple  expedient  of  requiring  every  child  to  take 
an  educational  test  regardless  of  the  grade  in  school — a procedure 
which  is  unquestionably  authorized  by  the  law. 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  41 

Third.  Another  fact  which  tends  to  lower  the  educational  standard 
is  the  failure  of  the  law  itself  to  require  ability  to  read  and  write 
English.  The  theory  upon  which  it  is  attempted  to  justify  this 
omission  is  that  it  must  be  made  easy  for  a foreign-born  child  to 
obtain  a certificate,  or  else  he  will  go  to  work  without  any  legal  protec- 
tion whatever.  However,  the  problem  of  registering  the  foreign-born 
child  either  in  school  or  in  the  certificate  office  has  to  be  met  in  any 
event,  for  probably  a majority  of  these  children  have  not  received 
sufficient  education  in  their  own  language  to  pass  the  arithmetic 
test.  This  test  is  said  to  keep  many  foreign-born  children  in  school 
until  they  are  16  years  of  age,  while  American  children,  unless  men- 
tally defective,  can  generally  go  to  work  at  14  if  they  wish.  Cer- 
tainly an  unenforceable  provision  of  law  is  undesirable;  but  it  does 
not  seem  impossible  to  devise  methods  of  enforcing  a law  which  would 
require  a knowledge  of  the  language  of  their  adopted  country  by 
young  wage  earners. 

No  provision  is  made  in  the  law  for  the  exemption  of  mentally 
defective  children  from  the  educational  requirements.  If  unable  to 
finish  the  grade  requirement  or  pass  the  educational  test  these  chil- 
dren must  stay  in  school  until  they  are  16  years  of  age,  even  though 
they  may  be  unable  to  make  any  progress  in  the  subjects  taught. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS. 

The  physical  standard,  however,  is  in  practice  the  weaKest  feature 
of  the  employment  certificate  system.  Just  how  many  children  are 
required  to  undergo  a physical  examination  is  not  known,  but  dur- 
ing the  year  ended  August  1,  1914,  only  30  children  out  of  over 
13,000  applicants  were  refused  certificates  on  account  of  their  phys- 
ical condition.  As  no  child  is  sent  to  a physician  unless  the 
agent  has  good  reason  to  believe  him  physically  unfit  for  work,  it 
is  safe  to  assume  that  the  physician’s  verdict  is  unfavorable  in  the 
great  majority  of  such  cases  and  that  the  number  examined  is  not 
much  greater  than  the  number  rejected  by  physicians.  How  many 
of  the  nearly  7,000  children  who  were  given  certificates  might  also 
have  been  refused  if  a physician  had  had  a chance  to  examine  them 
is,  of  course,  problematical;  but  so  many  physical  defects — for  exam- 
ple, heart  disease — are  not  obvious  to  the  casual  interviewer  that  it 
seems  certain  that  a considerable  number  of  children  under  16  years 
of  age  who  are  not  physically  fit  to  go  to  work  are  annually  granted 
employment  certificates. 

This  fact  does  not  appear  to  be  necessarily  due  to  any  defect  in 
the  law  itself.  The  law  does  not  make  a physical  examination  an 
absolute  requirement  for  a certificate,  but  it  does  provide  that  the 
agent  who  issues  certificates  may  require  any  child  to  have  a physi- 
cal examination  made  by  a reputable  physician  and  may  charge  the 


42 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 


expense  of  such  examination  to  the  State.  The  child  need  not 
appear  to  be  nor  need  the  agent  have  any  reason  to  believe  that  he 
is  in  bad  health.  If  the  appropriation  were  sufficient  to  cover  the 
cost,  there  seems  no  reason  why  the  State  board  could  not  instruct 
its  agents  to  require  every  child  applying  for  an  employment  cer- 
tificate to  bring  a certificate  of  health  from  a reputable  physician. 
By  exercising  their  discretion  in  the  matter  of  charging  the  expense 
of  these  examinations  to  the  State  the  agents  might  even  cause  prac- 
tically all  children  applying  for  certificates  to  be  examined  by  phy- 
sicians appointed  by  the  State  board  for  that  purpose.  There  might 
be  such  opposition  to  this  course  that  it  would  be  better  for  the 
legislature  to  strengthen  the  hands  of  the  State  board  of  education 
by  making  a physical  examination  mandatory;  but  the  board  ap- 
pears already  to  have  the  necessary  powers. 

ENFORCEMENT. 

The  enforcement  of  the  requirement  that  children  must  have  cer- 
tificates before  they  can  go  to  work,  like  the  enforcement  of  the 
requirements  for  obtaining  certificates,  is  in  the  hands  of  the  State 
board  of  education  and  is  therefore  practically  uniform  thoughout 
the  State.  The  principal  methods  are  the  same  as  those  used  in  the 
enforcement  of  the  compulsory  education  law.  By  means  of  reports 
and  counter  reports  children  who  have  been  in  school  in  Connecticut 
are  caught  both  going  and  coming,  for  they  are  followed  up  if  they 
leave  school  and  they  are  followed  up  if  they  apply  for  employment 
certificates. 

The  success  of  this  system  depends  entirely  upon  the  accuracy 
and  promptness  with  which  the  various  officials  make  their  reports. 
Nevertheless,  the  method  of  following  up  children  who  have  been  in 
the  public  schools  of  Connecticut  to  see  that  they  do  not  go  to  work 
without  certificates  is  well  devised  and  is  probably,  in  general,  well 
executed.  But  any  system  which  is  primarily  intended  to  enforce 
school  attendance  is  likely  to  insure  only  that  children  are  not  at 
work  during  school  hours.  What  they  may  be  doing  outside  of 
school  hours  only  thorough  and  unexpected  inspections  of  all  estab- 
lishments, whether  or  not  they  are  believed  to  employ  children,  could 
determine.  Violations  of  the  law,  it  is  said,  frequently  occur  in  small 
establishments  where  work  is  somewhat  irregular  and  children  are 
employed  before  or  after  school  or  on  Saturdays. 

A much  more  difficult  problem  is  the  prevention  of  illegal  employ- 
ment of  children  who  have  never  been  in  the  public  schools  of  Con- 
necticut, and  in  meeting  this  problem  certain  weaknesses  in  the 
system  of  enforcement  are  apparent.  The  duties,  for  example,  both 
of  local  attendance  officers  and  of  agents  of  the  State  board  of  educa- 
tion are  the  same  for  private  as  for  public  school  children.  Private 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  43 

schools,  however,  can  not  be  required  to  report  illegal  absences,  and 
they  frequently  fail  to  do  so.  The  truant  officers  therefore  are  not 
armed  with  the  information  necessary  to  enforce  the  school  attend- 
ance of  children  who  belong  in  these  schools.  The  power  to  pick  up 
on  the  street  or  elsewhere  the  rare  child  who  is  not  sufficiently 
“knowing”  to  avoid  meeting  such  a well-known  character  as  the 
truant  officer  is  the  most  rudimentary  form  of  administrative  author- 
ity, and  even  this  does  not  reach  the  working  child  unless  the  truant 
officer  constitutes  himself  an  industrial  inspector.  Lack  of  com- 
plete cooperation  with  parochial  schools  is  one  of  the  principal  sources 
of  weakness  in  the  working  out  of  the  system  through  which  the 
employment  certificate  law  is  enforced. 

Another  method  of  detecting  children  who  have  not  been  in  school 
is  the  annual  school  census,  which  is  designed  primarily  to  serve  as  a 
basis  for  the  distribution  of  school  funds  and  secondarily  to  assist  in 
the  enforcement  of  the  compulsory  education  law,  but  is  also  of  assist- 
ance in  preventing  illegal  employment.  The  school  census,  however, 
is  a local  matter,  and  neither  the  best  method  of  taking  it  nor  the  best 
method  of  utilizing  it  when  taken  have  as  yet  been  worked  out  for 
the  State  as  a whole.  In  some  places  it  is  very  inaccurate,  and  in 
others,  even  if  accurate,  it  is  never  checked  up  with  the  names  on  the 
school  registers.  Often,  indeed,  the  financial  purpose  of  the  enu- 
meration of  school  children  is  allowed  to  obscure  the  more  distinctly 
human  purpose.  Though  theoretically  the  school  census  fills  a gap 
in  the  methods  of  enforcing  the  certificate  law,  in  practice  it  fills  that 
gap  only  in  certain  places  where  the  enumeration  is  carefully  taken 
and  every  child  enumerated  is  accounted  for  as  in  school  or  legally 
at  work. 

There  is  nothing  except  the  comparatively  weak  inspection  system 
to  prevent  children  who  have  never  been  in  school  from  being  illegally 
employed  for  a part  or  even  the  whole  year  between  school  census 
periods,  provided  they  can  find  work,  but  their  chances  of  finding  work 
are  decidedly  less  than  those  of  children  with  certificates,  because  in 
general  if  an  employer  has  any  children  with  certificates  he  usually 
has  some  simple  method  of  handling  his  end  of  the  certificate  system, 
and  as  he  usually  can  get  plenty  of  children  with  certificates  he  does 
not  care  to  run  the  risk  of  employing  children  without  them.  Some 
of  the  prominent  manufacturers  of  the  State  complain  that  small 
employers  are  not  prosecuted  for  such  violations  of  law,  but  that  if 
a single  child  working  without  a certificate  is  found  in  a large  factory 
suit  is  immediately  brought  against  the  employer.  One  reason  for 
this  may  be  that  the  large  employer  is  always  presumed  to  be  fully 
cognizant  of  the  law,  whereas  the  small  employer  is  given  the  benefit 
of  the  doubt.  However  that  may  be,  the  fact  that  during  the  year 
ended  August  1,  1914,  846  statements  of  age  were  issued  to  children 


44  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 

over  16  serves  to  show  the  care  employers  are  taking  to  make  certain 
that  the  law  is  obeyed.  Nevertheless,  children  under  16  without 
certificates  often  find  work  in  small  establishments,  such  as  bowling 
alleys,  grocery  stores,  small  bakeries,  and  other  similar  places,  and 
occasionally  by  misrepresenting  their  ages  they  obtain  work  in  large 
establishments.  If  these  children  become  16  years  of  age  before  the 
next  school  census  they  escape  entirely  the  protection  of  the  certifi- 
cate system. 

The  fact  that  employers  so  generally  insist  that  children  secure 
either  employment  certificates  or  statements  of  age  sets  into  opera- 
tion another  method  of  following  up  children  who  have  not  been  in 
school;  for  the  name  and  address  of  every  child  who  makes  inquiry 
in  regard  to  employment  certificates  are  taken  down,  and  thereafter 
that  child  is  followed  up  to  see  that  he  is  either  in  school  or  at  work. 

Industrial  inspection,  which  in  most  States  is  the  principal  method 
of  enforcing  employment  certificate  laws,  in  Connecticut  is  generally 
considered  to  be  the  least  important  part  of  the  duties  of  the  agents 
of  the  State  board  of  education.  As  employment  certificates  are 
practically  always  sent  by  mail  and  as  in  other  ways  the  agents  deal 
directly  with  the  employers  and  not  indirectly  through  the  children, 
each  agent,  if  he  were  careful,  could  know  in  advance  of  an  inspection 
exactly  what  children  were  working  legally  in  an  establishment;  and 
as  children  have  practically  no  chance  to  give  away  or  sell  certificates 
without  being  caught  it  is  of  little,  if  any,  importance  that  the  certifi- 
cate contains  no  means,  such  as  a signature  or  a physical  description, 
of  identifying  the  child.  These  inspections  are  of  value,  however,  in 
finding  children  who  claim  and  may  appear  to  be  over  16  years  of  age 
and  in  educating  employers  to  greater  care  in  regard  to  such  suspi- 
cious cases.  But  in  order  to  accomplish  this  purpose  the  inspector 
must  make  a tour  of  the  premises,  and  this,  as  has  been  seen,  he  does 
not  always  do. 

The  fact  that  when  a child  stops  work  for  an  employer  that  em- 
ployer retains  the  employment  certificate  opens  another  possible 
loophole.  It  is  difficult  to  see  anything  but  respect  for  and  fear  of  the 
law  which  could  prevent  an  employer  with  a certificate  on  file  for 
Rosie  Jones,  who  has  left  his  employ  and  is  either  idle  or  employed 
elsewhere,  from  rechristening  some  child  whose  name  is  not  recorded 
among  those  to  be  followed  up  by  the  school  authorities  and  em- 
ploying her  on  Rosie’s  certificate.  If  Rosie  is  employed  elsewhere 
she  has  doubtless  obtained  a copy  of  her  certificate  for  her  new  em- 
ployer, but  even  then  it  is  impossible  for  the  agent  to  know  every 
child  in  his  district  or  to  go  over  all  his  records  before  making  an 
inspection.  If  he  consulted  his  own  records  he  would  see  at  once 
that  Rosie  was  no  longer  employed  in  that  establishment,  but  if  he 
trusts  to  the  certificates  handed  him  by  the  employer  Rosie  appears 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  45 

to  be  there  and  he  can  not  be  expected  to  remember  anything  to  the 
contrary.  Such  cases  may  happen  rarely,  but  this  loophole  could 
easily  be  closed  by  requiring  the  employer  to  return  his  copy  of  the 
child’s  certificate  with  his  termination  notice. 

The  agents  often  do  not  have  enough  time  left  from  their  other 
duties  for  thorough  inspections,  and  the  special  canvasses  probably 
do  comparatively  little  good  in  discovering  willful  violations,  for, 
even  if  the  time  of  such  a canvass  is  not  known  in  advance,  the  infor- 
mation that  it  is  going  on  must  be  widely  distributed  within  a few 
days  after  it  has  begun — in  plenty  of  time  for  most  of  the  children 
illegally  employed  either  to  go  to  the  office  and  get  certificates,  or  if 
they  can  not  get  certificates  to  be  sent  home  until  the  canvass  is  over 
and  they  can  return  to  work  with  impunity.  Violations  are  found 
during  these  canvasses,  but  not  in  sufficient  numbers  to  justify  the 
expense  and  trouble. 

Even  if  the  State  agents  made  no  effort  to  enforce  the  compulsory 
education  law  as  it  concerns  unemployed  children,  they  appear  to  be 
at  present  overburdened  with  work ; for  wherever  there  are  no  local 
truant  officers  these  agents  must  enforce  the  compulsory  education 
law  for  all  children,  regardless  of  age,  and  in  some  places  this  duty 
throws  a heavy  burden  upon  the  State  agent.  Middletown,  for  exam- 
ple, a city  of  about  12,000  population,  has  no  local  attendance  officer, 
and  most  of  the  agent’s  time  is  needed  for  work  directly  connected  with 
the  enforcement  of  the  child  labor  law.  The  superintendent  of 
schools  can  therefore  expect  little  of  him  when  he  is  notified  of  a 
case  of  truancy  beyond  a letter  to  the  parent.  In  other  places  the 
local  truant  officers  are  even  more  overburdened  than  the  State  agents, 
but  the  system  is  so  devised  that  the  child  labor  law  can  not  be  well 
enforced  unless  the  compulsory  education  law  is  well  enforced.  If 
children  are  allowed  to  drop  out  of  school  without  being  followed  up, 
inspection  to  supplement  the  follow-up  system  is  all  the  more  needed, 
and  usually  lack  of  time  to  follow  up  the  truant  means  also  lack  of  time 
to  inspect  establishments. 

As  for  children  who  have  received  employment  certificates,  the 
follow-up  system  is  supposed,  first,  to  prevent  a child  who  has  a cer- 
tificate from  working  for  a new  employer  without  obtaining  a new 
certificate,  and,  second,  to  send  a child  who  is  out  of  work  back  to 
school.  The  cooperation  of  a considerable  number  of  persons  is 
required,  and  that  the  system  does  not  always  accomplish  the  first 
purpose  is  illustrated  by  the  following  case:  Early  in  the  summer  of 
1913  a regular  certificate  was  granted  to  a boy  to  work  for  a certain 
milkman.  In  July  the  milkman  sent  a termination  notice  to  the 
State  board  of  education.  No  application  was  made  for  a subsequent 
certificate,  and  a postal  card  sent  to  the  parent  was  not  answered. 
The  agent  in  that  district  was  notified,  and  he  reported  the  case  to  a 


46  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 

local  attendance  officer.  Thus  far  the  system  worked.  But  the 
attendance  officer  did  not  report  back  to  the  agent  and  the  agent  did 
not  report  back  to  the  hoard,  and  it  was  January,  1914,  before  it 
was  discovered,  in  going  through  the  files  of  the  main  office  at  Hart- 
ford, that  the  boy  had  never  been  accounted  for.  A postal  card  was 
immediately  sent  to  his  father  and  the  boy  promptly  appeared  at 
the  agent’s  office  and  announced  that  he  had  been  working  at  a local 
foundry  for  some  six  months  on  his  parent’s  certificate.  The  system 
had  thus  broken  down  because  the  local  attendance  officer  had  failed 
to  make  a report  to  the  agent,  the  agent  had  failed  to  demand  such 
a report,  and  the  State  office  had  failed  to  demand  a report  of  the 
agent. 

UNEMPLOYED  CHILDREN. 

The  only  point  at  which  the  system  breaks  down  seriously,  how- 
ever, appears  to  be  in  returning  unemployed  children  to  school.  It 
is  admitted  practically  everywhere  that  at  best  there  is  great  delay 
about  returning  them,  and  that,  in  fact,  it  is  not  done  to  any  con- 
siderable extent.  The  reasons  are  as  follows:  First,  employers  are 
careless  about  sending  termination  notices  promptly.  Sometimes 
they  do  not  know  whether  the  child  has  quit  work  or  is  sick,  and  some- 
times the  first  notification  that  the  certificate  office  has  that  a child 
has  left  one  employer  is  when  he  applies  for  a copy  of  his  certificate 
for  a new  employer.  Second,  there  is  also  delay  while  the  State 
board  of  education  sends  a postal  card  to  the  parent  asking  what  the 
child  is  doing,  waits  for  a reply,  and  then  if  none  comes  notifies  the 
agent  in  that  district.  Third,  the  State  agents  visit  only  once  or 
twice  a week  many  places  where  a considerable  number  of  children 
are  employed,  and  often  when  they  come  they  have  time  to  do  little 
more  than  keep  their  office  hours  for  the  issuing  of  certificates  and 
move  on  to  the  next  town. 

If  the  children  are  really  to  be  kept  in  school  when  not  employed,  it 
would  seem  that  the  procedure  of  getting  them  in  school  on  termina- 
tion of  employment  must  be  simplified  so  as  to  avoid  delay.  Sup- 
posing the  employer  always  sends  the  termination  notice,  he  may 
not  do  so  until  perhaps  a week  after  the  child  has  quit  work.  Another 
week  or  10  days  must  be  allowed  for  transmission  of  the  termination 
notice  to  the  office  of  the  State  board  and  for  preparing  and  sending 
out  the  postal  card  to  the  child’s  parent.  Two  weeks  are  then  allowed 
for  a reply.  Again  the  machinery  is  put  in  motion  and  the  agent 
receives  his  notice  to  look  up  the  case.  If  the  agent  is  busy,  as  he 
generally  must  be  under  present  conditions,  or  if  he  is  not  at  the 
time  in  the  city  where  the  child  lives,  he  could  hardly  visit  the  child’s 
home  within  less  than  another  week.  Unless  the  child,  then,  has 
meanwhile  found  another  position,  he  is  likely  to  have  been  out  of 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  47 

work  for  some  five  weeks  before  the  agent  finds  him.  If  he  then 
professes  to  be  looking  for  work,  as  he  is  practically  sure  to  do,  the 
agent  allows  him  a sixth  week  in  which  to  continue  his  search. 

There  are  ways  in  which  this  delay  might  be  greatly  reduced.  In 
the  first  place,  employers  of  children  might  be  required  to  send  in 
termination  notices  more  promptly,  or  perhaps  whenever  a child  had 
been  absent  from  work  for  two  or  three  days  without  excuse.  Then, 
instead  of  the  slow  process  of  writing  the  parent  and  waiting  for  a 
reply,  the  agent  might  be  notified  at  once  and  be  required  to  follow 
up  the  case  immediately.  This  process,  of  course,  would  necessitate 
more  agents  to  handle  the  cases,  but  more  agents  would  make  smaller 
districts  possible,  and  these  smaller  districts  would  have  a double 
advantage,  for  the  agent  would  be  able  to  visit  each  place  in  his 
district  oftener  and  would  become  more  thoroughly  familiar  with  the 
children,  the  employers,  and  the  general  employment  conditions. 

In  some  towns,  where  there  are  local  truant  officers,  the  suggestion 
has  been  made  that  in  order  to  avoid  delay  in  getting  unemployed 
children  back  into  school  their  names  be  sent  to  these  local  officers 
instead  of  to  the  State  agent  and  that  the  termination  notices  be 
sent  direct  to  the  local  school  authorities.  It  is  extremely  doubtful, 
however,  whether  the  truant  officers  would  have  any  better  success 
than  the  State  agents  in  dealing  with  unemployed  children,  and  in 
many  ways  more  would  be  lost  than  gained  by  such  a change,  for 
the  advantages  of  uniformity  of  administration,  particularly  those 
which  depend  on  the  close  cooperation  of  the  State  agents,  would 
be  thrown  away. 

At  present,  however,  the  idea  is  so  well  established  that  unem- 
ployed children  can  not  be  put  back  into  school,  that  efforts  in  that 
direction  are  generally  rather  perfunctory,  except  when  the  child  has 
been  employed  only  a short  time  and  other  conditions  are  favorable. 
Even  when  the  agent  follows  up  an  unemployed  child  or  meets  one 
idling  on  the  street  the  child  will  say  that  he  is  looking  for  a job  or 
that  he  applies  at  the  factory  every  morning  hoping  that  he  will  be 
taken  back.  As  the  agent  knows  that  the  child  will  not  go  to 
school  if  he  can  possibly  help  it,  that  the  teachers  would  find  him 
a nuisance  if  he  did,  that  he  would  be  given  very  little  if  any  instruc- 
tion of  practical  benefit  to  him,  and  that  he  would  escape  at  the 
earliest  possible  moment,  he  is  likely  to  tell  the  child  to  try  to  find 
work  as  soon  as  possible,  and  then  leave  him  to  his  own  devices.  As 
a result,  unemployed  children  are  on  the  streets  in  every  part  of  the 
State,  their  numbers  varying  with  the  importance  of  child-employing 
industries  and  with  the  degree  of  conscientious  vigilance  exercised 
by  the  different  agents. 

Until  some  provision  is  made  for  giving  unemployed  children 
suitable  instruction  in  school,  indeed,  it  is  difficult  to  see  how  the 


48  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 

problem  of  getting  tbem  into  school  can  be  successfully  handled 
either  by  local  truant  officers  or  by  agents  of  the  State  board  of  edu- 
cation. The  ordinary  schools  throughout  the  State  are  not  adapted 
either  to  hold  the  interest  of  children  who  have  been  at  work  but 
are  temporarily  unemployed  or  to  give  them  the  kind  of  instruction 
which  they  need.  The  child,  in  short,  has  every  reason  for  not 
wishing  to  go  back  to  school,  and  little  or  no  chance  of  deriving  any 
benefit  from  compliance  with  the  law,  while  the  teacher  has  every 
reason  for  not  wishing  to  have  him  come  back. 

The  main  purpose  of  the  legal  requirement  that  the  school  authori- 
ties shall  be  notified  when  a child  leaves  his  employer  is  to  enable  the 
school  authorities  to  enforce  the  compulsory  education  law;  but, 
even  if  unemployed  children  could  in  fact  be  required  to  attend 
school,  the  justice  of  such  a requirement  to  these  children,  to  the 
others  with  whom  they  must  be  placed,  or  to  the  community  is 
extremely  doubtful  until  some  provision  has  been  made  for  util- 
izing their  time  to  advantage.  Vocational  training  should  doubtless 
be  given  them  at  least  part  of  the  time,  and  compulsory  continua- 
tion schools  which  would  keep  them  under  some  form  of  instruction 
every  week  while  they  were  employed  would  make  the  problem 
easier.  But  neither  vocational  nor  continuation  schools  that  fail  to 
provide  courses  which  can  be  begun  or  ended  any  day  without  losing 
their  value  can  hope  to  meet  the  problem  of  compulsory  school 
attendance  for  unemployed  children. 

RELATION  TO  OTHER  CHILD  LABOR  LAWS. 

There  are  certain  obvious  disadvantages  in  having  the  different 
child  labor  laws  administered  by  two  entirely  separate  and  distinct 
departments — the  factory-inspection  department  and  the  State  board 
of  education — and  in  having  two  sets  of  inspectors.  Apart  from  the 
inconvenience  to  employers  and  the  expense,  this  double  system 
compels  the  factory  inspectors,  who  enforce  the  laws  regulating  the 
hours  of  labor  and  prohibiting  the  employment  in  dangerous  occupa- 
tions of  children  under  16,  but  who  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  law 
providing  that  such  children  must  have  employment  certificates,  to 
depend — in  determining  what  persons  in  a given  establishment  are 
subject  to  the  laws  which  they  enforce — upon  the  wall  list  of  children 
prepared  by  the  employer.  The  factory  inspector  might  of  course 
obtain  from  the  State  board  of  education  a fist  of  the  children  em- 
ployed in  the  establishment,  but  this  is  not  done,  and  even  if  it  were 
such  a list  would  be  no  more  accurate  than  the  employer’s  list,  for 
the  employer  has  no  reason  to  omit  the  name  of  any  child  who  has  a 
certificate 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  49 

The  result  is  that  whenever  the  certificate  law  is  violated  the  hours- 
of-labor  and  dangerous-trades  laws  are  or  easily  may  be  violated 
without  detection;  for  when  a child  under  age  claims  to  be  over  16 
years  and  secures  employment  without  a certificate  the  factory  in- 
spector as  well  as  the  employer  is  apt  to  consider  that  child  exempt 
from  the  other  laws.  The  inspector  may  of  course  demand  proof  of 
age  in  a very  suspicious  case  or  report  such  a case  to  the  State  board 
of  education;  but  by  the  time  an  inspector  can  report  a suspected 
violation  of  the  certificate  law  to  an  agent,  or  an  agent  a suspected 
violation  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  factory-inspection  department 
to  the  inspector  and  the  proper  person  can  get  to  the  establishment  to 
investigate,  the  violation  may  no  longer  exist.  Therefore  the  tend- 
ency created  by  this  divided  responsibility  is  for  the  factory  inspector 
to  rest  his  work  back  upon  that  of  the  agents  of  the  State  board  of 
education  and  for  the  latter  to  shut  their  eyes  to  all  conditions  of 
labor  not  under  their  immediate  jurisdiction. 

Another  result  of  having  these  laws  administered  by  different  de- 
partments is  that  the  opportunity  offered  by  the  requirement  of  a 
certificate  for  each  separate  position  to  aid  in  the  enforcement  of  the 
dangerous-occupations  law  is  lost.  In  some  States  the  employer  must 
name  in  his  promise  of  employment  the  exact  occupation  in  which 
the  child  is  to  be  engaged.  The  office  which  issues  the  certificate  then 
approves  this  occupation,  refusing  certificates  for  work  which  it  may 
consider  to  come  under  the  prohibition  of  the  dangerous-occupation 
law.  But  in  Connecticut  the  State  board  of  education  takes  no  offi- 
cial cognizance  whatever  of  laws  which  are  supposed  to  be  enforced 
by  the  department  of  factory  inspection.  The  employer  in  his  prom- 
ise of  employment  does  not  even  name  the  industry  in  which  the 
child  is  to  be  engaged.  The  State  board  may,  and  probably  some- 
times does,  issue  certificates  to  children  upon  the  basis  of  a promise  of 
employment  in  an  occupation — unstated  but  none  the  less  definite  in 
the  employer’s  mind  and  later  in  the  child’s  experience — in  which  the 
employment  of  children  is  illegal. 

This  latter  result  of  divided  responsibility  is  not,  however,  essential 
under  the  present  law,  for  the  provision  of  the  compulsory  education 
law  that  children  from  14  to  16  years  of  age  are  exempt  from  school 
attendance  “ while  lawfully  employed  at  labor  at  home  or  else- 
where” would  seem  amply  to  justify  the  State  board  of  education  in 
requiring  that  the  employer  should  state  in  his  promise  of  employ- 
ment the  exact  occupation  in  which  the  child  is  to  be  engaged. 
Employers  do  not  always  know  what  occupations  are  legal  and  what 
illegal,  but  if  they  were  required  to  name  the  occupation  the  agent 
would,  if  it  were  illegal,  refuse  to  grant  the  certificate. 


f 

50  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 

Under  the  same  authority  the  State  board  of  education  might 
readily  extend  its  work  in  the  direction  of  ascertaining  whether 
children  are  in  fact  “ lawfully  employ ed”  as  regards  hours  and  dan- 
gerous occupations;  for,  though  the  certificate  law  gives  the  board 
no  power  over  these  matters,  a child  who  is  working  illegal  hours  or  at 
a prohibited  machine  is  certainly  not  “lawfully  employed”  and 
therefore  is  not  exempt  from  the  compulsory  education  law,  which 
the  State  board  of  education  is  directed  to  enforce.  If  the  board  is 
right  in  its  ruling  that  messenger  boys,  for  example,  must  have 
employment  certificates,  though  the  law  directly  requires  such  cer- 
tificates only  for  children  in  “mechanical,  mercantile,  or  manufac- 
turing establishments,”  why  could  it  not  do  more  than  it  does  at 
present  to  see  that  children  whom  it  exempts  by  the  certificate 
system  from  school  attendance  are  “lawfully  employed”  as  regards 
both  their  hours  of  labor  and  the  character  of  the  occupations  in 
which  they  are  engaged  ? 

As  for  the  lack  of  power  of  the  factory-inspection  department  as 
regards  the  minimum  age  and  certificate  laws,  there  seems  to  be  no 
reason  why,  without  lessening  the  powers  or  duties  of  the  school 
authorities,  the  factory  inspector  should  not  have  the  power  and 
duty  of  enforcing  all  child  labor  laws,  those  relating  to  minimum 
age  and  certificates  as  well  as  those  relating  to  hours  and  to  dan- 
gerous occupations.  If  the  factory  inspectors  were  given  this  ad- 
ditional power,  however,  they  should  be  required  to  report  the  results 
of  their  inspections  in  detail — that  is,  all  children  found  legally  em- 
ployed as  well  as  those  found  illegally  employed — to  the  State  board 
of  education;  for  if  the  State  board  is  to  enforce  the  compulsory 
education  law  it  must  have  all  available  information  as  to  the  children 
who  are  or  may  be  subject  to  that  law.  The  factory  inspectors 
would  then  be  much  better  equipped  to  enforce  the  laws  relating  to 
hours  and  to  dangerous  occupations.  At  the  same  time  the  State 
board  would  be  better  equipped  to  enforce  the  compulsory  education 
law.  And  the  inconvenience  caused  employers  by  double  inspection 
would  certainly  be  no  greater  if  both  State  agencies  had  the  power 
to  inspect  for  all  purposes  than  it  is  under  the  present  system  of 
inspection  by  both,  each  for  a different  purpose.  Indeed  it  would 
probably  be  less,  for  double  inspection  would  no  longer  be  essential 
as  it  is  at  present. 

CENTRALIZATION  AND  RECORDS. 

The  two  most  important  points,  however,  which  appear  to  be 
clearly  indicated  by  this  study  of  the  Connecticut  system  of  adminis- 
tering the  employment  certificate  system  are,  first, . that  industrial 
inspection  is  only  one  method  of  enforcing  the  law  and  is  probably 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  51 

destined  to  decrease  in  importance  as  methods  of  locating  and  fol- 
lowing up  children  are  improved,  and,  second,  that  centralization  of 
control  over  the  issuing  and  the  refusing  of  certificates  as  well  as  over 
inspection  tends  to  efficiency  in  enforcement  as  well  as  to  uniformity 
in  standards.  Industrial  inspection  seems  to  be  essential  in  the 
absence  of  a complete  and  permanent  census  of  all  children  subject 
to  legal  regulation.  But  it  can  never  be  an  efficient  method  of  en- 
forcing a child  labor  law,  for  children  may  be  here  to-day  and  there 
to-morrow,  and  the  cost  of  inspecting  all  industrial  establishments 
often  enough  to  locate  such  unstable  elements  is  prohibitory.  There- 
fore the  problem  of  enforcing  a child  labor  law  must,  like  the 
problem  of  enforcing  a compulsory  education  law,  be  approached 
from  the  side  of  the  individual  child,  and  school-attendance  officers 
must  be  authorized  to  go,  at  their  discretion,  wherever  children  go, 
even  if  this  power  means  a certain  amount  of  double  inspection  of 
industrial  establishments. 

If  a State  child  labor  law  is  to  be  thoroughly  enforced,  some  State 
agency  must  keep  a record  of  the  whereabouts  of  every  child  in  the 
State,  whether  at  school  or  at  work.  At  present  the  State  Board  of 
Education  of  Connecticut  has,  at  least  theoretically,  such  a record  of 
all  children  who  are  not  in  school.  There  are,  however,  two  glaring 
sources  of  incompleteness  in  these  records,  first,  that  children  engaged 
in  agricultural  and  domestic  pursuits  are  not  included,  and,  second, 
that  there  is  no  efficient  method  of  registering  newcomers  to  the 
State.  Children  are  not  obliged  to  have  employment  certificates 
to  engage  in  farm  and  domestic  labor.  This  means  not  only  that 
children  leaving  school  to  go  to  work  in  these  occupations  pass  no 
educational  test  and  are  not  obliged  to  fulfill  any  educational  re- 
quirements, but  also  that  the  names  of  such  children  are  not  in  the 
records  of  the  State  board  of  education.  Even  if  this  loophole  in  the 
law  is  not  generally  known  or  made  use  of  except  in  country  districts, 
some  record  of  these  children  should  be  kept,  it  would  seem,  by  the 
State  board  in  order  to  prevent  their  drifting  into  industrial  labor 
without  certificates.  As  for  the  registration  of  newcomers  to  the 
State,  the  school  census,  even  if  thoroughly  and  efficiently  handled 
for  that  end — which  in  the  absence  of  any  central  control  is  not 
by  any  means  always  the  case — is  not  taken  often  enough  to  accom- 
plish the  purpose. 

The  strongest  single  feature  of  the  Connecticut  system  and,  indeed, 
the  source  of  most  of  its  other  strong  features,  seems  to  be  the  cen- 
tralization of  control  over  the  entire  procedure  relating  to  certificates 
throughout  the  State  in  the  hands  of  the  State  board  of  education. 
This  centralization  is  doubtless  more  necessary  as  well  as  easier  to 
attain  in  Connecticut  than  it  would  be  in  a larger  and  less  densely 


52  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 

populated  State;  for  in  Connecticut  many  towns  are  so  close  together 
that  children  as  well  as  adults  may  easily  live  in  one  town  and 
work  in  another,  and  this  is  commonly  the  case.  Moving  from  town 
to  town  is  also  comparatively  easy.  Local  officials,  therefore,  would 
have  great  difficulty  in  keeping  track  of  children.  Through  cen- 
tralized administration,  however,  substantial  uniformity  is  main- 
tained both  in  standards  and  in  their  enforcement.  Every  child  who 
obtains  an  employment  certificate  in  Connecticut  passes  substantially 
the  same  tests  of  his  qualifications,  and  every  child  has  substantially 
the  same  chance  of  receiving  the  actual  protection  of  the  law. 


APPENDIX. 


LAWS  RELATING  TO  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATES. 

EDUCATIONAL  REQUIREMENTS. 

COMPULSORY  SCHOOL  ATTENDANCE. 

Children  from  7 to  16;  exemptions  from  14  to  16  if  lawfully  employed. — All  parents  and 
those  who  have  the  care  of  children  shall  bring  them  up  in  some  lawful  and  honest 
employment,  and  instruct  them  or  cause  them  to  be  instructed  in  reading,  writing, 
spelling,  English  grammar,  geography,  arithmetic,  and  United  States  history.  Every 
parent  or  other  person  having  control  of  a child  over  seven  and  under  sixteen  years 
of  age  shall  cause  such  child  to  attend  a public  day  school  regularly  during  the  hours 
and  terms  the  public  school  in  the  district  wherein  such  child  resides  is  in  session, 
or  while  the  school  is  in  session  where  provision  for  the  instruction  of  such  child  is 
made  according  to  law,  unless  the  parent  or  person  ha  zing  control  of  such  child  can 
show  that  the  child  is  elsewhere  receiving  regularly  thorough  instruction  during  said 
hours  and  terms  in  the  studies  taught  in  the  public  schools.  Children  over  fourteen 
years  of  age  shall  not  be  subject  to  the  requirements  of  this  section  while  lawfully 
employed  at  labor  at  home  or  elsewhere;  but  this  provision  shall  not  permit  such 
children  to  be  irregular  in  attendance  at  school  while  they  are  enrolled  as  scholars, 
nor  exempt  any  child  who  is  enrolled  as  a member  of  a school  from  any  rule  concerning 
irregularity  of  attendance  which  has  been  enacted  or  may  be  enacted  by  the  town 
school  committee,  board  of  school  visitors,  or  board  of  education,  having  control  of 
the  school.  [General  Statutes,  revision  of  1902,  section  2116] 

Certain  children  from  14  to  16;  penalty. — Whenever  the  school  visitors,  town  school 
committee,  or  board  of  education  of  any  town,  or  district  shall  by  vote  decide,  or 
whenever  the  State  board  of  education  shall  ascertain  that  a child  over  fourteen  and 
under  sixteen  years  of  age  has  not  schooling  sufficient  to  warrant  his  leaving  school 
to  be  employed,  and  shall  so  notify  the  parent  or  guardian  of  said  child  in  writing, 
the  parent  or  guardian  of  said  child,  shall  cause  him  to  attend  school  regularly  during 
the  days  and  hours  that  the  public  school  in  the  district  in  which  said  parent  or  guardian 
resides  is  in  session,  and  until  the  parent  or  guardian  of  said  child  has  obtained  from 
said  board  of  school  visitors,  town  school  committee,  or  board  of  education,  or  from 
the  State  board  of  education,  if  the  notice  shall  have  been  given  by  the  said  State 
board  of  education,  a leaving  certificate  stating  that  the  education  of  said  child  is 
satisfactory  to  said  visitors,  town  school  committee,  or  board  of  education,  or  to  said 
State  board  of  education,  as  the  case  may  be:  Provided , That  said  parent  or  guardian 
shall  not  be  required  to  cause  his  child  to  attend  school  after  the  child  is  sixteen  years 
of  age.  Each  week’s  failure  on  the  part  of  a person  to  comply  with  the  provisions  of 
this  section  shall  be  a distinct  offense,  punishable  with  a fine  not  exceeding  five 
dollars,  and  the  provisions  of  section  2117  [G  S r 1902  s 2117]  shall  be  applicable  to 
all  proceedings  under  this  act.  [Acts  of  1903  Chapter  29,  as  amended  by  Acts  of 
1905  Chapter  36] 

COMPULSORY  EVENING  SCHOOL  ATTENDANCE. 

Illiterate  children  employed  in  towns  where  evening  schools  exist. — No  person  over 
fourteen  and  under  sixteen  years  of  age,  who  can  not  read  and  write,  shall  be  employed 
in  any  town  where  public  evening  schools  are  established  unless  he  can  produce 
every  school  month  of  twenty  days  a certificate  from  the  teacher  of  an  evening  school 
showing  that  he  has  attended  such  school  eighteen  consecutive  evenings  in  the  current 
school  month,  and  is  a regular  attendant.  Every  person  who  shall  employ  a child 
contrary  to  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  be  fined  not  more  than  fifty  dollars, 
and  the  State  board  of  education  shall  enforce  the  provisions  of  this  section  as  provided 
in  section  4707.  [G  S r 1902  s 2147] 


53 


54  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 


PENALTIES. 

Parent,  guardian,  etc.;  exceptions. — Each  week’s  failure  on  the  part  of  a person  to 
comply  with  any  provision  of  * * * [section  2116]  shall  be  a distinct  offense, 
punishable  with  a fine  not  exceeding  five  dollars.  Said  penalty  shall  not  be  incurred 
when  it  appears  that  the  child  is  destitute  of  clothing  suitable  for  attending  school,  and 
the  parent  or  person  having  control  of  such  child  is  unable  to  provide  such  clothing, 
or  its  mental  or  physical  condition  is  such  as  to  render  its  instruction  inexpedient 
or  impracticable.  * * * [G  S r 1902  s 2117] 

Employer. — Every  person  who  shall  employ  a child  under  fourteen  years  of  age 
during  the  hours  while  the  school  which  such  child  should  attend  is  in  session,  and 
every  person  who  shall  authorize  or  permit  on  premises  under  his  control  any  such 
child  to  be  so  employed,  shall  be  fined  not  more  than  twenty  dollars  for  every  week 
in  which  such  child  is  so  employed.  [G  S r 1902  s 2119] 

False  statements. — Every  parent  or  other  person,  having  control  of  a child,  who  shall 
make  any  false  statements  concerning  the  age  of  such  child  with  intent  to  deceive 
the  town  clerk  or  registrar  of  births,  marriages,  and  deaths  of  any  town,  or  the  teacher 
of  any  school,  or  shall  instruct  a child  to  make  any  such  false  statement,  shall  be  fined 
not  more  than  twenty  dollars.  [G  S r 1902  s 2120] 

ENFORCEMENT. 

Appointment  and  duties  of  agents. — It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  board  of  educa- 
tion, and  the  school  visitors,  boards  of  education,  and  the  town  school  committees  to 
enforce  sections  4704,  4705,  and  4706  [said  sections  are  superseded  by  1911  C 119]; 
and  for  that  purpose  the  State  board  of  education  may  appoint  agents,  under  its 
supervision  and  control,  for  terms  of  not  more  than  one  year,  who  shall  be  paid  not 
to  exceed  five  dollars  a day  for  time  actually  employed  and  necessary  expenses,  and 
whose  accounts  shall  be  approved  by  said  board  and  audited  by  the  comptroller. 
The  agents  so  appointed  may  be  directed  by  said  board  to  enforce  the  provisions  of 
the  law  requiring  the  attendance  of  children  at  school  and  to  perform  any  duties 
necessarv  or  proper  for  the  due  execution  of  the  duties  and  powers  of  the  board. 
[G  S r 1902  s 4707] 

Duties  of  school  visitors,  etc. — The  school  visitors  or  the  town  school  committee  in 
every  town  shall,  once  or  more  in  every  year,  examine  into  the  situation  of  the  children 
employed  in  all  manufacturing  establishments,  and  ascertain  whether  all  the  provisions 
of  this  chapter  [s  2116-2129]  are  duly  observed,  and  report  all  violations  thereof  to 
the  proper  prosecuting  authority.  [G  Sr  1902  s 2121] 

Regulations  of  cities  and  towns  concerning  truants. — Each  city  and  town  may  make 
regulations  concerning  habitual  truants  from  school  and  children  between  the  ages  of 
seven  and  sixteen  years  wandering  about  its  streets  or  public  places,  having  no  lawful 
occupation,  nor  attending  school,  and  growing  up  in  ignorance;  and  may  make  such 
by-laws,  respecting  such  children,  as  shall  conduce  to  their  welfare  and  to  public  order, 
imposing  penalties,  not  exceeding  twenty  dollars  for  any  one  breach  thereof.  [G  S r 
1902  s 2122] 

Appointment  of  truant  officers ; prosecutions. — Every  town,  and  the  mayor  and  aider- 
man  of  every  city,  having  such  by-laws,  shall  annually  appoint  three  or  more  persons, 
who  alone  shall  be  authorized  to  prosecute  for  violations  thereof.  All  warrants  issued 
upon  such  prosecutions  shall  be  returnable  before  any  justice  of  the  peace,  or  judge  of 
the  city  or  police  court  of  the  town  or  city.  [G  S r 1902  s 2123] 

SCHOOL  CENSUS. 

Enumeration  of  children  in  districts ; names  of  employers. — The  committee  of  each 
school  district  or,  if  they  fail  or  are  unable  to  do  so,  the  clerk  shall  annually  in  Septem- 
ber ascertain  the  name  and  age  of  every  person  over  four  and  under  sixteen  years  of  age 
who  shall  belong  to  such  district,  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  said  month,  with  the  names  of 
the  parents  or  guardians  of  such  persons.  If  any  such  persons  are  not  attending  school 
during  said  month  of  September,  then  the  person  making  the  enumeration  shall  ascer- 
tain the  reason  for  such  nonattendance  and,  if  such  persons  are  employed  at  labor,  the 
names  of  their  employers  or  of  the  establishments  where  they  are  employed.  Returns 
shall  be  made  to  the  school  visitors  of  the  town  to  which  such  district  belongs,  on  or 
before  the  twenty-fifth  of  September;  children  temporarily  residing  in  one  district  but 
having  parents  or  guardians  residing  in  another  shall  be  enumerated  only  as  belonging 
to  the  latter  district.  For  making  such  enumeration  the  committee  or  clerk  of  the  dis- 
trict shall  receive  one  dollar,  and  in  addition  thereto  three  cents  for  each  child  enu- 
merated in  excess  of  fifty,  and  the  cost  of  said  enumeration  shall  be  paid  from  the 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  55 


amount  appropriated  by  the  town  for  the  support  of  schools  in  said  district.  If  the 
return  of  enumeration  is  not  made  to  the  board  of  school  visitors  on  or  before  said  twenty- 
fifth  of  September,  one  of  the  school  visitors  or  a person  duly  appointed  by  the  board  of 
school  visitors  shall  make  a complete  enumeration  before  the  fifteenth  of  October  next 
following  and  return  it  to  said  school  visitors,  and  shall  receive  therefor  a sum  not  to 
exceed  five  cents  for  each  child  so  enumerated.  [G  S r 1902  s 2252  as  amended  by 
1913  C 182] 

Enumeration  of  children  in  towns ; names  of  employers . — Town  school  committees  shall 
annually  appoint  one  or  more  persons  who  shall,  in  September  of  each  year,  ascertain 
the  name  and  age  of  every  person  over  four  and  under  sixteen  years  of  age  who  shall 
belong  to  such  town  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  said  month.  If  any  such  persons  are  not 
attending  school  during  said  month  of  September,  then  the  person  making  the  enu- 
meration shall  ascertain  the  reason  for  such  nonattendance  and,  if  such  persons  are 
employed  at  labor,  the  names  of  their  employers  or  of  the  establishments  where  they 
are  employed.  Returns  shall  be  made  to  the  town  school  committee  on  or  before  the 
twenty-fifth  of  September.  Said  person  so  appointed  shall  receive  a sum  not  exceeding 
five  cents  for  each  child  so  enumerated.  Such  return  shall  be  signed  by  the  person 
making  it  and  sworn  to  substantially  according  to  the  form  prescribed  in  section  2253. 
The  town  school  committee  shall  examine  and  correct  the  returns  made  to  it  so  that  no 
person  shall  be  enumerated  twice  or  be  improperly  returned,  and  lodge  them,  as  cor- 
rected, with  the  town  treasurer,  and  shall  transmit  to  the  comptroller,  on  or  before  the 
fifth  of  December  annually,  a certificate  in  which  the  number  of  persons  shall  be 
inserted  in  words  at  full  length,  which  shall  be  sworn  to  substantially  according  to  the 
form  prescribed  in  section  2254.  [G  S r 1902  s 2255  as  amended  by  1913  C 182] 

MANUFACTURING,  MECHANICAL,  AND  MERCANTILE  ESTABLISHMENTS. 

MINIMUM  AGE. 

Employment  under  14  prohibited;  penalty. — No  child  under  fourteen  years  of  age 
shall  be  employed  in  any  mechanical,  mercantile,  or  manufacturing  establishment. 
Every  person,  whether  acting  for  himself  or  as  agent  for  another,  who  shall  employ  or 
authorize  or  permit  to  be  employed  any  child  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  sec- 
tion shall  be  fined  not  more  than  one  hundred  dollars.  [1911  C 119  s 1] 

EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATES. 

Certificates  required  from  14  to  16;  issued  by  school  authorities;  age , school , and  health 
records  required;  records  of  issuing  office;  penalty. — No  child  under  sixteen  years  of  age 
shall  be  employed  in  any  mechanical,  mercantile,  or  manufacturing  establishment 
unless  the  employer  of  such  child  shall  have  first  obtained  a certificate,  signed  by  the 
secretary  or  an  agent  of  the  State  board  of  education,  or  by  a school  supervisor,  school 
superintendent,  supervising  principal,  or  acting  school  visitor  designated  by  said 
board,  stating  the  date  of  the  birth  of  such  child,  showing  that  such  child  is  over  four- 
teen years  of  age,  and  stating  that  such  child  is  able  to  read  with  facility,  to  legibly 
write  simple  sentences,  and  to  perform  the  operations  of  the  fundamental  rules  of 
arithmetic  with  relation  both  to  whole  numbers  and  to  fractions,  and  does  not  appear 
to  be  physically  unfit  for  employment.  Such  certificate  shall  be  in  the  form  prescribed 
and  upon  a blank  furnished  by  the  State  board  of  education,  and  shall  be  issued  in 
triplicate;  and  one  copy  thereof  shall  be  delivered  to  the  parent  or  guardian  of  such 
child,  one  copy  shall  be  delivered  to  the  employer,  and  one  copy  shall  be  deposited 
in  the  office  of  the  State  board  of  education.  Copies  of  such  certificate  shall  be  obtain- 
able from  the  State  board  of  education,  upon  application,  at  any  time.  The  copy  of 
such  certificate  delivered  to  the  parent  or  guardian  of  the  child  may  be  accepted"  by 
the  employer  as  a temporary  certificate,  good  for  one  week,  after  which  time  it  shall 
be  returned  to  the  parent  or  guardian  of  such  child.  Every  person,  whether  acting 
for  himself  or  as  agent  for  another,  who  shall  employ  or  shall  authorize  or  permit  to  be 
employed  any  child  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  section,  shall  be  fined  not 
more  than  one  hundred  dollars.  The  secretary  or  the  agent  of  the  State  board  of 
education  or  the  school  supervisor,  school  superintendent,  supervising  principal,  or 
acting  school  visitor  to  whom  application  shall  be  made  for  a certificate  as  provided  in 
this  section,  shall  have  power  to  require  all  statements  of  fact  offered  in  support  of 
such  application  to  be  made  under  oath,  and  such  oath  may  be  administered  by  said 
secretary,  or  such  agent,  school  supervisor,  school  superintendent,  supervising  princi- 
pal, or  acting  school  visitor,  and  said  secretary,  or  any  such  agent,  school  supervisor, 
school  superintendent,  supervising  principal,  or  acting  school  visitor  may  cause  any 
child  to  be  examined  by  a reputable  physician,  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  him  in 


56  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 


determining  whether  such  child  is  physically  fit  for  employment,  and  may  charge  the 
expense  of  such  physical  examination  against  the  State  as  a part  of  his  expenses. 
[1911  C 119  s 2] 

Employer  to  notify  State  board  of  education  of  commencement  and  termination  oj 
employment;  penalty. — Every  employer  receiving  a certificate  issued  under  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act  shall  promptly  notify  the  State  board  of  education,  in  writing,  in  the 
form  prescribed  and  upon  a blank  furnished  by  said  board,  of  the  time  of  commence- 
ment of  the  employment  of  any  child  thereunder  and,  whenever  such  employment 
terminates  before  such  child  attains  the  age  of  sixteen  years,  of  the  time  of  the  termina- 
tion of  such  employment.  Every  person  violating  any  provision  of  this  section  shall 
be  fined  not  more  than  ten  dollars.  [1911  C 119  s 3] 

Employer  to  keep  certificates  and  list  open  to  inspection;  penalty. — Every  employer 
or  other  person  having  control  of  any  establishment  or  premises  where  children  under 
sixteen  years  of  age  are  employed  who  shall  neglect  to  have  and  keep  on  file  the  cer- 
tificate described  in  section  2 of  this  act  or  to  show  the  same,  with  a list  of  the  names  of 
such  children  so  employed,  to  the  secretary  or  an  agent  of  the  State  board  of  education, 
when  demanded  during  the  usual  business  hours,  shall  be  fined  not  more  than  one 
hundred  dollars.  [1911  C 119  s 5] 

ENFORCEMENT. 

Duties  and  powers  of  school  authorities. — The  provisions  of  section  4707  of  the  General 
Statutes  [G  S r 1902  s 4707]  shall  be  applicable  to  sections  one,  two,  and  three  of  this  act. 
* * * [1911  C 119  s 6] 

VACATION  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATES. 

Vacation  certificates  may  be  granted  children  from  14  to  16;  physical  requirements. — Any 
child  in  good  physical  condition,  between  fourteen  and  sixteen  years  of  age,  on  appli- 
cation in  person  to  the  secretary  or  an  agent  of  the  State  board  of  education  for  a cer- 
tificate of  employment,  shall  be  granted  a temporary  or  vacation  certificate,  permitting 
the  employment  of  said  child  during  the  summer  vacation.  [1913  C 211] 


FORMS  USED  IN  THE  ADMINISTRATION  OF  THE  EMPLOYMENT 
CERTIFICATE  LAW. 

[The  words  in  italics  are  as  entered  by  hand  on  the  blank  forms,  but  all  names  and  addresses,  except  that 
of  the  secretary  of  the  State  board  of  education,  are  fictitious.  Linesi  nclosed  in  brackets  [ ] are  inter- 
polated and  do  not  appear  in  the  forms  as  used.] 

[Form  1.  See  p.  13.] 


INFORMATION  CARD 

Town,  Hartford;  date,  December  1, 1913. 

Name  of  child,  Mary  Rausman. 

Post-office  address,  Grove  Street,  No.  94. 

Place  of  birth,  Russia;  date  of  birth,  November  17 , 1899. 

Name  of  father,  William;  name  of  mother,  Sara. 

Evidence  of  age,  passport  and  sworn  statement  of  mother. 

Evidence  of  education,  transcript— passed  legal  test. 

School,  Henry  Barnard;  grade,  V;  teacher,  Miss  Mason.  (Finished  fifth  grade  also  in  Rochester.) 
Physical  condition,  good. 

Hair,  dark  brown;  eyes,  brown;  complexion,  medium;  height,  small. 

Certificate , series  F,  No.  3262;  notice  to  attend No. . 

Name  of  employer,  Brown,  Smith  & Co.;  address,  Grand  Street. 

Mother  appeared. 


[Form  2.  See  p.  14.] 


TRANSCRIPT  FROM  REGISTER. 


From  the  register  of  the  Henry  Barnard  School. 
It  appears  that 
Mary  Rausman 


(1)  attended  the  Henry  Barnard  School  from  January  6,  1913,  to  November  27, 19 IS; 

(2)  has  completed  the  studies  required  in  said  school  for  the  V grade; 

(3)  was  born  in  Russia  on  the  17th  day  of  November,  1899; 

(4)  the  father’s  name  is  William,  and  resides  at  Grove  (Street),  94  (No.). 


Dated  at  Hartford,  November  27, 19/S. 


HENRY  D.  GRAHA  M, 
Superintendent,  principal,  or  teacher. 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 


57 


[Form  3.  Seep.  14.] 


EMPLOYMENT. 


Name,  Mary  Rausman. 
Address,  94  Grove  Street. 

1.—  324. 5 
1.24 

12980 

6490 

3245 


402.380 


3.—  12  4 5 

— X 3—  X 5- 
17  10  6 


M H 35 

— X — X — = 14 

& W 6 

5 


Town,  Hartford,  Conn 
Date,  Dec.  1, 1913. 

2.—  107. 663+ 


3. 21\345. 60 
) 321 


2460 

2247 


2130 

1926 


H 

— 

2040 

GO 

1926 

W 

1140 

H 

963 

\177 

0 1 

59 

2 

/ 821 

107 

O 

4-- 

60 

< 

CJ 

P 

w 


2 

3- 

8 

40 

2 

1 - 
5 

24 

5 
3- 

6 

50 

9 

g 

m _ 

10 

60 

1.892 

12.45 

124.1 

.0287 

139. 4507 


58  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 


[Form  3a.  See  p.  14.] 


EMPLOYMENT. 


Name,  Peter  H.  Regan. 
Address,  3500  Main  Street. 


1— Add  2345 
1684 
7321 
9999 
8008 

29357 


Town,  New  Haven. 

Date,  September  17, 1914' 

71 
916  — 

U 


2— Divide  74  \ 67855 


125 

U 


515 

m 


4 3 5 

3.— Add-,  3-,  2- 

5 7 8 


2 14 

4. — Subtract  16  - = — 

3 21 


4 224 

224 

• 

3 9 

- = — 

5\280 

120 

4 - = — 

5 280 

) — 

175 

7 21 

56 



CO 



3 120 

4 

280' 

\519  / 1 

5 

3-  = — 

J 

> 280  \ 

W 

12  — 

7 280 

224 

— 

21 

239 

H 

5 175 

~ 8 280 

, 280 

S 

519 

239 

j 

1 

O 

5 === 

6 8\ 

280 

40 

280 

280  ) 

— 

3 

hH 

35 

5 

120 

175 

< 

1 

O 

-Multiply  12  - 

6.— Arrange  and  add: 

2 

28 ' 

\ 125  ( 4 

1.324  374.5  .0267  ! 

4 

.3- 

)112\ 

Q 

and  multiply  by 

7 

13 

W 

15- 

2 

25 

— X 
2 


td 


125 

28 


13 

4~ 


7.— Multiply  7.001 
.01 


.07001 

5 X 9 + 20  - 5 -i-  20  = 3 
5 X 9 = 45  + 20  =*  65 


3 1 

MX-- 

20 


1.324 
374. 5 
.0267 
32. 38 

408. 2307 
15.5 

20411535 

20411535 

4082307 

6327. 57585 


7001 

8— Divide  .10)700.1 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT, 


59 


[Form  3a,  Tt>aclc.  See  p.  14.] 


10.  How  many  pints  in  a quart?  Two. 

11.  How  many  feet  in  three  yards?  Nine. 

12.  How  many  quarts  in  three  pecks?  Twenty-four. 

13.  Write- 

Age,  14  years  2 months. 

When  last  at  school  and  what  grade?  Last  J une;  in  high  fifth. 
What  is  your  father’s  name?  Louis  Regan. 

What  is  your  father’s  business?  Teamster. 

Where  do  you  intend  to  work?  A t Beck  & J ones,  boi  factory. 
What  is  the  name  of  this  State?  Connecticut. 

Write  the  names  of  the  days  of  the  week. 

Sunday. 

Monday. 

Tuesday. 

Wednesday. 

Thursday. 

Friday. 

Saturday. 

14.  Read: 

I have  a little  shadow 
That  goes  in  and  out  with  me 
And  what  can  be  the  use  of  him 
Is  more  than  I can  see. 


[Form  4.  Seep.  15.] 


To  the  Secretary  State  Board  of  Education. 

Dear  sir: 

If  Mary  Rausman  obtains  a legal  certificate  before 


Hartford,  Conn.,  November  SO,  19 IS. 

December  1 , I intend  to  employ  him  her. 

(date) 


BROWN,  SMITH  & CO. 
(Signature  of  person  or  company  intending  to  employ.) 


[Form  5.  See  p.  15.] 

[SEAL.] 

Approved  by  the  State  board  of  education. 
town  clerk’s  certificate  of  age. 

THIS  CERTIFIES 

That  it  appears  on  record  in  this  office 

that  Peter  H.  Regan  was  born  in  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  on  the  9th  day  of  July,  1900,  and 
(name)  (town)  (State  or  country) 

that  his  parents’ names  were  Louis  Regan  and  Jane  Peterson. 

(his  or  her) 

Attest:  FLORENCE  SOPRIS, 

A ssistant  Registrar. 

Dated  at  New  Haven  this  16th  day  of  September,  1914. 


[Form  6.  See  p.  15.] 


EMPLOYMENT  OF  CHILDREN. 


Sara  Rausman 

Makes  the  following  statement: 

1.  That  she  was  born  in  Russia. 

2.  That  she  is  a resident  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  State  of  Connecticut. 

3.  That  she  resides  at  94  Grove  Street,  in  the  city  of  Hartford. 

4.  That  she  is  the  mother  of  Mary  Rausman,  and  that  the  said  Mary  is  here  present. 

5.  That  said  Mary  was  born  at  Russia,  on  the  17th  day  of  November,  1899. 

(Signed :)  SA RA  RA  USMA  N. 

State  of  Connecticut,  County  of  Hartford,  ss: 

On  this  1st  day  of  December,  1913,  personally  appeared  the  above  subscribed  and  made  oath  tha 
the  above  statement  is  true. 


LENORE  M.  JAMES, 

Notary  Public. 


60  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 


[Form  7.  See  p.  16.] 

[The  text  of  the  law  is  printed  on  the  back  of  each  copy.] 


For  parent;  not  good  for  employer  longer  than  one  week. 


[seal.] 


Series  No. 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE . 

Chapter  119,  Public  Acts  of  1911. 

Office  of  State  Board  of  Education, 
Room  42,  Capitol,  Hartford,  December  1, 1913. 

THIS  CERTIFIES  THAT 


Mary  Rausman 
(name) 

of  Hartford,  Connecticut, 

(town)  (State) 

(1)  was  born  at  Russia  on  the  17th  day  of  November,  1899,  and  is  over  fourteen  years  of  age; 

(2)  can  read  with  facility,  write  simple  sentences  legibly,  and  perform  the  operations  of  fundamental 
rules  of  arithmetic  with  relation  both  to  whole  numbers  and  fractions; 

(3)  does  not  appear  to  be  physically  unfit  for  employment; 

(4)  the  address  of  father  is  William,  94  Grove  Street. 

(If  no  father,  mother  or  guardian.) 

Signed  CHAS.  D.  HINE, 

(in  triplicate.)  (agent) 

Secretary. 


[Perforated.] 


The  child  named  below  can  be  lawfully  employed  only  by  the  employer  named  in  the  certificate. 
For  employer;  good  only  for  Brown,  Smith  & Co.  (employer). 

EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE. 

[seal.]  Chapter  119,  Public  Acts  of  1911. 


Series  No. 


Office  of  State  Board  of  Education, 
Room  42,  Capitol,  Hartford,  December  1, 1913. 


THIS  CERTIFIES  THAT 


Mary  Rausman 
(name) 

of  Hartford,  Connecticut, 

(town)  (State) 

(1)  was  born  at  Russia  on  the  17th  day  of  November,  1899,  and  is  over  fourteen  years  of  age; 

(2)  can  read  with  facility,  write  simple  sentences  legibly,  and  perform  the  operations  of  fundamental 
rules  of  arithmetic  with  relation  both  to  whole  numbers  and  fractions; 

(3)  does  not  appear  to  be  physically  unfit  for  employment; 

(4)  the  address  of  father  is  William,  94  Grove  Street. 

(If  no  father,  mother  or  guardian.) 

Signed  CHAS.  D.  HINE, 

(in  triplicate.)  (agent) 

Secretary. 

[Perforated.]  - - 

Has  obtained  employment  at  Brown,  Smith  & Co. 

For  the  State  board  of  education. 


[SEAL.] 


Series  No. 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE. 

Chapter  119,  Public  Acts  of  1911. 

Office  of  State  Board  of  Education, 
Room  42,  Capitol,  Hartford,  December  1, 1913. 

THIS  CERTIFIES  THAT 


Mary  Rausman 
(name) 

of  Hartford,  Connecticut, 

(town)  (State) 

(1)  was  born  at  Russia  on  the  17th  day  of  November , 1899 , and  is  over  fourteen  years  of  age; 

(2)  can  read  with  facility,  write  simple  sentences  legibly,  and  perform  the  operations  of  fundamental 
rules  of  arithmetic  with  relation  both  to  whole  numbers  and  fractions; 

(3)  does  not  appear  to  be  physically  unfit  for  employment; 

(4)  the  address  of  father  is  William,  94  Grove  Street. 

(If  no  father,  mother  or  guardian.) 

Signed  CHAS.  D.  HINE, 

(in  triplicate.)  (agent) 

Secretary. 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT, 


61 


[Form  8.  See  p.  17.] 


Return  at  once  to  State  Board  of  Education,  Hartford,  Connecticut. 

NOTICE  OF  COMMENCEMENT  OF  EMPLOYMENT. 


Reed.  Dec.  2,  191S. 


Section  3,  chapter  119,  Public  Acts  1911. 

Hartford,  Conn.,  December  1. 1913. 
(town)  (date) 

This  notifies  the  State  board  of  education  that  the  employment  of  Mary  Rausman,  whose  certificate 
number  is  F3262,  signed  by  Secretary  Hine,  commenced  on  the  1st  of  December. 

(Signed)  BROWN,  SMITH  & CO. 

(Firm  name.)  C.  Y.  A. 


[Form  9.  See  p.  17.] 

NOTICE  OF  TERMINATION  OF  EMPLOYMENT. 

Section  3,  chapter  119,  Public  Acts  1911. 

Hartford,  Conn.,  January  3, 1914. 
(town)  (date) 

This  notifies  the  State  board  of  education  that  the  employment  of  Mary  Rausman,  whose  certificate 
number  is  F3262,  signed  by  Secretary  Hine,  terminated  on  the  3d  of  January. 

(Signed)  BROWN,  SMITH  & CO ., 

( Firm  name. ) C.  Y.  A. 


[Form  10.  See  p.  17.] 

IMPORTANT  NOTICE. 

Chapter  119,  Public  Acts  of  1911. 

Sec.  3.  Every  employer  receiving  a certificate  issued  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  promptly 
notify  the  State  board  of  education,  in  writing,  in  the  form  prescribed  and  upon  a blank  furnished  by 
said  board,  of  the  time  of  commencement  of  the  employment  of  any  child  thereunder  and,  whenever  such 
employment  terminates  before  such  child  attains  the  age  of  sixteen  years,  of  the  time  of  the  termination 
of  such  employment.  Every  person  violating  any  provision  of  this  section  shall  be  fined  not  more  than 
ten  dollars. 

Blanks  are  inclosed  herewith. 


[Form  11.  See  p.  18.] 

January  7,  1914. 

Mr.  Charles  D.  Hine,  Hartford. 

Dear  Sir: 

Mary  Rausman,  whose  certificate  is  series  F,  No.  3262,  asks  that  a copy  be  sent  to  Rankin  & 
Co.,  where  she  is  now  employed. 

(Signed)  WILLIAM  RAUSMAN. 

(. Father .) 


62  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 


[Form  12.  See  p.  18.] 

[The  text  of  the  law  is  printed  on  the  hack  of  each  copy.] 


For  parent;  not  good  for  employer  longer  than  one  week. 


[seal.] 


Series  F,  No.  3262. 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE. 

Chapter  119,  Public  Acts  of  1911. 

Office  of  State  Board  of  Education, 
Room  42,  Capitol,  Hartford,  December  1, 19 13. 

THIS  CERTIFIES  THAT 


Mary  Rausman 
(name) 

of  Hartford,  Connecticut, 

(town)  (State) 

(1)  was  born  at  Russia  on  the  17th  day  of  November , 1899,  and  is  over  14  years  of  age; 

(2)  can  read  with  facility,  write  simple  sentences  legibly,  and  perform  the  operations  of  fundamental 
rules  of  arithmetic  with  relation  both  to  whole  numbers  and  fractions ; 

(3)  does  not  appear  to  be  physically  unfit  for  employment; 

(4)  the  address  of  father  is  William,  94-  Grove  Street. 

(If  no  father,  mother  or  guardian.) 

Signed  CHAS.  D.  HINE, 

(in  triplicate)  (agent) 

Secretary. 

[Across  the  face:] 

Copy  of  Series  F,  No.  3262,  issued  January  8, 1914.  Secretary,  Chas.  D.  Hine. 

[Perforated.]  

The  child  named  below  can  be  lawfully  employed  only  by  the  employer  named  in  the  certificate. 

For  employer;  good  only  for  Rankin  & Co. 

(employer). 


[seal.] 


Series  F,  No.  3262. 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE. 

Chapter  119,  Public  Acts  of  1911. 

Office  of  State  Board  of  Education, 
Room  42,  Capitol,  Hartford,  December  1, 19 IS. 

THIS  CERTIFIES  THAT 


Mary  Rausman 
(name) 

of  Hartford,  Connecticut, 

(town)  (State) 

(1)  was  born  at  Russia  on  the  17th  day  of  November,  1899,  and  is  over  14  years  of  age; 

(2)  can  read  with  facility,  write  simple  sentences  legibly,  and  perform  the  operations  of  fundamental 
rules  of  arithmetic  with  relation  both  to  whole  numbers  and  fractions; 

(3)  does  not  appear  to  be  physically  unfit  for  employment; 

(4)  the  address  of  father  is  William,  94  Grove  Street. 

(If  no  father,  mother  or  guardian.) 

Signed  CHA  S.D.  HINE, 

(in  triplicate)  (agent) 

Secretary. 

[Across  the  face:] 

Copy  of  Series  F,  No.  3262,  issued  January  8,  1914.  Secretary  Chas.  D.  Hine. 

- [Perforated.] — 

Has  obtained  employment  at  Rankin  & Co. 

For  the  State  board  of  education. 

EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE. 


[SEAL.] 


Series  F,  No.  3262. 


Chapter  119,  Public  Acts  of  1911. 

Office  of  State  Board  of  Education, 
Room  42,  Capitol,  Hartford,  December  1, 1913. 

THIS  CERTIFIES  THAT 


Mary  Rausman 
(name) 

of  Hartford,  Connecticut, 

(town)  (State) 

(1)  was  born  at  Russia  on  the  17th  day  of  November,  1899,  and  is  over  14  years  of  age; 

(2)  can  read  with  facility,  write  simple  sentences  legibly,  and  perform  the  operations  of  fundamental 
rules  of  arithmetic  with  relation  both  to  whole  numbers  and  fractions; 

(3)  does  not  appear  to  be  physically  unfit  for  employment; 

(4)  the  address  of  father  is  William,  94  Grove  Street. 

(If  no  father,  mother  or  guardian.) 

Signed  CHAS.  D.  HINE, 

(in  triplicate)  (agent) 

Secretary. 

[Across  the  face:] 

Copy  of  Series  F,  No.  3262,  issued  January  8,  1914.  Secretary,  Chas.  D.  Hine, 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT.  63 


[Form  13.  See  p.  18.] 

[The  text  of  the  law  is  printed  on  the  back  of  each  copy.] 


[SEAL.] 


Series  F,  No.  4954. 


SUMMER-VACATION  CERTIFICATE— NOTICE  TO  PARENT. 

Chapter  211,  Public  Acts  of  1913. 


Office  of  State  Board  of  Education, 

Room  42,  Capitol,  Hartford,  June  23, 19 13. 


To  parent  of 


Arthur  Ayres. 


You  are  hereby  notified  that  your  child  named  above  must  return  to  school  at  the  beginning  of  the  fall 
term,  September  3,  1913. 

The  State  Board  of  Education, 
By  CHAS.  D.  HINE. 

(agent,  secretary) 


[Perforated.] 

The  holder  of  this  certificate  must  return  to  school  September  3,  19 13. 

The  child  named  below  can  be  lawfully  employed  only  by  the  employer  named  in  the  certificate. 

For  employer;  good  only  for  Farragut  Foundry. 

(employer) 


[SEAL.] 


Series  F,  No.  4954. 


SUMMER-VACATION  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE. 

Chapter  211,  Public  Acts  of  1913. 

Office  of  State  Board  of  Education, 

Room  42,  Capitol,  Hartford,  June  23, 19 13. 

THIS  CERTIFIES  THAT 


Arthur  Ayres 
(name) 

of  Waterbury,  Connecticut, 
(town)  (State) 


(1)  was  born  at  Naugatuck,  on  the  9th  day  of  July,  1898,  and  is  over  14  years  of  age 

(2)  appears  to  be  in  good  physical  condition; 

(3)  the  address  of  father  is  Waterbury. 

(If  no  father,  mother  or  guardian.) 

Signed 

(in  duplicate) 

[Perforated.] 

Has  obtained  employment  at  Farragut  Foundry. 

For  the  State  board  of  education. 


CHAS.  D.  HINE. 
(agent,  secretary) 


SUMMER-VACATION  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE. 


[SEAL.] 


Series  F,  No.  4954. 


Chapter  211,  Public  Acts  of  1913. 

Office  of  State  Board  of  Education, 

Room  42,  Capitol,  Hartford,  June  23, 19 IS. 

THIS  CERTIFIES  THAT 

Arthur  Ayres 
(name) 


of  Waterbury,  Connecticut , 

(town)  (State) 

(1)  was  born  at  Naugatuck,  on  the  9th  day  of  July,  1898,  and  is  over  14  years  of  age; 

(2)  appears  to  be  in  good  physical  condition; 

(3)  the  address  of  father  is  Waterbury. 

(If  no  father,  mother  or  guardian.) 

Signed  CHAS.  D.  HINE. 

(in  duplicate)  (agent,  secretary) 


64  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 


[Form  14.  See  p.  19.] 

[One  copy  is  for  the  child,  one  for  the  employer,  and  one  for  the  State  board  of  education.] 


[SEAL.] 

No.  920.  June  11, 1914. 

THIS  CERTIFIES 

That  there  is  evidence  on  file  in  this  office  showing  that 

Fannie  Abbott 
(name) 

is  over  sixteen  vears  of  age. 

CHAS.  D.  HINE, 

Agent. 

Name  of  father,  Jaimes  A bbott. 

Residence,  868  Highland  Avenue. 

Character  of  evidence,  town  clerk’s  certificate. 

[Perforated.] 

[SEAL.] 

No.  920.  June  11, 1914. 

THIS  CERTIFIES 

That  there  is  evidence  on  file  in  this  office  showing  that 

Fannie  Abbott 
(name) 

is  over  sixteen  years  of  age. 

CHAS.  D.  HINE, 

Agent. 

Name  of  father,  James  Abbott. 

Residence,  368  Highland  Avenue. 

Character  of  evidence,  town  clerk’s  certificate. 

[Perforated.]  - 

[seal.] 

No.  920.  June  11, 1914. 

THIS  CERTIFIES 

That  there  is  evidence  on  file  in  this  office  showing  that 

Fannie  Abbott 
(name) 

is  over  sixteen  years  of  age. 

CHAS.  D.  HINE, 

Agent. 

Name  of  father,  James  A bbott. 

Residence,  368  Highland  Avenue. 

Character  of  evidence,  town  clerk ’s  certificate. 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 


65 


[Form  15.  See  p.  29.] 

BLANK  FORM  FOR  ENUMERATION. 

NB— As  many  copies  as  may  be  necessary  are  to  be  distributed  to  each  enumerator  by  the  school  board 
of  the  town  previous  to  the  first  day  of  September. 

(General  Statutes  of  Connecticut,  revision  of  1902.) 

Amended  by  chapter  31,  Public  Acts  of  1907,  and  chapter  182,  Public  Acts  of  1913. 

Section2252.  Enumeration  of  children  in  districts.  SectionI.  SECTION  2252  of  the  General  Statutes  as 
amended  by  section  one  of  chapter  31  of  the  Public  Acts  of  1907  is  hereby  amended  to  read  as  follows:  The 
committee  of  each  school  district  or,  if  they  fail  or  are  unable  to  do  so,  the  clerk,  shall  annually  in  September 
ascertain  the  name  and  age  of  every  person  over  four  and  under  sixteen  years  of  age  who  shall  belong  to 
such  district,  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  said  month,  with  the  names  of  the  parents  or  guardians  of  such  persons. 
If  any  such  persons  are  not  attending  school  during  said  month  of  September,  then  the  person  making  the 
enumeration  shall  ascertain  the  reason  for  such  nonattendance  and,  if  such  persons  are  employed  at  labor, 
the  names,of  their  employers  or  of  the  establishments  where  they  are  employed.  Returns  shall  be  made 
to  the  school  visitors  of  the  town  to  which  such  district  belongs,  on  or  before  the  twenty-fifth  of  September; 
children  temporarily  residing  in  one  district  but  having  parents  or  guardians  residing  in  another  shall  be 
enumerated  only  as  belonging  to  the  latter  district.  For  making  such  enumeration  the  committee  or  clerk 
of  the  district  shall  receive  one  dollar,  and  in  addition  thereto  three  cents  for  each  child  enumerated  in 
excess  of  fifty,  and  the  cost  of  said  enumeration  shall  be  paid  from  the  amount  appropriated  by  the  town 
for  the  support  of  schools  in  said  district.  If  the  return  of  enumeration  is  not  made  to  the  board  of  school 
visitors  on  or  before  the  said  twenty-fifth  of  September,  one  of  the  school  visitors  or  a person  duly  appointed 
by  the  board  of  school  visitors  shall  make  a complete  enumeration  before  the  fifteenth  of  October  next 
following  and  return  it  to  said  school  visitors,  and  shall  receive  therefor  a sum  not  to  exceed  five  cents 
for  each  child  so  enumerated. 

Amended  by  chapter  64,  Public  Acts  1903;  chapter  31,  Public  Acts  of  1907;  and  chapter  182, Public  Acts 

of  1913. 

Section  2255.  Enumeration  in  consolidated  districts.  Sec.  2.  Section  2255  of  the  General  Statutes  as 
amended  by  chapter  64  of  the  Public  Acts  of  1903  as  amended  by  section  two  of  chapter  31  of  the  Public 
Acts  of  1907  is  hereby  amended  to  read  as  follows:  Town  school  committees  shall  annually  appoint  one  or 
more  persons  who  shall,  in  September  of  each  year,  ascertain  the  name  and  age  of  every  person  over  four 
and  under  sixteen  years  of  age  who  shall  belong  to  such  town  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  said  month.  If  any 
such  persons  are  not  attending  school  during  said  month  of  September,  then  the  person  making  the  enumer- 
ation shall  ascertain  the  reason  for  such  nonattendance  and,  if  such  persons  are  employed  at  labor,  the 
names  of  their  employers  or  of  the  establishments  where  they  are  employed.  Returns  shall  be  made  to 
the  town  school  committee  on  or  before  the  twenty-fifth  of  September.  Said  persons  so  appointed  shall 
receive  a sum  not  exceeding  five  cents  for  each  child  so  enumerated.  Such  return  shall  be  signed  by  the 
person  making  it  and  sworn  to  substantially  according  to  the  form  prescribed  in  section  2253.  The  town 
school  committee  shall  examine  and  correct  the  returns  made  to  it  so  that  no  person  shall  be  enumerated 
twice  or  be  improperly  returned,  and  lodge  them,  as  corrected,  with  the  town  treasurer,  and  shall  transmit 
to  the  comptroller,  on  or  before  the  fifth  of  December  annually,  a certificate  in  which  the  number  of  persons 
shall  be  inserted  in  words  at  full  length,  which  shall  be  sworn  to  substantially  according  to  the  form  pre- 
scribed in  section  2254. 

Note.— Unless  the  enumeration  is  made  in  all  respects  according  to  law,  the  school  board  can  not  make 
the  returns  required  by  General  Statutes,  section  2167.  Failure  to  make  such  returns  will  forfeit  all  money 
for  the  schools  of  the  towns  from  the  State  treasury. 

Directions.— In  column  1,  place  the  full  name  of  the  parent  or  guardian;  in  column  2,  the  given  name 
of  child  and  the  age  of  same;  in  column  3,  where  the  child  is  now  attending  school;  if  not  attending  any 
school  state  in  column  4 the  name  of  employer  or  reason  for  nonattendance,  if  not  employed  indicating 
blindness  or  defective  sight  by  letter  “B”  deaf  or  dumb  by  “D”  and  imbecile  by  “I.” 

List  of  persons  over  four  and  under  sixteen  years  of  age  in school  district,  in  the  town  of , on 

the  first  Tuesday  of  September,  A.  D.  19 


1 

2 

3 

4 

Names  of  parents  or 
guardians. 

Children. 

Attendance. 

Name  of 
employer, 
or  reason 
for  non- 
attendance. 

Names. 

Age. 

Town. 

District. 

Private 

school. 

I hereby  certify  that  I have  carefully  enumerated,  according  to  law,  all  persons  over  four  and  under  sixteen 

years  of  age  within  the school  district,  in  the  town  of , and  find  that  on  the  first  Tuesday  of 

September,  A.  D.  19 , there  were  of  such  persons,  residing  in  and  belonging  to  said  district,  the  number 

of 

, Enumerator. 

On  this day  of , A.  D.  19 — , personally  appeared  the  above-named  and  made  oath  to  the 

truth  of  the  above  return  by  him  subscribed.  Before  me, 

, Notary  Public. 


66  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 


[Form  16.  See  p.  29.] 
[BRIDGEPORT  SCHOOL  ENUMERATOR’S  BLANK.] 


Residence  Sept.  1. 

Names  of  parent 
or  guardian  and 
children. 

Age. 

When  last  in  school. 

Employer. 

Reason  for 
nonattend- 
ance. 

Name  of  school. 

Mo. 

Year. 

Residence  Oct.  1, 
previous  year. 

[Form  17.  See  p.  29.] 
[BRIDGEPORT  OFFICE  CENSUS  RECORD.] 


[Form  18.  See  p.  30.] 

1913. 

MIDDLETOWN  CITY  SCHOOL  DISTRICT. 

My  name  is My  age  is 

I am  in  Grade in  the School. 

My  father’s  name  is 

He  lives  at  number , Street. 

I have  brothers  and  sisters  as  follows: 


Names. 

Age. 

Where  at  work  or  at  school. 

EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 


67 


[Form  19.  See  p.  31.] 


D,  No.  8.  ! 

Date  of  notice,  February  7, 1914.  ! 

Town,  Hartford.  i 

Name  of  child,  Concettina  Savilla.  r-L 

Age,  14.  •o' 

Name  of  parent  or  guardian,  Tony.  2 

Address,  32  Warren  Street.  2 

Place  of  birth  of  child,  Italy.  ^ 

Date  of  birth  of  child,  November  14, 1899.  ® 

Investigated  by  E.  M.  Farm  ell.  tL 

Sent  to  St.  Patrick’s  School,  Hartford.  j 

CHAS.  D.  HINE,  Secretary  agent-  ! 
Final  action ! 


D,  No.  3.  : 

Date  of  notice,  February  7, 1914.  I 

Town,  Hartford.  \ 

Name  of  child,  Concettina  Savilla. 

Age,  14.  'd 

Name  of  parent  er  guardian,  Tony.  2 

Address,  32  Warren  Street.  2 

Place  of  birth  of  child,  Italy.  *2 

Date  of  birth  of  child,  November  14, 1899.  ® 

Investigated  by  E.  M.  Farwell.  c. 

Sent  to  St.  Patrick’s  School,  Hartford.  \ 
CHA  S.  D.  HINE,  Secretary  agent,  i 
Final  action ! 


§.2 
_ 03 


D,  No.  3.  attendance  notice.  Attendance  blank  11. 

To  Tony  Savilla,  parent  or  guardian,  32  Warren  Street. 

Office  of  State  Board  of  Education, 

Room  42,  Capitol,  Hartford. 

Under  the  provisions  of  chapter  36  of  the  Public  Acts  of  1905  the  State  board  of  education  has  ascertained 
that  your  child  Concettina,  whose  age  is  said  to  be  14,  has  not  sufficient  education  to  warrant  her 
leaving  school  to  be  employed. 

AND  YOU  ARE  HEREBY  NOTIFIED 

to  cause  said  Concettina  to  attend  St.  Patrick’s  School  regularly  in  the  town  of  Hartford  until  you 
have  obtained  a certificate  from  the  State  board  of  education  that  the  education  of  said  Concettina  is 
satisfactory  to  said  board. 

Dated  February  7, 1914. 

The  State  Board  of  Education. 

By  CHAS.  D.  HINE,  Secretary  rts  agent. 

[Law  on  reverse.] 


[Form  20.  See  p.  32.] 


[SEAL.] 

Hartford,  January  15, 191 4. 

To  Rankin  & Co.,  Hartford,  Conn. 

Dear  Sir:  On  January  5 an  employment  certificate,  No.  8262,  Series  F,  was  issued  to  Mary 
Rausman,  who  stated  that  she  was  to  be  employed  by  your  firm. 

Kindly  fill  out  the  enclosed  notice  of  commencement  of  employment  and  return  same  to  this  office  at 
once. 

Please  note  section  3 of  the  enclosed  copy  of  the  law. 

Yours,  truly, 

State  Board  of  Education. 
By  CHAS.  D.  HINE, 

Secretary. 

(Enc.) 


[Form  21.  See  p.  32.] 


[SEAL.] 

Hartford,  April  19, 194. 

To  Smart,  Weeks  & Co.,  Hartford,  Conn. 

Dear  Sir:  On  March  11  an  employment  certificate,  No.  3262,  Series  F,  was  issued  to  Mary 
Rausman,  who  stated  that  she  was  to  be  employed  by  your  firm. 

Mary  Rausman  has  since  applied  for  a copy  of  her  certificate,  stating  that  she  has  secured  another 
position. 

Kindly  fill  out  the  enclosed  notice  of  termination  of  employment  and  return  same  to  this  office  at  once. 
Please  note  section  3 of  the  enclosed  copy  of  the  law. 

Yours,  truly, 

State  Board  of  Education. 
By  CHAS.  D.  HINE, 

(Enc.)  Secretary. 


68 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 


[Form  22.  See  p.  32.  j 

Hartford,  January  4, 1S14. 
Dear  Sir:  Please  inform  me  on  the  attached  postal  where  your  child  Mary  Rausman  is  now  employed. 
The  certificate  number  is 
I f not  employed,  where  is  she  attending  school? 

Yours,  truly. 

State  Board  of  Education. 
CHAS.  D.  HINE . 

To  the 

State  board  of  education 
Room  42,  Capitol. 

HARTFORD,  ' 

Connecticut. 


[ Folded,  j 


Secretary. 


(Form  22,  Daclc.  See  p.  32.] 
{Reverse  of  lower  half  of  above  postal  card,  I 


reply  on  this  side. 

Town 

Date 

Signature 

Address.  . ... 


fForm  23.  See  p.  35.it 

Date.  February  i0. 19 ifa 

Town,  Ansonia. 

Name  of  firm,  J.  W.  C.  Co. 

Post  office,  Ansonia,  Conn. 

Business,  manufacturing  eyelets. 

Supt.,  James  Leonard. 

No.  hands  employed,  175 . 

No.  between  14  and  16, boys;  4 girls. 

No.  certificates:  Town  clerk, : teacher, : agent,  fa 

No.  certificates  required,  none. 

No.  employed  under  14,  ......  boys;  ......  girls. 

(Names  on  reverse  side.) 


[Form  24.  See  p.  35. j 

(The  spaces  left  blank  here  are  not  usually  filled  out.} 


Connecticut  State  Board  of  Education 
Agent,  Stephen  Wise. 

Town,  Ansonia. 

Date  of  visit,  February  10,  tSlfa 

1.  Name  of  firm,  J.  W.  C.  Co. 

2.  Business,  manufacturers  of  eyelets. 

3.  Name  of  superintendent,  J ames  Leonard;  P.  O.  address,  Ansonia,  Conn. 

4.  Number  of  hands  employed,  175;  number  between  14  and  16,  8 boys;  4 girls, 

5.  Is  record  book  used? 

6.  Certificates  of  age  by  town  clerk, ; teacher, ; agents,  4. 

Certificates  of  age  investigated, ; required, 

7.  Number  under  14  employed;  0;  boys,  0:  girls,  0. 

Action  taken  by  agent 

Result 

8.  Number  between  14  and  16  unable  to  read : any  language : English  ...... 

9.  Does  town  maintain  evening  school? 

10.  Horns  per  week, Is  evening  work  required? 

11.  Average  wages  per  week, 


[Form 25,  Seep. 35.) 


Establishments  Employing  Children  14  tc  1& 

Town,  Ansonia, 

Date,  June  18, 1918. 

Name  of  firm,  J.  W.  C.  Co. 

Address,  Ansonia,  Conn. 

Business,  m’nf’g  eyelets. 

Children  14-16  at  last  inspection, boys;  6 girls. 

Children  14-16  without  legal  certificates,  0 boys;  0 girls. 

Inspected  (dates),  February  10, 1914 . 


February  10, 1914, 4 girls. 


(OVER.) 


EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  CONNECTICUT. 
[Form  26.  See  p.  36.] 


69 


Stephen  Wise,  Jan'y , 191 4. 
agent’s  report. 
Labor. 
Visitation. 

No.  towns,  11. 


Employed. 


1.  Establishments: 

No.  manufacturing,  7. 

No.  mercantile 

No.  mechanical 

Other  occupations 


Under  14, 


14  to  16. 


Having 

cert’s. 


29 


Not  hav- 
ing cert’s. 


Illegally 

employed 


2.  Special  cases  investigated,  2. 


3.  Certificates  of  age . 


Con- 

tinued 

cases. 

New 

appli- 

cations. 

Total. 

Applications. 

Certifi- 

cates 

issued. 

Total. 

Notices 
to  at- 
tend 
school. 

Re- 

jected. 

Con- 

tinued. 

65 

178 

248 

56* 

100 

87 

243 

10 

State- 
ments 
of  age. 


86 


4.  Prosecutions: 

Number, 

Result  in  each, 

number  of  certificates  refused  on  account  of  phyiscal  disability,  none; 
number  of  copies  of  certificates  issued,  183. 

5.  Number  of  letters,  483. 


6.  Number  of  days  occupied  in  issuing  certificates. 


Town. 

Days. 

Number 
of  appli- 
cants. 

[Form  27.  See  p.  12.] 


OFFICE  STATE  BOARD  OF  EDUCATION. 

EMPLOYMENT. 

When  applying  for  an  employment  certificate  the  following  are  necessary  conditions: 

1.  The  parent  must  appear  in  person  with  the  child. 

2.  Satisfactory  evidence  of  child’s  age  must  be  presented.  Town  clerk’s  or  registrar’s  certificate  is 
satisfactory. 

3.  A transcript  from  register  of  school  last  attended  giving  age  and  grade  must  be  furnished. 

4.  Assurance  in  writing  of  definite  employment  by  firm  or  person  must  be  presented. 

Application  can  be  made  to— 


[Form  28.  See  p.  33.] 

Town... 

Name Address 

Date  of  birth Certificate  No School Grade. 

Description 

Last  employed  at Date  of  leaving Reason 


Date. 

Placed  with — 

Nature  of  occupation. 

Left. 

Date. 

Reason. 

i 

1 

O 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR 

CHILDREN’S  BUREAU 

JULIA  C.  LATHROP.  Chief 


MENTAL  DEFECTIVES 

IN  THE 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA 

A BRIEF  DESCRIPTION  OF  LOCAL 
CONDITIONS  AND  THE  NEED  FOR 
CUSTODIAL  CARE  AND  TRAINING 

DEPENDENT,  DEFECTIVE,  AND  DELINQUENT  CLASSES 
SERIES  No.  2 

Bureau  Publication  No.  1 3 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1915 


CONTENTS. 


!p 


Page. 

Letter  of  transmittal 5 

Introduction 7 

Definition  of  “mental  defectives” 8 

Table  showing  distribution  of  mental  defectives  reported  in  the  District  of 

Columbia,  by  location,  color,  sex,  and  age 9-11 

Sources  of  information  and  completeness  of  data 12-14 

Situation  in  the  District  of  Columbia 15-19 

Provision  for  mental  defectives 15 

Number  of  mental  defectives 15 

Ages  of  mental  defectives 15 

Mental  defectives  in  nonappropriate  institutions 16-18 

Mental  defectives  attending  public  schools  and  at  home 18 

Need  of  uniform  standard  of  examination 18 

Mental  defectives  needing  institutional  care 18, 19 

Reasons  for  segregation  and  assumption  by  the  State  of  care  of  mental  defectives.  20-22 

Burden  on  the  family 20 

Handicap  to  school  system 20 

Danger  to  society 20,  21 

Possibility  of  training 22 

Extent  of  State  provision  for  mental  defectives 23 

Kind  of  institution  adapted  to  the  care  and  treatment  of  mental  defectives 24,  25 

Economic  aspect  of  the  problem 26-28 

Investment  in  land,  buildings,  and  equipment 26 

Cost  of  maintenance 26-28 

Economy  of  adequate  provision 28 

APPENDIX. 

Classified  instances  of  mental  defectives  in  the  District  of  Columbia  for  whom 

institutional  care  is  desirable ; 29-39 

Mental  defect  as  a cause  of  dependency 29-31 

Mentally  defective  women  who  are  morally  delinquent 31-33 

4 Children  too  defective  to  attend  school 33 

Children  in  special  schools  too  defective  to  benefit  by  such  training 34 

Mental  defectives  whose  families  are  unable  to  provide  proper  care 34,  35 

Defective  delinquents  detrimental  to  the  welfare  of  the  community 36 

Mental  defectives  who  are  also  physically,  defective 36,  37 

S Mentally  defective  women  likely  to  become  victims  of  improper  treatment-  37,  38 

Adults  who  might  have  profited  by  institutional  training 38 

Cases  indicating  defective  stock 38,  39 


3 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Labor, 

Children’s  Bureau, 
Washington , March  18,  1915. 

Sir:  I transmit  herewith  a report  on  the  needs  of  feeble-minded 
persons  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

The  fact  that  there  is  at  present  no  special  provision  for  this  unfor- 
tunate class  is  a matter  of  concern  to  many  public-spirited  citizens  of 
the  District.  At  the  request  of  the  Citizens’  Committee  on  the  Care 
of  the  Feeble-minded,  the  Children’s  Bureau  undertook  to  secure  a 
list  of  known  cases  of  mentally  defective  persons  resident  in  the  Dis- 
trict who  for  their  own  protection  and  that  of  the  community  were  in 
need  of  custodial  care.  The  following  report  is  based  upon  the 
information  thus  gathered.  Also  at  the  request  of  the  committee, 
brief  statements  as  to  the  problem  of  the  feeble-minded  in  general 
and  public  provision  therefor  have  been  added. 

The  report  has  been  prepared  by  Miss  Emma  O.  Lundberg,  social 
service  expert  of  the  bureau,  with  the  assistance  of  Miss  Katharine 
F.  Lenroot  and  Miss  Nettie  B.  Browne. 

Very  respectfully, 


Hon.  Wm.  B.  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Labor. 


Julia  C.  Lathrop,  Chief. 


5 


MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA, 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  following  study  of  the  extent  of  the  problem  of  mental  defec- 
tiveness in  the  District  of  Columbia  was  undertaken  at  the  request 
of  a citizens’  committee.  This  committee  of  about  40  persons,  organ- 
ized under  the  leadership  of  the  Monday  Evening  Club,  is  composed 
of  representatives  of  various  philanthropic  and  social  agencies  and 
institutions  of  the  District  whose  dealings  with  the  problems  of 
the  community  have  made  them  realize  the  urgent  need  for  secur- 
ing an  institution  for  the  proper  care  and  treatment  of  mental 
defectives. 

Reports  of  organizations  and  institutions  of  the  District  of  Columbia 
have  repeatedly  stated  the  necessity  for  proper  custodial  provision. 
The  District  Board  of  Charities  in  its  annual  report  for  1914  presents 
the  need  as  follows: 

We  again  urge  the  importance  of  providing  proper  facilities  for  the  segregation  and 
care  of  the  feeble-minded.  This  is  a question  which  is  receiving  active  attention 
throughout  the  entire  country.  It  is  now  generally  realized  that  the  only  effective 
method  of  handling  this  problem  is  to  provide  permanent  custodial  care  where  this 
class  may  be  safely  segregated  from  the  community  and  prevented  from  reproducing 
their  kind.  The  District  of  Columbia  has  at  present  no  provision  within  its  confines 
for  the  care  of  this  class.  About  100  are  cared  for  under  contract  in  institutions  located 
in  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  and  Virginia,  and  a few  older  persons  are  cared  for  in 
the  hospital  for  the  insane. 

The  Board  of  Children’s  Guardians  reports  as  follows: 

Provision  for  the  care  of  feeble-minded  children  remains  in  the  same  unsatisfactory 
condition  as  a year  ago  and  for  many  years  preceding.  While  bills  have  been  pend- 
ing in  the  Congress  for  several  years  intended  to  establish  a training  school  in  the 
District  of  Columbia  for  feeble-minded  children,  none  has  been  enacted.  The  need 
of  such  an  institution  is  especially  urgent,  as  no  training  school  for  the  care  of  feeble- 
minded colored  children  of  this  District  is  available  elsewhere. 

The  superintendent  of  the  Home  for  the  Aged  and  Infirm,  after 
describing  cases  of  inmates  who  are  in  the  institution,  not  because 
they  are  old  but  because  of  mental  or  physical  infirmity,  says: 

Under  these  conditions  can  this  institution  be  made  all  that  the  public  intends  it 
shall  be — all  that  the  Board  of  Charities  have  constantly  striven  to  make  it — a home? 
But  relief  from  these  anomalous  conditions  is  obviously  only  to  be  found  in  the  exe- 
cution of  the  board’s  plan  to  have  a separate  institution  for  each  distinct  class  of  its 
dependents. 


7 


8 MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

The  trustees  of  the  National  Training  School  for  (Colored)  Girls 
reported  to  the  Board  of  Charities: 

The  attention  of  Congress  should  be  invited  to  the  necessity  of  caring  for  feeble- 
minded colored  girls.  In  the  past  many  such  have  been  sent  to  this  school  because 
of  the  lack  of  an  appropriate  institution  to  care  for  them.  Manifestly  this  is  not  the 
place;  no  progress  is  made  with  them,  and  their  presence  is  a decided  drawback. 

The  superintendent  of  the  same  institution  states  in  her  report: 

I would  advise  legislation  providing  for  the  care  of  feeble-minded  colored  girls, 
whom  we  are  reasonably  sure,  from  direct  knowledge  of  such  cases,  will  become  the 
helpless  mothers  of  successive  illegitimate  children. 

The  data  gathered  in  regard  to  conditions  in  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia furnish  evidence  bearing  on  the  many  phases  of  this  problem — 
the  individual  suffering  and  degeneration,  the  burden  to  families,  the 
handicap  to  the  school  system,  and  the  danger  to  the  whole  com- 
munity resulting  from  the  lack  of  proper  provision  for  those  suffering 
from  mental  defect. 

In  view  of  the  close  relationship  between  mental  defect  and  problems 
of  child  welfare,  the  library  of  the  Children’s  Bureau  is  collecting 
material  pertaining  to  all  phases  of  the  subject  of  mental  defect, 
including  reports  of  institutions.  This  material  is  at  the  service  of 
those  interested  in  the  care  of  mental  defectives. 

DEFINITION  OF  “MENTAL  DEFECTIVES.” 

The  term  “mental  defect”  implies  congenital  defect  or  defect 
occurring  in  early  life  as  contrasted  with  “insanity,”  implying  a 
diseased  condition  developed  in  later  life.  The  term  “feeble-minded- 
ness” is  now  largely  used  in  the  United  States  as,  a generic  term 
applied  to  all  persons  who  because  of  mental  defect  are  incapable  of 
normal  development. 

The  generally  accepted  classification  divides  feeble-mindedness  into 
three  grades:  Idiots,  the  lowest  type;  imbeciles,  the  middle  type; 
morons,  the  highest  grade.  The  American  Association  for  the  Study 
of  the  Feeble-minded  in  1910  adopted  the  following  classification1  of 
mental  defectives: 

“ Idiots — Those  so  deeply  defective  that  their  mental  develop- 
ment does  not  exceed  that  of  a normal  child  of  about  2 years. 

“ Imbeciles — Those  whose  development  is  higher  than  that  of  an 
idiot,  but  does  not  exceed  that  of  a normal  child  of  about  7 years. 

“Morons — Those  whose  mental  development  is  above  that  of  an 
imbecile,  but  does  not  exceed  that  of  a normal  child  of  about  12 
years.” 


Journal  of  Psycho-Asthenics,  March  and  June,  1911,  p.  134. 


Table  showing  distribution  of  mental  defectives  reported  in  District  of  Columbia,  by  location,  color,  sex,  and  age. 


MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.  9 


White. 

Females. 

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CM 

CM 

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107 

CM  CO 
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• rH  • • LO 

TP  CM  O 00  rH 

CM  CO  rH  CO  CM 

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176 

11 

7 

7 
11 

2 

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11 

3 

6 

7 

452 

TP  C5  CO  00  00 

CM  CO  CO  05  iO 

Location. 

Total 

In  appropriate  institutions 

Pennsylvania  Training  School  for  Feeble- 
minded Children  (Elwyn) 

Virginia  Training  School  (Falls  Church) 

In  other  institutions 

Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane 

i 

10 
1 c 

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32 

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5PC 

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11 

i £ 
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Its 

Orphan  Asylums  (Washington,  St.  Joseph’s, 

St.  Vincent’s,  National  Colored  Home) 

Bruen  Home 

m 

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2 

2 

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3 J* 

3 8 
33c 

3 b£-<- 

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Boarded  out  by  Board  of  Children’s  Guar- 

a 

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T. 

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2 

1 

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Not  in  school  (6  to  15  years,  inclusive,  too 

rtflfsntiVft  t.n 

At  home  (under  6 and  over  15  years) 

Location  not  ascertained 

88398°— 15 2 


Table  showing  distribution  of  mental  defectives  reported  in  District  of  Columbia , by  location,  color,  sex,  and  age— Continued. 


Colored. 

Females.  tel 

3 

TAL  DEFECTTV" 

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Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane 

| 0 

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3 c 

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2'c 

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gj 

51 

tit 

11  atiGuai  liouiiug  uuiiuvu  xui  uuio 

Orphan  Asylums  (Washington,  St.  Joseph’s,  St.  Vin- 
cent’s, National  Colored  Home) 

Other  institutions  for  delinquents 

Washington  Asylum  Hospital,  Children’s  Hospital, 
Freedmen’s  Hospital 

Institution  not  ascertained 

Not  in  institutions 

Boarded  out  by  Board  of  Children’s  Guardians 

In  atypical  and  regular  schools 

Not  in  school  (6  to  15  years,  inclusive,  too  defective 

At  home  (under  6 and  over  15  years) 

Location  not  ascertained 

MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.  11 


The  sex  and  race  distribution,  by  age,  is  summarized  in  the  fob  ow- 


ing table: 


Sex  and  race  distribution , by  age. 


- Age. 

Total. 

Sex. 

Race. 

White.  ^ 

Colored. 

Male. 

Female. 

White. 

Colored. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

All  ages 

798 

438 

360 

534 

264 

305 

229 

133 

131 

Under  6 

20 

10 

10 

15 

5 

9 

6 

1 

4 

6 to  8 

47 

24 

23 

36 

11 

19 

17 

5 

6 

9 to  11 

77 

50 

•27 

61 

16 

41 

20 

9 

7 

12  to  14 

128 

79 

49 

96 

32 

62 

34 

17 

15 

15  to  17 

109 

66 

43 

63 

46 

39 

24 

27 

19 

18  to  20 

98 

53 

45 

60 

38 

33 

27 

* 20 

18 

21  to  25 

80 

39 

41 

44 

36 

24 

20 

15 

21 

26  to  30 

46 

27 

19 

32 

14 

19 

13 

8 

6 

31  to  35 

50 

21 

29 

29 

21 

13 

16 

8 

13 

36  to  40 

44 

26 

18 

25 

19 

15 

10 

11 

8 

41  to  45 

33 

21 

12 

23 

10 

15 

8 

6 

4 

46  and  over 

66 

22 

44 

50 

16 

16 

34* 

6 

10 

SOURCES  OF  INFORMATION  AND  COMPLETENESS  OF 

DATA. 


An  effort  was  made  to  secure  as  complete  an  enumeration  as  possi- 
ble of  the  mental  defectives  of  the  District  of  Columbia  who  might 
be  assumed  to  be  proper  cases  for  institutional  treatment.  Valuable 
assistance  was  given  by  the  teachers  of  public,  parochial,  and  atypical 
schools,  the  Board  of  Charities  and  the  Board  of  Children’s  Guardians 
of  the  District,  all  the  reformatory  institutions  for  children,  orphan 
asylums,  church  societies,  hospitals,  social  settlements,  relief-giving 
societies,  physicians,  pastors,  and  private  individuals.  About  200 
cases  were  visited  by  an  agent  of  the  Children’s  Bureau  for  verifica- 
tion and  further  data. 

A total  of  889  names  were  reported,  but  of  this  number  91  were 
either  duplicates  or  names  regarding  which  the  information  was  so 
meager  that  the  persons  were  not  traceable,  leaving  a total  of  798 
individuals  reported  as  being  in  need  of  institutional  care.  (See  table, 
pp.  9,  10.)  It  is  of  course  necessary  to  assume  that  a large  number 
of  the  cases  so  reported  would  be  found  on  further  investigation  not 
to  be  proper  cases  for  institutions;  but  on  the  other  hand  it  is  self- 
evident  that  the  enumeration  does  not  include  the  total  number  of 
those  who  would  benefit  by  the  right  kind  of  institutional  treatment. 

Complete  information  obviously  could  not  be  secured  in  a survey 
of  this  kind.  It  was  impossible  to  make  any  test  of  mentality  in 
order  to  determine  accurately  the  number  of  mental  defectives  in  the 
various  reformatories  and  institutions  for  dependents,  or  to  attempt 
to  determine  the  number  of  mentally  defective  children  in  the 
schools  except  as  this  has  already  been  done  in  connection  with  the 
atypical  schools.  Accurate  information  in  regard  to  individuals 
neither  in  schools  nor  in  institutions  was  still  more  difficult  to  obtain. 

In  order  to  determine  conclusively  the  mental  condition  of  an 
individual  it  is  necessary  to  consider  his  family  history,  general 
environment,  illness  that  may  have  resulted  in  retardation  or  perma- 
nent handicap,  present  physical  condition,  personal  habits,  conduct 
and  peculiarities,  schooling,  and  employment  record.  The  decision 
as  to  the  need  for  custodial  care  in  a given  case  must  be  influenced 
by  social  conditions,  including  the  character  of  the  home  and  the 
ability  of  the  family  to  provide  the  necessary  training  and  safeguards. 
The  number  of  individuals  requiring  custodial  care  remains  approxi- 
mately the  same,  although  the  personnel  of  the  group  varies  with 
constantly  changing  conditions. 

12 


MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.  13 

Authorities  on  mental  diseases  have  estimated  that  the  number  of 
mental  defectives  in  a community  usually  approximates  the  number 
of  insane.  On  this  basis  the  number  in  the  District  of  Columbia 
would  be  between  1,400  and  1,500.  The  percentage  of  mental 
defectives  needing  custodial  treatment,  however,  would  not  be  so 
large  as  among  the  insane.  According  to  estimates  based  on  findings 
of  various  inquiries  in  the  United  States  and  in  other  countries,  the 
798  individuals  reported  during  the  course  of  this  investigation  as 
mentally  defective  represent  a very  conservative  proportion  of  the 
total  population  of  the  District  of  Columbia.  This  enumeration  was 
made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  the  number  of  persons  in  need 
of  institutional  treatment;  and  the  number  reported,  allowing  for 
the  margin  of  error  in  omission  and  inclusion,  is  probably  a fair 
representation  of  the  number  in  the  District  who  should  have  custo- 
dial care.  (See  table,  pp.  9,  10.) 

The  data  concerning  children  of  ordinary  school  age — 6 to  15  years, 
inclusive — are  naturally  more  complete  than  for  very  .young  children 
or  adults.  Those  under  6 years  would  not  come  to  public  attention 
except  in  cases  in  which  family  conditions  are  such  that  the  care  of 
children  who  are  mentally  and  physically  defective  becomes  an 
unbearable  burden.  The  children  of  the  ages  of  6 to  15  years  too 
defective  to  attend  school  were  difficult  to  locate  for  the  same  reason- 
Adults,  especially  adult  men,  unless  they  have  become  inmates  of 
penal  or  other  institutions  or  have  become  a burden  to  their  families, 
would  not  naturally  come  to  the  attention  of  physicians  and  social 
workers  who  contributed  the  information  contained  in  this  report. 
The  situation  in  regard  to  mentally  defective  women  of  child-bearing 
age  is  somewhat  different,  a larger  proportion  of  adult  females  being 
discovered  on  account  of  the  public  recognition  of  the  danger  of 
this  class. 

There  is  a very  striking  increase  in  the  number  of  feeble-minded 
in  the  9 to  11  age  group,  while  the  12  to  14  age  group  is  very  much 
larger  than  any  preceding.  This  is  explainable  by  the  fact  that  it  is 
only  after  extended  attempts  at  training  that  positive  assertions  in 
regard  to  mental  defect  can  be  made.  Experts  on  the  subject 
claim  that  it  is  difficult  to  determine  the  mental  condition  of  a child 
younger  than  12  years.  After  the  age  of  14  years  there  is  a steady 
decline  in  the  number  of  each  age  group,  due  to  the  lack  of  informa- 
tion concerning  those  not  in  school. 

Data  were  secured  concerning  534  white  and  264  colored  mental 
defectives.  The  population  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  according 
to  the  census  of  1910,  is  331,069,  of  which  94,446  are  colored.  The 
colored  residents  of  the  District  thus  comprise  28.5  per  cent  of  the 
total  population  and  33.1  per  cent  of  the  mental  defectives  concerning 
whom  information  was  secured.  Information  concerning  colored 


14 


MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


mental  defectives  is  incomplete  because  there  are  no  institutions  for 
them  at  present,  therefore  no  waiting  lists,  and  apparently  there  is 
less  familiarity  with  their  condition.  Attendance  officers  report  dif- 
ficulty in  enforcing  the  compulsory-education  law  because  the  colored 
families  move  frequently  and  are  often  impossible  to  locate.  The 
table  (pp.  9,  10)  covering  the  enumeration  of  mental  defectives  in  the 
District  brings  out  strikingly  the  lack  of  provision  for  any  degree  of 
proper  care  for  colored  mental  defectives. 

Information  was  obtained  concerning  305  white  males  and  229 
white  females.  The  smaller  number  of  females  reported  is  probably 
accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  mothers  often  keep  their  defective 
daughters  in  the  home,  both  because  of  the  danger  they  may  en- 
counter outside  and  because  the  girls  can  assist  in  the  household 
tasks.  The  boys  can  not  be  kept  in  so  easily,  thus  coming  to  the 
attention  of  neighbors  and  others. 

It  is  comparatively  easy  to  get  information  concerning  the  lower 
grades  of  the  mental  defectives — the  idiots  and  imbeciles.  They  are 
in  general  placed  in  institutions  so  far  as  accommodation  is  provided. 
The  situation  is  different  with  regard  to  the  high-grade  mental  defec- 
tives, the  so-called  morons.  Their  defectiveness  does  not  generally 
become  known  until  they  have  committed  some  depredation  or  have 
given  evidence  of  moral  delinquency. 


SITUATION  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

PROVISION  FOR  MENTAL  DEFECTIVES. 

The  District  of  Columbia  has  no  institution  for  mental  defectives. 
Since  1902  Congress  has  made  separate  appropriations  to  the  Board 
of  Children’s  Guardians  for  the  care  of  feeble-minded  children  under 
their  guardianship  or  referred  to  them.  White  children  are  main- 
tained in  training  schools  at  Vineland,  N.  J.,  Elwyn,  Pa.,  and  Falls 
Church,  Va.  Colored  children  are  boarded  out  in  private  homes. 

NUMBER  OF  MENTAL  DEFECTIVES. 

Of  the  798  discovered  cases  of  mental  defect,  428  are  at  large  in 
the  community,  249  are  inmates  of  institutions  not  especially  designed 
for  the  care  of  mental  defectives,  97  are  in  training  schools  for  the 
feeble-minded  outside  of  the  District,  24  are  boarded  out  in  family 
homes  under  the  supervision  of  the  Board  of  Children’s  Guardians. 
Fifty-four  per  cent  of  the  total  number  listed  are  neither  in  institu- 
tions nor  un  der  the  supervision  of  public  authorities.  This  percentage 
would  undoubtedly  be  higher  if  the  enumeration  of  mental  defectives 
in  the  District  were  entirely  accurate.  Proper  care  is  taken  of  only 
12  per  cent  of  the  total  number. 

Among  the  mental  defectives  enumerated  is  a considerable  num- 
ber reported  as  being  epileptic  also.  No  attempt  has  been  made  to 
classify  these,  as  the  number  is  necessarily  very  incomplete  and  in- 
cludes only  the  epileptics  primarily  considered  mentally  defective. 
Besides  these  there  is  a very  important  class  of  epileptics  who  are 
normal  between  seizures,  but  who  are  none  the  less  in  need  of  custodial 
treatment  and  an  opportunity  for  training.  The  epileptic  patients 
of  the  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane  are  not  included  in  this 
report,  as  the  greater  number  of  them  are  insane.  The  population 
of  the  District  of  Columbia  probably  does  not  warrant  the  creation 
of  a separate  institution  for  epileptics.  Insane  epileptics  could  be 
cared  for  in  a colony  connected  with  the  Government  Hospital  for 
the  Insane.  It  is  necessary,  however,  to  make  proper  custodial  pro- 
vision for  epileptics  who  are  normal  between  seizures  and  those  who 
are  mentally  defective. 

AGES  OF  MENTAL  DEFECTIVES. 

Of  the  798  mental  defectives  enumerated  in  this  report,  272  are 
under  the  age  of  15  years;  207  are  between  15  and  20  years,  inclusive; 
253  are  between  21  and  45  years,  inclusive;  and  66  are  over  45  years. 
A striking  fact  revealed  is  that  the  greater  number  of  persons  now 

15 


16  MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

in  institutions  are  older  people  rather  than  children  of  the  ages 
when  training  would  be  profitable.  This  is  due  to  the  character  of 
the  institutions,  the  limited  accommodations,  and  the  necessarily 
long  residence.  Only  one-fourth  of  the  children  under  15  years  of 
age  are  in  institutions,  as  compared  with  two-thirds  of  the  mental 
defectives  of  21  years  of  age  and  over. 

A comparison  of  the  relative  number  of  males  and  females  over 
and  under  the  age  of  20  years  reported  as  mental  defectives  shows  a 
larger  percentage  of  boys  between  12  and  20  years  (45  per  cent  of  the 
boys  and  38  per  cent  of  the  girls),  and  a predominance  of  women 
over  the  age  of  20  years  (36  per  cent  of  the  men  and  45  per  cent  of 
the  women) . This  may  be  due  to  the  different  kinds  of  delinquency 
and  the  ages  at  which  manifested.  Of  those  enumerated,  207,  or  26 
per  cent,  are  women  between  the  ages  of  15  and  45  years,  the  child- 
bearing period. 

MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  NONAPPROPRIATE  INSTITUTIONS. 

Of  the  mental  defectives  in  institutions  not  specially  designed  for 
their  care,  73  are  inmates  of  reformative  institutions,  hospitals,  and 
homes  for  dependents,  and  176  are  in  the  Government  Hospital  for 
the  Insane,  having  been  sent  there  for  protection  because  there  is  no 
other  place  for  them.  The  Board  of  Children’s  Guardians  boards 
out  24  colored  children  in  private  homes. 

The  presence  of  mental  defectives  in  institutions  not  designed  for 
them  is  detrimental  to  their  own  welfare,  since  they  can  not  be  given 
the  training  and  mode  of  living  their  condition  requires,  and  is  a 
grave  disadvantage  to  others  for  whom  the  institutions  are  adapted. 
As  to  the  colored  children  boarded  out  in  family  homes,  it  can  hardly 
be  doubted  that  in  the  end  a properly  equipped  institution  would  be 
a safer  and  more  economical  method  of  caring  for  them. 

Beyond  question,  the  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane  should 
not  be  compelled  to  care  for  the  feeble-minded.  Youthful  mental 
defectives  needing  training  and  custodial  care  are  out  of  place  in  a 
hospital.  They  are  a burden  upon  it,  and  it  is  unfair  to  demand 
from  a hospital  the  facilities  for  industrial  training  needed  for  the 
feeble-minded.  The  records  of  the  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane 
show  176  inmates  classed  as  a idiots,  imbeciles,  and  feeble-minded.” 
The  presence  of  feeble-minded  persons,  whether  adults  or  children,  in 
the  wards  of  the  hospital  often  involves  unnecessary  suffering  for 
both  the  feeble-minded  and  the  insane  and  in  justice  to  either  class 
should  not  be  permitted.  Some  of  these  people  have  lived  in  the 
institution  a lifetime,  and  the  hospital  has  protected  them  and  soci- 
ety; but  no  hospital  for  the  insane  should  be  asked  to  do  this  work. 

One  of  the  feeble-minded  inmates  is  a woman  now  about  72  years 
of  age.  She  was  first  admitted  to  the  institution  in  1855,  at  the  age 


MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


17 


of  12  years,  and,  with  the  exception  of  a few  years  when  her  stay  was 
intermittent,  has  lived  there  constantly.  This  woman  has  been  pro- 
vided with  shelter  and  care  and  protected  from  helpless  motherhood 
that  would  have  involved  the  community  in  unending  expense.  On 
the  other  hand,  she  has  been  unnecessarily  subjected  to  the  restraint 
and  conditions  surrounding  the  insane.  Had  she  been  from  child- 
hood in  an  institution  in  which  she  could  have  received  the  training 

© 

and  education  her  mental  condition  made  possible,  she  would  have 
spent  the  years  of  her  institutional  life  (almost  60)  in  useful  occupa- 
tion that  not  only  would  have  made  her  happier  but  would  also  have 
yielded  some  return  to  society. 

The  records  of  the  institution  show  a surprisingly  large  number  of 
young  children.  It  is  safe  to  assume  that  the  circumstances  in  the 
case  of  those  patients  were  such  that  institutional  care  was  an  extreme 
necessity.  A mere  statement  of  the  ages  at  which  many  of  the  present 
inmates  were  admitted  shows  what  the  home  pressure  must  have 
been.  Nine  of  the  inmates  are  now  under  15  years  of  age,  2 of  them 
being  5 and  8 years  of  age,  respectively;  24  of  the  present  inmates 
were  admitted  when  they  were  under  15  years  of  age,  2 of  them  at 
the  age  of  5,  2 at  6,  and  4 at  9 years  of  age. 

The  advanced  ages  of  a large  number  of  the  inmates,  the  length  of 
time  they  have  been  kept  in  the  institution,  and  ages  at  commitment 
indicate  that  the  authorities  feel  the  necessity  for  custodial  care  of 
both  males  and  females  beyond  the  ages  specified  by  some  States. 
Of  the  inmates  at  the  time  of  the  investigation  classified  as  imbe- 
ciles, idiots,  and  feeble-minded,  42  per  cent  were  over  the  age  of  40 
years;  40  of  these  are  41  to  50  years  of  age,  25  are  51  to  60  years 
of  age,  8 are  61  to  70  years,  and  1 is  75  years  of  age. 

Confinement  in  an  institution  apparently  has  proved  to  be  neces- 
sary for  the  proper  care  of  the  mentally  defective  individual  as  well 
as  for  the  protection  of  society.  Following  are  some  instances  of 
extended  confinement  in  the  institution:  A colored  girl,  classed  as  an 
idiot,  was  admitted  at  the  age  of  6 years  and  has  been  an  inmate 

19  years.  A white  boy,  an  imbecile,  was  admitted  at  the  age  of  9, 

20  years  ago,  and  another  boy  of  the  same  description,  admitted  at 
the  age  of  12,  has  been  in  the  institution  29  years.  An  imbecile 
colored  girl,  admitted  at  the  age  of  12,  has  been  cared  for  41  years, 
and  2 other  imbecile  colored  girls,  admitted  when  14,  have  been 
inmates  18  and  21  years.  An  imbecile  white  boy,  admitted  when  16, 
has  been  an  inmate  25  years;  an  imbecile  white  girl,  admitted  at  17, 
for  32  years;  and  another  imbecile  white  boy,  admitted  at  17,  for  20 
years.  An  imbecile  white  boy,  18  years  of  age  when  admitted,  has 
been  in  the  institution  40  years.  Three  imbecile  colored  boys, 
admitted  when  they  were  19,  have  been  in  the  institution  29,  13,  and 
12  years,  respectively,  and  a white  boy  of  the  same  age  for  20  years. 

88398°— 15 3 


18 


MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


A colored  girl,  2 colored  boys,  and  2 white  girls,  all  classed  as  imbe- 
ciles and  admitted  when  they  were  20,  have  been  in  the  institution 
14,  16,  20,  22,  and  26  years,  respectively. 

MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  ATTENDING  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  AND  AT  HOME. 

There  are  in  the  District  several  atypical  schools.  These  schools 
are  designed  to  give  special  attention  to  children  who  are  subnormal 
or  are  backward  for  one  reason  or  another.  Many  children  are  so 
defective  that  they  can  not  be  cared  for  at  all  in  this  way,  and  many 
now  in  the  schools  constitute  a menace  to  the  other  pupils.  One 
hundred  and  thirty-nine  children  in  the  regular  and  atypical  schools 
were  reported  as  being  so  defective  mentally  as  to  need  institutional 
care.  Thirty- three  others  were  found  to  be  too  defective  to  attend 
school,  and  this  number  is  undoubtedly  too  low,  as  these  cases  are 
difficult  to  trace;  20  feeble-minded  children  under  6 were  discovered, 
many  of  them  physically  deformed;  181  persons  over  15  were  stay- 
ing at  home,  neither  attending  school  nor,  except  in  a few  cases, 
engaging  in  any  form  of  remunerative  labor  or  other  occupation. 
The  condition  of  those  not  cared  for  in  institutions  is  illustrated  by 
the  cases  cited  at  the  end  of  this  report. 

NEED  FOR  UNIFORM  STANDARD  OF  EXAMINATION. 

In  making  this  study  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  discriminate 
between  various  methods  of  determining  mental  status,  but  state- 
ments of  physicians,  teachers,  and  others  having  considerable  contact 
with  the  problem  have  been  accepted.  In  determining  who  shall  be 
admitted  to  an  institution  for  the  feeble-minded,  it  is  necessary  that 
there  should  be  some  standard  method  of  ascertaining  mental  status. 
The  method  of  such  determination  is  a matter  that  requires  .careful 
consideration.  It  is  necessary  to  decide  whether  there  should  be  an 
official  examining  board,  as  for  the  insane,  or  a commission  on  which 
psychologists  and  physicians  are  represented,  or  some  other  method 
of  examination.  There  is  now  no  recognized  standard  of  determina- 

tion.  :.A 

MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  NEEDING  INJTjmTIONAL  CARE. 

This  enumeration  is  not  based  upon  a scientific  study  of  the  mental 
■kr%‘  and  social  conditions  of  the  individuals  reported  as  possible  subjects 
for  an  institution.  In  view  of  this  fact,  and  because  of  ever-changing 
family  circumstances,  it  is  impossible  to  specify  the  exact  number  to 
be  provided  for.  The  following  figures,  however,  for  the  purpose  of 
rough  approximation,  may  be  taken  as  indicative  of  the  situation. 
Of  the  798  enumerated,  it  is  plain  that  the  308  persons  in  the  three 
training  schools,  the  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  the  Home 
for  the  Aged  and  Infirm,  and  boarded  out  by  the  Board  of  Children’s 
Guardians  are  of  a class  which  authorities  recognize  as  needing  the 
care  of  special  institutions.  The  training  schools  are  overcrowded. 


MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.  19 

It  is  always  a question  whether  accommodation  can  be  secured  for  the 
children  from  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  there  is  no  economy  in 
thus  sending  the  children  abroad  for  care.  Sixty-two  individuals  were 
reported  as  being  mentally  defective  inmates  of  various  reformatories 
and  philanthropic  institutions.  These  institutions  do  not  provide 
the  kind  of  environment  and  training  adapted  to  mental  defectives, 
and  the  work  for  which  they  were  intended  is  handicapped  by  the 
presence  of  this  class.  It  is  possible  that  a scientific  test  of  all  the 
inmates  of  these  and  other  institutions  would  reveal  a large  number 
which  should  be  added  to  the  list  of  mental  defectives.  The  139 
children  in  atypical  and  other  schools  reported  as  needing  institutional 
care  have  been  under  the  observation  of  their  teachers  long  enough 
and  have  been  tested  sufficiently  to  make  it  probable  that  they 
should  be  classed  as  proper  institutional  cases.  To  these  should  be 
added  36  reported  by  teachers  as  former  pupils.  Over  100,  mainly 
children,  were  reported  by  physicians  as  living  at  home  but  being  in 
need  of  institutional  care. 

In  making  an  estimate  of  the  probable  number  to  be  provided  for 
in  an  institution  designed  for  the  care  and  treatment  of  mental 
defectives,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  besides  the  cases  discovered 
in  this  investigation  there  are  a considerable  number  of  individuals 
in  need  of  custodial  treatment  concerning  whom  no  report  has  been 
secured.  It  is  also  necessary  to  consider  that  some  inmates  of  non- 
appropriate  institutions,  particularly  persons  of  advanced  age,  properly 
might  be  left  where  they  now  are,  and  that  all  of  those  designated 
as  needing  custodial  care  would  not  be  placed  in  an  institution  no 
matter  what  the  conditions  of  commitment  might  be.  Although 
many  of  those  enumerated  would  no  doubt  be  found  to  be  properly 
cared  for  in  their  own  homes  without  detriment,  a surprisingly  large 
number  of  parents  who  were  visited  expressed  themselves  as  eager 
to  have  custodial  care  provided  for  their  children,  either  because  the 
burden  was  too  great  or  for  the  sake  of  having  the  children  properly 
safeguarded.  Many  who  had  been  successful  in  their  efforts  to  pro- 
vide for  mentally  defective  children  were  fearful  of  what  would  happen 
when  they  were  no  longer  able  to  do  so. 

It  is  necessary  in  making  plans  for  the  proposed  institution  to  allow 
for  the  fact  that  the  number  of  inmates  will  increase  as  the  institution 
becomes  better  established  and  as  the  public  becomes  familiar  with 
its  purposes  and  the  value  of  its  work  to  those  cared  for  and  to 
society.  It  has  been  said  that  the  presence  in  a community  of  any 
specified  type  of  defectives  becomes  apparent  only  when  accommoda- 
tions are  provided  for  the  care  of  this  particular  class.  Without 
question  this  will  be  found  to  be  the  situation  in  the  case  of  mental 
defectives  and  particularly  of  epileptics.  The  presence  of  the  insti- 
tution will  reveal  needs  that  do  not  now  come  to  fight. 


REASONS  FOR  SEGREGATION  AND  ASSUMPTION  BY  THE 
STATE  OF  CARE  OF  MENTAL  DEFECTIVES. 

The  past  few  decades  have  witnessed  a remarkable  change  in 
public  attitude  toward  mental  defectives  and  progress  in  methods  of 
treatment.  Instead  of  being  regarded  as  an  individual  misfortune, 
mental  defect  has  come  to  be  recognized  as  a destructive  social  force. 
The  idea  is  now  generally  accepted  that  custodial  care  should  be 
provided  for  mental  defectives  for  their  own  safeguarding  and  for 
the  protection  of  society,  and  that  they  should  be  given  whatever 
training  their  mental  condition  makes  possible. 

The  reasons  for  segregation  of  mental  defectives  and  assumption 
of  their  care  by  the  public  may  be  summarized  as  follows : 

BURDEN  ON  THE  FAMILY. 

A very  large  number  of  mentalty  defective  children  and  adults  who 
are  so  deficient  that  they  are  unable  to  earn  their  own  living  belong 
in  families  on  the  border  line  of  poverty,  barely  able  to  be  self-sup- 
porting under  normal  conditions.  Many  of  the  mentally  defective 
are  also  seriously  handicapped  physically.  A member  of  the  family 
unable  to  care  for  himself  may  consume  the  time  of  one  who  might 
otherwise  be  a wage  earner,  and  pauperization  results  from  this 
unnatural  burden.  A mentally  defective  child  in  a family  demands 
a large  share  of  the  energy  of  the  mother  and  not  only  interferes  with 
the  training  of  the  other  children  but  exercises  a demoralizing  influ- 
ence on  the  family  life. 

HANDICAP  TO  SCHOOL  SYSTEM. 

The  presence  of  mentally  defective  children  in  regular  and  special 
grades  is  a serious  handicap  to  the  training  of  the  other  children, 
taking  an  undue  proportion  of  the  attention  of  the  teacher  and 
resulting  often  in  moral  contamination.  In  the  course  of  this 
investigation  numerous  instances  were  encountered  illustrating  the 
seriousness  of  this  situation.  Children  who  should  be  in  atypical 
schools  and  would  profit  by  their  training  there  are  kept  out  by  their 
parents  because  of  the  presence  in  the  schools  of  very  defective 
children. 

DANGER  TO  SOCIETY. 

The  danger  to  society  of  the  mentally  defective  woman  of  child- 
bearing age  is  easily  demonstrated  and  generally  recognized.  A more 
intensive  study  than  has  yet  been  made  would  be  necessary  in  order 
20 


MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.  21 

*. 

to  prove  the  comparative  danger  to  society  of  the  adult  male  who 
is  mentally  defective,  but  it  is  apparent  from  recent  writings  on  this 
subject  that  the  generally  accepted  idea  of  the  proportionally  slight 
menace  of  the  adult  male  is  being  challenged.  Certainly  the  records 
of  penal  institutions,  juvenile  courts,  and  jails  provide  testimony  on 
the  danger  of  the  antisocial  instincts  of  mentally  defective  adolescents. 

The  connection  between  mental  defect  and  delinquency  has  been 
demonstrated  through  studies  made  by  reformatories  and  penal 
institutions  and  courts  handling  juvenile  offenders.  It  is  generally 
agreed  that  a considerable  proportion  of  the  inmates  of  penal  institu- 
tions would  be  pronounced  defective  if  examined  by  alienists.  This 
proportion  increases  very  decidedly  among  old  offenders,  indicating 
the  danger  to  society  of  attempting  reformation  in  the  ordinary  way 
where  the  mental  condition  makes  it  impossible.  The  number  of 
mental  defectives  among  recidivists  emphasizes  the  need  of  discover- 
ing mental  defect  early  in  the  careers  of  delinquents  and  segregating 
them  permanently  for  their  own  welfare  and  for  the  protection  of 
society. 

Studies  of  the  subject  and  experiments  in  custodial  care  have 
proved  the  necessity  of  adopting  measures  looking  toward  the  pre- 
vention of  the  propagation  of  mental  defectives.  Authorities  agree 
in  their  estimates  that  probably  two-thirds  of  our  mental  defectives 
are  so  through  inheritance.  The  British  Royal  Commission  on  the 
Care  and  Control  of  the  Feeble-minded  determined,  as  the  result  of 
the  evidence  gathered,  that  feeble-mindedness  is  in  a great  number 
of  instances  an  inheritance,  and  that  the  prevention  of  parentage 
by  feeble-minded  persons  would  tend  largely  to  diminish  the  number 
of  such  persons  in  the  population.  Dr.  Walter  E.  Fernald,  superin- 
tendent of  the  Massachusetts  School  for  the  Feeble-minded,  makes  a 
statement  that  from  60  to  80  per  cent  of  the  cases  of  feeble-minded- 
ness are  of  direct  inheritance.  Dr.  Henry  H.  Goddard,  of  the  Vine- 
land  (N.  J.)  Training  School,  found  that  one  or  both  parents  of  65 
per  cent  of  the  children  in  the  training  school  were  actually  feeble- 
minded. 

Studies  of  family  records  have  shown  the  results  of  transmission 
of  mental  defect  from  one  generation  to  another.  Current  news 
items  abound  in  details  of  atrocious  crimes  whose  character  indicates 
that  they  were  committed  by  persons  mentally  unsound  and  of 
offenses  against  the  law  for  which  the  perpetrators,  because  of  their 
mental  condition,  can  not  be  held  legally  responsible.  By  means  of 
segregating  mental  defectives  it  is  possible  to  cut  off  at  the  source  a 
large  proportion  of  degeneracy,  pauperism,  and  crime.  It  is  through 
prevention  that  the  largest  benefits  will  accrue. 


22  MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

POSSIBILITY  OF  TRAINING. 

While  it  is  impossible  to  supply  missing  mentality  through  any 
course  of  training,  many  individuals  who  are  deficient  mentally  may 
be  made  useful  to  themselves  and  society  if  they  can  be  trained  under 
proper  conditions  difficult  to  secure  in  the  home  or  ordinary  school. 
They  may  be  taught  to  care  for  themselves  properly  and  to  feel  an 
interest  in  sharing  the  work  of  the  community.  The  training  must 
be  largely  manual,  fitting  them  for  work  around  the  household, 
farm,  and  shop.  Farm  colonies  and  industrial  institutions  have 
proved  that  mental  defectives  in  some  cases  may  be  made  self- 
supporting,  a condition  which  not  only  relieves  society  of  the  burden 
of  their  care  hut  turns  their  energies  from  injurious  and  morbid 
channels  into  useful  and  happy  ones. 


EXTENT  OF  STATE  PROVISION  FOR  MENTAL  DEFECTIVES. 


Thirty-four  States  have  provided  institutions  for  the  care  of  mental 
defectives,  accommodating  altogether  approximately  25,000  persons. 
The  number  of  patients  cared  for  by  each  State  runs  from  less  than 
100  in  five  States,  to  more  than  3,000  in  New  York  and  Pennsylvania 
institutions.  Ten  States  have  between  1,000  and  2,000  inmates  in 
institutions  for  the  mentally  defective,  and  the  remainder  from  100  to 
500.  In  going  over  reports  of  State  institutions,  we  almost  invariably 
find  the  statement  that  the  institutions  are  overcrowded  and  that 
there  is  entirely  inadequate  provision  made  for  the  feeble-minded. 

Ten  States  have  provided  for  institutions  designed  entirely  for 
women,  or  have  recognized  the  necessity  for  segregation  of  women  of 
child-bearing  age  by  the  specific  inclusion  under  the  admission  rules 
of  women  through  the  age  of  45  years.  In  many  States  where  there 
is  no  stated  age  limit,  special  attention  is  paid  to  women  who  because 
of  their  mental  defect  are  unsafe  if  left  at  large. 

In  over  half  of  the  States  no  age  limitations  for  admission  are 
specified  in  the  law  relating  to  the  institutions  for  mental  defectives. 
Following  are  the  ages  at  which  patients  may  be  admitted  in  various 
States:  New  Hampshire,  males,  3 to  21;  females,  over  3 years; 
Nebraska,  over  5 years;  Iowa,  5 to  46  years;  Oklahoma,  males,  5 to 
16;  females,  over  5 years;  Vermont,  5 to  21  years;  Colorado,  5 to  20 
years;  Maine,  Michigan,  North  Carolina,  and  Wyoming,  over  6 years: 
Missouri,  6 to  45  years;  Indiana,  males,  6 to  16;  females,  6 to  45 
years;  Montana,  6 to  21  years;  Kentucky,  6 to  18  years;  New  Jersey 
and  Virginia,  12  to  45  years. 

The  Wyoming  statutes  relating  to  the  care  of  the  feeble-minded 
and  epileptic  of  the  State  give  a comprehensive  statement  of  the 
generally  accepted  modern  idea  of  the  problem: 

The  object  of  said  institution  [home  for  the  feeble-minded  and  epileptics]  shall  be 
to  provide  by  all  proper  and  feasible  means,  and  intellectual,  moral  and  physical 
training  of  that  unfortunate  portion  of  the  community  who  have  been  born,  or  by 
disease,  have  become  imbecile  or  feeble-minded  or  epileptic,  and  by  a judicious  and 
well  adapted  course  of  training,  management  and  treatment,  to  ameliorate  their  con- 
dition, and  to  develop  as  much  as  possible  their  intellectual  faculties  and  physical 
health,  and  reclaim  them  from  their  unhappy  condition,  and  fit  them  as  far  as  possible 
for  future  usefulness  in  society.  (Comp.  Stat.  of  Wyoming,  1910,  sec.  493.) 


23 


KIND  OF  INSTITUTION  ADAPTED  TO  THE  CARE  AND 
TREATMENT  OF  MENTAL  DEFECTIVES. 

The  newer  State  institutions  for  mental  defectives  have  followed 
the  colony  plan  of  organization,  combining  a custodial  department, 
training  school,  industrial  department,  and  farm.  The  institutions 
built  during  the  past  20  years  have  adopted  the  cottage  or  detached 
type  of  construction,  allowing  for  classification  according  to  age,  sex, 
mental  and  physical  condition,  and  grade  of  inmates.  It  is  to  be  noted 
that  the  larger  States  are  now  providing  separate  institutions  for 
epileptics,  for  children,  and  for  adult  women. 

Owing  to  the  relatively  small  population  of  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia, it  is  out  of  the  question  to  provide  separate  institutions  for  the 
different  types  of  mental  defectives.  Provision  is  needed  for  children 
and  adults,  for  those  whom  it  is  possible  to  train  for  some  form  of 
useful  work,  and  for  those  physically  handicapped  or  so  defective 
mentally  that  they  must  have  purely  custodial  care.  Not  only  the 
various  grades  of  mental  defectives,  but  certain  epileptics  need  care 
and  protection.  The  institution  should  be  large  enough  to  provide 
the  necessary  room  for  all  these  classes,  allowing  for  proper  separation 
of  white  and  colored,  male  and  female.  A large  tract  of  land  must 
be  provided  in  order  to  allow  for  necessary  classification.  Again,  the 
acreage  should  be  large  enough  so  that  when  future  development  is 
necessary  the  District  will  have  the  land  needed  for  expansion. 

The  buildings  should  be  planned  in  such  a way  as  to  admit  of 
economical  adaptation  to  future  development  and  changing  needs. 
Costly  construction  is  both  unnecessary  and  undesirable.  The  great 
diversity  of  needs  of  the  various  inmates — custodial  care,  mental  and 
moral  training,  farm  work,  and  industrial  occupations — calls  for  an 
institution  composed  of  many  units,  forming  one  central  organization. 

In  an  institution  of  this  kind  it  is  particularly  essential  to  provide 
work  suitable  for  the  able-bodied  boys  and  men.  This  class  is  provided 
for  by  the  establishment  of  farm  colonies  as  adjuncts  to  the  training 
schools  and  custodial  departments.  In  establishing  a farm  colony 
ample  acreage,  rather  than  land  already  prepared  for  cultivation,  is 
now  held  to  be  the  most  important  consideration  for  its  success. 
Certain  of  the  most  progressive  American  institutions  for  feeble- 
minded are  now  successfully  developing  farm  colonies  on  rough, 
uncleared  land.  The  work  of  clearing  land,  hewing  timber,  con- 
struction of  necessary  farm  buildings,  and  all  the  labor  involved  in 
preparing  land  for  agricultural  purposes,  provides  useful  and  remunera- 
tive occupation. 

24 


MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.  25 

Among  instances  of  farm  colony  development  may  be  mentioned 
the  Templeton  colony  of  the  Massachusetts  School  for  the  Feeble- 
minded, Letchworth  Village,  in  New  York,  and  the  farm  colony  con- 
nected with  the  Vineland  (N.  J.)  Training  School. 

The  Massachusetts  School  for  the  Feeble-minded  is  one  of  the 
oldest  institutions  in  the  country,  embodying  in  itself  a history  of 
American  methods  of  dealing  with  the  feeble-minded.  The  school 
at  Waverley,  with  its  adjunct,  the  farm  colony  at  Templeton,  is  a 
type  of  public  institution  that  has  accumulated  valuable  experience 
in  methods  of  providing  training  and  employment  for  the  various 
types  of  inmates. 

The  Sixty-Sixth  Annual  Report  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Massachu- 
setts School  for  the  Feeble-minded  (1913)  describes  the  institution 
at  Waverley  as  follows: 

The  plan  of  detached  and  separate  departments  greatly  facilitates  the  proper  classi- 
fication of  our  inmates  according  to  age  and  mental  and  physical  condition  and  helps 
us  to  secure  to  each  inmate  the  consideration  of  individual  wants  and  needs  so  hard 
to  get  in  a large  institution  where  the  inmates  are  massed  in  one  huge  building. 
As  we  are  now  arranged,  our  inmates  are  classified  as  follows:  At  the  girls’  dormitory 
are  the  girls  of  school  grade;  at  the  boys’  dormitory  and  the  boys’  home  are  boys  of 
the  school  department;  at  the  north  building  are  the  adult  males  of  the  lower  grade, 
the  cases  requiring  much  personal  care  and  attention;  at  the  west  building  are  the 
young  and  feeble  boys  and  the  females  of  the  lower  grade;  at  the  girls’  home  * * * 
are  the  adult  females  who  are  in  good  bodily  health,  many  of  them  graduates  of  our 
school  department,  and  all  of  whom  are  employed  in  the  various  domestic  depart- 
ments of  the  institution;  at  the  farmhouse  and  the  east  building  are  the  adult  males 
who  are  regularly  employed  in  the  farm  work.  In  the  hospital  are  the  feeble  girls 
and  those  acutely  ill.  Thus  we  have  divided  our  institution  into  11  comparatively 
small  families,  each  with  distinctive  and  peculiar  needs,  and  all  under  the  same 
general  management.  This  plan  retains  all  the  benefits  of  a small  institution  and 
secures  the  manifest  advantages  of  a large  one. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  Report  of  the  British  Royal 
Commission  on  the  Care  and  Control  of  the  Feeble-minded  (1904), 1 
giving  the  impression  of  the  commissioners  as  to  the  situation  in  the 
United  States: 

Our  members  [the  commissioners  who  visited  the  United  States]  were  struck  by 
the  originality  and  directness  of  the  methods  adopted  in  several  of  these  institutions 
with  a view  to  stimulating  the  activity  of  the  perceptive  powers  of  the  inmates,  and 
also  by  the  freedom  from  cramping  and  unnecessary  regulations  which  enabled  the 
managers  to  apply  their  minds  to  new  experiments  in  education  and  organization. 
They  were  also  impressed  with  the  large  size  of  the  American  institutions,  some  of  which 
contained  from  500  to  2,000  inmates.  This  seems  to  them  to  secure  proper  classi- 
fication, the  general  plan  being  that  each  institution  contains  three  departments,  and 
it  is  perfectly  easy  to  transfer  an  inmate  from  one  to  another.  These  departments  are 
the  Custodial  care  for  the  lowest  grade  (i.  e.,  idiots),  the  school  for  the  higher  grade 
children,  and  the  Industrial  for  the  higher  grade  adults.  These  departments  are  en- 
tirely separate  and  often  at  some  little  distance  one  from  the  other,  though  under  the 
same  central  management.  Our  members  are  of  opinion  that  the  large  size  of  the  insti- 
tution tends  not  only  to  better  classification  but  to  greater  economy.  They  also  point 
out  that  the  provision  for  the  feeble-minded  in  America  is  on  very  economical  lines. 


1 Vol.  VIII,  p.  297. 


ECONOMIC  ASPECT  OF  THE  PROBLEM. 

INVESTMENT  IN  LAND,  BUILDINGS,  AND  EQUIPMENT. 

The  investment  in  lands  and  buildings  for  State  institutions  for  the 
mentally  defective  varies  greatly.  Much  of  this  variation,  of  course, 
is  due  to  the  difference  in  the  number  of  inmates  provided  for  and 
also  to  the  difference  in  the  price  of  land  in  the  various  localities. 
A considerable  part  of  this  capital  outlay  represents  investment  in 
farm  lands  and  equipment,  the  returns  from  which  help  maintain 
the  institution,  representing,  therefore,  an  appropriation  for  part  of 
the  maintenance  covering  a large  number  of  years. 

The  State  institutions  of  Kansas,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  one  of  the 
Massachusetts  institutions  (Wrentham  State  School),  and  one  of  the 
New  York  institutions  (Syracuse  State  Institution  for  Feeble- 
minded Children),  have  from  400  to  600  inmates.1  The  investment 
for  buildings,  grounds,  and  equipment  in  these  institutions  varies 
from  $351,000  in  Kansas  to  $550,000  in  Missouri.  The  investment 
at  Syracuse,  however,  ($462,784)  does  not  include  equipment. 

In  the  State  Custodial  Asylum  for  Feeble-minded  Women,  at 
Newark,  N.  Y.,  there  are  852  inmates,  and  the  investment  for  build- 
ings, grounds,  and  equipment  amounts  to  about  $438,117. 

The  State  institutions  of  California,  Michigan,  and  Wisconsin  and 
the  semiprivate  institution  at  Elwyn,  Pa.,  have  each  about  1,000 
inmates.  The  value  of  buildings  and  grounds,  including  equipment 
in  all  except  the  training  school  at  Elwyn,  ranges  from  $708,197  in 
Michigan  to  $838,737  in  Wisconsin. 

Dr.  Fernald,  in  his  History  of  the  Treatment  of  Feeble-minded, 
says: 

The  experience  of  these  institutions  * * * has  been  that  plain,  substantial, 
detached  buildings  can  be  provided  for  the  custodial  cases  at  an  expense  of  not 
over  $400  per  capita.  These  detached  departments  are  generally  supplied  with 
sewerage,  water  supply,  laundry,  storeroom,  and  often  heating  facilities  from  a cen- 
tral plant,  at  relatively  small  expense  compared  with  the  cost  of  installation  and 
operation  of  a separate  plant  for  each  division. 

COST  OF  MAINTENANCE. 

The  average  annual  per  capita  cost  in  30  State  institutions  for 
which  figures  were  obtainable  was  $192.  The  cost  in  the  various 
institutions  ranged  from  $97  to  $300  a year  for  each  inmate.  How- 
ever, it  must  be  recognized  that,  owing  to  the  different  methods  of 
bookkeeping,  great  allowance  must  be  made  in  comparing  costs. 

1 Report  of  Bureau  of  Education  on  Statistics  of  Schools  for  the  Feeble-minded,  1912-13. 

26 


MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.  27 

The  apparently  low  cost  in  many  of  the  institutions  is  due  to  the 
saving  in  cost  of  food  by  the  use  of  the  produce  of  farms  operated 
by  the  institutions — the  work  being  done  by  adult  inmates — and  the 
earnings  from  the  sale  of  surplus  farm  products.  Many  institutions 
also  have  industrial  departments  in  which  they  manufacture  much 
of  the  necessary  wearing  apparel  and  house  furnishings. 

According  to  figures  published  by  the  Board  of  Charities  of  the 
District  of  Columbia  the  per  capita  cost  of  maintenance  of  mental 
defectives  in  the  various  institutions,  including  current  expenditures 
and  salaries,  is  as  follows: 


Institution. 

Per  capita 
cost. 

Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane 

$240 

Home  for  the  Aged  and  Infirm 

153 

National  Training  School  for  Girls 

286 

National  Training  School  for  Boys 

233 

Industrial  Home  School 

188 

Bruen  Home  (rate  to  Board  of  Children’s  Guardians).  . 

120 

Pennsylvania  Training  School  (rate  to  Board  of  Children’s  Guardians) 

Virginia  Training  School  (rate  to  Board  of  Children’s  Guardians) 

250 

250 

Training  School  at  Vineland  (rate  to  Board  of  Children’s  Guardians) 

250  to  300 

There  are  31  individuals  reported  in  institutions  providing  tem- 
porary shelter  mainly.  It  is  fair  to  assume  that  the  community 
spends  at  least  $200  a year  for  each  of  these  persons,  as  many  of  them 
are  in  hospitals  where  the  cost  greatly  exceeds  this.  Figuring  the 
cost  for  the  number  of  inmates  in  the  various  nonappropriate  insti- 
tutions at  the  time  of  the  investigation  according  to  the  above  per 
capita  figures,  the  total  cost  for  maintenance  for  a year  would  be 
approximately  $56,371.  The  Board  of  Children’s  Guardians  reports 
expenditures  for  the  year  1914  of  $21,572.64  for  the  care  of  feeble- 
minded in  the  three  training  schools  and  those  boarded  out.  The 
total  annual  expense  for  the  370  mental  defectives  cared  for  in  insti- 
tutions or  under  public  supervision  is  therefore  approximately 
$77,943.  This  does  not  include  the  amount  spent  by  private  charity 
nor  the  cost  of  training  in  the  public  schools.  The  annual  per  capita 
cost  of  training  in  the  atypical  schools  is  given  as  $74.10  and  in  the 
public  schools  as  $32.62. 

The  present  annual  per  capita  expenditure  for  mental  defectives 
of  the  District  of  Columbia  boarded  in  institutions  or  under  the 
supervision  of  public  authorities  is  approximately  $211.  More  than 
half  of  the  number  of  defectives  in  institutions  are  inmates  of  the 
Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane.  These  patients  do  not  in 
general  need  the  care  of  expert  physicians  and  the  expensive  type 
of  custodial  buildings.  The  per  capita  cost  of  maintenance  in  this 
and  other  nonappropriate  institutions  is  undoubtedly  higher  than  it 
would  be  in  an  institution  of  the  kind  proposed.  In  considering  per 
capita  cost  of  maintenance  it  is  important  to  note  that  the  $192 
annual  per  capita  quoted  above  as  being  the  average  for  30  insti- 


28  MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

tutions  represents  expenditures  in  institutions  most  of  which  are 
located  in  northern  States,  where  the  rigors  of  the  climate  make  the 
expense  for  fuel  and  clothing  greater  than  would  be  required  in  a 
milder  climate. 

ECONOMY  OF  ADEQUATE  PROVISION. 

Investigations  of  mental  defectives  have  proved  conclusively  that 
the  burden  is  increased  indefinitely  by  the  failure  to  prevent  the 
transmission  of  defects  that  are  known  to  be  heritable.  It  has 
been  found  that  mentally  defective  women  are  in  a very  large  number 
of  cases  the  mothers  of  illegitimate  children,  and  that  these  children 
have  to  be  cared  for  by  the  public  because  of  mental  defects  or 
antisocial  instincts.  The  record  of  one  family  charted  by  the  research 
branch  of  the  New  Jersey  Department  of  Charities  and  Corrections 
illustrates  the  cost  of  lack  of  prevention.  An  imbecile  woman 
married  a moron.  They  had  3 feeble-minded  children,  the  records 
of  2 of  whom  were  not  obtained.  The  third,  frequently  an  inmate 
of  an  almshouse,  had  6 illegitimate  children,  of  whom  4 died  in 
infancy.  One  of  her  feeble-minded  daughters  had  2 feeble-minded 
children  and  another  child  who  died  in  infancy.  Her  other  daughter 
had  10  feeble-minded  children,  7 of  whom  were  cared  for  in  alms- 
houses or  by  State  authorities,  2 of  the  others  dying  when  very 
young.  In  three  generations  this  one  imbecile  woman  had  17  feeble- 
minded progeny  whose  records  were  obtainable,  10  of  whom  were 
cared  for  in  almshouses  at  times  but  not  permanently  segregated. 
Besides  this  immediate  line  the  family  connections  of  this  woman 
include  259  feeble-minded  persons  in  five  generations,  the  majority 
of  whom  were  dependent  on  the  public  for  maintenance.  Many  simi- 
lar instances  are  recorded  by  State  investigating  bodies  and  research 
departments  of  institutions.  The  social  economy  that  must  result 
from  the  prevention  of  transmission  of  defect  can  not  be  estimated 
in  figures,  but  it  is  hardly  to  be  questioned  that  the  investment  would 
result  in  savings  compounded  with  each  generation. 

Quoting  from  an  editorial  in  the  Survey  of  March  2,  1912,  “The 
greatest  need  of  all  is  for  more  institutional  care.  When  this  has  been 
brought  about  in  every  State  we  shall  witness  a great  gaol  delivery 
even  more  significant  than  that  which  has  followed  the  discontinuance 
of  imprisonment  for  debt,  or  the  abolition  of  the  saloon,  or  the 
introduction  of  the  probation  and  parole  system.  Care  for  the 
feeble-minded  adequately  for  a generation  and  expenditures  for 
prisons,  reformatories,  police,  fires,  hospitals,  and  almshouses  will 
be  enormously  reduced,  or,  what  is  even  better,  expenditures  for 
such  purposes  will  be  accomplishing  desirable  tasks  which  we  have 
not  yet  had  the  courage  to  undertake.  Biology  and  economics  unite 
in  demanding  that  the  strains  of  feeble-mindedness  shall  be  eliminated 
by  the  humane  segregation  of  the  mentally  defective.” 


APPENDIX. 


CLASSIFIED  INSTANCES  OF  MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA  FOR  WHOM  INSTITUTIONAL 

CARE  IS  DESIRABLE. 

The  following  pages  contain  concrete  illustrations  of  various  phases 
of  the  problem  of  mental  defect.  These  hundred  cases  represent  only 
a few  of  the  large  number  of  children  and  adults  for  whom  at  present 
no  provision  is  made.  No  attempt  has  been  made  to  present  all  the 
information  that  might  have  been  obtained  in  regard  to  these  cases. 
Records  of  all  of  the  798  cases  enumerated,  as  well  as  a large  number 
of  others  reported  to  the  bureau  since  this  report  was  prepared,  are  on 
file  in  the  Children’s  Bureau. 

The  attempt  was  made  to  classify  these  instances  according  to  the 
nature  of  the  problem  involved,  but  it  is  obvious  that  there  is  much 
overlapping.  It  will  be  found  that  each  individual  mentioned  suffers 
from  many  of  these  factors,  not  from  one  only.  For  example,  the  child 
who  is  here  classed  as  a delinquent  is  also  found  to  be  of  defective 
stock,  the  child  of  a morally  delinquent  mother,  and  too  defective 
to  attend  school,  etc.  This  intertwining  of  bad  conditions,  evil 
inheritances,  weaknesses,  and  antisocial  tendencies  characterizes  the 
problem  of  mental  defectives.  All  that  society  can  do  is  to  provide 
the  training  and  care  that  will  save  them  from  suffering  from  the 
effects  of  their  misfortune  and  from  contributing  to  the  cycle  of  defec- 
tiveness, dependency,  and  delinquency. 

I.  MENTAL  DEFECT  AS  A CAUSE  OF  DEPENDENCY. 

No.  60.  Male,  31,  white  \ tt,,  , j • , 

No.  59.  Female,  29,  white)  Husband  and 

Married  in  1907.  The  records  of  the  Board  of  Children’s  Guardians  show  that  the  man 
was  reported  to  them  by  a judge  as  feeble-minded  in  1898,  at  the  age  of  15.  He  was 
sent  to  the  school  for  feeble-minded  at  Elwyn,  Pa.,  but  ran  away  after  a month  and 
a half.  Has  been  working  irregularly  since  then. 

The  woman’s  mother,  who  came,  from  a wealthy  family,  was  epileptic  and  died  in 
an  insane  asylum.  She  left  considerable  money  to  the  family,  but  the  father,  a 
gambler  and  swindler,  soon  squandered  it.  When  the  daughter  was  quite  young  a 
physician,  believing  her  epileptic,  recommended  that  she  be  placed  in  an  institution. 
His  advice  was  not  followed.  The  family  moved  to  Washington  in  1904.  The  girl 
was  sent  to  work  in  a laundry,  but  was  too  incompetent  to  be  kept.  She  applied  for 
admission  at  the  Young  Women’s  Christian  Home,  as  her  father  and  stepmother 
abused  her.  Becoming  intimate  with  a wild,  immoral  girl,  she  left  the  home  and 
went  to  live  near  the  arsenal.  She  again  applied  for  admission  to  the  home,  but 
could  not  be  kept  there  on  account  of  her  unclean  condition.  In  January,  1906,  she 
applied  to  the  Board  of  Charities,  and  was  sent  to  the  Florence  Crittenton  Mission, 
where  she  gave  birth  to  a stillborn  child. 

After  leaving  the  mission  she  worked  as  a chambermaid  in  a hotel  and  soon  married 
a mentally  defective  man,  also  employed  there.  For  the  next  few  years  the  records 
of  the  Associated  Charities  concerning  this  couple  and  their  offspring  are  voluminous. 
The  man  lost  his  place  a few  days  before  he  was  married  and  was  unable  to  support 
his  wife.  Sometimes  his  mother  would  let  the  couple  stay  at  her  house,  and  some- 

29 


30 


MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


times  they  rented  a room;  but  the  woman  screamed  and  cursed  and  used  vulgar  lan- 
guage to  such  a degree  that  no  one  could  keep  them  very  long.  Their  rent  was  paid 
by  a church  for  a considerable  time.  In  May,  1908,  the  woman  left  her  husband, 
and  soon  after  she  and  her  stepmother  had  him  arrested  for  improper  conduct. 

In  July  she  went  back  to  her  husband.  Shortly  afterwards  she  was  sent  to  the 
Washington  Asylum  Hospital,  where  a child  was  born.  She  was  sent  to  this  hospital 
for  the  purpose  of  observation  to  determine  whether  she  could  be  committed  to  the 
Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane.  The  doctor  pronounced  her  an  imbecile  or 
high-grade  idiot.  Various  persons  have  made  affidavits  to  the  effect  that  she  is  insane, 
but  she  has  not  been  committed  to  the  hospital,  and  her  husband  does  not  wish  her 
to  go  there. 

The  husband  has  occasionally  obtained  a job,  but  never  keeps  it  long.  He  has 
obtained  a good  deal  of  money  through  a story  of  a sick  wife  and  baby.  Almost  all 
the  charitable  organizations  of  the  city  seem  to  have  had  dealings  with  the  family 
at  one  time  or  another.  The  family  are  constantly  moving  on  account  of  nonpayment 
of  rent,  have  almost  no  furniture,  and  live  in  a very  shiftless  manner. 

Of  the  five  living  children,  a boy  6J  years  old  is  with  the  man’s  mother  and  sister, 
but  not  yet  in  school;  a girl  5J  years  old,  mentally  defective,  is  in  Washington  City 
Orphan  Asylum;  a boy,  3^  years  old,  and  two  girls,  2J  and  1^  years  old,  are  with  the 
parents.  None  of  the  children  appear  bright,  and  the  girl  2|  years  of  age  is  far  from 
normal. 

The  man  is  now  working  in  the  railroad  yards,  but  it  is  said  he  loses  about  one-third 
of  his  time  on  account  of  hernia.  Neighbors  state  that  the  woman  beats  the  children. 
She  is  away  from  home  most  of  the  day,  and  for  several  weeks  past  the  man  has  hired 
a colored  woman  to  stay  with  the  children. 

During  the  eight  years  this  couple  have  been  married  six  children  have  been  born 
to  them  and  the  woman  is  again  pregnant. 


No.  591.  Male,  18,  colored. 

Father  deserted  family,  and  the  five  children  were  taken  in  charge  by  the  Board 
of  Children’s  Guardians  11  years  ago.  This  boy  was  placed  in  a boarding  home  and 
later  placed  on  trial  for  indenture,  but  his  mind  was  so  defective  that  he  could  not 
do  much.  He  was  sent  to  school,  but  at  10  years  of  age  had  not  learned  his  let- 
ters. He  was  finally  placed  in  the  children’s  temporary  home  as  feeble-minded,  but 
escaped  in  July,  1914,  and  is  now  at  large.  He  has  secondary  syphilis. 

The  mother  is  said  to  be  mentally  defective.  The  oldest  sister  was  sent  to  the 
reform  school,  where  she  stayed  until  she  reached  her  majority  and  was  discharged. 
The  second  sister  had  an  illegitimate  child,  and  was  dishonest  and  untruthful.  An 
older  brother  was  sent  to  the  Industrial  Home  School,  and  ran  away  eight  times. 
A younger  brother  was  also  placed  in  the  Industrial  Home  School. 


Husband  and  wife. 


No.  367.  Male,  39,  white. 

No.  368.  Female,  33,  white. 

No.  369.  Male,  8,  white,  their  son. 


Both  mentally  defective,  as  is  also  their  son,  8 years  of  age.  A girl  6 years  old  is 
thought  to  be  defective,  although  she  attends  the  regular  school.  The  boy  is  in  an 
atypical  school.  Their  second  child  was  stillborn,  and  they  lost  a baby  in  the  summer 
of  1914. 

The  Associated  Charities  has  a long  record  of  the  family;  the  man  is  continually 
losing  his  job  and  always  trying  to  borrow;  the  family  is  dirty  and  shiftless.  They 
live  in  the  basement  of  an  old  house  and  have  scarcely  any  furniture.  The  man  has 
been  in  the  hospital  a number  of  times.  The  wife  has  been  in  the  Florence  Crit- 
tenton  Mission  for  temporary  shelter.  The  husband  was  sent  to  the  Washington 
Asylum  Hospital  about  a year  ago;  his  trouble  proved  to  be  syphilis;  he  is  now 
being  treated  at  an  eye,  ear,  and  throat  hospital.  The  man’s  parents  are  respectable 
people,  and  live  fairly  comfortably.  They  have  helped  the  man  somewhat,  but  are 
unable  to  continue  doing  so. 

No.  655.  Female,  25,  colored. 

Orphaned  at  an  early  age.  Was  found  living  with  a woman  who  had  a workhouse 
record  and  was  unfit  to  have  the  care  of  a child,  and  was  placed  in  the  Washington 
Asylum  Hospital  for  mental  observation  in  1902.  It  was  decided  she  was  not  a suit- 
able case  for  the  epileptic  ward  of  the  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane.  Was 
placed  in  temporary  home  for  children;  when  she  became  of  age  in  1907  she  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  feeble-minded  list  of  the  Board  of  Children’s  Guardians. 


MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.  31 


No.  578.  Female,  32,  colored. 

Has  had  three  illegitimate  children.  Was  living  in  one  small  room  with  her  mother, 
brother,  and  her  three  children,  in  an  indescribably  filthy  condition.  The  children 
were  committed  to  the  Board  of  Children’s  Guardians  in  1910  and  the  father  ordered 
to  pay  $4  a month  for  their  care.  The  oldest  boy,  almost  15  years  of  age,  has  been 
put  on  probation  by  the  juvenile  court.  He  and  his  brother,  aged  13,  were  kept  in  a 
boarding  home  until  December,  1912,  when  they  were  placed  for  indenture. 

No.  20.  Female,  21,  white. 

Epileptic  and  mentally  defective.  Her  father  was  placed  in  an  insane  asylum  not 
long  after  he  was  married,  but  improved  and  was  allowed  to  leave.  Several  children 
were  born  in  the  family  during  the  time  he  was  at  large.  He  is  now  in  the  asylum 
again.  An  Associated  Charities  agent  acquainted,  with  the  family  states  that  the 
mother  and  three  children  are  also  defective,  and  it  is  said  the  family  has  received 
help  from  almost  every  almsgiving  church  and  society  in  the  city.  The  girl  had 
epileptic  seizures  up  to  the  age  of  14,  when  they  ceased.  Her  left  arm  is  paralyzed. 
She  “runs  around”  with  an  imbecile  man  who  lives  in  the  neighborhood. 

No.  25.  Male,  36,  white. 

Is  able  to  work,  but  is  a “dope  fiend  ” as  well  as  mentally  defective,  and  has  been 
at  the  Home  for  the  Aged  and  Infirm  for  a year;  is  likely  to  remain  there  for  life. 

n.  MENTALLY  DEFECTIVE  WOMEN  WHO  ARE  MORALLY  DELINQUENT. 

No.  461.  Female,  33,  white. 

This  woman  has  been  known  to  charity  organizations  since  1903,  when  she  was 
admitted  to  the  hospital,  where  her  baby  was  born.  She  was  the  widow  of  a man 
said  to  have  been  feeble-minded  and  who  had  died  of  tuberculosis  a year  or  two  pre- 
viously. By  him  she  had  had  three  children,  all  of  them  now  dead.  She  admits 
she  has  led  the  life  of  a prostitute. 

This  woman  has  been  in  the  Florence  Crittenton  Mission  and  in  the  Washington 
Asylum  Hospital  several  times.  While  at  the  hospital  in  1910,  being  treated  for 
syphilis,  she  met  a man  who  was  being  treated  for  tuberculosis,  and  when  she  told 
him  of  her  condition  he  agreed  to  marry  her  and  take  care  of  her.  He  was  a man 
with  a jail  and  workhouse  record,  an  habitual  drunkard  with  vile  habits,  and  had 
had  tuberculosis  for  several  years. 

They  were  married  in  March,  1910.  Three  months  later  she  applied  at  the  office 
of  the  Associated  Charities  for  assistance;  she  was  terribly  bruised  from  beatings  by 
the  drunken  husband.  They  have  had  two  children;  one  died  at  bifth,  the  other  is 
a ward  of  the  Board  of  Children’s  Guardians..  Numerous  attempts  have  been  made 
to  place  the  woman  in  the  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  where  she  was  once 
sent  to  await  trial  for  insanity.  Physicians  testified  that  she  was  an  imbecile,  with 
the  mentality  of  a child  of  about  6 or  7 years,  although  she  is  now  33;  that  she  was 
unable  to  care  for  herself,  and  that  she  should  be  permanently  segregated  for  her  own 
sake  and  the  protection  of  society. 

The  woman  claims  she  has  had  nine  children;  all  except  one  have  died  from  neg- 
lect. Her  husband  is  now  in  the  tuberculosis  hospital.  The  woman  has  been  in  the 
tuberculosis  hospital  for  treatment,  but  refused  to  remain. 

No.  102.  Female,  21,  white. 

Has  two  illegitimate  children,  3 and  2 years  old,  respectively.  Was  sentenced  to 
360  days  for  nonsupport  of  child;  youngest  child  a ward  of  the  Board  of  Children’s 
Guardians;  older  child  adopted  out  from  the  foundling  asylum.  Woman  was  recently 
arrested  for  being  dressed  in  man’s  clothing;  she  is  now  in  jail  awaiting  sentence. 

No.  76.  Female,  19,  white. 

At  Florence  Crittenton  Mission  with  baby  1 month  old.  Has  another  child  2 
years  old,  now  cared  for  by  her  mother.  Both  are  illegitimate. 


32 


MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTKICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


No.  75.  Female,  26,  white. 

. No  home.  Has  illegitimate  child  14  months  old,  born  at  Florence  Crittenton  Mis- 
sion; another  illegitimate  child,  a boy  of  5 years,  is  at  St.  Joseph’s  Orphan  Asylum. 
He  is  not  normal. 

No.  106.  Female,  30,  white. 

Epileptic.  Was  in  Florence  Crittenton  Mission  three  years.  Has  one  child 
years  old;  boarded  out. 

No.  643.  Female,  18,  colored. 


Has  “falling  spells,”  probably  epilepsy.  Had  an  illegitimate  child  which  died 
about  a year  ago.  Was  married  the  past  summer. 


Has  no  parents, 
child. 


No.  249.  Female,  19,  white. 

Has  illegitimate  child  8 months  old;  is  in  service  and  is  keeping 
No.  64.  Female,  35,  white. 


Now  at  Florence  Crittenton  Mission  with  4-months-old  baby,  but  they  can  not 
keep  her  long.  Habits  unclean.  Has  a child  2 years  old  living  with  her  sister  in 
Virginia.  Comes  from  a good  family.  Her  sister  has  a mentally  defective  boy. 


No.  582.  Female,  33,  colored. 

Has  had  two  illegitimate  children,  last  one  born  June  2,  1913.  An  older  child  is 
in  an  institution  in  New  York  City.  Younger  child  is  in  charge  of  the  Board  of 
Children’s  Guardians. 

No.  586.  Female,  28,  colored. 

Is  badly  crippled.  Has  had  three  illegitimate  children;  the  first  one  is  dead;  the 
second  one’s  whereabouts  unknown.  Her  brother-in-law  is  reported  to  be  the  father 
of  the  third  child,  born  in  1911;  she  is  now  at  the  Home  for  the  Aged  and  Infirm. 


No.  189.  Female,  22,  white. 

. Badly  in  need  of  institutional  care.  A child,  colored,  was  born  in  1909  in  Flor- 
ence Crittenton  Mission  and  is  now  boarded  out  by  Board  of  Children’s  Guardians 
with  colored  family.  Woman  now  working  in  Bruen  Home. 

No.  140.  Female,  27,  white. 

Mother  died  when  girl  was  a baby.  Has  kept  house  for  men  since  she  was  a small 
girl.  Lived  with  her  brother  in  Langdon  and  there  had  a child  by  him  in  1911. 
They  were  threatened  with  arrest  and  came  to  Washington,  where  her  brother  com- 
mitted suicide  soon  after. 

No.  676.  Female,  35,  white. 

Crippled.  Two  illegitimate  children  are  being  cared  for  by  her  brother  and  sister. 

No.  787.  Female,  30,  white. 

Paralytic  and  crippled.  Was  pronounced  feeble-minded  by  a physician,  taken 
charge  of  by  Board  of  Children’s  Guardians  in  1896,  and  boarded  out.  In  1905  had 
an  illegitimate  child  whose  father  she  claimed  was  the  man  in  the  family  keeping 
her.  This  man  agreed  to  support  both,  but  has  since  died.  Woman  now  again 
being  boarded  out  by  Board  of  Children’s  Guardians. 

No.  649.  Female,  21,  colored. 

Epileptic.  Girl’s  mother  had  15  or  18  children.  This  girl  and  a younger  sister 
have  had  illegitimate  children. 


MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.  33 


No.  137.  Female,  26,  white. 

Has  had  three  illegitimate  children,  two  of  them  now  dead.  Woman  is  in  service 
and  has  the  third  child  with  her. 


No.  237.  Female,  24,  white. 

Has  had  two  illegitimate  children.  Her  mother  is  thought  to  be  mentally  defective. 


No.  639.  Female,  28,  colored. 

Very  defective  mentally.  Has  had  three  illegitimate  children  and  is  soon  to  have 
a fourth.  Lives  with  a man  said  to  have  a wife  and  children  in  the  city.  The  three 
children  are  boarded  out  by  the  Board  of  Children’s  Guardians. 

No.  799.  Female,  35,  white. 

Taken  into  a family  from  the  foundling  asylum  when  quite  young;  afterwards  sent 
to  Industrial  Home  School.  When  about  16  years  of  age  was  sent  to  the  Bruen  Home 
and  later  gave  birth  to  child  which  died  soon  afterwards.  . Lived  at  the  Bruen  Home 
for  several  years  as  a helper.  Appears  idiotic.  Was  married  during  the  past  winter. 


III.  CHILDREN  TOO  DEFECTIVE  TO  ATTEND  SCHOOL. 


No.  93.  Male,  11,  white' 
No.  94.  Male,  13,  white 


•Brothers. 


Have  been  in  public  school  and  are  now  in  parochial  school,  but  the  principal  says 
it  is  impossible  for  them  to  learn.  There  are  nine  children  in  the  family;  all  but 
these  two  appear  normal.  The  family  have  almost  no  furniture  and  the  house  is  very 
dirty.  The  children  seen  by  the  visitor  were  dirty  and  ragged. 


No.  479.  Female,  10,  white. 


Attended  a parochial  school,  but  was  so  defective  she  could  not  be  allowed  to  be 
with  the  other  children;  would  eat  food  from  the  garbage  pails  in  preference  to  her 
own  lunch.  Has  recently  been  sent  to  the  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane. 


No.  16.  Female,  7,  white. 

Mongolian  type  of  feeble-minded.  Very  defective;  badly  in  need  of  institutional 
care. 


No.  371.  Female,  16,  white. 


Not  now  in  school.  Her  behavior  has  caused  neighbors  to  report  case  frequently 
to  attendance  officer.  The  mother  is  also  defective,  and  the  father  a “dope  fiend.  7 


No.  534.  Male,  15,  colored. 

Has  been  in  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane;  can  not  read;  can  count  and 
make  change.  Did  good  work  in  chair  caning  and  basketry  when  in  an  atypical 
school;  now  working  as  an  errand  boy  in  a grocery  store. 


No.  181.  Male,  12,  white. 

Was  removed  from  Virginia  Training  School  in  July,  1914.  Is  an  epileptic  and 
needs  care;  is  a nuisance  in  the  neighborhood. 

No.  285.  Male,  16,  white. 

Paralyzed  on  left  side.  Never  attended  school;  does  not  know  the  alphabet;  sells 
papers;  lives  with  an  aunt. 

No.  541.  Female,  9,  colored. 

Too  defective  mentally  to  go  to  school;  the  mother,  a widow,  is  a day  worker  and 
has  to  employ  some  one  to  care  for  the  child  while  she  is  away. 


34 


MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTBICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


IV.  CHILDREN  IN  SPECIAL  SCHOOLS  TOO  DEFECTIVE  TO  BENEFIT  BY 

SUCH  TRAINING. 

No.  539.  Female,  14,  colored. 

In  an  atypical  school;  has  no  idea  of  what  has  been  taught  when  the  lesson  is  over. 
A sister  also  defective. 

No.  375.  Female,  16,  white. 

Has  attended  an  atypical  school,  but  can  not  learn. 

No.  572.  Female,  7,  colored. 

Mental  condition  so  bad  she  could  not  profit  by  attendance  at  an  atypical  school. 

No.  565.  Female,  12,  colored. 

Goes  to  atypical  school  when  older  sister  can  take  her,  but  mentally  incapable  of 
benefiting  by  school  attendance;  physically  defective  also. 

No.  222.  Male,  8,  white.  r 

An  atypical-school  teacher  says  she  is  unable  to  teach  the  boy  anything. 

No.  219.  Female,  14,  white. 

Imbecile.  Can  not  talk;  grins  when  asked  questions.  Was  kept  in  first  grade  of 
tegular  school  six  years  and  then  sent  to  an  atypical  school  at  the  age  of  13.  Did  not 
know  how  to  go  up  or  down  stairs  when  she  came  to  the  atypical  school,  but  has  now 
been  taught  to  put  up  one  foot  after  the  other. 

No.  9.  Female,  14,  white. 

Epileptic  and  feeble-minded.  Has  been  in  an  atypical  school  only  a couple  of 
weeks.  Uses  bad  language  and  is  likely  to  demoralize  the  other  children. 

No.  228.  Male,  14,  white. 

Teacher  in  atypical  school  reported  that  she  felt  she  had  been  unable  to  instruct 
him  during  the  three  years  he  had  been  in  the  school. 

No.  338.  Female,  13,  white. 

Plainly  an  institutional  case.  At  the  age  of  7,  when  she  entered  the  atypical 
school,  she  could  not  get  up  or  down  without  assistance.  It  took  three  months  to 
get  her  fingers  exercised  so  she  could  hold  a pencil.  Can  now  understand  and  answer 
questions  fairly  well.  Has  a brother  who  is  very  defective. 

No.  153.  Male,  18,  white. 

Is  about  five  years  old  mentally,  although  as  large  as  a man;  attends  atypical  school. 

V.  MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  WHOSE  FAMILIES  ARE  UNABLE  TO  PROVIDE 

PROPER  CARE. 

No.  23.  Male,  18,  white. 

This  boy  and  his  brother,  16  years  of  age,  also  very  defective,  belong  to  a family  of 
seven  children,  four  of  whom  are  living.  Two  older  brothers  are  working.  This  boy 
attended  an  atypical  school  for  three  years  but  could  not  learn  and  had  a bad  influence 
over  the  other  boys.  Can  do  errands,  but  can  do  no  work  for  which  he  could  be  paid. 
His  mother  thinks  she  can  see  some  improvement  in  his  condition.  The  16-year  old 
boy  has  never  been  to  school.  The  two  boys  are  a great  care  to  Lheir  mother,  who 
would  be  glad  of  a place  to  put  them  where  they  could  be  cared  for  and  taught.  The 
family  is  unable  to  pay  full  tuition,  but  could  pay  something.  They  are  in  moderate 
circumstances  and  have  a neat  home . The  boys  hang  around  the  public  school . They 
are  often  annoyed  by  the  other  children  and  are  a menace  to  the  neighborhood,  but 
the  mother  says  she  can  not  keep  them  in  the  house  all  the  time. 


MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


35 


No.  488.  Male,  17,  white. 

Was  unable  to  progress  further  than  the  fourth  grade  in  school ; has  not  been  to  school 
for  three  years;  can  not  keep  a position;  has  one  brother  at  the  Virginia  Training  School; 
two  other  brothers  are  normal.  The  family  are  in  comfortable  circumstances,  but  the 
mother  worries  constantly  for  fear  of  what  he  may  do  as  a result  of  his  uncontrollable 
temper.  His  parents  would  like  to  put  him  in  an  institution. 

No.  427.  Male,  9,  white. 


Appears  perfectly  normal  for  about  two  weeks  each  month,  then  gradually  goes  to 
pieces  and  frequently  goes  away  from  home  for  two  or  three  days;  when  found  claims 
he  has  eaten  bread  and  milk  taken  from  doorsteps  and  has  slept  in  vestibules.  Mother 
would  like  to  put  him  in  an  institution.  He  has  an  aunt  who  is  mentally  defective — 
No.  64. 

No.  754.  Male,  10,  colored. 

Can  not  stand  or  walk  and  his  speech  is  limited  to  the  words  “bread  ” and  “water,” 
and  a sound  that  is  understood  to  be  his  sister’s  name;  can  not  feed  himself;  sits  in  a 
chair  and  works  his  arms  and  legs  spasmodically  and  laughs;  has  just  been  returned 
from  Washington  Asylum  Hospital,  as  nothing  could  be  done  for  him  there;  mother  is 
a widow  and  works  out;  she  has  two  other  children. 

No.  317.  Male,  25,  white. 

Has  never  been  able  to  attend  school;  mother  spent  one  winter  trying  to  teach  him 
his  alphabet,  but  he  does  not  know  it  now;  does  not  do  anything;  parents  are  unable 
to  pay  for  institutional  care,  although  they  could  pay  part;  he  is  too  old  for  existing 
institutions.  The  mother  is  breaking  down  under  the  long  strain,  and  the  doctor  has 
said  the  son  must  be  put  somewhere.  He  has  one  sister  who  is  normal. 


No.  741.  Male,  38,  colored. 

Can  not  talk,  but  can  feed  himself;  he  can  chop  wood,  but  is  not  competent  to  go 
on  errands.  He  is  boarded  and  cared  for  by  his  brother. 


No.  194.  Male,  34,  white. 


Very  defective;  can  not  read  or  write  nor  do  any  work ; he  is  cared  for  by  his  widowed 
mother  and  sister. 


No.  408.  Female,  13,  white. 


Very  much  in  need  of  institutional  care;  can  not  talk  or  be  made  to  learn  anything; 
not  in  school. 

No.  647.  Male,  6,  colored  bn  • 

No.  648.  Male,  6,  colored/iwms* 


Both  boys  are  unable  to  walk  or  talk ; family  very  poor. 

No.  412.  Female,  11,  white. 

Was  in  second  grade  of  regular  school;  sent  to  atypical  school,  but  has  recently  been 
excluded  from  school  by  the  board  of  health.  No  teacher  will  keep  her  because  of 
her  bad  habits.  .The  mother  is  a “dope  fiend.” 

No.  82.  Male,  15,  white. 

Not  in  school;  should  be  in  an  institution;  father  is  said  to  be  mentally  defective. 

No.  425.  Male,  20,  white. 

Harmless,  but  very  defective  mentally;  helps  at  home  and  takes  care  of  the  baby; 
needs  institutional  care. 

No.  774.  Female,  8,  colored. 

Mentally  incapable  of  ever  attending  school;  could  probably  be  taught  to  do  hand- 
work; father  is  sickly  and  partially  incapacitated  for  work;  mother  takes  in  washing. 
There  are  nine  other  children. 


36  MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


VI.  DEFECTIVE  DELINQUENTS  DETRIMENTAL  TO  THE  WELFARE  OF 

THE  COMMUNITY. 

No.  348.  Male,  10,  white. 

Has  been  examined  and  declared  to  be  in  need  of  institutional  care.  Has  been 
before  the  juvenile  court  for  stealing. 

No.  30.  Female.  18,  white. 

Mother  is  dead;  there  are  nine  children;  older  sister  is  in  charge  of  home.  This 
girl  is  a good  housekeeper  and  has  a sweet  disposition,  but  has  bad  influence  over  the 
other  children  of  the  family.  A great  problem  to  the  father. 

No.  303.  Male,  14,  white. 

Orphan.  Unable  to  study,  but  works  well  under  direction;  was  boarded  out  with  a 
family  for  two  or  three  months,  but  was  returned  to  an  asylum  in  bad  condition;  a 
great  detriment  to  other  children,  who  also  worry  him  into  a very  nervous  condition. 

No.  88.  Female,  8,  white. 

Attends  an  atypical  school.  Was  assaulted  when  7 years  of  age  and  is  in  constant 
danger  owing  to  her  mental  condition. 

No.  505.  Male,  14,  white. 

Has  attended  an  atypical  school . This  boy  and  a brother  three  years  younger  have 
been  in  the  Industrial  Home  School;  have  also  been  before  the  juvenile  court  for 
stealing.  Boy  has  been  in  Children’s  Hospital  three  times.  The  family  has  been 
helped  for  years  by  public  relief  agencies.  There  apparently  is  insanity  in  the  family. 
The  father  has  been  in  hospital  for  observation,  but  a physician  declared  he  was  not 
insane;  he  is  an  habitual  drunkard;  has  been  in  the  workhouse;  his  father  is  said  to 
have  been  insane  at  the  time  of  his  death,  and  a brother  is  insane  at  times.  There  are 
five  children  in  the  family;  the  baby  is  said  to  be  abnormal. 

No.  300.  Male,  25,  white. 

Never  learned  to  read  or  write.  Has  served  sentence  for  larceny  and  has  viciously 
assaulted  his  mother. 

No.  97.  Male,  20,  white. 

Feeble-minded  and  very  immoral  and  has  evil  tendencies.  Was  doing  fourth-grade 
work  at  the  age  of  16.  Now  working. 

No.  358.  Male,  19,  white. 

This  boy  was  recently  sent  to  the  Home  for  the  Aged  and  Infirm  because  he  would 
not  work  and  was  considered  an  undesirable  person  to  have  at  large.  He  left  after 
having  been  there  11  days  and  now  is  wandering  the  streets.  The  family  does  not 
know  where  he  is.  The  father  deserted  the  family  three  years  ago;  the  mother  is 
employed  in  a factory.  There  are  four  children;  the  oldest  girl  is  in  the  Industrial 
Home  School;  the  second  girl  is  in  the  Pennsylvania  Training  School;  and  a boy  is  in 
the  National  Training  School. 

VH.  MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  WHO  ARE  ALSO  PHYSICALLY  DEFECTIVE. 

No.  547.  Male,  23,  colored. 

Epileptic.  Unable  to  learn;  some  of  the  best  physicians  in  Washington  and  Balti- 
more have  failed  to  improve  his  physical  condition;  has  to  be  attended  like  a baby 
at  times. 

No.  312.  Male,  16,  white. 

Epileptic.  Declared  to  be  in  a state  of  mental  deterioration  and  in  need  of  special 
institutional  care. 


MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.  37 


No.  627.  Female,  10,  colored. 

Is  blind  and  can  not  talk,  but  understands  what  is  said  to  her;  can  not  feed  her- 
self or  care  for  herself  in  anyway;  has  been  boarded  out  by  the  Board  of  Children’s 
Guardians  since  she  was  a year  and  a half  old. 

No.  622.  Male,  15,  colored. 

No  father;  mother  works  out  by  the  day,  and  brother,  13  years  old,  is  often  kept 
out  of  school  to  care  for  him;  sometimes  neighbors  help;  partially  paralyzed,  but  can 
walk  and  understands  what  is  said  to  him.  Does  not  dress  himself  and  does  not  talk; 
has  idiotic  expression;  the  home  seems  comfortable;  no  other  children. 


No.  665.  Female,  11,  colored. 


Badly  crippled;  uses  crutches;  never  attended  school. 


No.  149.  Male,  13,  white.  1 
No.  150.  Male,  13,  white./ 


Twins. 


In  an  atypical  school;  these  boys  seem  to  have  no  control  of  their  limbs;  they  reel 
down  the  steps  as  if  they  were  drunk;  they  are  brought  to  school  in  a wagon;  another 
brother  slightly  defective. 

No.  781.  Female,  18,  white. 


Unable  to  walk  or  control  her  limbs;  has  been  two  years  in  hospital;  was  sent  to 
the  Home  for  the  Aged  and  Infirm  three  years  ago. 

No.  791.  Female,  12,  white. 

Very  defective  physically;  can  not  make  any  intelligible  signs  nor  indicate  her 
wants;  is  kept  out  of  doors  in  an  invalid  chair  during  the  day;  parents  able  to  pro- 
vide for  her  while  they  live. 


VIH.  MENTALLY  DEFECTIVE  WOMEN  LIKELY  TO  BECOME  VICTIMS  OF 
IMPROPER  TREATMENT. 

No.  143.  Female,  20,  white. 

Has  attended  an  atypical  school  and  learned  to  write  her  name,  but  was  withdrawn 
by  her  parents  because  girls  in  the  school  who  were  older  and  less  defective  taught 
her  undesirable  things  and  men  spoke  to  her  on  the  street;  now  staying  at  home. 

No.  3.  Female,  17,  white. 

Has  been  in  an  atypical  school,  but  can  not  go  and  come  alone;  she  has  given  the 
worker  in  charge  of  a playground  a great  deal  of  trouble;  grown  men  would  hang 
around  the  playground  and  cause  annoyance  until  the  worker  would  be  compelled 
to  take  the  girl  home;  her  mother  is  dead. 

No.  470.  Female,  16,  white. 

Has  been  brought  before  the  juvenile  court  for  bad  behavior  on  the  street;  she  had 
an  Italian  arrested,  claiming  he  was  the  father  of  her  child. 

No.  790.  Female,  16,  white. 

This  girl  lives  with  her  sister,  but  the  latter  can  not  restrain  her  and  is  unwilling  to 
keep  her;  she  was  found  in  the  company  of  a man  in  Baltimore  by  a deaconess  and 
sent  to  Sibley  Memorial  Hospital,  where  she  remained  three  months,  but  was  dis- 
missed from  there,  as  she  was  not  a hospital  patient;  the  sister  has  since  applied  for 
readmission  for  her,  but  was  refused. 

No.  460.  Female,  23,  white. 

The  mother  is  dead;  father  a drunkard;  she  lived  with  married  sister  until  turned 
out  because  of  her  behavior  and  influence;  would  call  men  in  from  the  street  to  intro- 
duce them  to  her  nieces;  she  was  sent  by  the  Board  of  Charities  to  Florence  Critten- 
ton  Mission — for  lack  of  a better  place— after  she  had  been  arrested,  having  applied 
for  admission  to  a rooming  house  after  midnight. 


38 


MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


No.  238.  Female,  17,  white. 

Has  attended  an  atypical  school,  but  was  removed  by  parents  because  there  was  but 
one  other  girl  in  the  school  and  because  she  learned  bad  language  from  the  boys;  she 
has  a violent  temper;  her  mother  would  be  glad  to  put  her  in  an  institution,  as  she  is 
fearful  of  what  may  happen  to  her;  the  family  could  pay  something  for  her  care. 

No.  65.  Female,  21,  white. 

Has  been  too  defective  to  attend  school ; unable  to  go  about  alone ; parents  are  able 
to  care  for  her  at  present,  but  are  constantly  worried  for  fear  of  what  may  happen  to  her. 

No.  70.  Female,  16,  white. 

The  mother  thinks  it  unwise  for  her  to  attend  the  atypical  school,  as  she  believes  it 
unsafe  for  her  to  go  to  and  from  school  alone.  Girl  has  been  in  Pennsylvania  Train- 
ing School,  but  parents  insisted  on  having  her  brought  home.  They  would  be  willing 
to  put  her  in  an  institution  if  there  were  one  near  enough  for  them  to  visit  her. 

DC.  ADULTS  WHO  MIGHT  HAVE  PROFITED  BY  INSTITUTIONAL 

TRAINING. 

No.  685.  Male,  20,  colored. 

Has  never  been  in  school ; should  be  in  an  institution ; works  about  the  house ; can 
sweep  and  dust;  can  not  go  about  alone;  can  do  errands,  if  not  sent  for  more  than  one 
thing  at  a time;  family  in  moderate  circumstances. 

No.  587.  Male,  16,  colored. 

Epileptic  and  mentally  defective;  never  advanced  beyond  the  first  grade  in  public 
school;  was  a normal  child  until  7 years  of  age,  when  he  had  scarlet  fever;  is  now  in 
Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane  in  ward  with  25  or  30  others;  helps  clean  the 
ward  sometimes,  but  would  be  able  to  do  other  work  if  it  could  be  provided;  is  very 
much  dissatisfied  with  his  surroundings  and  begs  to  be  brought  home. 

No.  269.  Male,  21,  white. 

Epileptic.  His  condition  was  caused  by  an  attack  of  spinal  meningitis  at  the  age 
of  9 months.  He  is  melancholy,  as  he  realizes  that  he  is  not  normal.  An  institution 
where  he  could  be  taught  an  occupation  and  be  employed  would  be  a great  benefit. 
Family  would  be  glad  to  put  the  boy  in  an  institution  if  there  were  one  nearby.  He 
is  a constant  worry  to  his  mother. 

X.  CASES  INDICATING  DEFECTIVE  STOCK. 

No.  715.  Female,  5,  colored. 

In  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane.  Father  has  been  under  observation  at 
Washington  Asylum  Hospital.  Grandfather  in  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane 
since  1891.  Great-aunt  (on  father’s  side)  died  in  the  Government  Hospital  for  the 
Insane  in  1898. 

No.  373.  Male,  40,  white. 

Painter.  Has  epilepsy.  Reported  to  be  of  low  moral  character.  Wife  tubercular. 
A son  of  10  has  shown  signs  of  feeble-mindedness.  A daughter  of  8 has  very  bad 
habits. 

No.  789.  Male,  11,  white. 

Father  died  in  insane  asylum.  The  boy  has  been  recommended  for  the  Vineland 
Training  School  by  his  physician. 

No.  389.  Female,  16,  white. 

In  an  atypical  school.  Her  mother  said  to  be  defective,  as  is  also  the  mother’s 
sister. 


MENTAL  DEFECTIVES  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


39 


No.  361.  Female,  18,  white. 

In  Virginia  Training  School.  Mother  is  in  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane 
(feeble-minded);  brother  and  sister  in  Industrial  Home  Training  School. 

No.  310.  Male,  10,  white. 

In  Pennsylvania  Training  School,  sent  by  Board  of  Children’s  Guardians.  Mother 
(case  311)  now  in  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane  (feeble-minded). 

No.  90.  Male,  28,  white. 

Unable  to  work  on  account  of  mental  condition;  has  a sister  in  the  Government 
Hospital  for  the  Insane. 

No.  426.  Male,  14,  white. 

Attends  atypical  school;  knows  almost  nothing.  Has  a defective  brother.  Mother 
is  also  considered  defective. 

No.  123.  Male,  8,  white  lnwu™.  ~ 

No.  124.  Female,  10,  white jBrother  and  81ster' 

Parents  both  defective;*  5 children,  all  considered  defective.  Parents  will  not 
allow  them  to  attend  atypical  school,  and  teachers  in  the  regular  schools  will  not  keep 
them. 


ADDITIONAL  COPIES 

OF  THIS  PUBLICATION  MAY  BE  PROCURED  FROM 
THE  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  DOCUMENTS 
GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

AT 

5 CENTS  PER  COPY 
V 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR 

CHILDREN’S  BUREAU 

JULIA  C.  LATHROP,  Chid 


— j«  LfSRAI 

) 1919 


JAN 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS 

TYPES  AND  PREPARATION 


BY 


ANNA  LOUISE  STRONG,  Ph.  D. 


MISCELLANEOUS  SERIES  No.  4 
Bureau  Publication  No.  14 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1915 


FRONTISPIECE.— TYPICAL  FLOOR  PLAN  OF  A CH  I LD-WELFARE  EXHIBIT  (HELD 
IN  ROCHESTER),  SHOWING  CENTRAL  COURT,  WIDE  AISLE,  LARGE  SECTIONS 
ARRANGED  BY  SUBJECTS. 


2 


■*0  X-Cs  I ^ «t/  Ja 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


0 "WO  , \V 

& 


Page. 

Letter  of  transmittal 5 

Introductory 7 

Scope  of  the  exhibit 8 

Use  of  traveling  exhibits 10 

Wall  panels  12 

Infant-welfare  exhibit 11-13 

Baby  in  the  home 12 

Exhibit  on  food 13 

Directory  of  organizations 13 

Children’s  health  conference 13-19 

Method  of  organization 14 

Equipment  needed 16 

Baby  week 16 

Permanent  centers — State  circuits 17 

Exhibit  on  children’s  interests 19-  23 

Method  of  organization 19 

Home-play  exhibit 21 

Supplementary  exhibits 22 

State-wide  exhibit 22 

Recreation  survey 22 

/ s.  Community  child-welfare  exhibits 23-32 

Committee  organization 24-27 

Finance,  or  ways  and  means 24 

Publicity 24 

Installation 25 

Hospitality  and  explainers 25 

Program 26 

Exhibiting  committees 26 

Floor  plans 27 

Unit  construction 28-31 

Construction  of  traveling  exhibits - 28 

More  permanent  construction 30 

Color  scheme 31 

Control  by  executive  office 32 

Suggestions  for  exhibitors 32-46 

Wall  exhibits 33-36 

Lettering 34 

Photographs  and  illustrations 34 

Transparencies 35 

Three-dimension  exhibits 36-42 

Models 36 

Moving  models  and  electrical  devices 39 


4 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Suggestions  for  exhibitors — Continued.  Page. 

Living  exhibits 42-46 

Explainers 42 

Demonstrations 43 

Program  committee 44 

After  the  exhibit 46 

Appendix  1.  Child-welfare  exhibits  owned  by  State  departments,  January  1, 

1915 49 

Appendix  2.  Record  of  Children’s  Health  Conference 52 

Appendix  3.  Table  of  weights  and  measures 54 

Appendix  4.  Announcement  and  entry  form,  of  Seattle  Junior  Exhibition 55 

Appendix  5.  Bureau’s  exhibit  at  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition 57 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Frontispiece.  Typical  floor  plan  of  a chihl-welfare  exhibit  (held  in  Rochester), 
showing  central  court,  wide  aisle,  large  sections  arranged  by  subjects. 

No.  1.  Children’s  Health  Conference.  Doctor,  nurse,  parent,  and  child  are  sepa- 
rated from  the  general  public  by  a glass  wall  through  which  the  examination 
can  be  seen. 

No.  2.  Home-play  exhibit. 

No.  3.  Balance  beam  and  slide  in  home-play  exhibit. 

No.  4.  Wall  panel  from  the  exhibit  of  the  Children’s  Bureau,  showing  the  use  of 
cartoons. 

No.  5.  Wall  panel  from  the  exhibit  of  the  Children’s  Bureau,  showing  an  arrange- 
ment of  photographs  and  statements  pasted  on  a larger  background  which 
forms  the  unit  of  construction. 

No.  6.  Wall  panel  from  the  exhibit  of  the  Children’s  Bureau,  showing  a combi- 
nation of  photographs  and  cartoons. 

No.  7.  Wall  panel  on  infant  care. 

No.  8.  Wall  panel  on  infant  care. 

No.  9.  Wall  panel  on  prenatal  care. 

No.  10.  Model  made  for  a child-welfare  exhibit  by  a vocational  class  in  the 
Rochester  public  schools. 

No.  11.  Dental  exhibit  comprising  photographs,  statements,  lantern  lecture,  den- 
tal equipment,  models  of  teeth,  and  a demonstration  of  dental  examination, 
afi  in  one  8 by  12  space,  made  by  the  Rochester  Dental  Society. 

No.  12.  Starting  a fly  campaign  at  the  Rochester  Child-Welfare  Exhibit.  A 
combination  of  “ living  exhibit  ” with  charts. 

No.  13.  A good  exhibit  for  a library  in  a community  child-welfare  exhibition  is 
a children’s  room  in  operation. 

No.  14.  Diagram  of  wall  panel  composed  of  cards. 

No.  15.  Cross  section  of  an  illusion.  (Side  view  with  door  removed.) 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Labor, 

Children’s  Bureau, 

W ashing  ton,  I).  C September  20 , 1915. 

Sir  : I transmit  herewith  a bulletin  on  Child-welf are  Exhibits : 
Types  and  preparation,  by  Dr.  Anna  Louise  Strong,  exhibit  expert 
of  the  Children’s  Bureau. 

The  exhibit  has  proved,  in  recent  years,  an  important  means  for 
the  widespread  publication  of  facts.  Especially  effective  have  been 
the  uses  of  this  form  of  publication  in  relation  to  child  and  infant 
welfare.  The  Children’s  Bureau  receives  many  letters  of  inquiry 
from  organizations  and  individuals  desiring  to  hold  such  exhibits; 
and  it  is  in  answer  to  inquiries  of  this  kind  that  this  bulletin  has  been 
prepared. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

Julia  C.  Lathrop,  Chief. 

Hon.  William  B.  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Labor . 


5 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


INTRODUCTORY. 

In  the  past  five  years  there  have  occurred  in  nearly  every  part  of 
the  United  States  three  distinct  series  of  exhibits  all  dealing  with 
subjects  which  may  be  classed  under  the  general  head  of  child  wel- 
fare. The  New  York  Child- welfare  Exhibit,  held  in  January,  1911, 
aimed  to  show  all  influences  affecting  the  welfare  of  children  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  and  gave  rise  to  a series  of  similar  exhibits  in 
Chicago,  Kansas  City,  Northampton,  St.  Louis,  Buffalo,  Montreal, 
Louisville,  Providence,  Knoxville,  Rochester,  New  Britain,  Peoria, 
Toledo,  Seattle,  Indianapolis,  and  Dublin  (Ireland),  and  many 
smaller  places. 

The  Philadelphia  Baby-Saving  Show,  in  May,  1912,  gave  its  atten- 
tion to  one  aspect  of  child  welfare — that  of  baby  saving,  covering 
this  in  much  greater  detail  than  had  previously  been  done.  This 
show  led  not  only  to  other  baby-saving  exhibits  but  to  an  enrichment 
of  the  series  of  larger  child- welfare  exhibits  as  far  as  the  subject  of 
infant  welfare  was  concerned.  A further  enrichment  came  from  the 
Junior  Exhibitions,  held  in  Cleveland  and  San  Francisco,  a display 
on  a large  scale  of  objects  made  by  children ; and  from  the  boys’  hobby 
shows  of  the  Young  Men’s  Christian  Association,  dealing  with  the 
special  interests  of  adolescent  boys.  The  children’s  health  conference, 
consisting  of  a free  physical  examination  for  children,  held  in  Knox- 
ville, Tenn.,  in  September-October,  1913,  in  the  children’s  building  of 
the  National  Conservation  Congress,  established  a technique  for  still 
another  feature  of  a child-welfare  exhibit.  Each  of  these  exhibits 
has  been  held  at  times  alone  and  at  other  times  as  part  of  a larger 
child-welfare  exhibit. 

The  demand  for  an  exhibit  may  arise  in  a community  in  many 
ways.  A mother’s  club  or  inf  ant- welfare  station  may  desire  some 
new  and  graphic  way  of  teaching  mothers  the  methods  of  infant 
care;  a settlement  or  club  may  wish  to  interest  parents  more  vitally 
in  the  development  of  the  growing  boy  and  girl;  several  children’s 
philanthropies  may  wish  to  explain  their  work  to  the  public;  or  a 
group  of  representative  citizens  from  all  these  organizations  may  feel 


7 


8 


CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


that  the  time  lias  come  for  a graphic  presentation  of  all  the  condi- 
tions that  affect  the  well-being  of  the  community’s  children,  so  that 
the  whole  community  may  know  those  conditions  and  take  action  con- 
cerning them. 

For  all  these  purposes  the  exhibit  has  proved  a useful  method 
of  popular  education.  Comments  of  parents,  teachers,  and  visiting 
nurses  after  the  exhibit  show  conclusively  that  many  homes  are 
reached  and  influenced  by  the  sections  intended  especially  for  par- 
ents. In  securing  community  aims  through  publicity  the  exhibit  has 
shown  itself  equally  effective.  New  laws  or  new  machinery  for  law 
enforcement  or  community  administration  have  been  secured  by 
practically  every  large  child-welfare  exhibit.  A comprehensive 
exhibit  of  this  kind  should  combine  both  the  appeal  to  the  parent 
and  that  to  the  citizen,  using  each  to  reenforce  the  other.  In  this 
respect  it  offers  a peculiarly  democratic  approach  to  the  problems 
involved  in  the  welfare  of  the  child,  since  it  takes  as  point  of  depar- 
ture not  the  “ poor  child  ” nor  the  “ bad  boy,”  but  all  children,  leading 
the  parent  to  that  interest  in  community  action  through  which  alone 
his  own  child  may  be  safeguarded  and  the  citizen  to  a knowledge  of 
the  individual  problems  of  heredity,  ignorance,  and  poverty  on  the 
adequate  solution  of  which  depends  the  community’s  future. 

At  first  only  the  larger  cities  felt  able  to  undertake  the  expense  of 
a child-welfare  exhibit,  which  varied  from  $80,000  in  New  York  to 
$3,000  or  $4,000  in  Toledo,  Seattle,  and  Kochester,  and  even  in  a 
small  community  like  Northampton,  Mass.,  was  as  high  as  $847. 
But  with  the  improvement  of  exhibit  technique  and  with  the  con- 
struction of  many  traveling  exhibits  owned  by  Federal  and  State 
authorities  or  by  national  organizations  practically  any  community 
can  now  hold  some  type  of  child-welfare  exhibit  for  very  little  cost. 

SCOPE  OF  THE  EXHIBIT. 

The  first  thing  to  be  decided  when  a demand  arises  for  an  exhibit 
dealing  with  questions  of  child  welfare  is  the  scope  and  exact  pur- 
pose of  the  exhibit. 

Is  the  exhibit  to  be  part  of  a larger  exposition?  If  so,  it  will  be 
conditioned  in  the  choice  of  its  field  by  the  classification  already 
made  b}^  the  exposition  authorities.  Even  if  no  external  situation 
compels  the  limiting  of  the  field,  reasons  of  economy,  whether  of 
time,  money,  or  effort,  may  make  it  wiser  to  undertake  only  one  part 
of  the  vast  subject  of  child  welfare  and  cover  that  part  with  greater 
detail. 

Care  in  naming  is  desirable  if  the  exhibit  is  to  reach  its  proper 
audience.  The  tendency  to  use  the  title  “ child-welfare  exhibit  ” for 
small  exhibits  which  deal  with  the  care  of  babies,  home  play,  child- 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


9 


helping  agencies,  or  any  one  partial  aspect  of  the  whole  question  of 
the  child’s  welfare  leads  to  many  misconceptions.  It  is  far  better 
to  give  these  exhibits  more  specific  names,  such  as  infant-welfare 
exhibit,  baby-saving  show,  child-helping  exhibit,  children’s  health 
conference  and  exhibit.  An  exhibit  which  covers  a large  variety  of 
subjects  of  special  interest  to  parents,  such  as  infant  care,  food, 
play,  interests,  and  ideals,  but  which  does  not  include  any  reference 
to  community  problems,  may  perhaps  be  designated  by  the  general 
name  of  “ chi  Id- welfare  exhibit,”  although  even  in  this  case  “ the 
child  in  the  home  ” would  seem  a better  name.  If  the  name  of  a 
city  or  State  is  used  as  a prefix,  as  “ Kansas  City  Child- Welfare  Ex- 
hibit,” the  public  has  a right  to  expect  a well-rounded  presentation  of 
the  whole  question  of  the  welfare  of  the  community’s  children,  in- 
cluding health,  education,  recreation,  and  the  many  problems  that 
arise  in  dealing  with  the  defective,  dependent,  and  delinquent  child. 
Further  description  of  many  different  types  of  exhibits  suited  to 
varying  needs  will  be  given  later ; here  it  will  be  sufficient  to  note  the 
special  situations  which  call  for  special  kinds  of  exhibits. 

If  the  main  purpose  is  to  arouse  parents  to  a knowledge  of  the 
physical  needs  of  their  own  children  and  the  way  to  care  for  those 
needs,  a children’s  health  conference  combined  with  a small  exhibit 
on  the  care  of  the  baby  and  the  preparation  of  food  is  perhaps  the 
most  direct  method  of  accomplishing  this  end.  A conference  requires 
for  its  fullest  success  the  cooperation  of  the  county  medical  society, 
the  local  women’s  organizations,  and  the  local  authorities  on  domestic 
science.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  attention  of  parents  should  be 
directed  toward  the  mental  and  social  needs  of  the  growing  child, 
a junior  exhibition  or  exhibit  of  children’s  interests  is  perhaps  the 
most  desirable  type  of  exhibit.  A playground  or  school  or  any 
organization  which  has  direct  access  to  a large  number  of  children 
may  manage  such  an  exhibit,  but  for  a many-sided  display  it  is  well 
to  include  other  organizations  dealing  with  the  interests  and  ideals 
of  children,  such  as  the  library,  the  Young  Men’s  Christian  Asso- 
ciation, the  Young  Women’s  Christian  Association,  the  Camp  Fire 
Girls,  the  Boy  Scouts,  and  any  boys’  and  girls’  clubs  that  may  exist. 
A combination  of  a children’s  health  conference  and  a junior  exhibi- 
tion might  make  a fairly  comprehensive  exhibit  on  “the  child  in  the 
home,”  the  purpose  of  which  would  be  to  stir  parents  to  a knowledge 
of  what  they  might  do  to  encourage  the  well-rounded  development  of 
their  children. 

If,  however,  it  is  desired  not  only  to  help  individual  parents,  but 
to  secure  needed  legislation  or  community  action  for  the  welfare  of 
children,  then  the  exhibit  must  be  more  extended  in  scope.  It  may 
be  a baby-saving  show,  emphasizing  the  need  of  birth  registration, 
proper  inspection  of  milk,  a child-hvgiene  division  in  the  board  of 
health,  or  similar  needs,  and  using  the  children’s  health  conference 


10 


G 11 ILJD- W E LEAKE  EX II IBIT S . 


as  one  feature  among  many  others.  Or  it  may  be  a child-welfare 
exhibit,  modeled  on  the  lines  of  the  large  general  exhibits  held  under 
that  name  and  containing  divisions  on  health,  schools,  recreation, 
moral  and  religious  training,  philanthropy,  law,  industrial  condi- 
tions, etc.,  and  showing  the  work  of  many  organizations  as  well  as 
many  needs,  such  as  a new  child-labor  law,  more  playgrounds,  chil- 
dren’s work  in  the  library,  or  medical  inspection  in  the  schools. 

An  exhibit  on  a specific  subject,  intended  to  be  of  use  to  parents, 
can  well  be  held  by  any  woman’s  club,  settlement,  church,  play- 
ground, school,  or  similar  organization.  On  the  other  hand,  a com- 
munity child- welfare  exhibit,  designed  to  move  the  community  to 
action,  should  include  on  its  governing  committee  representatives  of 
all  agencies  dealing  with  children — the  schools,  the  playgrounds,  the 
board  of  health,  the  various  philanthropies,  as  well  as  members 
representing,  perhaps  unofficially,  any  large  religious  or  industrial 
groupings  whose  cooperation  is  needed  for  permanent  results. 

USE  OF  TRAVELING  EXHIBITS. 

One  of  the  first  suggestions  made  when  a child-welfare  exhibit  is 
planned  is  to  save  expense  by  collecting  as  many  exhibits  as  possible 
from  National  and  State  sources.  To  meet  this  demand  many  State 
universities  and  State  health  departments  have  prepared  traveling 
exhibits,  usually  available  for  the  cost  of  transportation.  Many 
national  educational  and  philanthropic  organizations  have  traveling 
exhibits,  which  they  loan  for  a nominal  rental. 

The  list  of  State  departments — State  health  departments,  exten- 
sion departments  of  State  universities  and  of  State  agricultural  col- 
leges— owning  exhibits  on  January  1,  1915,  will  be  found  in  Appen- 
dix 1.  Progress  in  this  field  is  so  rapid  that  no  local  committee  need 
hesitate  to  inquire  of  State  departments  which  do  not  appear  in  this 
list. 

The  extent  to  which  it  is  wise  to  make  use  of  borrowed  exhibits 
is  a question  to  be  considered  seriously  by  the  local  executive  com- 
mittee. The  advantages  are  plain.  They  save  a heavy  expense  of 
photographs,  cartoons,  and  lettering,  and  they  are  probably  designed 
with  more  care  and  with  access  to  a wider  range  of  facts  than  can  be 
secured  by  a local  committee  in  the  rush  preceding  an  exhibit.  But 
the  disadvantages  are  equally  plain.  They  rarely  apply  with  great 
force  to  peculiarly  local  needs;  they  fail  to  arouse  local  effort  and 
enthusiasm. 

An  exhibit  designed  primarily  for  parents  may  venture  to  bor- 
row all  its  wall  charts  on  infant  care  from  some  authoritative  source. 
Local  interest  will  be  sufficiently  excited  by  the  examination  of  local 
children  and  the  collection  locally  of  the  baby’s  clothing,  bathing 


CHILD-WELFAEE  EXHIBITS. 


11 


and  sleeping  arrangements,  and  local  exhibits  on  food  and  home 
pky. 

But  in  a larger  child-welfare  exhibit,  which  aims  to  secure  com- 
munity action,  it  is  a serious  mistake  to  send  out  hastily  for  collec- 
tions of  borrowed  exhibits,  however  good  these  may  be.  The  local 
exhibit  should  first  be  carefully  planned  under  appropriate  subjects 
and  borrowed  material  used  sparingly  and  only  when  it  will  give 
force  and  wider  background  to  important  local  facts.  The  work  of 
local  committees,  even  when  crude,  is  of  such  educational  value  that 
it  is  often  worth  more  to  the  community  than  the  technically  better 
work  of  outsiders.  This  is  not  merely  because  it  contains  local  facts 
and  catchwords  and  describes  local  needs,  but  because  the  process 
of  collecting  those  facts,  analyzing  them,  stating  them  graphically, 
and  coming  to  conclusions  concerning  them,  may  mean  more  for  the 
community’s  future,  when  done  by  a local  committee,  than  the  por- 
trayal of  the  facts  in  the  most  effective  exhibit  form.  A committee  on 
health,  for  instance,  or  on  recreation,  or  on  child  labor  comprises 
many  factions  with  many  views;  its  members  possess  many  isolated 
bits  of  knowledge.  Under  the  pressure  of  a coming  exhibit  factional 
discussion  must  be  brought  to  some  conclusion ; the  bits  of  knowledge, 
more  or  less  vague  before,  must  be  welded  into  a community  program, 
clear  and  definite,  which  the  committee  is  willing  to  present  to  the 
public.  If  this  is  carefully  done,  then  through  this  committee  work, 
before  a single  wall  exhibit  is  lifted  or  a single  model  in  place,  the 
child-welfare  exhibit  may  have  more  than  justified  itself. 

INFANT-WELFARE  EXHIBIT. 

Perhaps  the  simplest  and  most  easily  planned  type  of  exhibit  is 
the  small  infant-welfare  exhibit  held  in  connection  with  State  and 
county  fairs,  baby  contests,  or  children’s  health  conferences.  Such 
an  exhibit  may  be  designed  merely  to  give  information  to  the  mothers 
of  a community  or  it  may  have  the  more  definite  object  of  arousing 
interest  in  a proposed  infant-welfare  station  or  child-welfare  center. 
It  may  be  held  by  an  infant-welfare  committee  of  a woman’s  club, 
by  a settlement,  a visiting-nurse  association,  or  similar  organization, 
and  may  be  planned  to  influence  a small  town,  a country  district,  a 
city  neighborhood,  or  an  entire  city. 

The  organization  of  an  exhibit  intended  to  include  all  the  activities 
of  a large  city  will  be  considered  later  under  the  head  of  community 
child-welfare  exhibits.  For  smaller  exhibits,  held  by  an  infant- 
welfare  committee  or  association,  little  formal  organization  is  neces- 
sary. Each  main  subdivision  of  the  exhibit  should  be  placed  in 
charge  of  an  individual  or  a small  committee;  these  are  named  and 
described  later.  Questions  of  place,  publicity,  lectures,  and  bor- 


12 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


rowed  exhibits  may  or  may  not  need  attention  by  special  committees 
or  designated  individuals;  frequently  in  small  exhibits  such  ques- 
tions already  have  been  determined  by  the  circumstances  which  called 
the  exhibit  into  being. 

WALL  PANELS. 

The  question  must  be  decided  whether  the  panels  shall  be  borrowed 
or  shall  be  prepared  under  medical  direction.  Living  demonstra- 
tions and  actual  objects  form  by  far  the  most  effective  part  of  any 
exhibit.  These  can  be  prepared  locally,  however,  with  better  results 
than  attend  any  traveling  exhibit.  Wall  panels,  on  the  other  hand, 
while  in  many  ways  the  least  effective  part  of  an  exhibit,  are  ex- 
pensive and  difficult  to  prepare,  but  they  form  a desirable  addition 
and  one  which  with  advantage  can  be  loaned  again  and  again. 

If  it  is  decided  to  borrow  exhibit  material  in  the  form  of  wall  ex- 
hibits, application  may  be  made  to  the  local  State  board  of  health, 
or  the  State  university,  many  of  which  possess  lending  exhibits  on 
infant  welfare.  (See  Appendix  1.)  The  Children’s  Bureau  also  sends 
out  small  collections  of  wall  panels  and  lantern  slides  on  this  sub- 
ject, though  they  in  no  sense  form  a complete  exhibit  or  a substitute 
for  local  effort.  The  following  organizations  have  traveling  exhibits 
on  infant  welfare:  The  Association  for  the  Study  and  Prevention 
of  Infant  Mortality,  1211  Cathedral  Street,  Baltimore,  Md. ; the 
Russell  Sage  Foundation,  130  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York 
City ; and  the  National  Child-Welfare  Exhibit  Association,  30  East 
Forty-second  Street,  Newr  York  City. 

In  case  it  is  decided  to  prepare  the  panels  locally  with  the  advice 
of  the  local  society  doing  infant-welfare  work  or  of  a committee  of 
physicians,  various  methods  of  preparation,  dependent  upon  the 
amount  of  money  to  be  expended,  may  be  used.  (See  section  on  Wall 
Exhibits,  p.  33.) 

Among  the  many  forms  of  locally  prepared  exhibits  which  are 
effective  without  being  costly  may  be  mentioned  the  following: 

BABY  IN  THE  HOME. 

[Prepared  by  local  society  doing  infant-welfare  work  or  by  women’s  organizations  under 

medical  direction.] 

Clothing  for  baby. 

Sleeping  arrangements. 

Bathing  arrangements. 

Toys — plain,  unpainted. 

Baby  killers — long-tubed  bottles,  flies,  etc. 

Scales  for  weighing  baby. 

Good  and  bad  carriages. 

Any  good  ideas  for  the  care  of  babies. 


CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


13 


For  this  exhibit  local  stores  would  lend  articles,  but  the  choosing 
of  these  articles  should  be  done  under  a responsible  committee  of 
people  doing  inf  ant- welfare  work.  The  exhibit  might  profitably  show 
home-made  outfits  at  minimum  cost,  as  well  as  good  ideas  for  families 
of  fair  income. 

EXHIBIT  ON  FOOD. 

[Under  local  committee  of  children's  specialists  and  domestic-science  teachers.] 

(a)  Modification  of  milk — objects  and  demonstrations. 

(&)  Demonstration  of  preparing  various  foods  for  young  children. 

(c)  Right  food  for  babies  9 months  to  18  months.  (Sample  meals 
for  one  day.) 

( d ) Right  food  for  children  18  months  to  2 years. 

(e)  Right  food  for  children  2 to  3 years. 

(/)  Good  school  lunches. 

(g)  An  exhibit  of  a good  and  a bad  Saturday-night  f amity  market 
basket. 

(h)  A good  and  a bad  grocery,  preferably  prepared  by  the  local 
food  inspector  or  the  housewives’  league. 

DIRECTORY  OF  ORGANIZATIONS. 

Each  organization  dealing  with  babies  should  be  allowed  one  panel 
on  which  to  state,  in  briefest  possible  form,  the  precise  place  it  occu- 
pies in  the  infant-welfare  work  of  the  community.  This  should  be 
done  under  the  supervision  of  a committee  composed  of  representa- 
tives of  all  the  organizations. 

Every  organization  planning  an  infant- welfare  exhibit  should  con- 
sider the  possibility  of  holding  a children’s  health  conference  in 
connection  with  it;  in  fact  it  may  prove  advisable  to  make  the  con- 
ference the  central  feature  of  the  exhibit.  The  organization  of  such 
a conference  is  so  important  that  it  must  be  considered  at  greater 
length. 

CHILDREN’S  HEALTH  CONFERENCE. 

An  activity  frequently  combined  with  an  infant-welfare  exhibit, 
but  important  enough  to  deserve  more  detailed  description,  is  the 
children’s  health  conference,  consisting  of  a free  physical  examina- 
tion of  children  under  15  years  of  age.  A record  is  given  each  parent 
containing  a statement  of  the  child’s  condition  and  any  general 
advice  that  seems  needed  regarding  diet,  exercise,  and  general 
hygiene.  A conference  of  this  type  formed  the  central  feature  of 
the  exhibit  of  the  Children’s  Bureau  at  the  Panama-Pacific  Expo- 
sition, San  Francisco,  1915.  (See  illustration  No.  1.) 


14 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


This  conference  is  not  a clinic,  in  that  no  sick  children  are  ad- 
mitted and  no  treatment  or  prescriptions  given.  Where  there  is  need 
for  treatment  the  case  is  referred  to  the  family  physician  or  to  a 
clinic,  or  the  type  of  specialist  to  be  consulted  is  indicated  on  the 
record.  The  weight  and  height  of  each  child  is  compared  with  the 
average  for  its  age.  (See  Appendix  3.)  Nor  is  it  a “ contest,”  since 
children  are  not  graded  or  scored  on  a percentage  basis — a method 
which  would  require  the  presence  of  several  specialists — and  conse- 
quently no  comparing  of  children  is  possible.  The  kind  of  children 
that  come,  the  needs  which  are  found,  and  the  type  of  advice  given 
are  indicated  in  the  set  of  typical  records  found  in  Appendix  2. 

The  particular  method  of  this  conference  was  foreshadowed  in  the 
many  local  child-welfare  exhibits  in  which  local  infant-welfare  or- 
ganizations offered  a free  physical  examination  for  all  babies  as  a 
part  of  their  exhibit.  It  was  not,  hownver,  a consciously  distinct 
plan  of  baby-saving  work  until  the  National  Conservation  Exposi- 
tion in  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  September-October,  1913,  where  a chil- 
dren’s building  wTas  managed  by  a committee  composed  of  representa- 
tives of  the  Children’s  Bureau,  the  Russell  Sage  Foundation,  the 
National  Child- Welfare  Exhibit  Association,  the  National  Child- 
Labor  Committee,  and  other  National,  State,  and  local  organiza- 
tions. As  a contribution  to  the  joint  exhibit  the  Russell  Sage 
Foundation  gave  the  services  of  Miss  Ellen  C.  Babbitt,  who  planned 
and  organized  the  Children’s  Health  Conference,  which  was  later 
conducted  by  Dr.  Frances  Sage  Bradley.  It  was  in  continuous  oper- 
ation for  two  months,  and  drewT  children  not  only  from  Knoxville 
but  from  remote  country  and  mountain  districts.  It  was  immediately 
followed  by  similar  conferences  in  Peoria,  Atlanta,  Toledo,  and 
Dublin  (Ireland),  all  held  in  connection  with  local  child-wnlfare 
exhibits.  The  Dublin  conference  attracted  wTide  attention  and  gave 
promise  of  spreading  the  movement  to  other  countries  in  Europe 
had  it  not  been  for  the  outbreak  of  the  war. 

METHOD  OF  ORGANIZATION. 

In  some  of  the  cities  children  were  examined  by  a single  out-of  - 
town  physician,  paid  for  the  entire  time ; in  others  by  members  of  a 
committee  of  the  local  medical  society.  Both  of  these  methods 
have  their  strong  and  weak  points.  The  examination  by  local 
physicians  can  be  conducted  for  less  expense  and  helps  to  arouse 
the  interest  of  the  local  medical  society  in  infant  welfare.  It  is  not, 
however,  adapted  to  conferences  lasting  more  than  a short  time,  and 
it  raises  several  problems.  Many  good  children’s  specialists  have 
had  little  experience  in  giving  simple  advice  helpful  to  mothers. 
The  local  medical  society  is  without  doubt  the  organization  which 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


15 


should  take  part  in  calling  the  conference  and  in  directing  its  policy, 
deciding  after  careful  consideration  whether  the  examinations  shall 
be  made  by  its  own  members  or  shall  be  under  the  charge  of  a 
physician  from  another  city. 

The  conference  held  in  Jacksonville,  November-December,  1914,  in 
connection  with  the  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Public  Health 
Association,  deserves  detailed  description,  since  it  combines  some  of 
the  good  points  of  both  methods.  It  was  organized  at  the  request 
of  the  city  board  of  health  and  the  county  medical  society,  but  car- 
ried on  under  a physician  with  previous  experience  in  conference 
work  but  with  no  local  connections,  who  came  three  weeks  before  the 
opening  to  organize  the  work.  Local  physicians  and  dentists  gave 
valuable  assistance,  as  the  work  was  too  great  to  be  handled  by  one 
person.  Three  school  nurses  were  put  at  the  disposal  of  the  con- 
ference for  the  entiie  time. 

A conference  of  this  type  requires  the  organization  of  four  com- 
mittees : 

1.  A committee  of  the  medical  society,  which  secures  the  equip- 
ment and  governs  the  policy  of  the  conference,  decides  on  the  place, 
hours,  age  limit,  and  form  of  record. 

2.  A committee  of  the  dental  societ}T,  which  secures  the  equipment 
and  takes  charge  of  the  examination  of  children’s  teeth. 

3.  A publicity  committee,  on  which  are  represented  the  press,  the 
business  men’s  organizations,  and  the  women’s  clubs.  It  is  especially 
important  that  information  about  the  conference  be  widely  spread 
among  mothers.  This  can  sometimes  be  done  partly  through  the 
schools. 

4.  A committee  on  exhibits.  If  the  conference  is  part  of  a larger 
exhibit  with  its  own  committees,  special  committees  in  the  confer- 
ence on  publicity  and  exhibits  would  be  unnecessary. 

In  Jacksonville  the  exhibits  connected  with  the  conference  were 
prepared  under  a committee  composed  of  the  State  chairman  of  pub- 
lic health  of  the  Federation  of  Women’s  Clubs,  the  president  of  the 
Jacksonville  Women’s  Club,  and  the  president  of  the  Parent  Teachers’ 
Association.  This  committee  designated  the  different  women’s  or- 
ganizations, which,  under  the  direction  of  the  physicians  in  charge, 
prepared  exhibits  on  baby  feeding,  clothing,  toys,  and  sleeping  and 
bathing  arrangements. 

With  enthusiastic  local  cooperation  most  of  the  equipment  of  the 
conference  can  be  borrowed  or  made  by  various  women’s  organiza- 
tions. The  hall  can  usually  be  obtained  free  and  should  allow  ample 
space  for  the  examination  of  several  children  and  a place  from  which 
the  public  can  see  what  is  going  on,  preferably  through  a glass  wall, 
without  coming  near  enough  to  interfere.  This  is  of  special  value, 
as  one  of  the  main  objects  of  the  conference  is  to  educate  the  public 
3895° — 15 2 


16 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


in  the  value  of  a periodic  examination  made  by  a physician,  not  only 
after  the  child  has  entered  school,  but  also  before  school  age.  In 
many  communities  the  importance  of  medical  inspection  for  school 
children  has  long  been  recognized ; but  while  a few  infant- welfare 
stations  now  include  the  oversight  of  children  between  2 and  6 years, 
this  period  is  neglected  in  most  communities.  The  children’s  health 
conference  shows  the  importance  of  an  examination  for  children  of 
all  ages,  in  order  that  bad  tendencies  may  be  discovered  and  cor- 
rected before  they  become  serious  defects.  In  the  Jacksonville  con- 
ference the  salary  of  the  organizer  and  the  printing  of  the  records 
formed  almost  the  only  expense. 

EQUIPMENT  NEEDED. 

The  equipment  needed  for  the  examination  of  the  children  is  as 
follows : 

Desk  for  examining  physician. 

Table  for  examinations. 

Table  for  scales. 

Scale  for  infants. 

Scale  and  measuring  rod  for  older  children. 

Tape  measures. 

Pad  for  examining  table. 

Stork  sheeting  for  examining  table. 

Supply  of  sheets  for  both  tables. 

Lavatory  or  substitute. 

Paper  towels,  soap,  bichloride  tablets,  etc. 

Electric  flasher. 

Tongue  depressors. 

Stethoscope. 

Calipers. 

Toys  (to  amuse  frightened  children). 

Records. 

Summary  sheet  for  physician’s  own  record. 

Helpful  literature  for  distribution. 

BABY  WEEK. 

Following  the  lead  of  New  York  City  and  Chicago,  various  cities 
during  the  last  year  have  been  setting  aside  one  week,  usually  in  the 
late  spring  or  early  summer,  for  a special  celebration  in  honor  of 
the  baby,  during  which  every  phase  of  inf  ant- welfare  work  is  thor- 
oughly advertised.  There  is  no  reason  why  smaller  towns  and  country 
districts  should  not  also  have  a “ baby  week,”  using  any  of  the  many 
features  adopted  in  the  larger  cities.  Among  the  special  features 
which  have  been  used  on  these  occasions  are  the  following: 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


17 


Special  stories  in  all  the  newspapers  before  and  during  baby 
week. 

Illuminated  signs,  billboard  posters,  window  cards,  streamers,  and 
other  forms  of  poster  advertising. 

Lantern  slides  exhibited  between  films  in  all  the  motion- picture 
houses.  Educational  literature  distributed  by  school  children. 

Leaflets  on  proper  clothing  distributed  by  department  stores  in  all 
packages  containing  infant  wear ; leaflets  on  the  care  of  baby’s  bottle 
inserted  in  drug-store  packages;  tags  on  pure  milk  wired  to  milk 
bottles  by  the  milk  dealers. 

Special  advertising  of  baby  goods  by  many  large  firms. 

Lectures  in  a central  hall  and  in  various  districts. 

Flag-distribution  day  (first  introduced  in  the  Pittsburgh  baby 
week).  A special  pennant  is  taken  to  each  home  in  which  there  is  a 
baby  under  a year  old  and  fastened  in  the  window.  At  the  same  time 
each  mother  is  given  an  envelope  of  literature  on  the  care  of  the 
baby. 

House-to-house  canvass  for  funds  for  the  infant- welfare  activities 
of  the  city.  This  was  done  in  the  Chicago  baby  week.  The  city  was 
districted  and  assigned  to  various  women’s  organizations.  Contribu- 
tions, even  of  5 cents,  were  welcomed,  as  the  main  object  was  to  inter- 
est the  entire  city  in  supporting  the  work  for  babies.  A daily 
luncheon  was  held  to  report  progress. 

A baby  week  may  well  include  an  inf  ant- welfare  exhibit  and  chil- 
dren’s health  conference  held  in  some  central  place,  or  a children’s 
health  conference  may  be  advertised  by  many  of  the  publicity 
methods  of  baby  week.  The  difference  between  these  two  plans  is 
merely  one  of  naming  and  emphasis. 

PERMANENT  CENTERS— STATE  CIRCUITS. 

In  several  communities  infant- welfare  exhibit,  or  health  confer- 
ences, have  led  to  the  establishment  of  permanent  centers.  In  Oregon 
a baby  health  contest  and  exhibit,  held  at  the  State  fair,  led  to  a per- 
manent parents’  educational  bureau.  In  Iowa  it  is  hoped  that  the  baby 
health  contests  and  conferences,  for  the  organization  of  which  the 
State  university  sends  a physician,  will  lead  to  a series  of  child- 
welfare  centers,  with  regular  examinations  of  children.  In  New  York 
the  exhibit  of  the  State  department  of  health  is  sent  out  in  accordance 
with  a definite  policy,  and  has  led  in  many  cases  to  local  infant- 
welfare  stations.  The  work  of  the  infant-welfare  station,  supple- 
mented by  instructive  work  by  nurses  in  the  home,  has  proved  the 
most  successful  means  for  the  care  of  those  babies  whose  parents 
can  not  afford  such  regular  care  from  a private  physician.  The  baby 
is  brought  weekly  to  the  station  to  be  weighed ; the  mother  is  encour- 


18 


CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


aged  in  every  way  to  nurse  the  baby;  when  this  is  impossible  the 
feeding  is  prescribed  by  the  physician,  and  the  mother  is  taught  in 
her  own  home  by  the  nurse  how  to  prepare  the  feedings.  Many 
communities,  especially  small  towns  and  rural  communities,  have 
not  as  yet,  however,  been  able  to  support  such  stations,  and  some  sub- 
stitute such  as  one  of  the  other  forms  of  permanent  stations  must  be 
used. 

The  Parents’  Educational  Bureau,  in  Portland,  Oreg.,  is  operated 
by  the  State  Congress  of  Mothers  in  three  rooms  in  the  courthouse 
placed  at  their  disposal  by  the  county  commissioners.  Although  its 
origin  was  a baby  contest,  the  bureau  has  dropped  not  only  all  prize 
giving  but  even  the  name  of  contest,  finding  that  it  detracted  from 
the  effectiveness  of  the  work.  The  bureau  is  not  an  infant-welfare 
station,  as  each  baby  is  not  brought  back  every  week.  It  lays  em- 
phasis on  the  value  of  a complete  physical  and  mental  examination, 
at  least  once,  and  preferably  at  intervals  for  every  baby  in  the 
community. 

Usually  applications  are  made  several  weeks  ahead,  as  only  15 
to  20  children  can  be  cared  for  in  the  one  session  a week,  which  lasts 
from  1 till  2.30  p.  m.  Six  doctors,  a dentist,  and  five  general  workers 
come  for  this  period — all  as  volunteers.  The  children  range  in  age 
from  6 months  to  6 years,  but  in  communities  where  there  is  no 
efficient  system  of  medical  inspection  to  care  for  school  children,  the 
age  might  profitably  be  extended.  The  mental  examination  is  made 
first,  then  the  general  physical  examination,  and,  finally,  the  examina- 
tion of  the  nose  and  teeth.  F our  doctors  are  engaged  in  the  physical 
examinations,  in  order  to  keep  pace  with  the  time  taken  by  the 
special  tests.  In  two  years  2,270  children  have  been  examined. 

The  Parents’  Educational  Bureau  also  maintains  a series  of  lec- 
tures on  infant  care,  a supply  of  free  literature  collected  from  various 
sources,  and  an  exhibit  of  an  inexpensive  layette,  with  free  patterns 
for  young  mothers.  A 25-cent  registration  fee  for  each  baby  covers 
all  incidental  charges  except  the  salary  of  a clerical  worker,  who 
answers  the  telephone,  makes  appointments,  and  attends  to  other 
details. 

Obviously,  in  many  rural  counties,  the  continuous  time  even  of  one 
worker  can  not  at  once  be  secured.  For  such  counties  the  temporary 
infant-welfare  exhibit  and  children’s  health  conference  might  well 
leave  behind  “ child- welfare  centers  ” of  the  type  planned  in  Iowa. 
These  are  permanent  deposit  stations  of  such  literature  and  exhibits 
as  may  be  available,  at  which  it  is  planned  to  hold  health  contests  or 
conferences  from  time  to  time.  A physician  to  organize  and  direct  such 
conferences  is  sent  by  the  extension  division  of  the  State  university. 


CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


19 


A series  of  county  child-welfare  centers  might  well  be  placed  on  a 
regular  circuit,  supplied  from  a central  source  with  a traveling 
medical  director,  assisted  by  the  county  medical  society,  to  conduct 
children’s  health  conferences  at  definitely  fixed  dates  and  accom- 
panied perhaps  by  a nurse  to  give  demonstrations  on  the  care  and 
feeding  of  infants.  This,  in  many  States,  would  seem  a step  not  only 
natural  but  not  too  difficult  to  take  and  would  establish  a circuit  for 
lectures  and  traveling  exhibits  and  a strong  working  basis  for  later 
developments. 

EXHIBIT  ON  CHILDREN’S  INTERESTS. 

A playground,  settlement,  school,  Sunday  school,  or  any  organiza- 
tion with  access  to  a large  number  of  children  can  hold  an  exhibit  on 
children’s  interests  at  small  expense.  Where  it  is  desired  to  reach 
all  the  parents  of  a large  community  the  school  system  usually  offers 
the  means  of  accomplishing  this  end  with  little  trouble. 

The  object  of  an  exhibit  of  this  type,  whether  known  as  junior 
exhibition,  child-life  exhibition,  back-to-the-home  exhibit,  or  ex- 
hibit of  children’s  interests,  is  to  show  parents  the  wide  extent  of  the 
interests  of  children  and  the  need  of  supplying  adequate  material 
and  tools  for  their  expression,  and  thus  to  lay  a foundation  for  the 
enrichment  of  home  life  in  its  contributions  to  the  development  of 
the  growing  child  in  body,  mind,  character,  and  social  relations. 
Supplementary  exhibits  from  playgrounds,  libraries,  Camp  Fire 
Girls,  and  similar  organizations  make  a useful  addition  and  draw 
the  attention  of  parents  to  the  use  that  can  be  made  of  community 
resources. 

METHOD  OF  ORGANIZATION. 

The  organization  of  an  exhibit  of  this  kind  may  be  illustrated  by 
the  junior  exposition  held  as  part  of  the  Seattle  Child-Welfare 
Exhibit,  and  accomplished  with  a minimum  of  cost. 

The  first  step  was  the  calling  of  a committee  of  20,  at  a meeting 
of  which  the  classification  of  exhibits  was  settled  and  a committee 
of  three  placed  in  charge  of  each  department.  The  departments  in 
the  Seattle  exhibition  were  as  follows  (see  Appendix  4 for  complete 
blank) : 

Gardening. 

Woodwork. 

Toys. 

Electrical  and  mechanical  apparatus. 

Printing. 

Arts  and  crafts. 


20 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


Domestic  science. 

Domestic  art. 

Millinery. 

Pets. 

The  departments  were  further  divided  into  age  groups — those 
under  13  in  one  group  and  those  between  13  and  16  in  another.  In 
an  exhibit  for  parents  of  young  children  a special  division  might 
be  made  for  children  under  school  age. 

Twenty-five  thousand  printed  announcements  of  the  exhibition 
were  sent  through  the  schools,  reaching  every  home.  The  back  of 
this  announcement  contained  an  entry  form,  which  was  to  be  re- 
turned by  a given  date.  These  forms  were  assigned  as  received  to 
the  committees  responsible  for  the  different  departments,  which  then 
made  requests  for  space  on  the  basis  of  the  applications  received. 
The  hall  was  then  diagrammed  and  tables  were  secured  and  assigned 
to  various  committees.  Since  the  space  even  of  an  armory  proved 
insufficient  to  accommodate  all  demands,  large  numbers  of  duplicate 
exhibits  were  rejected,  the  choice  being  determined  partly  by  order 
of  application  and  partly  by  the  desire  to  represent  all  sections  of 
the  city. 

At  the  opening  of  the  exhibition  the  children  came  to  the  hail 
with  their  exhibits  and  wTere  sent  to  the  proper  department,  where 
they  met  the  committee  in  charge.  The  committee  received  each  ex- 
hibit and  attached  to  it  an  identifying  tag,  made  by  taking  an  ordi- 
nary manila  tag,  waiting  the  child’s  name  on  it,  and  then  tearing  it 
in  half.  The  child  kept  half  as  his  check  on  the  exhibit,  and  when  he 
returned  to  claim  his  article  he  proved  his  ownership  by  fitting  the 
two  pieces  together.  (For  a slightly  additional  cost  a somewFat 
more  convenient  set  of  numbered  tags  could  be  secured.)  Big  boys 
from  the  schools  acted  as  guards,  but  many  of  the  children  wished 
to  stay  through  most  of  the  day  wTith  their  exhibits  in  order  to 
explain  them. 

Tables,  ropes,  ribbons,  manila  tags,  and  the  preliminary  printed 
announcement  containing  the  entry  form  were  the  only  items  of  ex- 
pense. Prizes  have  been  found  to  be  not  only  unnecessary  in  stimu- 
lating the  willingness  of  the  children  to  participate,  but  productive 
of  embarrassment  and  disturbance.  The  Seattle  committee  even  de- 
cided at  the  close  of  their  exhibit  that  a merit  badge  for  all  partici- 
pants would  have  been  better  than  the  blue  and  red  ribbons  with 
their  suggestion  of  competition.  The  children  should  feel  not  that 
they  are  competing  with  each  other,  but  that  they  are  all  uniting 
in  a common  display  of  the  “ work  of  the  boys  and  girls  of  the 
community,  showing  something  of  their  skill,  perseverance,  and  inge 
nuity,  and  how  they  use  their  leisure  time.” 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


21 


HOME-PLAY  EXHIBIT. 

An  exhibit  on  home  play,  showing  equipment  for  a back  yard  and 
for  indoor  play,  is  a valuable  addition  to  a display  of  children’s  in- 
terests. A possible  list  of  such  equipment  is  given  below ; some  of  it 
can  be  made  by  parents,  some  by  a manual  training  class  in  the  high 
school  (see  illustration  No.  2),  and  some  can  be  borrowed  from  local 
Play  room. 

PLAY  IN  TIIE  HOUSE GOOD  EQUIPMENT 


Play  room. 

Cupboard  for  playthings. 

Pencils. 

Colored  crayons. 

Water-color  paints. 

Cardboard. 

Colored  paints. 

Scissors. 

String. 

Bags. 

Paste. 

Molding  wax  or  clay. 

Dolls. 

Shelves. 

Pebbles. 

Blackboard. 

Pennants,  flags. 

A few  well -chosen  mechanical  toys. 

PLAY  IN  THE  YARD GOOD  EQUIPMENT. 

Sand  box  (preferably  raised  on  legs,  with  benches  around,  to  avoid 
dampness  and  dirt). 

Low  swing. 

Playhouse. 

Indian  costume. 

Express  wTagon. 

Wheelbarrow. 

Ladders  to  climb  (2  ladders,  8 feet  high,  connected  at  top  with 
10-foot  horizontal  ladder). 

Slide,  6 feet  high,  8 feet  long. 

Balance  beam,  10  feet  long,  6 or  8 inches  above  ground.  (See 
illustration  No.  3.) 

Garden  patch. 

Set  of  garden  tools. 


22 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  EXHIBITS. 

An  exhibit  of  children's  interests  is  capable  of  indefinite  expan- 
sion, limited  only  by  time  and  space,  and  to  a less  degree,  by  money. 
An  organization  of  Boy  Scouts  or  Camp  Fire  Girls  would  have  a 
wealth  of  material  to  show  on  the  interests  and  ideals  of  older  boys 
and  girls.  Kindergarten  material  might  be  displayed  from  the 
standpoint  of  its  use,  not  in  school  rooms  but  in  the  home.  Where 
the  material  is  expensive,  ways  should  be  shown  in  which  the  mother 
can  follow  the  same  idea  in  homemade  materials.  Mothers  who 
have  previously  been  teachers  or  kindergartners  should  be  able  to 
prepare  exhibits  of  this  type. 

The  local  public  library  would  probably  be  glad  to  prepare  an  ex- 
hibit of  a child’s  library,  showing  books  for  different  ages.  A sepa- 
rate exhibit  might  also  be  made  of  educational  pursuits  which  can 
be  introduced  to  the  child  as  hobbies.  Books  on  insect  life,  simple 
electrical  equipment,  a good  microscope,  indicate  the  kind  of  articles 
to  be  included  here.  The  dramatic  instinct  in  children  could  be 
shown  by  a program  of  chosen  performances  made  up  by  children. 
This  should,  however,  be  omitted  unless  groups  of  children  are 
already  giving  such  performances  to  their  friends. 

STATE-WIDE  EXHIBIT. 

It  is  quite  possible  to  make  an  exhibit  of  children’s  interests  on  a 
State-wide  scale  through  any  State  organization  which  has  county 
or  district  branches.  This  would  involve  county  displays  at  county 
fairs,  culminating  in  a State  exhibit,  in  which  each  county  is  as- 
signed definite  table  space  and  wall  space  which  it  is  asked  to  fill 
with  an  exhibit  selected  for  its  suggestive  value  to  parents.  Ele- 
ments in  determining  this  value  would  be  the  variety  of  interests 
shown,  their  use  in  the  child’s  development,  their  applicability  to 
children  of  varying  ages  and  tastes,  and  the  ease  and  economy  with 
which  the  materials  can  be  secured.  Local  exhibits  which  can  not 
be  shipped,  such  as  playhouses,  can  be  illustrated  by  photographs; 
but  these  should  never  form  a large  part  of  any  exhibit.  The  first 
exhibit  of  this  kind  is  planned  for  Portland.  Oreg.,  in  October,  1915, 
under  the  State  Congress  of  Mothers. 

RECREATION  SURVEY. 

In  communities  where  the  time,  money,  and  workers  for  a recrea- 
tion survey  are  obtainable  the  results  can  be  displayed  to  great  ad- 
vantage as  the  central  feature  of  an  exhibit  of  children’s  interests. 

In  case  a complete  survey  seems  impossible  or  inadvisable,  some 
of  the  investigations  commonly  used  in  such  surveys  can  be  carried 


CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS.  23 

on  by  local  committees  of  volunteers  and  will  furnish  interesting  ex- 
hibit material.  Among  these  are : 

(a)  A study  of  typical  districts  on  a bright  afternoon  or  Satur- 
day to  see  what  the  children  are  doing,  whether  they  are — 

1.  Playing  in  the  yard. 

2.  Playing  in  the  streets. 

3.  Loafing  on  the  streets. 

4.  Playing  in  vacant  lots. 

5.  Playing  in  playgrounds. 

6.  Going  somewhere. 

(b)  A study  of  school  children’s  compositions  written  on  Mon- 
day in  the  sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth  grades  on  “What  I did  on 
Saturday  and  Sunday.”  The  children  should  be  asked  to  try  to  put 
down  as  many  things  as  they  can  remember  rather  than  an  elaborate 
account  of  one  event.  These  activities  can  be  grouped  as  (1)  out- 
door play,  (2)  outdoor  loafing,  (3)  indoor  exercise,  (4)  indoor  quiet 
play,  calling,  etc.,  (5)  reading,  (6)  motion  pictures,  (7)  housework, 
(8)  miscellaneous.  The  number  of  children  doing  any  of  these  and 
the  number  of  times  each  activity  is  mentioned  form  separate  studies. 
Comparisons  of  boys  and  girls  are  interesting.  Comparisons  of  dif- 
ferent sections  of  town  often  will  show  the  influence  of  a playground, 
settlement,  or  large  gymnasium  in  an  interesting  way. 

(c)  Children’s  compositions  on  “ The  kind  of  motion  pictures  I 
like  best,”  or  other  suitable  subject,  properly  classified  and  charted. 

(d)  Children’s  designs  for  an  ideal  yard  and  garden,  preferably 
conducted  through  the  art  department  of  the  schools.  In  the  Toledo 
Child-Welfare  Exhibit  a group  of  selected  children  made  models  in 
sand,  gravel,  paper,  felt,  and  other  materials  which  they  themselves 
chose  to  embody  their  ideas. 

( e ) A directory  of  organizations  which  deal  with  the  interests 
and  ideals  of  children,  the  amount  of  space  allowed  to  each  being 
determined  by  a committee  composed  of  representatives  of  all  the 
organizations.  Any  community  work — playgrounds  or  social  cen- 
ters— should  be  especially  featured, 

COMMUNITY  CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS.1 

The  exhibits  so  far  discussed  have  been  chiefly  concerned  with  a 
direct  appeal  to  parents  regarding  the  health  and  proper  care  or 
the  interests  and  ideals  of  their  children.  They  have  been  exhibits 
such  as  could  be  prepared  without  great  expense  and  without  outside 
direction  in  any  community  in  which  a group  of  interested  people 

1 Sec  bulletins  published  by  the  National  Child- Welfare  Exhibit  Association,  HO  East 
Forty-second  Street,  New  York  ('ity,  the  Russell  Sago  Foundation.  180  East  Twenty- 
second  Street,  New  York  City,  and  the  Educational  Exhibition  Co..  Providence,  R.  I.,  for 
detailed  description  of  large  exhibitions  and  consideration  of  problems  raised  by  them. 


24 


CHILD- WELF ARE  EXHIBITS. 


willing  to  give  time  and  work  can  be  assembled.  The  preceding 
discussion  has  shown,  however,  that  the  tendency  in  all  such  exhibits 
is  to  expand  to  include  community  problems  in  health,  recreation, 
and  other  aspects  of  child  welfare.  Unless  the  problems  involved 
in  such  expansion  and  the  committee  organization  necessary  to  meet 
them  are  deliberately  faced,  the  exhibit  is  in  danger  of  becoming  a 
miscellaneous  combination  without  proportion,  touching  upon  some 
problems  extensively  and  perhaps  one-sidedly  and  ignoring  others 
that  are  equally  important  for  the  welfare  of  the  child. 

While  any  organization  with  sufficient  medical  knowledge  may 
hold  an  exhibit  on  the  care  of  babies,  and  any  organization  with 
access  to  enough  children  may  hold  an  exhibit  on  children’s  interests, 
a community  child-welfare  exhibit  can  not  be  effectively  held  with- 
out the  cooperation  of  all  forces  in  the  community  which  deal  with 
the  welfare  of  the  child.  No  community  is  ready  for  such  an  ex- 
hibit until  there  is  a united  conviction  among  the  leading  social 
workers,  including  those  interested  in  health,  education,  and  recrea- 
tion as  well  as  in  philanthropy,  that  they  have  certain  definite  facts 
in  their  possession  with  which  the  public  should  be  made  acquainted. 
This  does  not  necessarily  imply  a complete  community  survey,  but 
does  imply  a knowledge  of  definite  conditions,  of  laws  affecting 
them,  and  of  desired  improvements.  Without  the  consciousness  of 
a message  based  on  such  knowledge  and  the  cooperation  of  an  effec- 
tive group  in  the  expression  of  it  an  exhibit  dealing  with  community 
needs  is  a waste  of  time. 

COMMITTEE  ORGANIZATION. 

The  general  committee  responsible  for  such  an  exhibit  should  con- 
tain representatives  of  all  prominent  movements  on  behalf  of  the 
welfare  of  children  and  of  all  large  religious  and  industrial  group- 
ings of  the  community  which  need  to  be  considered  in  securing  the 
results  advocated  by  the  exhibit.  This  committee  wTill  probably  be 
too  large  for  active  work  and  should  choose  from  its  number  a 
smaller  subcommittee  to  handle  administrative  details. 

If  the  exhibit  is  a large  one,  this  smaller  executive  committee  will 
wish  to  place  many  details,  such  as  finance,  publicity,  program,  in 
the  hands  of  special  committees.  The  following  is  a possible  list 
of  such  committees,  although  in  a very  large  city  exhibit  even  these 
committees  may  find  it  necessary  to  divide  their  work  among  sub- 
committees, as  the  detail  may  prove  too  great  to  be  covered  by  the 
groups  outlined. 

Finance,  or  ways  and  means. — This  committee  is  charged  with 
securing  gifts  of  materials  as  well  as  of  money. 

Publicity  (see  types  of  publicity  mentioned  above  under  the  head  of 
“ Baby  wTeek”). — This  committee  also  may  have  charge  of  all  publi- 


CHILD-WELFAKE  EXHIBITS. 


25 


cations,  such  as  the  handbook  of  the  exhibit  and  the  various  leaflets 
for  distribution  in  the  sections,  or,  if  it  seems  advisable,  a literature 
committee  ma}^  be  created  to  supervise  all  educational  publications. 
Even  if  no  funds  are  allowed  for  special  literature,  such  a committee 
often  can  secure  a well-balanced  supply  by  offering  suggestions  to 
boards  of  health  and  other  organizations  which  have  a fund  for 
printing.  All  exhibitors  should  submit  to  this  committee  copies  of 
any  leaflets  they  wish  to  distribute,  and  the  approved  copies  should 
be  kept  at  the  information  desk  as  a check  against  unauthorized 
literature.  Appeals  by  exhibitors  for  money  or  members  usually 
are  not  permitted,  unless  forming  an  unimportant  part  of  educa-j 
tional  pamphlets  already  printed. 

Installation. — This  committee  is  charged  with  the  planning  of  the 
floor  space,  the  decorations,  the  color  scheme,  and  the  general  ap- 
pearance of  the  exhibits.  Its  work  will  be  outlined  later  in  some 
detail  under  those  heads.  A public-spirited  architect  makes  a good 
chairman  for  this  committee.  Secretaries  of  the  carpenters’  and  the 
painters’  unions  have  been  found  to  be  useful  members,  especially  in 
strongly  unionized  cities,  where  they  have  often  saved  much  time 
and  many  complications  in  getting  the  bids  for  construction  work 
and  materials.  Persons  who  are  in  a position  to  secure  volunteer 
service  from  artists,  cartoonists,  or  decorators  are  also  useful  on  this 
committee.  One  . or  two  advertising  men  or  headline  writers  may 
also  be  of  use  for  consultation  by  exhibitors  regarding  effective  word- 
ing, but  so  much  work  of  this  kind  is  needed  that  it  will  probably 
be  necessary  to  have  for  this  purpose  a paid  exhibit  expert  in  the 
administrative  office. 

Hospitality  and  explainers. — This  work  may  be  done  under  one 
or  two  committees,  as  seems  desirable.  While  each  exhibitor  or  ex- 
hibiting committee  should  as  far  as  possible  furnish  demonstrators  or 
explainers,  a supervising  committee  is  needed  to  supply  gaps  in 
special  exhibits,  to  furnish  general  guides  around  the  exhibit,  to 
manage  the  information  desk,  and  to  see  that  the  public  is  welcomed 
and  shown  the  objects  of  greatest  interest.  Explainers  furnish  the 
living  element  in  an  exhibit;  they  help  to  stop  aimlessly  wandering 
crowds,  to  focus  attention  on  special  points,  and  to  correct  mistaken 
impressions.  In  some  exhibits  the  hospitality  committee  has  taken 
charge  of  the  check  room,  the  water  supply,  the  women’s  rest  room, 
and  has  greatly  assisted  in  the  promotion  of  cooperation  and  friend- 
liness by  occasional  social  functions,  before  and  immediately  after 
the  exhibit.  An  informal  dinner  held  a few  days  before  the  exhibit 
opens,  to  which  all  committee  members,  explainers,  donors,  and  peo- 
ple vitally  interested  are  invited  to  hear  five-minute  presentations  of 
the  work  of  the  committees,  is  a simple  matter  to  arrange  and  is 
usually  the  scene  of  real  interest  and  enthusiasm.  An  informal  gath- 


26 


CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS'. 


ering,  held  for  three-quarters  of  an  hour  on  closing  night,  at  10 
o’clock,  in  the  main  court  of  the  exhibit,  with  light  refreshments 
and  impromptu  anecdotes  about  the  week’s  happenings,  proves  a 
pleasant  way  of  relieving  the  strain  of  the  week’s  work  and  welding 
together  the  working  groups  which  have  been  formed  by  the  exhibit. 

Program. — The  work  of  this  committee  will  be  treated  later  in 
more  detail.  It  includes  the  direct  control  of  all  lectures,  motion 
pictures,  and  general  entertainments,  with  sufficient  oversight  of  all 
living  demonstrations  to  prevent  interfering  programs.  Its  member- 
ship should  usually  include  all  persons  who  are  directly  responsible 
for  any  large  special  performance,  such  as  the  supervisors  of  music 
and  gymnastics  in  the  schools,  the  playground  director,  the  head  of 
the  Boy  Scouts,  etc. 

Exhibiting  committees. — In  addition  to  the  committees  above  men- 
tioned, charged  with  the  control  of  certain  aspects  of  the  exhibit,  it 
will  be  found  advisable,  in  order  to  avoid  duplication,  contradictory 
statements,  and  lack  of  proportion,  to  group  the  exhibiting  organiza- 
tions and  individuals  into  committees  on  a few  main  subjects,  each 
allotted  a share  of  floor  space  and  charged  with  working  out  a com- 
prehensive, well-balanced  exhibit  in  its  particular  field.  An  exhibit 
of  subjects  is  much  more  effective  in  securing  popular  support  for 
community  measures  than  an  exhibit  of  organizations ; yet  when  vari- 
ous organizations  pay  for  exhibits  their  wishes  must  be  considered. 
A grouping  of  the  type  suggested  should  be  the  first  step  in  an  effort 
to  persuade  contributing  organizations  to  subordinate  self-advertising 
to  the  display  of  community  problems  and  resources.  A simple 
grouping  might  comprise  committees  on  these  subjects: 

Health. 

Recreation. 

Education. 

Social  service. 

Approximately  one-quarter  of  the  floor  space  should  be  given  to 
each  subject  and  on  each  committee  should  be  placed  representatives 
of  all  the  organizations  entitled  to  be  considered  in  planning  a com- 
munity program  on  that  subject. 

For  a large  city  a more  detailed  grouping  would  be  necessary,  ar- 
ranged in  accordance  with  the  needs  of  the  community  and  the  plans 
for  the  exhibit.  The  following  lists  of  committees,  from  the  Toledo 
and  Rochester  exhibits,  need  not  be  followed  in  detail,  but  will  sug- 
gest subjects  which  should  be  included: 

ROCHESTER  EXHIBITING  COMMITTEES. 

Health. 

Homes,  including  food,  clothing,  standard  of  living. 

Schools,  public  and  parochial. 


C I [ ILDWEL  FARE  EX-HI  BITS. 


27. 


Library. 

Settlements  and  clubs. 

Recreation. 

The  child  in  industry. 

Churches  and  Sunday  schools. 

Law  and  the  child. 

Philanthropy. 

TOLEDO  EXHIBIT  COMMITTEES. 

Health  : 

Care  of  babies. 

The  child’s  food. 

Child  hygiene. 

Children’s  health  conference. 

Toledo  health  survey. 

Schools : 

Public. 

Parochial. 

Interests  and  ideals: 

Home  occupations. 

Home  surroundings. 

Boys’  and  girls’  interests. 

Sunday  schools. 

Toledo  recreation  survey. 

The  working  child. 

The  dependent  and  delinquent  child. 

When  an  exhibit  reaches  this  proportion,  however,  an  executive 
office  with  an  experienced  director  in  charge  becomes  no  longer  an 
advisability  but  a necessity,  and  further  details  of  organization  must 
be  worked  out  in  accordance  with  local  conditions. 

FLOOR  PLANS. 

In  any  exhibit,  except  a very  small  one,  the  problem  of  the  proper 
arrangement  of  space  is  an  important  one  and  becomes  increasingly 
complex  as  the  exhibit  grows  larger.  Arrangements  for  women’s 
rest  rooms,  baby  rest  rooms,  toilets,  dressing  rooms  for  performers 
in  living  demonstrations,  lecture  rooms  for  stereopticon  and  motion 
pictures,  administration  office,  and  storage  place  for  apparatus  must 
all  be  considered  in  planning  the  exhibit,  even  if  some  of  these  con- 
veniences are  finally  decided  unnecessary.  Aside  from  these  arrange- 
ments a careful  planning  of  the  exhibit  space  itself  will  greatly  add 
to  the  effectiveness  of  the  whole  exhibition  and  of  every  division  in  it. 
Several  points  should  be  considered  in  a good  floor  plan. 

1.  The  observer  should  be  able  on  entering  to  gain  a fairly  clear 
idea  of  the  extent  of  the  whole  exhibition  and  its  main  divisions. 


28 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


This  is  usually  accomplished  by  devoting  the  center  of  the  hall  either 
to  a central  court  (see  Frontispiece)  surrounded  by  columns  and  rail- 
ings and  reserved  for  large  living  demonstrations  or  to  low  exhibits, 
which  will  not  obstruct  the  view  of  the  entire  hall  from  the  entrance. 
Around  this  court  runs  a wide  aisle  (12  to  20  feet),  and  beyond, 
next  to  the  walls,  come  the  various  exhibit  sections,  with  a large  sign 
above  each,  visible  from  the  entrance  and  as  far  as  possible  from  all 
points  in  the  hall. 

2.  A “one-way  exhibit,”  in  which #the  spectator  travels  a path 
which  passes  all  exhibits  in  a fixed  order,  is  undoubtedly  desirable 
when  it  can  be  attained.  An  exhibit  filled  with  crossing  aisles  with 
booths  on  each  side  is  confusing,  but  it  is  not  necessary  to  go  to  the 
other  extreme  and  compel  observers  to  travel  a definite  and  intricate 
path  guarded  by  ropes.  A clear  exhibit  arrangement,  such  as  that 
described  above,  with  a rope  at  the  entrance  to  start  the  crowd  in  the 
right  direction,  will  answer  the  purpose.  If  an  exhibit  is  held  in 
several  connecting  rooms,  instead  of  in  one  main  hall,  every  effort 
should  be  made,  by  signs  and  arrows,  to  make  the  subject  matter  and 
the  distribution  of  the  entire  exhibition  clear  to  the.  entering  visitor. 

3.  Long  walls  covered  with  wall  exhibits  and  facing  each  other  at 
a distance  of  less  than  16  feet  are  very  ineffective.  Consequently  it 
is  unwise  to  divide  the  exhibit  into  a large  number  of  narrow  booths, 
each  occupied  by  an  organization.  It  is  better  to  divide  it  into  large 
sections,  under  the  committee  groupings  suggested  above,  and  to  plan 
each  section  with  reference  to  variety  of  exhibits,  including  some  wall 
exhibits,  some  models,  and  perhaps  some  living  demonstrations. 
Shallow  booths  within  the  section  may  be  needed  for  living  demon- 
strations or  collections  of  models  and  materials. 

UNIT  CONSTRUCTION. 

For  rapid  and  efficient  work  and  harmonious  appearance  a fixed 
unit  of  wall  space  is  essential,  and  variations  from  it  should  only  be 
allowed  for  good  cause  by  the  installation  committee.  The  exact  size 
of  this  unit  will  depend  upon  local  materials  available  for  wall  con- 
struction ; 3 by  6 feet  or  3 by  5 feet  is  a good  size  and  makes  a sub- 
stantial looking  wall,  on  which  all  the  available  space  within  the 
range  of  easy  vision  is  utilized.  Many  traveling  exhibits  use  much 
smaller  units,  such  as  22  by  28  inch  cardboard.  These  are  convenient 
for  transportation,  but  are  ineffective  for  large  exhibits,  as  they 
break  the  wall  surface  into  too  many  divisions  and  interfere  with 
continuity  of  idea. 

Construction  of  traveling  exhibits. — In  many  large  exhibits  wall 
charts  are  planned  with  the  expectation  that  they  may  be  used  after- 
wards for  traveling  purposes.  It  is  therefore  worth  while  to  con- 
sider in  this  connection  the  forjns  of  exhibit  construction  that  lend 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


29 


themselves  to  inexpensive  transportation,  ns  well  as  those  that  are 
more  solid  and  imposing.  Many  State  departments  or  State  organ- 
izations have  been  deterred  from  constructing  traveling  exhibits  be- 
cause of  the  supposed  cost  both  of  initial  construction  and  of  trans- 
portation. Large  sums  can  no  doubt  be  spent  to  advantage  on  State 
traveling  exhibits,  as  in  New  York,  where  the  State  board  of  health 
maintains  three  complete  traveling  exhibits  on  infant  welfare,  each 
in  charge  of  an  exhibit  manager,  a nurse,  and  a mechanic,  and  each 
covering  TO  linear  feet  of  wall  space  and  containing,  in  addition,  the 
complete  equipment  of  an  infant-welfare  station.  But  States,  and 
even  counties,  have  prepared  exhibits  which  cost  little  to  construct 
and  which  are  easily  transported.  The  State  Board  of  Health  of 
Maine  uses  photographs  and  inscriptions  on  11  by  14  inch  cards 
mounted  on  long  strips  of  burlap.  The  county  health  officer  of 
Clinton  County,  Ind.,  constructs  very  inexpensive  exhibits  on  14  by 
22  inch  cards,  with  the  lettering  stamped  by  a clerk  in  his  office.  In 
installing  this  exhibit,  strips  of  burlap  3 by  6 feet  in  size  are  hung  on 
the  walls  to  cover  irregularities  of  background,  and  the  cards  are 
fastened  to  this  by  small  clamps  with  pin  attachment.  These  ex- 
hibits are  circulated  through  the  rural  schools,  each  school  being  sup- 
plied with  a strip  of  burlap,  on  which  the  exhibit  is  changed  from 
week  to  week. 

For  some  purposes  a better  variation  of  this  plan  is  to  hang  cards 
one  above  the  other  with  a narrower  card  at  the  top  for  the  title.  (See 
illustration  No.  14.)  The  measurements  here  selected  for  the  larger 
cards  (17  by  28  inches)  make  the  entire  panel  about  58  inches  high 
(thus  covering  all  available  wall  space  within  easy  reach  of  the  eye), 
and  give  a fairly  large  unit  for  a single  subject.  The  5-inch  boards 
will  accommodate  a 3-inch  title;  the  17-inch  boards  are  well  suited 
to  one  or  two  photographs  each,  with  appropriate  inscriptions.  The 
measurements  of  larger  cards  should  be  determined  with  reference  to 
parcel-post  requirements. 

This  panel  can  be  hung  either  on  the  stationary  framed  screens  or 
wall  units  of  more  expensive  exhibits,  or  on  burlap  walls,  or  even 
suspended  from  wires  or  ropes  attached  to  poles.  Cardboard  of  this 
size  can  easily  be  obtained  in  any  tint.  If  extreme  economy  is  de- 
sired, “ chip  board,”  a card  of  finish  similar  to  manila  paper,  is  even 
cheaper  than  white  cardboard.  It  is,  however,  rather  too  absorbent 
for  fine  ink  Avork. 

Two  sheets  of  corrugated  strawboard,  pasted  together  with  the 
corrugations  running  in  opposite  directions,  makes  a somewhat  more 
substantial  background,  but  one  which  is  light  and  inexpensHe,  and 
to  which  papers  and  photographs  can  be  pasted  Avithout  warping. 
Pieces  of  tape  glued  betAveen  the  sheets  are  used  to  hang  one  back- 
ground from  another.  To  send  this  exhibit  by  parcel  post,  smaller 


30 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


units  are  required,  as  the  thickness  of  the  strawbcard  materially 
increases  the  bulk  of  the  package.  The  North  Carolina  State  Board 
of  Health  uses  a wall  panel  composed  of  three  12  by  18  inch  boards 
of  this  type.  Its  total  height,  about  38  inches,  is  well  adapted  for 
use  against  school  blackboards.  This  board  also  plans  supplementary 
work  in  connection  with  the  use  of  these  exhibits,  such  as  essays 
from  the  children  on  what  they  have  learned,  or  on  conditions  in 
the  school  grounds  which  conform  or  do  not  conform  to  the  sanitary 
conditions  outlined  in  the  exhibit. 

Another  cheap  and  durable  form  of  traveling  exhibit,  used  by  the 
Iowa  State  University,  can  be  made  on  liolland  cloth  (window 
shades)  , held  taut  by  light  rollers  at  top  and  bottom.  Each  roller 
is  split  lengthwise  into  halves  (the  method  used  in  mounting  maps), 
and  the  cloth  is  fastened  between  them.  The  panel  is  hung  from  the 
wall  by  small  rings,  through  which  pass  loops  of  tape  the  ends  of 
which  are  secured  between  the  split  halves  of  the  top  roller. 

The  cloth  furnishes  a large  surface  for  lettering,  drawing,  or 
painting,  but  can  net  be  used  satisfactorily  for  photographs,  which 
are  damaged  by  rolling.  The  photographs  can  be  mounted  separately 
on  cardboard  and  numbered  to  correspond  to  spaces  on  the  shade,  to 
which  they  can  be  attached  later  by  paper  fasteners. 

More  permanent  construction. — Undoubtedly  the  larger  framed 
panels  (size  about  3 by  5 feet),  made  of  Upson  board,  beaver 
board,  or  some  of  the  many  varieties  of  building  board,  surrounded 
by  a wooden  frame,  are  both  more  imposing  and  more  durable.  The 
exact  type  of  wall  board  to  be  secured  will  depend  upon  local  supply 
houses.  In  general,  boards  with  a porous  surface  should  be  avoided, 
as  they  increase  the  cost  of  painting  and  pasting.  When  panels 
are  to  be  shown  for  a long  time  in  one  place,  and  when  they  contain 
expensive  photographs,  cartoons,  and  lettering,  the  extra  cost  of  the 
heavier  background  (about  $1  to  $1.50  per  panel,  including  frame) 
is  well  worth  incurring. 

Many  States  and  national  organizations  have  found  this  type  of 
exhibit  background  worth  while,  even  for  traveling  exhibits,  in 
spite  of  the  much  heavier  cost  of  transportation.  The  State  depart- 
ments of  health  of  New  York  and  of  Indiana  have  different  st}des 
in  exhibits  of  this  heavier  variety,  especially  designed  for  compact 
packing,  durability,  and  speed  in  installation  and  planned  for  set- 
ting up  without  attachments  either  to  floor  or  wall. 

The  method  used  by  the  New  York  State  traveling  exhibit,  in  which 
the  walls  are  formed  by  the  panels  set  up  on  detachable  legs,  is  well 
worth  considering,  even  for  large  permanent  exhibits  occurring  only 
once.  It  may  be  supplemented,  perhaps,  by  a cheaper  type  of  con- 
struction along  the  main  walls  of  the  building  or  in  burlap  booths 


CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


31 


designed  for  models  or  living  demonstrations.  Some  installation 
committees  will  find  it  cheaper  and  easier  to  construct  a scaffolding 
with  ledges  on  both  sides  about  30  inches  from  the  ground.  The 
panels  rest  on  these  ledges  and  are  fastened  by  means  of  screw  eyes  in 
the  upper  frame  of  the  panel  attached  to  nails  driven  in  the  top  beam 
of  the  scaffolding. 

Whatever  type  of  wall  construction  is  used,  two  facts  should  be 
borne  in  mind : First,  that  ease  in  handling  and  arrangement  demands 
that  on  many  occasions  the  wall  panels  must  be  stacked  upon  each 
other,  and  that  therefore  hooks  or  other  projections  let  into  the  back 
of  the  frames  are  objectionable;  second,  that  immediately  before  and 
during  the  exhibit  many  rearrangements  of  panels  will  take  place, 
due  to  discoveries  regarding  lighting,  movements  of  crowds,  or  com- 
mittee preferences,  and  that  consequently  the  panels  should  be  fas- 
tened to  the  scaffolding  in  such  a way  that  they  can  be  easily  trans- 
ferred from  one  position  to  another  by  unskilled  laborers  or 
committee  members.  The  plan  mentioned  above,  whereby  the  framed 
panels  rest  on  a ledge  and  are  fastened  by  nails  driven  through 
screw  eyes  inserted  in  the  top  of  the  frame,  safeguards  both  these 
points,  especially  if  the  screw  eyes  are  all  placed  in  the  same  relative 
positions  on  the  frames,  so  that  nails  once  driven  will  be  available 
for  any  panel.  Unless  the  lower  ledge  is  wide,  it  may  need  a raised 
piece  on  the  outer  edge. 


COLOR  SCHEME. 

For  the  sake  of  harmony  it  is  well  for  some  central  authority,  prob- 
ably the  installation  committee,  with  the  approval  of  the  executive 
committee,  to  fix  a uniform  color  scheme  and  allow  variations  only 
for  good  cause.  Soft  grays  have  been  more  used  than  any  other 
color.  Soft,  dull  greens  and  blues  are  also  good.  Sometimes  the  let- 
tering is  done  directly  on  this  background — a method  which  produces 
a harmonious  appearance,  but  in  which  it  is  difficult  to  make  the 
slight  changes  demanded  in  most  exhibits.  Another  plan  is  to  do  the 
lettering  on  cards  or  heavy  paper,  tacking  or  preferably  pasting  this 
to  the  background,  in  well-planned  designs.  (See  illustrations  4 to 
9,  inclusive.)  This  method  makes  readjustments  possible  at  the  last 
moment  before  the  pasting  is  done,  and  is  frequently  less  expensive, 
as  the  lettering  on  cards  is  more  easily  handled.  On  the  other  hand, 
paper  is  injured  by  water  and  can  not  be  cleaned  as  easily  as  oil 
paint.  The  exhibit  of  the  Children’s  Bureau  in  the  Panama-Pacific 
Exposition  used  a natural  color  (cream)  Upson  board,  with  a gray 
frame  and  with  gray  papers  lettered  in  black  and  white. 

3895°— 15 3 


32 


CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


CONTROL  BY  EXECUTIVE  OFFICE. 

The  extent  to  which  details  can  be  controlled  by  the  executive  office 
will  depend  upon  the  paid  force  available.  The  central  committee 
should  at  least  prescribe  the  division  of  space,  size  of  wall  unit,  gen- 
eral color  scheme,  and  should  arrange  for  the  joint  purchase  of  all 
construction  materials.  Large  signs  and  signs  above  a certain  height 
must  be  limited  by  the  central  committee,  which  should  also  send  out 
advice  regarding  styles  of  lettering,  photographs,  etc.  The  effective- 
ness of  the  exhibit  will  be  increased  materially  if  all  the  lettering 
and  mounting  can  be  handled  through  the  central  office.  This,  how- 
ever, necessitates  the  employment  of  an  exhibit  expert1  to  consult 
with  the  committees,  make  suggestions  on  arrangement  and  wording, 
cut  down  long,  verbose  statements,  which  are  both  ineffective  and 
expensive,  and  handle  all  arrangements  for  lettering,  enlarging  of 
photographs,  etc.  In  many  large  exhibits  the  expert  has  collected  the 
material  and  planned  the  panels  with  little  consultation  of  local  com- 
mittees. This  plan  usually  means  a clear-cut,  attractive  presentation 
of  the  subject  matter,  but  sacrifices  the  local  discussion  and  the  work- 
ing out  of  a statement  satisfactory  to  all  concerned,  upon  which  the 
final  results  of  an  exhibit  largely  depend.  A compromise  between 
these  two  extremes  demands  tact  and  effort,  but  for  the  best  results  in 
any  community  both  elements  are  needed — a careful  working  out,  by 
the  best  forces  in  the  community,  of  the  exact  program  for  which 
they  wish  public  cooperation;  and  a clear,  concise,  attractive,  and 
striking  statement  of  that  program  in  exhibit  form  under  expert 
guidance. 

SUGGESTIONS  FOR  EXHIBITORS. 

The  chief  essential  of  a successful  exhibit  is  variety.  No  matter 
how  small  the  exhibit,  the  various  ways  in  which  facts  may  be  pre- 
sented are  worth  careful  consideration.  An  exhibitor  or  exhibiting 
committee  should  first  ask,  “ What,  expressed  in  the  simplest,  clearest, 
briefest  manner,  is  the  exact  message  I wish  to  give  the  public  ? ” 
When  the  answer  to  this  question  is  clearly  formulated  the  best 
method  of  presentation  should  be  considered.  How  much  can  be 
shown  by  a living  demonstration,  such  as  a dental  clinic  or  food 
preparation?  What  can  be  shown  by  electrical  devices  or  models, 
either  illustrative  models,  which  are  copies  of  existing  objects,  such 
as  a baby’s  stomach,  a good  dairy,  a school  garden,  or  a children’s 

1 On  the  basis  of  past  exhibitions,  at  least  one  person  should  be  employed  in  the  execu- 
tive office  for  eight  weeks  for  every  $1,000  to  $1,500  to  be  expended  from  the  central 
fund.  Even  smaller  exhibits  will  benefit  by  a week’s  consultation  with  an  expert.  Child- 
welfare  exhibits  of  sufficient  size  and  importance  to  stir  cities  from  100,000  to  400,000 
have  been  held  at  a cost  of  $3,000  to  $8,000,  including  at  least  one  paid  expert  and  local 
office  assistance.  The  contribution  of  much  time  and  material  and  many  exhibits  is 
usually  necessary  in  addition  to  this  central  fund. 


CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


33 


institution,  or  diagrammatic  and  symbolic  models  used  to  present 
abstract  facts  in  graphic  form,  such  as  pasteboard  cubes  to  represent 
the  different  expenditures  of  the  city  departments,  or  the  “ one  in 
seven  ” model,  in  which  every  seventh  baby  is  replaced  by  a coffin, 
to  show  the  death  rate?  What  facts  can  be  shown  only  by  photo- 
graphs, cartoons,  charts,  and  statements?  Each  of  these  main  types 
of  exhibit  method — wall  exhibits,  models,  and  living  demonstra- 
tions— will  be  considered  separately. 

WALL  EXHIBITS. 

Under  this  head  are  comprised  all  flat  exhibits,  such  as  printed 
signs,  charts,  diagrams,  and  illustrations.  This  exhibit  material  is 
the  least  striking  of  all,  and  yet  a small  amount  of  it  is  always  neces- 
sary. The  best  living  demonstration  or  model  needs  explanatory 
signs,  and  many  facts  can  be  presented  only  by  graphic  charts  or 
statements.  Precisely  because  of  the  difficulties  in  making  this  type 
of  material  effective,  special  care  is  needed,  and  if  possible  the  ad- 
vice of  an  exhibit  or  advertising  expert,  to  make  the  wall  exhibits 
striking  and  varied. 

The  size  of  the  wall  unit  has  already  been  discussed.  This  unit 
should  be  treated  by  the  exhibitor  not  as  a background  for  a miscel- 
laneous collection  of  photographs  and  aphorisms,  but  as  a single 
illustrated  statement  on  one  subject.  Wording  and  grouping  of  pho- 
tographs should  be  carefully  planned,  so  that  the  most  important 
matters  stand  out  most  clearly  and  the  rest  of  the  material  is  prop- 
erly related.  Probably  no  part  of  exhibit  technique  is  as  difficult  as 
this,  but  the  time  spent  is  well  worth  while  if  the  exhibit  is  to  give  a 
true  impression.  Friends  totally  ignorant  of  the  subject  matter 
should  be  consulted  in  order  to  see  what  impression  the  exhibit  will 
produce  on  the  casual  visitor.1 

Special  care  must  be  taken  with  statistical  charts  in  order  that 
they  may  be  accurate,  clear,  interesting,  and  not  misleading.2  If 
maps  are  used,  an  outline  map,  on  which  a few  things  are  filled  in 
with  color  or  strong  shading,  is  much  better  than  the  usual  city  or 
State  map,  which  is  full  of  irrelevant  detail.  A common  error  on 
maps  and  diagrams  is  to  use  different  colors  to  designate  various  de- 
grees of  the  same  condition,  such  as  the  infant  death  rate.  Different 
shadings  of  the  same  color,  or  of  black  and  white,  are  far  less  con- 
fusing wherever  differences  of  degree  but  not  of  kind  are  to  be 
shown.  Colors  may,  however,  be  quite  arbitrarily  chosen  to  represent 

1 See  Twelve  Good  Screens  and  Why  They  Are  Good,  National  Child-Welfare  Exhibit 
Association,  30  East  Forty-second  Street,  New  York  City. 

2 This  subject  has  been  exhaustively  treated  in  Graphic  Methods  for  Presenting  Facts, 
372  pp.  Willard  C.  Brinton,  Engineering  Magazine  Co.,  New  York  City. 


34 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


different  kinds  of  things,  as  different  trades,  different  causes  of 
death,  or  different  city  departments. 

Lettering. — Plain,  upright  letters,  varying  from  three-fourths 
inch  in  height — or  even  smaller  for  footnotes,  etc. — to  2 or  3 inches 
for  special  display,  are  the  best.  The  sloping  italics,  favored  by 
sign  writers  for  reasons  of  speed,  are  especially  hard  to  read;  and, 
contrary  to  the  general  opinion,  red  letters,  especially  the  cheap 
orange  red  used  by  many  sign  painters,  which  produces  a glare  of 
red  and  green  shadows  and  obscures  the  lettering,  are  not  effective. 
A color  variation  for  important  words  or  to  lend  variety,  however,  is 
desirable  when  used  in  moderation.  Some  gray  backgrounds  will 
take  both  white  and  black  letters.  Light  backgrounds  will  take 
black  and  some  other  good  color. 

Pasted  or  stamped  letters  will  prove  less  expensive  than  sign  let- 
tering if  careful  volunteers  can  be  found  to  use  them.  Paper  letters 
in  different  colors  and  sizes  with  gummed  backs  are  obtainable.  In 
using  these  the  signs  should  be  designed  by  a person  with  a sense 
of  artistic  balance  and  then  pasted  or  stamped  with  great  care. 
One  designer  can  keep  several  pasters  busy.  If  any  of  the  workers 
are  paid,  the  final  cost  will  be  little,  if  any,  cheaper  than  sign  let- 
tering; but  the  method  is  useful  for  committees  of  volunteers  or  in 
towns  where  good  sign  lettering  is  hard  to  secure.  Pasted  letters 
are  clearer  and  more  effective  than  stamped  letters,  but  they  are 
more  expensive  and  tend  to  peel  off  if  used  in  traveling  exhibits. 
Stamped  letters  will  rub  unless  the  very  best  grade  of  ink,  made 
especially  for  stamping,  is  used.  With  both  these  forms  of  letter- 
ing variety  in  size  and  style  of  type  should  be  introduced. 

Photographs  and  illustrations. — One  large  photograph  showing 
significant  detail  is  worth  several  small  ones  chosen  in  an  attempt  to 
give  an  exhaustive  presentation.  Photographs  11  by  14  inches  in  size, 
or  even  larger,  are  desirable;  smaller  photographs  are  allowable 
where  there  is  little  detail.  A flat  finish  is  best,  as  it  does  not  reflect 
light  and  will  take  paint  if  it  is  desired  to  color  any  of  the  photo- 
graphs. Abstract  ideas  can  frequently  be  presented  by  cartoons 
(see  illustration  No.  4),  which  are  expensive  to  buy  but  may  often  be 
contributed. 

Many  attractive  variations  can  be  introduced  in  the  use  of  illustra- 
tive material.  The  activities  of  a vacation  school  in  Toledo,  of  which 
no  photographs  had  been  taken,  w ete  shown  by  children’s  paper  cut- 
tings made  from  memory  and  showing  what  they  had  done  the 
previous  summer.  These  were  attractively  mounted  and  used  exactly 
as  photographs  would  have  been.  In  pedigree  charts,  used  to  show 
the  results  of  a bad  inheritance,  figures  cut  from  magazines  and 
fashion  books  can  be  used  in  place  of  the  uninteresting  dots,  each 


CHILD-WELFAEE  EXHIBITS. 


35 


figure  being  tinted  to  represent  the  idea  conveyed  and  surrounded  by 
a circle  of  appropriate  color. 

Devices  which  call  forth  the  activity  of  the  spectator  are  especially 
good.  Thus  a revolving  wheel  set  in  a wall  panel  and  appropriately 
lettered  may  be  used  to  illustrate  an  endless  sequence,  such  as  “ Child 
Labor,  Unskilled  Labor,  Lowt  Wages,  Poverty,  Child  Labor,”  or 
“Parenthood,  Infancy,  Childhood,  Youth,  Parenthood.”  The  wheel 
may  be  partly  hidden  so  that  the  spectator  has  to  turn  it  to  find  out 
what  comes  next,  while  inscriptions  above  and  below  the  wheel  indi- 
cate in  the  first  instance  the  viciousness  of  the  circle  and  the  need  for 
breaking  it  at  some  point  and  in  the  second  instance  the  fact  that 
good  health  at  any  stage  is  a requisite  for  good  health  throughout 
the  sequence.  In  the  exhibit  of  the  United  States  Public  Health 
Service  is  a simple  but  clever  device  bearing  the  legend:  “Turn  this 
valve  till  the  hand  points  to  the  name  of  your  State ; the  man  on  the 
tower  wull  then  point  to  your  State’s  typhoid  death  rate.”  Many 
community  child-welfare  exhibits  have  near  the  exit  a placard  with 
the  question,  “ Who  is  to  blame  for  the  conditions  here  shown?  ” and 
the  string  which  the  spectator  is  directed  to  pull  “ to  find  out  ” dis- 
closes a mirror  in  which  he  views  himself.  Mouth  hygiene  exhibits 
sometimes  use  a small  mirror  set  in  a widely  smiling  mouth,  with 
directions  to  “ look  at  your  teeth.” 

Silhouettes  add  variety  to  wall  exhibits  and  were  used  with  good 
effect  in  the  New  York  City  building  in  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposi- 
tion. Diagrams  and  figures  w7ere  painted  on  cardboard  or  thin 
three-ply  wrood,  then  cut  out  and  placed  in  position  on  the  wall  panel. 
A very  effective  silhouette  was  used  by  the  fire  department  to  illus- 
trate the  different  heights  to  which  water  is  sent  by  varying  pres- 
sures. The  tall  skyscraper,  the  fire  engine,  and  three  different  jets  of 
water  were  all  cut  from  a three-ply  wood  surface  and  raised  3 inches 
from  a background  which  showed  the  distant  clouds.  In  the  3-inch 
space  thus  formed  was  inserted  a thin,  red  electric-light  bulb,  which 
flashed  and  faded,  sending  a fiery  glow  over  the  clouds  and  around 
the  edges  of  the  building.  Simpler  silhouettes  may  be  made  of  paper 
in  different  colors.  A photograph  can  often  be  made  more  effective 
by  cutting  out  all  the  background  and  letting  the  central  figures  stand 
in  relief  as  in  a silhouette. 

Transparencies. — Transparencies  may  be  used  either  separately  or 
as  part  of  a wall  design  into  which  they  are  fitted;  but  good  trans- 
parencies are  often  spoiled  by  poor  lighting.  The  most  effective 
lighting  in  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  was  that  of  the  United 
States  Forest  Service,  which  utilized  the  space  in  front  of  large 
windows,  framing  the  transparencies  in  a continuous  black  screen 
which  shut  out  all  light  for  a height  of  10  feet  except  that  coming 
through  the  transparencies.  Where  natural  lighting  can  not  be  ob- 


36 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS, 


tained  the  transparencies  should  be  placed  on  a dimly  lighted  wall, 
as  the  strongest  electric  light  will  not  compete  with  direct  daylight. 
If  this  rule  is  followed  excessively  strong  lights,  which  tend  to  make 
a glare  in  spots,  will  not  be  needed ; a box  with  a white  painted  inner 
surface  on  which  a light  is  indirectly  thrown  will  be  sufficient. 
Transparencies  can  be  effectively  used  in  unexpected  places,  set  into  a 
large  tree  stump  or  an  imitation  bale  of  cotton.  A peculiarly  beauti- 
ful effect  can  be  obtained  with  landscapes  by  placing  lights  of  differ- 
ent colors  behind  them,  one  flashing  on  as  the  other  fades.  The 
spectator  spends  some  time  deciding  whether  there  is  a real  change 
of  scene. 

THREE-DIMENSION  EXHIBITS. 

Under  this  head  come  all  exhibits  which  occupy  floor  space  or 
table  space,  including  collections  of  materials  and  objects,  models 
of  various  kinds,  and  electrical  devices.  Most  of  the  exhibits  men- 
tioned under  the  head  of  infant-welfare  exhibits  and  exhibits  on 
children’s  interests  are  collections  of  materials,  such  as  baby  clothes, 
foodstuffs,  and  toys  made  by  children.  These  are  effective  exhibits, 
usually  calling  forth  much  local  interest  and  cooperation,  and  most 
of  the  materials  can  be  borrowed  for  short-time  local  exhibits.  Other 
exhibits  of  this  type  are : 

The  homes  of  Mrs.  Do  Care  and  Mrs.  Don’t  Care.  This  shows  both 
a good  and  bad  kitchen  and  bedroom.  The  material  for  the  good 
rooms  is  borrowed  from  the  stores  or  the  homes  of  the  committee; 
that  for  the  bad  rooms  from  the  local  relief  societies  or  the  attics 
of  committee  members. 

A hospital  room  for  a child  showing  all  equipment.  Used  to 
present  the  need  for  more  hospital  accommodations. 

Equipment  for  a dental  clinic.  This  may  or  may  not  be  used  as 
the  background  for  a living  exhibit  consisting  of  a free  dental  ex- 
amination for  children. 

A child’s  library,  perhaps  shown  as  part  of  a small  children’s  room 
in  the  public  library,  with  an  attendant  who  allows  children  to  read 
the  books. 

Models. — Scale  models,  or  models  which  are  reproductions  made  to 
scale  of  existing  or  proposed  structures,  are  very  expensive  and 
usually  unnecessary  in  a child- welfare  exhibit.  Illustrative  models 
in  which  exact  dimensions  are  not  followed,  but  an  effort  is  made 
to  make  a graphic  presentation  of  an  idea,  may  often  be  constructed 
by  manual  training  classes  or  kindergartens.  The  old  Moravian 
“putz,”  which  still  survives  in  the  Christmas  celebrations  of  some 
families,  is  a model  of  this  type  and  can  be  made  by  any  clever  boy. 
It  will  be  useful  for  Sunda}r-school  exhibits,  and  a detailed  descrip- 
tion of  its  primitive  but  effective  construction  may  furnish  sugges- 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


37 


tions  for  other  models.  A large  rough  table  (4  by  6 feet)  set  in  a 
corner  is  used  as  the  foundation  on  which,  by  the  use  of  excelsior, 
covered  with  moss  and  fir  branches,  a representation  of  a hilly 
landscape  is  constructed.  Footpaths  and  a distant  desert,  across 
which  the  wise  men  are  seen  coming,  are  made  of  sand  and  gravel. 
A lake  is  made  with  a large  tin  pan  lined  with  stones  and  overhung 
with  moss  to  conceal  the  edges.  Figures  are  found  by  diligent  search 
through  toyshops  and  5 and  10  cent  stores.  A cave-like  stable  is 
made  of  a packing  box  about  a foot  square,  with  a large  entrance  cut 
at  one  end,  through  which  the  figures  in  the  stable  are  visible;  the 
lines  of  the  box  are  covered  with  moss  and  hidden  by  trees.  Among 
the  highest  fir  boughs  is  half  concealed  a star,  cut  from  tissue  paper 
and  set  in  cardboard,  covering  an  electric  bulb  which  can  be  turned 
on  from  a near-by  switch.  A model  of  this  type  is  necessarily  frail 
and  must  be  constructed  in  position,  but  it  will  last  for  a week’s 
exhibit.  Much  more  durable  models  have  been  made  by  school 
classes  by  the  use  of  various  materials,  such  as  wood,  cement,  clay, 
plasticine,  or  pasteboard.  A good  flooring  for  a -model  which  is 
to  show  an  open  yard  is  made  of  rough  boards  set  several  inches 
apart  and  covered  with  a fine-meshed  wire  netting,  over  which  is 
poured  thin  cement.  The  wire  provides  an  elastic  foundation  which 
keeps  the  cement  from  cracking.  The  cement  may  represent  paths 
or  grounds  around  whatever  building  is  to  be  shown.  Grass  is  made 
by  dyed  sawdust  dropped  on  with  glue  or  by  roughened  felt  glued 
to  the  cement.  The  building  on  such  a foundation  may  be  made  of 
thin  wood  or  of  cardboard  with  windows  and  doors  painted  in. 
Smaller  models  may  be  made  of  clay  built  up  on  a wooden  board. 
Streams  and  rivers  are  then  painted  directly  on  the  board. 

Among  the  models  which  have  been  prepared  for  child-welfare  ex- 
hibits by  volunteer  work  are : 

A good  and  a bad  dairy.  This  model  was  made  chiefly  of  wood  and 
cement,  with  cows  from  a toyshop  and  milk  pails  manufactured  out 
of  old  tin  cans.  (See  illustration  No.  10.)  Obviously  not  all  the 
features  of  a dairy  could  be  reproduced,  but  the  main  idea  of  care 
and  cleanliness  versus  dirt  and  carelessness  was  effectively  carried 
out.  Rotted  fence  boards  were  eagerly  hunted  by  the  boys  for  use 
in  the  bad  barn,  and  the  ingenuity  displayed %in  collecting  materials 
showed  a vivid  interest  on  the  part  of  all  the  class. 

Model  showing  the  spread  of  typhoid,  made  by  the  Pasadena  High 
School  girls’  class  in  sanitation.  This  was  a landscape  made  of 
clay  on  a wooden  floor,  with  streams  painted  blue,  and  tiny  houses 
bought  at  a toy  store.  An  inscription  showed  that  the  typhoid 
started  at  house  A near  a stream;  that  the  discharges  from  the 
patient  were  thrown  into  the  stream;  and  that  in  a little  village 
shown  farther  down  the  stream  half  the  houses  had  typhoid.  These 


38 


CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


were  the  houses  that  drew  water  from  the  stream.  The  remaining 
houses,  situated  between  house  A and  the  rest  of  the  village,  did 
not  contain  any  cases  of  typhoid,  although  they  were  nearer  the 
source  of  infection.  They  drew  their  water  from  an  uninfected 
well  (shown  in  the  foreground)  by  a test  tube  which  pierced  the 
floor  of  the  model  and  was  seen  against  painted  strata  of  sand  below. 

Model  showing  school  playgrounds.  This  was  a contrast  model 
showing  how  the  grounds  around  one  school  allowed  plenty  of  space 
per  child,  while  the  grounds  around  another  school  were  so  small 
that  all  the  children  could  not  find  standing  room.  The  grounds 
were  made  of  cement,  sand,  and  sawdust,  as  described  above,  the 
buildings  and  railings  of  wood,  while  the  children  were  represented 
by  penny  dolls.  These  dolls  fixed  the  scale  on  which  the  entire 
model  was  constructed,  so  that  their  positions  in  the  school  yard 
gave  an  accurate  picture  of  the  open  or  crowded  condition  of  the 
grounds. 

Beans  of  different  colors  are  often  used  to  represent  percentages. 
For  instance,  the  number  of  deaths  among  every  100  babies  during 
the  first  year  has  been  shown  by  black  beans  mixed  in  a jar  of  white 
ones.  This  is  in  some  ways  a dangerous  device,  as  an  incomplete 
mixing  may  give  a wrong  impression  which  should  always  be 
guarded  against  by  an  explanatory  sign  giving  the  exact  figures. 
In  addition  to  this  safeguard,  it  may  prove  better  to -arrange  the 
beans  in  a very  thin  bottle,  or  in  a shallow  dish,  where  they  can  all 
be  seen  at  once.  In  the  Seattle  child- welfare  exhibit,  beans  of  dif- 
ferent colors  in  a large  shallow  box  were  effectively  used  to  show 
the  numbers  of  people  of  different  nationalities  in  the  city.  A 
placard  above  the  box  gave  the  exact  numbers,  but  could  not  have 
given  as  graphic  a presentation  of  the  mixed  character  of  the  city's 
population  as  was  given  by  the  bean  table.  A similar  use  may  be 
made  of  other  objects  than  beans  to  illustrate  figures  which  would 
otherwise  have  to  be  shown  by  a wall  chart.  Thus,  the  amounts  per 
capita  spent  by  different  cities  for  health,  or  recreation,  or  educa- 
tion, can  be  shown  by  little  heaps  of  coin,  inside  a glass  case;  this 
seldom  fails  to  arouse  interest. 

A clever  combination  of  photograph  and  model,  which  attracted 
attention  because  of  its  unusualness,  was  shown  in  the  New  York 
City  building  at  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition.  An  upright  board 
about  2 feet  high  ran  along  the  rear  of  the  table,  and  on  it  was 
mounted  a large  photograph  showing  the  sky  line  of  New  York, 
beginning  at  the  water’s  edge.  On  the  surface  of  the  table  w7as 
pasted  a photograph  giving  a much  foreshortened  view  of  a sur- 
face of  water ; this  appeared  to  be  continuous  with  the  rear  picture, 
and  represented  the  Hudson  Biver.  A model  of  a municipal  recrea- 
tion pier,  made  of  painted  wood,  was  placed  directly  on  the  table. 


CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


39 


The  contrast  between  two  styles  of  presentation,  usually  kept  sepa- 
rate, that  of  the  photographer  and  that  of  the  model  maker,  made 
the  exhibit  effective  and  attracted  notice.  A similar  combination 
of  the  method  of  the  model  and  that  of  the  chart  can  be  made  by 
placing  a map  flat  on  a table  and  using  colored  upright  poles  in 
place  of  the  bar  diagrams  which  would  be  used  on  a wall.  In 
many  cases  the  effect  thus  produced  is  truer  to  actual  conditions,  as 
when  graduated  poles,  placed  in  a map  of  New  York  City,  are  used 
to  illustrate  heights  of  buildings  in  different  sections  of  town. 
Varying  death  rates  in  different  parts  of  town  can  also  be  studied 
better  in  a model  of  this  kind  than  in  a diagram,  as  the  relative 
position  of  various  areas  can  be  discerned  at  a glance. 

Moving  models  and  electrical  devices. — There  are  many  moving 
models  and  electrical  devices  which,  while  expensive  for  the  small- 
town exhibit,  are  well  worth  the  consideration  of  any  organization 
planning  a traveling  exhibit.  One  of  these  is  the  automatic  stere- 
opticon,  of  which  there  are  several  types,  all  operating  in  daylight. 

Typical  models  are: 

The  Fly’s  Air  Line,  used  by  boards  of  health  and  showing  a swarm 
of  flies  traveling  from  stable  manure  to  an  open  privy  and  then  to 
the  family  table. 

Part-time  Schools,  a model  owned  by  the  Massachusetts  State  De- 
partment of  Education,  showing  twTo  sets  of  children  changing 
places  in  a school  and  a factory  as  a band  of  light  passes  from  week 
to  week  of  a calendar. 

The  Path  of  Life,  owned  by  the  New  York  State  Department  of 
Health,  showing  a series  of  moving  belts  upon  which  dolls,  repre- 
senting people  of  different  ages,  move  from  birth  to  death  according 
to  the  ratio  shown  by  mortality  tables. 

The  waste  of  preventable  disease,  shown  by  a model  owned  by  the 
Public  Health  Service,  in  which  a long  ribbon  covered  with  coins 
passes  continuously  out  of  the  pocket  of  a tall  Uncle  Sam  into  the 
mouth  of  a crocodile  appropriately  labeled. 

Models  of  this  kind  should  be  prepared  by  experienced  model 
makers;  those  made  by  amateurs  are  usually  unsatisfactory.  There 
are,  however,  a few  simple  electrical  devices,  by  the  use  of  which  local 
electricians,  and  in  some  cases  local  committee  members,  can  add 
effectiveness  to  an  exhibit.  Frequently  a theatrical  electrician  can 
be  secured  who  is  especially  skilled  in  work  of  this  type. 

The  skedoodle  plug  is  an  inexpensive  attachment  (about  50  cents, 
ordered  through  any  electrical  supply  house)  which  can  be  attached 
to  an  electric-light  socket  and  adjusted  so  that  the  light  will  go  on 
and  off  at  fairly  regular  intervals.  The  uses  of  this  plug  are  many. 
It  may  be  timed  for  a 10-second  interval,  and  hidden  behind  a glass 
or  tissue  paper  star  bearing  the  inscription : “ Every  time  this  star 


40 


CHILD -WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


fades,  somewhere  in  Europe  or  the  United  States  a baby  under  1 
year  dies;  1 every  10  seconds,  6 every  minute,  360  every  hour.  Half 
of  these  deaths  are  preventable.”  The  figures  in  the  inscription  are 
quite  necessary  to  correct  the  occasional  moments  when  the  star  will 
be  out  of  order.  A skedoodle  plug  may  also  be  used  instead  of  a 
stationary  light  behind  a transparency.  It  may  be  used  behind  a 
combination  of  ground  glass  and  paper  arranged  in  such  a way  that 
part  of  an  inscription  will  be  visible  at  all  times  and  part  only  when 
the  light  comes  on.  Questions  and  answers,  maps  across  the  face  of 
which  some  comment  is  written  concerning  laws  or  conditions,  are 
types  of  this  use.  Careful  testing  is  necessary  to  secure  materials 
which  will  be  opaque  to  light  and  yet  will  not  show  through  the 
ground  glass  when  the  light  is  off.  White  letters  of  heavy  opaque 
paper  pasted  upon  a background  of  translucent  white  paper  may  be 
used.  A skeedoodle  plug  may  also  be  used  inside  an  opaque  “ sooth- 
ing-sirup ” bottle,  bearing  on  a thin,  translucent  label  the  inscrip- 
tion : “ Dr.  Killem’s  Soothing  Sirup  Quiets  Babies.”  When  the  light 
inside  the  bottle  comes  on  it  makes  visible  the  word  “ Poison ! ” cut 
from  black  opaque  paper.  To  get  the  best  results  the  first  inscrip- 
tion should  be  painted  in  light  transparent  colors,  so  that  it  fades 
out  completely. 

Flashers  are  devices  by  which  one  circuit  of  electric  lights  can  be 
exchanged  for  another.  The  larger  type  with  a sequence  of  several 
circuits  is  operated  by  motor  and  is  rather  expensive,  but  a single 
alternation  of  lights  can  be  made  by  simple  flashers  (about  $1  at  an 
electrical  supply  house)  operated  by  heat  contact.  Many  uses  can 
be  made  of  a flasher  of  this  kind  in  illuminating  first  one  inscription, 
then  another.  The  most  effective  use  is  perhaps  the  well-known 
“ illusion  ” in  which  one  picture  or  model  is  mysteriously  replaced 
by  another.  This  can  be  used  to  change  a bad  room  into  a good  one, 
or  to  show  a dirty  beggar  at  a drinking  fountain  followed  by  a 
mother  and  child.  In  a library  exhibit  an  illusion  was  used  to  illus- 
trate the  statement,  “ The  child  sees — right  through  the  pages  of  the 
book — the  world  of  which  he  reads.”  In  this  case  the  book  page 
faded  out  and  disclosed  a scene  or  a globe.  Illustration  No.  15  shows 
the  construction  of  an  “ illusion.” 

Simple  motors  with  appropriate  gears  attached  can  be  used  to  run 
revolving  or  oscillating  signs  and  turntables  bearing  models.  A 
moving  panorama  made  for  the  exhibit  of  the  Children’s  Bureau  at 
the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  was  entitled  “ Our  Thirty  Million 
Children,”  and  consisted  of  a chart  showing  for  successive  ages  the 
proportion  of  children  dying,  going  to  school,  or  at  work.  A narrow, 
continuous  ribbon  bearing  a motto  sometimes  is  made  to  run  around 
the  top  of  a booth.  A motor  may  be  made  to  operate  a turntable,  not 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


41 


continuously  but  by  definitely  timed  movements,  so  that  an  inscrip- 
tion or  a picture  appears  for  a given  length  of  time  and  then  passes 
quickly  out  of  sight,  to  be  succeeded  by  another.  This  is  done  by 
causing  a wheel  to  revolve  on  which  a projection  strikes  another  pro- 
jection on  the  revolving  sign.  The  effect  is  particularly  good  if  the 
turntable  bearing  the  four  or  five  sided  frame  containing  signs  or 
pictures  is  hidden  in  a case  of  which  only  one  side  is  open,  so  that 
only  one  sign  can  be  seen  at  a time.  In  all  experimenting  with 
motors  the  very  best  electrical  skill  is  needed;  it  is  not  cheap  work, 
except  for  organizations  which  have  an  electrician  at  their  command. 

Two  or  three  other  specific  uses  of  electrical  devices  may  be  men- 
tioned. 

“ A Day  in  Baby’s  Life”  may  be  illustrated  by  a large  clock  (first 
used  at  the  Pittsburgh  Baby  Week)  around  which  the  hands  travel 
rapidly.  As  they  pass  different  hours  they  form  contacts  which 
illuminate  different  inscriptions  or  pictures  illustrating  the  activities 
of  the  baby  at  prescribed  hours,  such  as  nursing  at  regular  intervals, 
being  dressed  and  bathed,  and  sleeping. 

“What  to  Do”  is  the  title  of  a large  electric  wall  chart  used  in 
the  philanthropy  section  of  several  child-welfare  exhibits.  The 
spectator  is  instructed  to  “ press  the  button  to  find  out  ” wThere  to 
go  “ if  you  want  to  adopt  a baby,”  “ if  you  know  a case  of  cruelty  to 
children,”  “ if  a poor  family  applies  to  you  for  aid,”  etc.  Opposite 
each  question  is  a push  button  which  is  connected  with  an  electric 
light  behind  a transparency,  on  which  is  inscribed  the  name  of  the 
organization  to  be  consulted.  # 

Magic  mirrors,  often  used  for  commercial  advertising,  can  be 
adapted  for  use  in  educational  exhibits.  A clear-cut  picture,  de- 
sign, or  inscription,  made  on  translucent  or  transparent  material 
such  as  paper,  celluloid,  or  ground  glass,  is  placed  directly  behind 
a “double  mirror”  made  of  two  pieces  of  glass  with  thin  “silver- 
ing” between  them.  The  mirror,  with  the  inscription  behind  it,  is 
then  fastened  into  the  front  of  a shallow  box  containing  lights. 
When  the  light  is  off  the  darkness  of  the  box,  Reenforcing  the  thin 
silvering,  makes  a good  mirror;  as  soon  as  the  light  is  turned  on, 
the  hidden  inscription  or  design  appears  upon  the  mirror’s  face. 
This  device  can  be  used  with  a skedoodle  plug  if  only  a single  design 
is  to  be  shown.  More  complicated  mirrors  show  different  signs,  one 
after  the  other,  on  different  portions  of  their  face  and  involve  the 
use  of  a flasher  and  opaque  partitions  between  the  various  lights. 

Occasionally  exhibits  occur  in  which  a moving  model  can  be 
effectively  and  simply  made  without  the  use  of  electricity  or  any 
complicated  mechanism.  A good  example  of  this  is  a model  used 
by  the  United  States  Forest  Service  to  illustrate  the  value  of  forests 


42 


CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


in  preventing  erosion  of  soil.  At  the  two  rear  corners  of  a model 
about  6 feet  square  light  showers  of  water  fall  from  faucets.  On 
one  side  the  water  is  received  by  a fir  forest ; it  trickles  through  the 
branches  and  emerges  as  a clear  stream  flowing  through  a clear  lake 
into  a drainpipe  at  the  front  of  the  model.  On  the  other  side  the 
water  strikes  a bare  hillside  and  is  speedily  converted  into  a muddy 
stream  which  wears  away  the  hill,  converts  a lake  into  an  overflow- 
ing marsh,  and  spoils  the  surrounding  landscape.  On  both  sides 
of  the  model  the  water  actually  completes  these  operations  without 
interference,  and  thus  gives  an  effective  object  lesson. 

LIVING  EXHIBITS. 

A short  investigating  tour  taken  on  five  separate  occasions  through 
four  of  the  exhibit  palaces  of  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  showed 
that  of  25  exhibits  attracting  the  attention  of  more  than  10  persons 
all  but  one  depended  for  their  interest  upon  the  constant  activity  of 
human  beings.  A flour  exhibit,  in  which  women  dressed  in  national 
costumes  made  the  breads  of  various  nations;  a cigar  exhibit,  in 
which  girls  manufactured  cigars;  exhibits  in  which  girls  gave  away 
food  samples;  a telephone  exhibit,  with  a man  talking  to  New  York; 
a five-scene  illusion,  showing  the  progress  of  typewriting;  a woman 
who  revolved,  apparently  in  mid-air,  with  her  feet  executing  dance 
steps  above  her  head ; these  were  the  features  on  which  the  successful 
commercial  exhibitors  relied  to  draw  crowds.  Among  the  educa- 
tional exhibits  the  Children’s  Bureau  grouped  its  exhibits  around 
a children’s  health  conference,  with  an  examination  of  children,  and 
also  carried  on  demonstrations  of  home  play  and  the  preparation  of 
food ; the  Bureau  of  Mines  conducted  a mimic  mine  explosion  daily, 
and  administered  first  aid;  the  Race-Betterment  Exhibit  supplied 
free  vibrating  chairs,  in  which  the  tired  public,  comfortably  reclining, 
unconsciously  became  volunteer  demonstrators. 

Other  things  being  equal,  the  interest  taken  by  any  city  in  a child- 
welfare  exhibit  is  probably  in  direct  ratio  to  the  number  of  volunteer 
attendants  and  performers.  The  human  element  in  an  exhibit  may 
be  of  three  kinds : 

Explainers  and  guides. 

Expert  demonstrators  and  lecturers. 

Performers  in  entertainments  and  living  exhibits. 

Explainers. — The  organization  of  explainers  has  been  mentioned 
under  the  head  of  committee  organization.  That  an  exhibit  “ex- 
plains itself”  to  the  exhibitor  is  no  reason  for  dispensing  with  ex- 
plainers. As  hostesses  and  demonstrators  they  draw  the  public  into 
the  exhibit  and  help  to  drive  home  important  points.  A spectator 
remembers  the  things  which  he  discusses.  Realization  of  this  fact 
led,  in  the  Springfield  exhibit,  to  the  reserving  of  a space  near  the 


CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


43 


exit,  where  discussion  concerning  both  the  exhibit  us  a whole  and  any 
questions  raised  by  it  was  constantly  carried  on  under  expert  guid- 
ance. 

These  explainers  are  in  some  ways  more  important  than  the  ex- 
hibits themselves;  a poor  exhibit  with  a good  explainer  will  draw 
more  attention  and  make  a more  lasting  impression  than  a good 
exhibit  with  a poor  explainer.  But  vivacity  and  an  ability  to  talk 
are  not  the  only  qualifications  necessary.  Much  harm  can  be  done 
by  inaccurate  explaining,  and  this  should  be  carefully  guarded 
against. 

In  order  to  insure  competent  explainers,  each  exhibiting  committee 
should  as  far  as  possible  provide  its  own,  and  when  this  is  impossible 
should  apply  to  the  committee  on  explainers  for  volunteers,  for 
whose  training  the  exhibiting  committee  then  becomes  responsible. 
Weekly  meetings  of  explainers  to  receive  instruction  have  sometimes 
been  held  to  meet  this  situation.  In  addition  to  these  trained  ex 
plainers,  there  is  always  room  for  general  guides  and  hostesses  in 
attendance  at  the  information  desk  and  free  to  be  assigned  wherever 
needed.  All  explainers  and  demonstrators  of  every  kind  should 
report  to  the  information  desk  on  entering  the  building,  so  that 
they  may  be  easily  reached  and  so  that  the  chairman  of  explainers 
may  be  sure  that  the  entire  floor  is  well  provided  with  them. 

Demonstrations. — These  range  from  the  simple  demonstration, 
which  is  hardly  more  than  an  explanation  of  the  exhibit,  to  changing 
programs  held  on  special  stages  distributed  throughout  the  exhibit. 
They  are  directly  under  the  control  of  the  several  exhibiting  com- 
mittees, which  should  keep  in  close  touch  with  the  program  commit- 
tee to  avoid  conflict  with  programs  near  b}L  Some  demonstrations 
are  practically  continuous;  others  are  reserved  for  special  hours  or 
special  days.  The  committee  on  health,  for  instance,  may  wish  to 
have  a nurse  giving  a continuous  demonstration  (on  a doll)  of  the 
bathing  and  dressing  of  the  baby.  Demonstrations  on  the  proper 
preparation  of  food  for  young  children  are  more,  apt  to  be  a part  of 
a set  program,  varying  from  hour  to  hour  and  day  to  day  as  differ 
ent  foods  are  shown.  A dental  examination  room,  an  infant-welfare 
station,  or  a complete  children's  health  conference  may  be  living 
exhibits  in  the  health  section.  (See  illustration  No.  11.)  In  the 
Rochester  Child-Welfare  Exhibit  a small  booth  was  set  aside  for  the 
inauguration  of  the  spring  fly  campaign,  for  which  children  enlisted 
and  received  souvenir  pledge  cards  and  medals;  the  crowd  attracted 
here  was  very  large.  (See  illustration  No.  12.) 

A committee  on  schools  frequently  finds  it  advisable  to  carry  on 
small  demonstration  classes  to  illustrate  some  of  the  subjects  taught 
in  the  schools,  such  as  manual  training,  domestic  science,  drawing, 
or  paper  cutting.  A recreation  committee  often  centers  its  display 


44 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


around  a small  playground,  which  cares  for  the  children  who  wish  to 
come.  The  library  may  offer  a similar  attraction  to  children  by 
maintaining  a small  children’s  room  in  actual  operation.  (See  illus- 
tration No.  13.)  The  philanthropy  committee  (or  the  health  com- 
mittee) may  manage  a small  day  nursery  for  the  benefit  of  mothers 
who  wish  to  see  the  exhibit.  In  all  these  cases  the  children  them- 
selves, merely  by  availing  themselves  of  opportunities  offered,  make 
a living  demonstration  to  the  public  of  the  worth  of  these  oppor- 
tunities. 

In  some  parts  of  the  exhibition,  notably  those  devoted  to  settle- 
ments, clubs,  and  associations,  it  may  seem  wise  to  erect  a special 
stage  or  set  aside  a special  floor  space  for  the  joint  use  of  several 
organizations,  no  one  of  which  can  furnish  enough  material  to  fill 
it.  Boy  Scouts  showing  their  “ first  aid  to  the  injured,”  Camp  Fire 
Girls’  activities,  classes  in  weaving  or  pottery  from  a settlement, 
demonstrations  of  folk  dancing  not  suited  to  a larger  space,  a class 
in  butter  making  from  an  industrial  school,  or  a class  in  speaking 
from  an  institution  for  the  deaf  are  all  among  the  possibilities  in  a 
space  of  this  kind. 

Under  this  head  of  living  demonstrations  would  come  also  special 
conferences  for  mothers,  held  under  the  health  committee  and  con- 
ducted by  local  doctors,  and  specially  conducted  tours  through 
various  sections,  for  which  some  well  known  local  person  is  an- 
nounced as  guide.  These  demonstrations  can  well  be  carried  on 
under  the  exhibiting  committees,  but  if  they  promise  to  attain  much 
size  and  importance  the  program  committee  should  be  consulted 
about  them. 

Program  committtee. — Before  selecting  a program  committee  the 
executive  committee  should  first  of  all  decide  on  the  general  type  of 
program  desired.  Large  conferences  with  out-of-town  speakers  have 
almost  invariably  proved  disappointing  when  held  in  connection 
with  an  exhibit,  unless  the  exhibit  is  a very  small  one,  chosen  simply 
to  illustrate  the  conference.  Custom  probably  demands  an  exception 
to  this  rule  in  the  case  of  a formal  opening,  where  the  speeches 
should  be  short,  pointed,  and  interspersed  with  music  or  other  forms 
of  entertainment.  One  or  two  small  conferences  or  round  tables  of 
workers  may  be  valuable  if  the  audience  is  chosen  as  carefully  as  the 
speaker  and  the  subjects  restricted  to  matters  of  immediate  impor- 
tance on  which  action  is  pressing.  But  most  of  the  social  workers 
of  the  community  should  be  engaged  at  this  time  in  explaining  the 
exhibit  or  planning  the  follow-up  work  to  come  after  the  exhibit. 
Any  conference  which  diverts  them  from  these  duties  is  likely  to  do 
harm.  If  sufficient  money  is  available  for  good  speakers,  it  is  a much 
better  plan  to  bring  them  at  intervals  after  the  exhibit  is  over,  when 
each  address  can  be  separately  advertised  and  when  the  exhibit 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


45 


material  reenforcing  the  address  can  be  assembled  again  and  set 
around  the  lecture  hall.  Such  addresses,  as  well  as  the  round  tables 
above  mentioned,  may  be  referred  to  the  program  committee,  or  it 
may  be  decided  that  they  can  be  handled  better  through  the  com- 
mittees interested  in  the  subjects  to  be  represented. 

After  disposing  of  the  question  of  conferences  and  referring  the 
minor  demonstrations  in  the  sections  to  the  various  exhibiting  com- 
mittees the  main  question  remaining  concerns  the  kind  of  program  of 
entertainments  to  be  planned  for  the  central  court  or  main  stage  of 
the  exhibit.  Opinions  are  divided  concerning  the  value  of  large,  gen- 
eral entertainments  occurring  twice  daily  and  drawing  great  crowds 
of  people  only  partially  or  not  at  all  interested  in  the  subject  matter 
of  the  exhibit.  As  a rule,  however,  demonstrations  on  a big  scale 
of  activities  of  the  community’s  children,  such  as  choruses  of  1,000 
voices  from  the  schools,  folk  dancing,  and  gymnastics  from  the 
schools  and  playgrounds,  and  similar  displays,  have  a very  important 
function.  They  serve  as  exhibits  of  community  activities;  they  give 
large  numbers  of  children  and  their  parents  a feeling  that  they  have 
a share  in  the  exhibit ; and  they  draw  out  not  merely  a crowd,  but  a 
thoroughly  democratic  crowd,  a crowd  coming  to  see  its  children  per- 
form, not  yet  interested  perhaps  in  all  the  matters  displayed  in  the 
exhibit,  but  the  crowd,  none  the  less,  upon  which  the  securing  and 
enforcing  of  all  remedial  legislation  will  depend.  If  the  large  per- 
formances in  the  central  court  or  on  the  main  stage  are  restricted  to 
three-quarters  of  an  hour  in  length,  and  if  the  explaining  force  is 
well  organized  and  ready  to  handle  the  crowds  that  are  released 
immediately  after  the  entertainments,  no  harm  but  rather  good 
would  result  from  a type  of  demonstration  which  brings  out  thou- 
sands of  people.  To  safeguard  the  children  taking  part  the  enter- 
tainments should  be  in  the  nature  of  an  exhibit  of  work  actually  car- 
ried on  in  schools,  playgrounds,  or  under  volunteer  agencies,  with  a 
minimum  of  rehearsal  and  consequently  with  the  possibility  of  using 
different  children  for  almost  every  performance.  This  arrangement 
is  also  advisable  in  order  to  draw  parents  from  as  many  parts  of  the 
city  as  possible. 

If  a program  of  this  type  is  agreed  upon  by  the  executive  commit- 
tee, then  the  program  committee  should  be  made  up  of  the  persons 
who  are  fitted  to  take  charge  of  separate  programs,  such  as  the  super- 
visors of  music  and  gymnastics  in  the  schools,  the  physical  director 
of  the  Young  Men’s  Christian  Association,  leaders  of  the  Boy  Scouts 
and  Camp  Fire  Girls,  etc.,  under  the  chairmanship  of  some  person 
mutually  acceptable.  This  committee  need  meet  only  twice — once  to 
assign  the  times  of  the  performances  and  decide  upon  the  equipment 
which  is  needed  jointly,  such  as  piano  and  dressing  rooms,  and  later 
to  determine  details  of  floor  management.  The  installation  committee 


46 


GUILD- WELT  ABE  EXHIBITS. 


must  be  consulted  on  many  of  these  matters,  and  careful  considera- 
tion must  be  given  to  questions  of  special  equipment,  such  as  chairs 
needed  for  some  performances  but  not  for  others.  The  frequent 
movement  of  large  numbers  of  chairs,  for  instance,  may  prove  a 
serious  item  of  expense  and  should  be  carefully  guarded  against. 

Special  pageants  and  dramas  written  for  performance  by  children 
at  child-welfare  exhibits  are  frequently  well  worth  giving.  A 
pageant  on  a large  scale,  lasting  for  an  entire  evening,  is  perhaps 
on  the  whole  inadvisable,  as  it  interferes  seriously  with  the  conduct 
of  the  rest  of  the  exhibit  and  can  not  be  given  with  the  best  effect 
under  exhibition  conditions.  Two  short  plays,  prepared  on  subjects 
concerned  with  the  welfare  of  children,  were  used  to  great  advantage 
in  the  Pittsburgh  Baby  Week.  One  of  these,  entitled  “ The  Theft  of 
Thistledown,”  will  serve  as  an  example.  It  depicts  a fairy  court,  to 
which,  amid  dances  and  fairy  revels,  Thistledown  brings  an  earth 
baby  stolen  from  conditions  which  she  graphically  describes.  In 
punishment  for  her  theft  she  is  condemned,  greatly  to  her  dismay, 
to  become  herself  that  much  loved  and  much  abused  thing,  an  earth 
baby,  until  such  time  as  mothers  learn  to  treat  their  babies  properly. 
The  play  closes  with  a picturesque  appeal  to  the  audience  to  help 
free  poor  Thistledown. 

AFTER  THE  EXHIBIT. 

Some  possible  results  to  which  exhibits  may  lead  have  been  men- 
tioned in  connection  with  the  inf  ant- welfare  exhibits  and  health  con- 
ferences designed  to  encourage  the  establishment  of  infant-welfare 
stations  or  child-welfare  centers.  The  results  of  a community  child- 
welfare  exhibit  are  more  varied,  depending  upon  the  particular  needs 
emphasized  by  the  exhibit  and  the  particular  organizations  that  were 
especially  active  in  working  for  results.  An  exhibit  is  a form  of 
education  through  publicity.  If  considered  an  end  in  itself,  the 
closing  night  will  indeed  be  “ the  end  if  used  as  a tool,  it  may  be 
made  the  means  of  real  accomplishment.  A new  factory  inspector 
in  Kansas  City,  a housing  inspector  in  Louisville,  a $25,000  school 
building  in  a congested  district  of  Northampton,  increased  sewer  con- 
nections in  Easthampton  where  the  ice  supply  of  the  town  was 
menaced  are  types  of  results  which  have  been  secured  in  practically 
every  community  that  has  devoted  sufficient  time  and  thought  to  the 
planning  of  a child-welfare  exhibit.  In  cities  where  no  organized 
combination  of  social  agencies  exists  to  interpret  and  carry  out  the 
legislative  program  suggested  by  an  exhibit,  the  exhibit  organiza- 
tion itself  is  often  a first  step  to  such  a combination  and  leaves 
behind  it  committees  which  are  natural  working  divisions  of  the 
social  forces  of  the  community,  together  with  lists  of  many  new  work- 


CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


47 


ers  discovered  by  the  committee  on  explainers.  Where  no  distinct 
need  exists  for  a new  grouping  of  the  city’s  forces  the  child- welfare 
exhibit  should  practically  disband  after  the  exhibit  instead  of  adding 
to  the  numerous  agencies  already  existing  and  should  turn  its  work 
and  its  possessions  over  to  the  agency  best  qualified  to  carry  on  the 
work  not  yet  finished. 

Local  exhibits  prepared  for  a large  exhibition  may  be  used  again 
and  again  in  neighborhood  exhibits.  They  may  be  deposited  in  the 
public  library,  if  it  is  a strong  and  conveniently  situated  institution, 
and  drawn  out  by  application ; while  the  demand  for  their  use  can  be 
stimulated  by  a committee  of  volunteers  drawn  from  the  original 
child-welfare  exhibit  or  from  the  organization  now  in  charge  of  its 
affairs.  Even  if  exhibits  are  taken  back  by  the  organization  which 
prepared  them  they  should  be  catalogued  at  some  central  place. 

The  immediate  conscious  purpose  of  the  child-welfare  exhibit  is, 
after  all,  not  to  legislate,  nor  to  combine,  nor  to  convert,  but  to 
exhibit,  and  by  exhibiting  to  educate.  It  is  the  answer  to  a great 
popular  demand  for  easier  and  quicker  ways  of  learning. 

“We  do  this  for  the  baby  since  we  went  to  the  coliseum,”  was  a 
constantly  repeated  phrase  in  the  round  of  nurses’  visits  after  the 
Chicago  Child- Welfare  Exhibit.  “ Since  the  exhibit  social  workers 
know  each  other  by  their  first  names,”  said  a Kentucky  woman. 
“ Since  the  exhibit  people  understand  what  our  board  is  trying  to  ac- 
complish,” said  a prominent  city  officiaL  “ After  the  exhibit  the  sup- 
port given  to  our  society  was  doubled  almost  immediately,”  said  a 
New  England  worker.  “ Since  the  exhibit  social  work  has  a new 
standing  in  the  community,”  said  a prominent  citizen  of  a western 
city. 

Through  these  subtle  changes  of  attitude  and  conviction,  of  indi- 
vidual and  community  relations,  the  child- welfare  exhibit  works  out 
its  true  purpose  of  popular  education. 

3895°— 15 4 


APPENDIX  i. 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS  OWNED  BY  STATE  DEPARTMENTS, 

JANUARY  i,  1915. 


California,  State  Board  of  Health, 
Sacramento. 

Colorado,  State  Board  of  Health, 
Denver. 

Florida,  State  Board  of  Health, 
Jacksonville. 


Georgia,  State  Board  of  Health, 
Atlanta. 

Illinois,  State  Board  of  Health, 
Springfield. 


Indiana,  Purdue  University,  La- 
fayette. 


Indiana,  State  Board  of  Health, 
Indianapolis. 


Indiana  University,  Bloomington. 


Iowa,  State  Department  of  Health 
and  Medical  Examiners,  Des 
Moines. 


Iowa,  State  University,  Iowa  City. 


Kansas,  State  Board  of  Health, 
Topeka. 


General  health  car. 

Lantern  slides. 

Two  general  health  exhibits,  including  GO 
square  feet  of  wall  displays  referring  to 
children. 

Motion  pictures  and  lantern  slides  on  general 
sanitation. 

Literature  and  lectures  supplied. 

General  health  exhibit  and  illustrated  lec- 
tures. 

Extensive  general  health  exhibit  of  mechani- 
cal and  still  models,  electrical  devices,  and 
hand-colored  cartoons,  requiring  three 
booths  10  by  10  by  8 feet  for  the  part 
relating  especially  to  children.  Many  mod- 
els on  infant  mortality,  flies,  sanitation, 
etc. 

Motion  pictures  on  need  of  birth  registra- 
tion, etc.  Slides,  literature,  and  lecturers 
sent. 

Models  of  infant  clothing  and  pictures  deal- 
ing with  infant  feeding  used  in  lectures 
on  the  hygiene  of  infancy  before  women’s 
clubs,  mothers’  club  meetings,  farmers’ 
institutes,  etc. 

Extensive  general  health  exhibit  of  600 
square  feet  wall  space,  about  one-fifth  of 
which  is  devoted  to  child  hygiene. 

Models  on  sanitation. 

Six  motion-picture  films,  800  slides. 

Literature  and  lecturers  furnished. 

Traveling  exhibit  of  eight  screens  suggesting 
what  any  community  can  do  for  itself  and 
for  its  children. 

Extensive  general  health  exhibit,  including 
100  square  feet  of  wall  space  for  exhibits 
relating  to  children. 

Models  on  patent  medicines,  baby  saving, 
sanitation,  etc. 

One  hundred  wall  charts,  3 by  5 feet  each. 

A physician  supplied  for  organizing  and  con- 
ducting baby  health  contests  and  confer- 
ences. 

General  health  exhibit,  including  500  square 
feet  of  wall  charts  on  care  of  babies. 

Motion  pictures  and  slides. 

Literature  and  lecturers. 


49 


50 


CHILD-WELFAKE  EXHIBITS. 


Kansas,  State  University,  Law- 
rence. 


Kentucky,  State  Board  of  Health, 
Frankfort. 

Louisiana,  State  Board  of  Health, 
New  Orleans. 


Maine,  State  Board  of  Health, 
Augusta. 


Michigan,  State  Board  of  Health, 
Lansing. 

New  Jersey,  State  Board  of 
Health,  Trenton. 

New  York,  State  Department  of 
Health.  Albany. 


North  Carolina,  State  Board  of 
Health,  Baleigh. 


Ohio,  State  Board  of  Health,  Co- 
lumbus. 


Pennsylvania,  State  Department 
of  Health,  Harrisburg. 


South  Carolina,  Winthrop  Normal 
and  Industrial  College,  Rock- 
hill. 


Tennessee,  State  Board  of 
Health.  Lebanon. 

Texas,  State  Board  of  Health, 
Austin. 


Exhibits  showing  surveys  of  Lawrence  and 
Bellville,  200  square  feet  of  wall  space. 

Seven  motion-picture  films,  2,000  slides. 

Literature  and  lecturers. 

General  health  traveling  exhibit. 

Education  hygiene  exhibit  cars  and  small 
parish-fair  exhibit.  One-third  to  one-fourth 
on  children. 

Eleven  electrical  devices,  20  models. 

Fourteen  motion-picture  films,  500  slides. 

Literature  and  four  lecturers  continuously 
(one  for  negroes). 

Exhibits  on  child  welfare,  school  hygiene, 
rural  hygiene,  tuberculosis  (about  600 
square  feet  wall  space). 

Framed  cards  and  cards  on  burlap  strips. 

Table  exhibits,  slides. 

Large  variety  of  literature,  lecturers. 

General  health  exhibit,  including  charts  and 
models  on  child  hygiene  and  sanitation. 

Slides  and  lecturers. 

General  health  exhibit  and  motion-picture 
machine. 

Lecturer. 

Three  exhibits  on  rural  sanitation  and  three 
on  child  welfare.  Each  child- welfare  ex- 
hibit requires  70  linear  feet  of  wall  space 
and  15  by  21  foot  booth  for  inf  ant- welfare 
station. 

Models,  motion  pictures,  slides. 

Pamphlets  and  lecturers. 

Exhibit  manager,  nurse,  and  mechanic  with 
each  exhibit. 

Exhibit  on  general  health,  including  child 
hygiene. 

Models. 

Slides  and  lecturers. 

Parcel-post  exhibits  for  small  communities. 

Public-health  exhibit  on  infant  mortality, 
blindness,  school  hygiene,  dental' hygiene, 
communicable  diseases,  occupational  dis- 
eases, tuberculosis.  Requires  room  30  by 
80  by  14  feet. 

Models  and  electrical  devices. 

Ten  films,  1,500  slides. 

Leaflets  and  lecturer. 

Exhibit  on  infant  welfare,  1,200  square  feet 
of  wall  space. 

Special  help  for  communities  preparing 
their  own  exhibits,  blue  prints,  etc.1 

Extension  work  includes  formation  of  home- 
keepers’  clubs  for  girls  and  of  mothers’ 
circles  for  the  study  of  the  child. 

Baby  contests  and  conferences  arranged. 

Demonstrations  of  sleeping  quarters  for  the 
child. 

Equipment  for  milk  modification. 

Feeding  charts. 

Literature  distributed. 

Charts,  motion  pictures,  literature,  and  lec- 
tures on  typhoid,  tuberculosis,  hookworm. 

Car  on  general  health  and  infant  hygiene. 


1 This  department  has  a large  exhibit  in  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition,  which  should 
be  available  after  Jan.  1,  1916. 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


51 


Texas,  State  University,  Austin. 


Utah,  State  Board  of  Health, 
Salt  Lake  City. 

Vermont,  State  Board  of  Health, 
Burlington. 


Virginia,  State  Board  of  Health, 
Richmond. 


Washington,  State  Board  of 
Health,  Seattle. 

Wisconsin,  State  University, 
Madison. 


Forty  panels  on  better  babies,  10  on  child 
labor. 

Models  and  electrical  devices. 

Motion-picture  machine,  500  slides. 

Thirty  bulletins. 

Slides,  literature,  and  lectures. 

Motion  pictures  on  milk,  water,  vital  sta- 
tistics, tuberculosis.  Slides  and  lectures. 

A motion-picture  machine  with  electrical 
motor  generator  for  use  in  rural  districts 
where  electricity  is  not  available. 

Charts  on  tuberculosis,  hookworm,  typhoid, 
300  square  feet  wall  space.  About  one- 
half  refers  to  children. 

Ivinetoscope,  with  films  on  fly,  mosquito, 
care  of  baby,  etc.  250  slides. 

Literature  and  lecturers. 

A few  wall  charts  and  pamphlets  on  the 
care  of  the  baby. 

One  hundred  and  twenty-five  charts  on 
health.  Section  devoted  to  children  re- 
quires 75  square  feet  wall  space. 

Models  and  electrical  devices. 

Five  films  and  1,000  slides. 

Literature  and  lecturers. 


APPENDIX  2. 


RECORDS  OF  CHILDREN’S  HEALTH  CONFERENCE. 

The  record  blank  used  by  the  Children’s  Health  Conference  conducted  by  the 
Children’s  Bureau  in  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  is  not  a score  card,  with 
grades  on  a percentage  basis,  but  a much  simpler  statement,  being  intended 
not  to  grade  children  for  purposes  of  comparison  but  to  be  of  service  to  the 
individual  child.  Measurements  are  placed  where  indicated ; a check  is  placed 
to  indicate  a defect,  opposite  skin,  bones,  nutrition,  or  any  of  the  items  in  this 
column.  The  summary  is  used  for  suggestions  to  the  parent  for  the  improve- 
ment of  the  child. 

The  record  below  is  checked  to  indicate  a typical  case  of  adenoids : 


1.  Male;  -Female 

X 

12.  General  nutrition:  Poor. 

2.  Age:  6 years. 

3.  Weight  at  birth:  pounds. 

X 

13.  Fat:  Deficient. 

4.  How  long  breast-fed  exclu-  I 

X 

14.  Bones:  Not  well  formed. 

sively:  6 vjeeks. 

X 

15.  Muscles:  Soft. 

5.  Age  when  weaned:  S months. 

16.  Skin 

6.  Why  weaned:  No  milk. 

17.  Hair 

7.  What  foods: 

18.  Eyes 

Mod.  cows ’ milk. 

19.  Ears 

8.  Previous  illnesses  (with  age): 

X 

20.  Nose:  Poorly  developed. 

x 

Whooping  cough 

21.  Mouth 

X 

Measles 

22.  Teeth.  . 

Respiratory  diseases 

23.  Tonsils 

X 

24.  Adenoids:  Present. 

Digestive  diseases 

25.  Glands 

26.  Heart 

Other  diseases 

27 . Lungs 

9.  Weight:  39  pounds  10  ounces  . . 

28.  Liver 

10.  Height:  46.5. 

29.  Spleen 

' 

11.  Dimensions  of  head : 20.6. 

30.  Ext.  genitals 

Chest:  21.1.  Abdomen :21  .. 

The  second  sheet  of  the  record  is  left  blank  for  a summary  which  forms  a 
written  resume  of  the  more  detailed  advice  given  by  word  of  mouth.  The  fol- 
lowing selected  summaries  will  give  a suggestion  of  the  type  of  children  com- 
ing to  the  conference,  and  the  simple  language  in  which  advice  is  given. 

52 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


53 


All  technical  terms  are  avoided  in  order  to  bring  the  suggestions  within  range 
of  the  understanding  of  a mother  of  average  intelligence. 

1.  (Summary  of  above  record.)  This  child  has  thin,  pinched  nostrils  and 
contracted  chest,  due,  probably,  to  presence  of  adenoids,  which  make  it  im- 
possible for  him  to  breathe  properly.  He  is  over  height  but  under  weight,  and 
is  not  as  well  developed  as  a child  of  his  age  ought  to  be,  because  he  can  not 
get  into  his  lungs  enough  oxygen  to  make  good  blood. 

This  may  retard  his  mental  development,  making  it  hard  for  him  to  keep 
up  with  his  school  work. 

His  adenoids  ought  to  be  removed  and  he  be  kept  out  of  doors  day  and  night 
if  possible.  Give  simple,  nourishing  food  as  per  accompanying  dietary. 

Don’t  send  him  to  school  this  year.  Build  him  up  first. 

2.  This  child  is  a credit  to  an  intelligent  mother  and  shows  the  advantages 
of  breast  feeding.  She  is  well  developed,  in  good  proportions,  and  seems  in  fine 
condition. 

Keep  her  so  by  an  out-of-door  life,  regular  habits,  simple,  wholesome  food. 
No  eating  between  meals,  no  late  hours  nor  moving-picture  shows,  no  crowding 
in  school  work. 

Her  teeth  need  her  constant  care  and  the  oversight  of  a dentist.  Decaying 
teeth  mean  decomposing  food  and  indigestion. 

3.  This  baby  is  thin  and  poorly  nourished.  He  shows  that  he  is  not  getting 
the  right  kind  of  food.  Don’t  waste  your  time  and  his  strength  experimenting. 
Take  him  to  a good  children’s  specialist  and  follow  his  directions. 

He  is  also  overclothed.  The  band  is  no  longer  necessary;  it  is  full  of 
wrinkles  and  very  uncomfortable.  Pin  his  shirt  to  diaper;  also  his  stockings, 
which  should  be  long  enough  to  cover  entire  leg.  He  may  need  the  short 
sack  night  and  morning,  but  don’t  let  his  body  get  wet  with  perspiration,  as  it 
makes  him  susceptible  to  colds. 

Change  all  clothing  at  night  and  air  thoroughly.  He  ought  to  sleep  only  in 
shirt,  diaper,  and  gown  (flannelette  in  winter  and  muslin  in  summer).  If  he 
can  sleep  in  a protected  corner  of  the  porch  he  will  become  less  susceptible  to 
colds.  In  that  case  make  sleeping  bags  by  accompanying  pattern,  only  draw- 
ing in  sleeves  with  draw''  string  in  winter  to  keep  his  hands  warm. 

4.  This  is  a tiny  baby  and  needs  breast  milk.  Try  to  get  your  own  health 
in  better  condition  so  that  your  milk  will  not  give  out.  Drink  milk  and  cocoa 
instead  of  tea  and  coffee,  eat  only  simple,  nourishing  food,  have  a nap  on  the 
porch  every  day  while  the  baby  is  asleep,  and  make  up  your  mind  to  nurse 
him  six  months  anyway.  You  can  if  you  will. 

Four-hour  intervals  will  be  better  both  for  your  baby  and  yourself. 

Your  doctor  will  help  yon  w'hen  he  sees  that  neither  of  you  are  in  good 
condition. 

5.  James  is  a big,  well-built  boy,  has  good  color,  and  seems  in  fine  condition, 
except  for  his  knees,  which  are  too  prominent,  and  his  ankles,  which  are  big 
and  bulging  on  the  inner  side.  He  may  have  walked  before  his  ankles  were 
strong  enough  to  bear  his  weight  or  his  food  may  not  have  contained  enough 
bone-producing  elements. 

He  needs  careful  feeding  and  special  care  to  prevent  a permanent  malforma- 
tion of  the  ankle  and  a flattened  arch  of  the  foot.  Would  suggest  the  advice 
of  a good  orthopedist  in  selection  of  his  shoes  and  to  give  him  any  possible 
preventive  care. 

6.  Abram  is  suffering  from  faulty  feeding.  His  bow  legs  and  roughened,  flar- 
ing ribs  show  that  his  bones  ere  not  developing  well,  and  his  teeth  are  slow 
in  coming,  because  he  needs  a food  with  more  bone-producing  material.  Cows’ 
milk  is  more  like  mother’s  milk  than  the  manufactured  food  you  are  using. 
He  needs  a little  orange  juice  every  day.  Take  him  to  a milk  station,  and  they 
will  help  you  secure  the  best  possible  food  for  your  baby. 

7.  Baby  Blank  seems  to  be  a happy,  well-nourished  baby.  She  weighs  more 
than  the  average  child  of  her  age,  but  has  rather  more  fat  than  muscle.  Her 
abdominal  measurement  is  greater  in  proportion  to  her  chest  and  head  than  is 
considered  normal.  This  is  probably  due  to  distention  of  the  intestines. 

Cream  of  wheat,  bread,  and  potatoes  are  more  starch  than  she  needs.  Don’t 
give  potato  under  14  to  16  months.  Try  strained  oatmeal,  cooked  slowly  for 
two  hours,  instead  of  cream  of  wheat,  for  her  constipation.  Give  also  pulp 
of  stewed  apples,  peaches,  or  prunes  every  day  in  addition  to  the  orange  juice. 
A tablespoonful  of  beef  juice  squeezed  from  a bit  of  lightly  broiled  round  steak 
is  better  for  a child  of  her  age  than  so  much  starchy  food. 

Teach  her  habits  of  regularity  in  order  to  overcome  her  constipation. 


APPENDIX  3, 


TABLE  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 

Used  as  a standard  of  comparison  for  the  Children’s  Health  Conference  in 
the  exhibit  of  the  Children’s  Bureau  in  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition.  Figures 
for  children  of  3 years  and  under  are  obtained  from  the  more-detailed  anthro- 
pometric table  published  by  the  Council  on  Health  and  Public  Instruction  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  and  are  based  on  measurements  of  4,480  babies 
in  23  States.  As  this  table  does  not  go  above  42  months,  the  figures  for  the 
older  children  are  taken  from  Holt’s  measurements. 


Age. 

Weight. 

Height. 

Head. 

Chest. 

Abdomen. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Birth 

7. 55 

7. 16 

20.6 

20.5 

13.9 

13.5 

13. 4 

13.0 

16.875 

1S.3~5 

6 months 

17. 875 

16.0 

26.50 

25. 875 

17.5 

17.0 

17.375 

16. 75 

17. 125 

16. 625 

1 vear 

21.25 

20. 875 

29.375 

28.75 

18.5 

18.25 

18.375 

18. 125 

17.875 

17.875 

2 years 

27.5 

26. 625 

33.5 

33.5 

19.375 

19.0 

19.624 

19.5 

18.75 

19.0 

3 years 

32. 125 

30. 75 

37. 125 

36. 375 

20.0 

19.5 

20.5 

20.0 

19. 875 

19.75 

4 rears 

36.0 

35.0 

38.0 

38.0 

19.7 

19.5 

20.7 

20.7 

5 years 

41.2 

39.8 

41.7 

41.4 

20.5 

20.2 

21.5 

21.0 

6 years 

45. 1 

43.8 

44. 1 

43.6 

23.2 

22.8 

7 years 

49.5 

48.0 

46.2 

45.9 

23.7 

23.3 

8 years 

54.5 

52.9 

48.2 

48.0 

24.4 

23.8 

9 years 

60.0 

57.5 

50.1 

49.6 

25.1 

24.5 

10"  years 

66.6 

64.1 

52.2 

51.8 

21.0 

20.7 

25.8 

24.7 

1 1 years 

72.4 

70.3 

54.0 

53.8 

26.4 

25.8 

12  ears 

79.8 

81.4 

55.8 

57.1 

27.0 

26.8 

13  years 

88.3 

91.2 

58.2 

58.7 

27.7 

28.0 

14  years 

99. 3 

100.3 

61.0 

60.3 

28.8 

29.2 

15  years 

110.8 

108.4 

63.0 

61.4 

21.8 

21.5 

30.0 

30.3 

18  years . . . 

123.7 

113.0 

65. 6 

Cl.  7 

31.2 

30.8 

54 


APPENDIX  4. 


ANNOUNCEMENT  AND  ENTRY  FORM  OF  THE  SEATTLE  JUNIOR 

EXPOSITION. 

“ Character  is  determined  by  the  use  of  leisure  time.” 
CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBIT, 

May  22  to  30,  >1914. 


Junior  Exposition, 

Saturday,  May  23,  10  a.  m.  to  10  p.  m. 

CENTRAL  COURT  CF  THE  ARMORY. 

An  exposition  of  the  work  of  the  boys  and  girls  of  Seattle,  to  show  something 
of  their  skill,  perseverance,  and  ingenuity,  and  how  they  use  their  leisure  time. 


PLAN. 

Open  to  all  boys  and  girls  of  Seattle  under  16  years  of  age,  residents  of  the 
city.  Exhibitors  will  be  classified  according  to  age:  Entry  A,  under  13  years 
of  age ; Entry  B,  under  16  years  of  age. 

This  exposition,  for  one  day,  will  include  anything  made  by  a boy  or  girl  out- 
side of  school  hours. 

EXHIBITS. 

All  entries  must  have  been  made  by  the  exhibitor  outside  of  school  hours.  In 
the  department  of  pets  the  entries  must  be  the  property  of  the  exhibitor. 

AWARDS. 

All  entries  will  be  judged  by  competent  judges,  who  will  award — first  prize, 
blue  ribbon;  second  prize,  red  ribbon — to  all  those  deemed  worthy. 

No  entries  received  after  May  18. 

Bring  or  send  your  article  to  the  armory  at  9 a.  m.  Saturday,  May  23,  1914. 

Labels  or  cards  of  identification  will  be  supplied  to  secure  uniformity. 


DEPARTMENTS. 


(All  work  made  by  the  exhibitors.) 

Gardening. — Exhibits  of  fruit,  flowers,  and  vegetables  raised  by  the  exhibitor. 

Woodwork. — Furniture,  tables,  chairs,  boxes,  cabinets,  shelves,  etc.  Wood 
turning,  bowls,  vases,  cup  frames,  etc.  Patterns  for  castings. 

Toys. — Toys  of  all  kinds,  of  any  material ; boats,  windmills,  automobiles,  en- 
gines, aeroplanes,  games,  etc. 

Electrical  and  mechanical. — All  kinds  of  electrical  or  mechanical  apparatus. 
Current  can  be  supplied  if  necessary. 

Printing. — Samples  of  amateur  work.  Billheads,  cards,  etc. 

Arts  and  crafts.- -Entries  must  show  design  and  hand  skill.  Baskets,  books, 
booklets,  block  printing,  stenciling,  leather  work,  weaving,  etc. 


55 


56 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


Domestic  science. — Bread,  canned  and  preserved  fruit  and  vegetables;  menus, 
etc. ; household  appliances. 

Domestic  art. — Coats;  woolen,  silk,  and  cotton  waists  or  skirts;  one-piece 
dresses,  gowns,  aprons,  bags,  collars,  cushions,  scarfs,  slippers,  caps,  etc. ; hand- 
woven  mats  and  rugs;  9 to  12  inch  doll,  dressed  in  hand-made  garments; 
patching,  darning,  etc. 

Millinery. — Handmade  buckram  or  wire  frames,  infants’  and  children’s  bon- 
nets, girls’  hats,  12  to  16  years ; bows,  flowers,  etc. 

Pets. — All  kinds  of  pets  owned  by  the  exhibitor.  Dogs,  cats,  poultry,  rabbits, 
squirrels,  birds,  fish,  turtles,  etc. 

Each  exhibitor  must  provide  for  the  care  of  his  exhibit. 

Junior  Exposition  Committee  of  the  Child-Welfare  Exhibit:  Ben  W.  Johnson 
(chairman),  Harry  L.  Deits  (director),  Anna  E.  Grady,  Low  S.  McKean,  Susan 
E.  Campbell,  Lila  M.  Delano,  William  P.  Casey,  Harry  B.  Cunningham,  Laurance 
H.  Lemmel,  Samuel  C.  Olson,  Ed  J.  Turner. 

ENTRY  FORMS. 

The  attached  form  blank  should  be  filled  out  as  directed  by  every  boy  or  girl 
who  expects  to  participate  in  this  exhibit. 

(Cut  here.) 


ENTRY  FORM. 

Name Age 

Address  : No. Street  : 


School,  club,  or  where  employed 


Article Department 

N.  B. — Make  but  one  entry  on  this  form.  As  soon  as  filled  out  return  it  to  the  prin- 
cipal of  your  school  or  send  it  to  Mr.  Johnson,  Room  338,  Central  Building.  Phone  Main 

264 J. 


APPENDIX  5. 


THE  EXHIBIT  OF  THE  CHILDREN’S  BUREAU  AT  THE  PANAMA- 
PACIFIC  EXPOSITION. 

In  preparing  its  exhibit  for  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  the  Children’s 
Bureau  decided  to  center  its  attention  on  a “ Children’s  Health  Conference  ” ; 
to  group  around  this  charts,  models,  and  living  demonstrations  on  infant  wel- 
fare, home  play,  and  child  labor;  and  to  maintain  at  the  same  time  an  in- 
formation bureau  to  direct  inquirers  to  other  exhibits  on  the  fair  grounds  deal- 
ing with  phases  of  child  welfare.  To  the  charts  and  models  prepared  in  Wash- 
ington, and  illustrating  the  work  of  the  bureau,  were  added  carefully  chosen 
exhibits  loaned  by  local  organizations.  Local  organizations  also  furnished 
living  exhibits  and  demonstrations  and  cooperated  with  the  bureau  in  con- 
ducting both  the  conference  and  the  exhibit.  Different  hospitals  assigned 
nurses  for  regular  hours  each  day  to  assist  in  the  examination  room.  Different 
women’s  clubs  acted  as  hostesses  and  explainers  in  the  exhibit  for  periods  of 
two  weeks  each. 

A list  of  the  exhibits  will  serve  to  indicate  the  extent  of  this  cooperation 
and  may  prove  suggestive  to  communities  planning  to  hold  child-welfare  ex- 
hibits. All  permanent  exhibits  not  otherwise  designated  are  the  property  of 
the  bureau,  and  will  be  loaned  for  use  on  application  by  local  exhibitors  after 
December  4,  1915.  Duplicates  of  the  lantern  slides  and  photographic  copies  of 
the  panels  (size  20  by  40  inches)  are  available  immediately. 

CATALOGUE  OF  THE  EXHIBIT. 

LIVING  DEMONSTRATIONS. 

Children's  health  conference. — Free  medical  examination  of  children  under 
15  years,  10  to  1.2,  2 to  5,  except  Saturdays,  Sundays,  and  Wednesday  after- 
noons. 

Baby  clinic. — Wednesdays  2 to  5,  demonstration  clinic  showing  baby  hygiene 
work  as  carried  on  in  San  Francisco  under  the  Certified  Milk  and  Baby  Hy- 
giene Committee  of  the  Association  of  Collegiate  Alumnae,  and  the  Associated 
Charities. 

Food  for  children. — Mondays,  Wednesdays,  and  Fridays,  2 to  5 p.  m. ; Baby 
feeding  and  prepa ration  of  milk,  in  charge  Certified  Milk  and  Baby  Hygiene 
Committee,  Association  of  Collegiate  Alumnae. 

Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  and  Saturdays:  Preparing  food  for  young  children^  in 
charge  Department  of  Nutrition,  University  of  California. 

Home  play. — Demonstrations  of  home  toy  making,  painting,  basket  making, 
and  use  of  back-yard  apparatus,  in  charge  recreation  authorities  of  San  Fran- 
cisco and  Oakland  and  Columbia  Park  Boys’  Club. 

PERMANENT  EXHIBIT. 

Our  thirty  million  children. — Large  moving  panorama  showing  the  number 
of  children  dying  before  the  age  of  5 years  and  the  number  in  school  or  at 
work  at  various  ages. 

Infant  welfare. — Fifteen  wall  frames,  3 by  6 feet,  dealing  with  birth  regis- 
tration; prenatal  care;  the  relation  of  infant  mortality  to  poverty,  ignorance, 
and  bad  surroundings;  the  importance  of  breast  feeding  and  rules  for  nursing 
the  baby ; artificial  feeding  and  pure  milk ; the  working  mother ; and  mothers’ 
pensions.  (Smaller  reproductions  of  12  of  these  panels,  20  by  40  inches,  are 
available  for  loan  to  local  exhibits.) 


57 


58 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


Village  of  100  homes,  a model  loaned  by  the  North  Carolina  Board  of  Health, 
illustrating  by  flashing  and  fading  lights  the  number  of  babies  dying  before  the 
end  of  the  first  day,  the  first  week,  the  first  month,  the  first  year,  and  the 
second  year. 

Fifty-two  slides  (shown  by  an  automatic  stereopticon)  on  infant  care,  in- 
cluding prenatal  care,  breast  feeding,  artificial  feeding,  the  baby  in  the  home, 
summer  and  winter  care. 

Ited  star,  fading  every  10  seconds,  and  bearing  the  inscription,  “Every  time 
this  star  fades,  somewhere  in  Europe  or  the  United  States  a baby  dies;  one 
every  10  seconds,  6 every  minute,  360  every  hour;  half  these  deaths  are  pre- 
ventable.” 

Glass  case,  containing  soothing  sirups  and  patent  medicines  obtained  from 
the  Department  of  Agriculture,  Bureau  of  Chemistry,  warning  parents  against 
the  use  of  such  remedies  and  showing  the  contents  of  each  specimen. 

Small  booth  on  the  baby  in  the  home,  showing  clothing  for  the  baby,  a baby’s 
bed  properly  made  and  protected  from  drafts,  a basket  substitute  for  a crib, 
proper  utensils  for  a baby's  bath,  and  a play  pen  with  sanitary  toys.  Occa- 
sional demonstrations  are  given  in  this  space  by  the  nurse. 

A glass  case  containing  a food  exhibit  prepared  by  the  department  of  nutri- 
tion, University  of  California,  showing  the  right  kinds  of  food  for  a young 
child,  the  method  of  preparing  those  foods  for  different  ages,  and  the  relative 
value  of  various  foods  for  building  bone,  muscle,  and  flesh,  for  supplying  heat 
and  energy,  or  for  enriching  the  blood  with  iron. 

A metal  sphere  showing  the  proportion  of  baby  deaths  in  the  United  States 
due  to  various  causes. 

A metal  cone  showing  how  cities  in  the  United  States  spend  their  money. 

Model  of  a baby’s  stomach  at  birth. 

Models  of  a typical  case  of  adenoids. 

Models  of  normal  stools  of  small  baby  and  stools  showing  diarrhea.  (Used 
only  in  the  conference  room  with  mothers. ) 

Models  made  by  the  Pasadena  High-School  girls’  class  in  sanitation,  illus- 
trating an  effective  way  of  giving  a class  a knowledge  of  hygiene.  One  of  these 
models  traces  the  course  of  a typhoid  epidemic,  showing  that  it  is  carried  by 
water  pollution ; the  other  shows  a good  and  a bad  dairy. 

Home  play. — Three  wall  frames  dealing  with  the  requirements  of  a com- 
prehensive plan  of  public  recreation,  the  need  of  home  play  for  small  children, 
and  the  proper  equipment  in  house  and  yard. 

Home  play  yard,  loan  exhibit  from  the  San  Francisco  public  schools,  showing 
ladders,  slide,  sand  box,  and  balance  beam.  (See  illustration  No.  2.) 

Home  playroom,  containing  toys  made  by  children  from  simple  materials. 
Used  as  demonstration  room. 

Children’s  interests.  A collection  of  articles  made  by  children  and  secured 
through  the  San  Francisco  schools,  the  recreation  authorities  of  San  Francisco 
and  Oakland,  and  the  Columbia  Park  Boys’  Club. 

A revolving  wing  frame,  showing  the  playgrounds  of  Oakland. 

A scrapbook  showing  some  recent  ideas  in  recreation,  including  the  municipal 
camp  in  Los  Angeles,  the  Amenia  field  day,  the  play  school  of  the  University 
of  California,  the  Public  Schools  Athletic  League  of  New  York  City,  and  the 
playground  equipment  and  facilities  of  Chicago. 

Child  labor. — Five  wall  frames  containing  statistics  from  the  United  States 
census  on  the  number  of  children  gainfully  employed  and  their  distribution 
by  age,  sex,  and  geographical  division,  industry,  and  occupation. 

A map  model  showing  by  age  and  sex  groups  the  proportion  of  working 
children  in  different  sections  of  the  country. 

Twelve  transparencies  containing  photographs  of  the  typical  occupations  of 
children  in  the  United  States. 

Information  bureau. — A set  of  the  publications  of  the  Childrens’  Bureau. 

A small  collection  of  recent  pamphlets  published  by  national  societies  doing 
work  for  children. 

Scrapbooks  on  State  child-welfare  exhibits,  local  child-welfare  exhibits, 
traveling  child-welfare  exhibits. 

Information  concerning  exhibits  in  the  exposition  dealing  with  children. 


NO.  1.— CHILDREN’S  HEALTH  CONFERENCE.  DOCTOR,  NURSE,  PARENT,  AND  CHILD  ARE  SEPARATED  FROM  THE  GENERAL 
PUBLIC  BY  A GLASS  WALL  THROUGH  WHICH  THE  EXAMINATION  CAN  BE  SEEN. 


NO.  2— HOME-PLAY  EXHIBIT, 


NO.  3— BALANCE  BEAM  AND  SLIDE  IN  HOME-PLAY  EXHIBIT. 


NO.  4.— WALL  PANEL  FROM  THE  EXHIBIT  OF  THE  CHILDREN’S  BUREAU, 
SHOWING  THE  USE  OF  CARTOONS. 


BABY’S  FOES 

CAPTAINS 


THOUSANDS  AND  THOUSANDS  OF 
ARE  KILLED  BY 


OTHERS  WHO  SURVIVE  STRUGGLE  THROUGH 
LIFE  BEARING  SCARS  MADE  BY  THEM 


' 


NO.  5.— WALL  PANEL  FROM  THE  EXHIBIT  OF  THE  CHILDREN’S  BUREAU, 
SHOWING  AN  ARRANGEMENT  OF  PHOTOGRAPHS  AND  STATEMENTS 
PASTED  ON  A LARGER  BACKGROUND  WHICH  FORMS  THE  UNIT  OF 
CONSTRUCTION. 


COLDS  & PNEUMONIA 


A GROWN  PERSON’S  COLD 
MAY  BRING 


TO  THE  BABY 

ABOUT  V8  OF  ALL  BABIES  DYING  UNDER 
ONE  YEAR  OLD,  DIE  FROM  PNEUMONIA  AND 

BRONCHITIS  • u.  a.  census.  iaia. 


PROTECT.  THE  BABY  NEVER  KISS  THE 
AGAINST  ITS  MOTHER  S BABY  ON  THE  MOUTH 


COLD 


m 


KEEP  THE  BABY  AWAY  FROM  CROWDED  PLACES 


NO.  6.— WALL  PANEL  FROM  THE  EXHIBIT  OF  THE  CHILDREN’S  BUREAU, 
SHOWING  A COMBINATION  OF  PHOTOGRAPHS  AND  CARTOONS. 


ARTIFICIAL  FOOD 


IF  THE  DOCTOR  SAYS 
THE  BABY  MUST  BE  ARTIFICIALLY  FED 
GET  HIM  TO  SHOW  YOU  HOW 


GET  BOTTLED  MILK  FROM  CLEAN  COWS 


ULLAIl  UU1  0 lILri 

MIXED  WITH  WATER  AND  SUGAR  AS  THE  DOCTOR  DIRECTS 
TO  SUIT  EACHJABY 

FOR  NORMAL  BABIES. 


NO.  7.— WALL  PANEL  ON  INFANT  CARE. 


NO.  8.— WALL  PANEL  ON  INFANT  CARE. 


CARE  BEFORE  BIRTH 


BIRTH  IS  NOT  THE  BEGINNING  OF  LIFE 
BABIES  ARE  ALIVE 
AND  CAN  BE  SERIOUSLY  INJURED 
BEFORE  BIRTH 


DIED  BECAUSE  OF  CONDITIONS  BEFORE  BIRTH 


A MOTHER  AWAITING  THE 

f 

t 


BIRTH  OF  HER  BABY 
GOOD  FOOD 
PLENTY  OF  REST 
FRESH  AIR 
LIGHT  EXERCISE 
A CONTENTED  MIND 


IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  < REGISTRATION  AREA  > 
ISIS 


A HEALTHY 

HAPPY  MOTHER 


A HEALTHY 

HAPPY  BABY 


INFANT  WELFARE  WORK 
HAS  SAVED  THOUSANDS  OF  BABIES. 

BUT 

OUR  DUTY  TO  THE  BABY  BEGINS  BEFORE  BIRTH 


NO.  9.— WALL  PANEL  ON  PRENATAL  CARE. 


NO.  10.— MODEL  MADE  FOR  A CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBIT  BY  A VOCATIONAL  CLASS  IN  THE  ROCHESTER  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS. 


NO.  11.— DENTAL  EXHIBIT  COMPRISING  PHOTOGRAPHS,  STATEMENTS,  LANTERN  LECTURE,  DENTAL  EQUIPMENT, 
MODELS  OF  TEETH,  AND  A DEMONSTRATION  OF  DENTAL  EXAMINATION,  ALL  IN  ONE  8 BY  12  SPACE,  MADE 
BY  THE  ROCHESTER  DENTAL  SOCIETY. 


NO.  12.— STARTING  A FLY  CAMPAIGN  AT  THE  ROCHESTER  CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBIT.  A COMBINATION  OF  “LIVING  EXHIBIT” 

WITH  CHARTS. 


NO.  13—  A GOOD  EXHIBIT  FOR  A LIBRARY  IN  A COMMUNITY  C H I LD-WELFARE  EXHIBITION  IS  A CHILDREN’S  ROOM  IN  OPERATION. 


NO.  14—  DIAGRAM  OF  WALL  PANEL 
COMPOSED  OF  CARDS. 


a a 
a 

a a 
a a 
a 


a a 
aa  a 


NO.  15— CROSS  SECTION  OF  AN  ‘ILLUSION.”  (SIDE  VIEW  WITH  DOOR 

REMOVED.) 


a.  Position  of  spectator,  kept  at  distance  by  railing  or  screen  with  peephole. 

b.  Descriptive  sign  on  front. 

c.  Opening  through  which  model  is  seen. 

d.  Glass. 

e.  Inside  walls,  finished  in  dull  black  paper, 
x and  y.  Lights  attached’ to  flasher. 

I and  II.  First  and  second  view  of  model. 

When  light  x is  on,  model  I is  illuminated  and  is  seen  through  glass  d ; when 
light  y is  on  and  light  x is  off,  glass  d becomes  a mirror  because  of  the  dark 
box  behind  it,  and  reflects  model  1 1. 


lot  LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  rF  4 LlN0!S 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR 

CHILDREN’S  BUREAU 

JULIA  C.  LATHROP.  Chiel 


BABY- WEEK  CAMPAIGNS 

(REVISED  EDITION) 


MISCELLANEOUS  SERIES  No.  3 

Bureau  Publication  No.  15 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1917 


Baby-week  campaigns.  Approximate  situation  of  communities  which 
took  part  in  the  nation-wide  baby-week  campaign,  1916.  Reports 
have  been  received  from  a few  additional  communities  since  the  map 
was  prepared. 


Map  prepared  by  Children’s  Bureau,  U.  S.  Department  of  Labor. 


CONTENTS. 


V 

W 


Page. 

Letter  of  transmittal 7 

PART  I.  BABY  WEEK  IN  1916. 

Introduction 9-13 

Preparation  for  the  nation-wide  baby  week 9 

Extent  of  the  celebration 10 

Plans  for  1917 13 

Typical  local  campaigns 13-27 

Organization 13-14 

Cost 14 

Campaigns  in  small  towns  and  rural  districts 14 

County  campaigns 19 

Campaigns  in  large  cities 23 

State  campaigns 27-34 

Governors’  proclamations 27 

What  State  federations  of  women’s  clubs  did 28-31 

State- wide  publicity 28 

Cooperation  with  other  State  organizations 30 

Publishing  infant  mortality  figures 30 

Securing  reports  of  local  campaigns 31 

What  State  universities  and  agricultural  colleges  did 31 

What  State  health  officers  did 32-34 

State  divisions  or  bureaus  of  child  hygiene 34 

) - Details  of  baby-week  programs 35-64 

Program  of  days 35-43 

Flag  day 35 

Baby  Sunday 36 

Fathers’  day 36 

Outing  day 37 

Visiting  day  and  parades 37 

School  day  and  school  cooperation 38 

Birth-registration  day 42 

Baby-welfare  information 43-45 

Birth  registration 43 

Baby  death  rates 43 

Community  ecr  ditions  and  baby-welfare  work 44 

Baby-welfare  exhibits 45-49 

Interesting  devices 45 

Exhibits  on  baby  care 46 

Securing  exhibit  material 48 

Moving  and  changing  exhibits 49 

^ Baby-health  conferences 49-51 

Popularity  of  noncompetitive  conference 49 

Appointments  in  advance 50 


3 


4 


CONTENTS. 


Details  of  baby- week  programs — Continued.  Page. 

Competitions  of  various  kinds 51-53 

Poster  competitions 51 

County  competitions 51 

Better-mothers  competitions , 52 

Other  competitions 53 

Meetings 53-54 

Securing  an  audience 53 

Where  meetings  were  held 54 

Special  meetings  for  non-English-speaking  audiences.  . : 54 

Plays 54 

Pamphlets  on  baby  care 55 

Methods  of  distribution 55 

Publicity 55-64 

Newspapers 56 

Slogans 57 

Posters 58 

Stationery  and  programs 59 

Leaflets,  cards,  tags,  etc 59 

Baby-week  literature 60 

Cooperation  of  merchants  and  other  business  men 63 

Follow-up  work 64 

PART  II.  OUTLINE  OF  SUGGESTIONS  FOR  BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 

Purpose  and  general  plan  of  a baby  week 69 

Organizing  a baby  week 70-73 

Committees 71 

Time  of  holding  baby  week 73 

Cost 73 

Details  of  baby-week  programs 73-78 

Program  for  a baby  day 74 

Program  of  days 74-78 

Flag  day 74 

Baby  Sunday 76 

Fathers’  day 76 

Outing  day 76 

Visiting  day  and  parades 76 

School  day 77 

Birth-registration  day 77 

Baby-welfare  information 78-80 

Birth  registration 78 

Baby  death  rate 78 

Baby- welfare  work 80 

Community  conditions 80 

Baby-welfare  exhibit 81-85 

Subject  matter  of  an  exhibit 81 

Securing  exhibit  material 82-85 

Making  wall  panels 82 

Exhibit  of  objects 84 

Demonstrations 84 

Explainers 85 

Publicity  about  the  exhibit 85 


CONTENTS. 


5 


Page. 

Baby-health  conferences . . 86-89 

Baby-health  conference  without  score  card 87 

Baby-health  conference  with  score  card 88 

Baby-improvement  contest 88 

Competitions  of  various  kinds 89 

Meetings 89-92 

Mass  meeting  or  rally 89 

Informal  meetings 91 

Talks  at  meetings  of  clubs  and  societies 91 

Lantern  slides 91 

Motion  pictures 92 

Plays 92 

Pamphlets  on  baby  welfare 92 

Publicity 93-94 

Newspapers 93 

Cooperation  of  merchants  and  other  business  men 94 

Follow-up  work 94-99 

Public-health  or  visiting  nurses 95 

Infant-welfare  stations 97 

Instruction  of  young  girls  in  infant  hygiene 98 

Birth  registration 98 

Divisions  or  bureaus  of  child  hygiene 99 

Improvement  of  community  conditions 99 

Study  clubs 99 

Please  report  on  your  baby-week 100 

APPENDIX. 

Communities  in  which  a baby-week  campaign  was  held  in  1916 101 

Communities  in  which  a baby-week  campaign  was  held,  1916,  classified  accord- 
ing to  population . 108 

Suggestions  for  a circular  of  information  for  use  in  the  preparation  of  sermons 

and  newspaper  articles 1 109 

Letter  from  the  mayor  of  New  York  City  to  the  clergy  of  the  city 113 

A circular  distributed  to  teachers  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  as  basis  for  talks  to 

pupils  on  little-mothers’  day 113 

Articles  in  the  Children’s  Bureau  exhibit  on  infant  care  at  the  Panama-Pacific 

Exposition 114 

Articles  which  have  been  used  in  baby-welfare  exhibits 115 

Titles  of  panels  in  several  baby- welfare  exhibits 116 

Traveling  exhibits,  lantern  slides,  and  educational  literature  obtainable  from 

various  sources 117 

Assistance  offered  by  State  authorities  throughout  the  country 121 

Records  of  children’s  health  conference. 132 

Plays  for  children 134 

Examples  of  newspaper  articles  on  baby  week 136 

Message  to  fathers 138 

Stories  published  in  a baby-week  leaflet  at  Grand  Rapids,  Mich 141 

A list  of  cradle  songs,  etc.,  published  by  the  New  York  City  baby- week  com- 
mittee   143 

New  York  City  baby  week.  Baby  Sabbath,  May  6;  Baby  Sunday,  May  7 143 

Letter  describing  articles  for  care  and  amusement  of  young  children  shown  in 
the  Boonton  (N.  J.)  baby-week  exhibit 144 


Index 145 


6 


CONTENTS. 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Frontispiece:  Baby-week  campaigns.  (Map.) 

1.  Baby  week  was  celebrated  on  Indian ' reservations.  Reproduced  from  Indian 

Babies,  How  to  Keep  Them  Well,  published  by  the  Office  of  Indian  Affairs, 
Department  of  the  Interior. 

2.  “The  Baby  Special”  run  by  the  Capleville  Cooperative  Club  to  the  exhibit  at 

Memphis.  A practical  example  of  cooperation  between  city  and  country. 

3.  A baby-week  parade  in  North  Dakota. 

4.  Examples  of  baby- week  printed  matter  used  in  different  towns. 

5.  A baby- week  newspaper  cartoon.  Reproduced  by  courtesy  of  Baltimore  Even- 

ing Sun. 

6.  This  prize-winning  poster  in  a newspaper  contest  was  made  by  a schoolboy. 

The  picture  was  clipped  from  a magazine;  the  glass,  bottle,  and  lettering 
were  done  by  hand.  Reproduced  by  courtesy  of  Baltimore  Evening  Sun. 

7.  One  method  of  advertising  baby  week  used  in  Helena,  Ark. 

8.  Attractive  lessons  on  an  unpleasant  subject.  Designs  used  for  posters  and  pasters 

issued  by  the  New  York  Association  for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the  Poor. 
Design  shown  at  the  right  won  first  prize  among  public-school  children  of  New 
York  City  (two  small  cuts). 

9.  Suggestion  for  a fathers’  day  leaflet  (from  The  Chatauquan,  Valley  City,  N.  Dak.). 

10.  This  certificate,  presented  to  parents  of  every  newly  registered  baby  in  Cleve- 

land, stimulates  interest  in  birth  registration  and  the  reporting  by  the  parents 
of  unregistered  babies. 

11.  A panel  from  the  blue-print  exhibit  prepared  by  the  Pennsylvania  Department  of 

Health. 

12.  Everything  prepared  for  a demonstration  of  baby  care  (Stamford,  Conn.). 

13.  Well-arranged  exhibit  of  food  for  young  children,  at  Erie,  Pa. 

14.  A public-health  exhibit  from  Lawrence,  Mass. 

15.  Clothing  for  a little  girl  at  minimum  cost,  exhibited  at  Boonton,  N.  J. 

16.  Homemade  articles  for  the  care  and  amusement  of  young  children,  exhibited  in 

Boonton,  N.  J. 


LETTER,  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Labor, 

Children’s  Bureau, 

W ashing  ton  , January  13, 1917. 

Sir:  Herewith  I transmit  a revised  and  enlarged  edition  of  the 
bulletin  entitled  “ Baby-Week  Campaigns,”  which  was  first  published 
by  the  Children’s  Bureau  in  1915. 

Part  I gives  an  account  of  the  nation-wide  baby-week  campaign 
of  1916,  held  under  the  joint  auspices  of  the  Children’s  Bureau  and 
the  General  Federation  of  Women’s  Clubs,  with  descriptions  of  cer- 
tain typical  campaigns  and  of  features  which  proved  of  special 
value.  Part  II  gives  in  outline  form  detailed  practical  suggestions 
for  planning  and  carrying  out  baby-week  campaigns. 

The  bulletin  contains  also  an  appendix,  with  a list  of  exhibit  ma- 
terial and  educational  pamphlets  supplied  by  various  Federal  and 
State  agencies  and  by  national  organizations.  It  includes  a circular 
of  information  about  infant  mortality  and  the  text  of  a few  leaflets. 
It  also  gives  a list  of  plays  and  certain  other  material  which  has  been 
used  in  baby  weeks  in  various  localities. 

The  history  of  the  celebration  of  1916  shows  a remarkable  degree 
of  public-spirited  cooperation,  in  which  officials,  private  organiza- 
tions, and  individuals  joined.  Each  community  paid  for  its  own  ob- 
servance. The  total  expenditure  was  small,  and  some  of  the  best 
celebrations  cost  only  a few  dollars.  The  bureau  is  already  in  receipt 
of  much  information  showing  permanent  work  for  child  welfare  re- 
sulting from  these  celebrations. 

This  bulletin  has  been  prepared  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Grace 
L.  Meigs.  The  new  material  has  been  compiled  by  Mrs.  Constance 
Leupp  Todd,  with  the  assistance  of  Miss  Anna  Rochester  and  Mrs. 
Etta  R.  Goodwin. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

Julia  C.  Lathrop,  Chief . 

Hon.  William  B.  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Labor . 


7 


PART  I.  BABY  WEEK  IX  1916. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Baby  week  was  inaugurated  by  Chicago  in  1914,  and  a second  baby 
week  was  celebrated  by  New  York  City  in  June  of  the  same  year. 
Following  their  lead,  Pittsburgh,  Indianapolis,  Topeka,  Grand 
Rapids,  and  a few  other  cities  held  similar  celebrations,  consisting 
of  a week  dedicated  to  the  welfare  of  babies.  Lectures,  exhibits, 
baby-health  conferences  and  contests,  school  programs,  parades, 
plays,  the  distribution  of  pamphlets,  leaflets,  and  other  printed  mat- 
ter on  the  care  of  the  baby,  newspaper  publicity,  and  other  expedients 
were  used  to  concentrate  attention  for  seven  days  on  the  baby’s 
needs,  with  an  emphasis  calculated  to  inspire  a popular  response  and 
result  in  permanent  work  for  the  reduction  of  infant  mortality  and 
for  improvement  in  conditions  affecting  the  welfare  of  babies  and 
young  children. 

Preparation  for  the  nation-wide  baby  week. 

In  the  fall  of  1915  the  General  Federation  of  Women’s  Clubs  and 
the  Children’s  Bureau  announced  their  purpose  to  cooperate  in  pro- 
moting a nation-wide  baby  week  to  be  held  in  the  spring  of  1916. 
March  4 to  11  was  suggested  as  the  date,  but  it  was  made  plain  that 
a baby  week  at  any  other  period  would  be  regarded  as  part  of  the 
nation-wide  campaign. 

The  President  and  the  Secretary  of  Labor  gave  public  indorse- 
ment to  the  plan ; many  governors  and  mayors  issued  proclamations 
on  the  subject. 

The  General  Federation  of  Women’s  Clubs  and  the  Children’s 
Bureau  urged  all  appropriate  national,  State,  and  local  organizations 
and  all  individuals  interested  in  infant  welfare  to  participate.  From 
the  general  federation  the  message  was  carried  to  the  officers  of  the 
State  federations.  Through  the  General  Federation  of  Women’s 
Clubs  Magazine,  through  the  publicity  department  of  the  federa- 
tion, through  press  material  issued  by  the  Children’s  Bureau,  and 
through  the  active  interest  of  numerous  periodicals  and  news  bureaus 
the  baby-week  idea  not  only  reached  the  more  than  2,000,000  women 
identified  with  the  general  and  State  federations  of  women’s  clubs 
but  received  wide  publicity  throughout  the  country. 


9 


10 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


Interest  in  the  movement  led  the  United  States  Reclamation  Serv- 
ice to  devote  a generous  amount  of  space  in  one  issue  of  the  Reclama- 
tion Record  to  an  appeal  to  “ project  women  ” to  respond  to  the  call 
of  the  federation.  The  plans  adapted  themselves  well  to  the  policy 
of  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs  in  urging  employees  in  the 
Indian  Service  to  use  every  occasion  to  work  for  the  preservation  of 
infant  lives.  The  Public  Health  Service  was  one  of  the  largest  con- 
tributors of  material  on  the  care  of  the  baby  for  distribution  in  com- 
munities in  all  parts  of  the  country.  The  Office  of  Home  Economics 
of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  prepared  a special  bulletin  on 
Food  for  Young  Children,  which  was  widely  circulated.  The 
National  Congress  of  Mothers  and  Parent-Teacher  Associations 
cooperated  actively  in  State  and  local  campaigns.  Many  other  na- 
tional organizations  responded  and  took  means  to  interest  local 
branches.  Secretaries  and  members  of  State  boards  or  departments 
of  health  and  State  registrars  of  vital  statistics  approved  the  plan 
and  took  an  active  part  in  the  campaign.  Extension  divisions  of 
State  universities  and  agricultural  colleges  gave  great  assistance. 
Child-welfare  organizations,  visiting-nurse  associations,  churches, 
schools,  libraries,  and  other  civic  bodies,  magazines  and  newspapers, 
department  stores  and  other  commercial  organizations,  and  a score 
of  other  agencies  helped. 

Extent  of  the  celebration. 

As  a result  of  this  widespread  cooperation  several  thousand  Amer- 
ican cities,  towns,  and  rural  communities  organized  and  celebrated 
baby  weeks.  The  number  of  local  campaigns  held  in  the  United 
States  of  which  the  Children’s  Bureau  afterwards  received  authentic 
reports  was  2,100.  Requests  for  pamphlets  and  directions  as  to  how 
to  hold  a baby  week  came  to  the  bureau  from  4,234  communities. 
Just  what  proportion  of  these  inquiries  actually  resulted  in  celebra- 
tions can  not  be  estimated.  After  baby  week  the  bureau  sent  to  each 
of  the  communities  with  which  there  had  been  correspondence  a 
special  request  for  a report  on  the  local  celebration.  Less  than  one- 
half  of  these  replied,  but  these  replies  and  authentic  reports  received 
from  other  sources  gave  the  bureau  a record  of  2,100  celebrations. 
Indefinite  reports,  too  vague  to  list,  indicate  that  this  number  is  far 
below  the  total. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


11 


Campaigns  were  reported  from  every  State,  as  is  shown  in  the 
frontispiece  map  and  in  the  following  statement : 


State. 

Number  of 
communi- 
ties report- 
ing a baby- 
week  cam- 
paign. 

United  States 

2, 100 

A1fl.ha.rrm 

30 

Arizona, 

5 

Arkansas 

43 

California 

34 

Colorado 

12 

Connecticut 

11 

Delaware 

4 

District  of  Columbia 

, 1 

Florida  

18 

Georgia 

53 

Idaho 

12 

Illinois 

71 

Indiana 

35 

Iowa 

75 

Kansas 

425 

Kentucky 

29 

Louisiana 

48 

Maine 

15 

Maryland 

6 

Massachusetts 

47 

Michigan 

42 

Minnesota 

26 

Mississippi 

15 

Missouri 

83 

State. 

Number  of 
communi- 
ties report- 
ing a baby- 
week  cam- 
paign. 

Montana 

17 

N ebraska 

129 

Nevada 

8 

N e w Hampshire 

17 

New  Jersey 

42 

New  Mexico 

10 

New  York.  

64 

North  Carolina 

15 

North  Dakota 

60 

Ohio 

64 

Oklahoma 

15 

Oregon 

8 

Pennsylvania 

82 

Rhode  Island 

22 

South  Carolina 

23 

South  Dakota 

16 

Tennessee 

36 

Texas 

115 

Utah 

12 

Vermont 

30 

Virginia 

6 

Washington 

53 

West  Virginia 

13 

Wisconsin 

83 

Wyoming 

20 

The  names  of  the  communities  reporting  celebrations  of  baby  week 
are  given  in  a list  in  the  appendix,  pages  101  to  108. 

Of  the  50  cities  in  the  United  States  which  are  recorded  in  the 
census  of  1910  as  having  a population  of  100,000  or  over,  only  3 failed 
to  report  celebrations.  Nearly  TOO  of  the  celebrations  took  place 
in  small  villages  or  rural  districts.  The  idea  was  adopted  in  a few 
instances  even  in  territory  outside  the  limits  of  the  United  States; 
three  campaigns  were  reported  from  Canada  and  one  from  the  Isle 
of  Pines,  West  Indies.  Rumors,  but  no  definite  reports,  were  re- 
ceived about  a baby  week  in  Alaska,  and  a detailed  report  came  from 
Honolulu. 

Much  that  is  interesting  and  picturesque  is  reported  from  remote 
communities,  and  the  baby-week  idea  found  an  eager  response  every- 
where. The  Indian  reservations  held  their  baby  weeks.  In  Colo- 
rado a town  40  miles  from  the  railroad  celebrated ; in  California  one 
in  the  middle  of  the  desert.  One  mother  brought  her  two  children 
on  an  all-night  journey  to  the  conference  in  a Pacific  coast  city.  A 
report  of  the  successful  celebration  in  Honolulu  says : “ We  were 


12 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


afraid  no  Orientals  would  enter  their  babies,  but  they  did.”  And 
the  report  goes  on  to  tell  of  the  great  interest  of  the  native  mothers 
after  they  once  understood  the  meaning  of  the  celebration. 

Most  interesting  of  all  the  reports  are  those  from  places  where  one 
person  or  a small  group  of  persons  has  worked  against  great  odds  to  ( 
make  a community  see  the  value  of  baby  week  and  has  succeeded  in 
stirring  a genuine  interest  and  holding  a successful  celebration. 
From  one  such  town  on  the  Pacific  coast  comes  the  record  of  a 
modest  celebration  whose  promoter,  fully  conscious  of  its  shortcom- 
ings, adds : “ Next  year  we  hope  to  have  a baby  week  right.”  In  one 
northern  New  York  town  a dauntless  woman  initiated  the  idea  and 
carried  it  through  practically  without  help  and  against  great  odds 
because  of  bad  weather.  Bad  weather  and  illness  on  the  part  of 
the  committee  members  were  frequent  obstacles  triumphantly  over- 
come. One  California  town  with  a favorable  climate  and  a negligi- 
ble baby  death  rate  showed  a praiseworthy  modesty,  appreciating 
the  fact  that  there  was  much  to  be  learned  about  infant  welfare,  and 
held  a baby  week  which  was  well  attended.  Towns  where  the  one 
logical  obstacle  to  a celebration  existed,  namely,  a shortage  of  babies, 
held  celebrations  nevertheless  for  all  children  under  school  age.  In 
two  or  three  towns  where  it  was  impossible  to  find  people  to  under- 
take committee  work  involving  time,  simple  but  effective  campaigns 
wTere  made  merely  by  securing  and  distributing  leaflets.  This  method 
of  awakening  interest  will  doubtless  bear  fruit  another  year.  A 
South  Dakota  town  holds  the  record  for  speed;  work  started  on  a 
Wednesday,  and  the  celebration  began  on  Saturday  of  the  same  week. 

Probably  the  most  remarkable  example  of  a baby  week  held  under 
difficulties  was  a campaign  which  was  launched  and  carried  through 
by  a tuberculosis  patient  in  a Tennessee  mountain  town.  She  se- 
cured literature  from  the  State  health  department  and  several  of  the 
national  organizations  and  left  it  for  distribution  in  the  two  stores 
of  the  town,  where  posters  advertised  the  church  and  school  meetings 
she  had  arranged.  She  furthermore  helped  two  other  towns — one 
by  providing  a speaker,  and  the  other  by  donating  the  leaflets  which 
were  left  over  from  the  campaign  in  her  own  town. 

Two  closely  adjoining  towns  in  New7  Jersey,  with  a large  industrial 
population  and  varied  races,  solved  the  problem  of  mixed  elements 
in  the  community  by  a plan  so  simple  and  yet  so  unusual  that  it 
deserves  special  mention.  They  arranged  a joint  celebration,  and 
their  original  program  was  the  comprehensive  and  fairly  elaborate 
one  appropriate  for  a community  of  30,000.  A month  later  an 
exhibit  went  out  in  search  of  those  people  wTho  had  not  come  to  see 
it  when  it  was  shown  in  the  high  school  or  in  a window  in  the  shop- 
ping district.  For  a v7eek  this  exhibit  was  held  in  the  heart  of  the 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


13 


most  congested  district,  and  the  committee  reports  that  it  thus  suc- 
ceeded in  interesting  many  people  whom  even  the  visiting  nurses  had 
before  been  unable  to  reach.  Later  the  exhibit  was  shown  at  the  dif- 
ferent schools  in  turn.  Local  doctors  were  also  enlisted  to  help  with 
the  examination  of  babies. 

Altogether  the  experiment  of  1916  goes  to  show  that  there  is  no 
community  too  large  or  too  small,  too  remote  or  too  indifferent,  for 
its  smallest  citizens  to  reap  the  benefits  of  a baby-week  campaign. 

Plans  for  1917. 

Baby  week  has  been  the  means  of  launching  so  much  of  permanent 
good  to  the  baby,  it  has  proved  so  unexpectedly  popular  everywhere, 
and  at  the  same  time  it  has  so  generally  aroused  a determination  to 
regard  the  1916  baby  week  as  only  a beginning,  that  the  General 
Federation  of  Women’s  Clubs  and  the  Children’s  Bureau  have  de- 
cided to  advocate  a similar  celebration  in  1917.  Not  all  of  the  2,100 
communities  reporting  a baby-week  campaign  in  1916  may  find  it 
wise  to  repeat  the  celebration  in  1917 ; but  the  United  States  includes 
14,186  incorporated  cities,  towns,  and  villages,  and  it  is  doubtful  if 
among  the  thousands  which  have  never  had  a baby  day  or  baby  week 
there  is  a single  town  or  village  which  would  not  profit  from  such  a 
campaign. 

New  and  interesting  features  of  baby- week  celebrations  reported 
from  various  communities  are  briefly  described  in  the  following 
pages.  They  are  given  merely  as  examples,  suggestive  for  those  who 
are  preparing  a campaign.  It  has  been  impossible  to  mention  all 
the  good  campaigns  reported  to  the  Children’s  Bureau. 

TYPICAL  LOCAL  CAMPAIGNS. 

Organization. 

The  local  initiative  in  organizing  baby  weeks  usually  came  from 
the  women’s  organizations,  although  where  baby-saving  societies 
were  already  well  established  these  often  took  the  first  step.  In  one 
town  that  had  no  club  nor  organization  whatsoever  to  initiate  the 
campaign,  a group  of  individuals  simply  came  together  and  formed 
themselves  into  a committee.  Occasionally,  as  has  been  said,  it  was 
one  woman  in  a town  who  put  through  a program  successfully. 

The  importance  of  cooperation  was  generally  recognized,  and  the 
following  statement  from  the  report  on  a suburban  baby  week  is 
typical : 1 

Our  baby  week  was  quite  successful.  The  best  feature  was,  I think,  the 
spirit  with  which  the  community  as  a whole  entered  into  it  and  did  their  part — 


1 Many  of  the  quoted  reports  have  been  slightly  changed  or  condensed. 


14 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


the  churches,  the  doctors,  schools,  stores,  and  private  individuals,  both  rich  and 
poor,  young  and  old.  This  is  an  unusual  feature  in  this  locality,  where  the 
general  spirit  is  not  always  cooperative. 

COST. 

Expenses  varied  all  the  way  from  about  $4,000  spent  by  one  middle 
western  city  to  35  cents  spent  by  a southern  village,  $2  spent  by  a 
Pacific  coast  town,  and  nothing  at  all  spent  for  a baby  week  which 
had  an  enthusiastic  constituency  from  both  city  and  country. 

Many  campaigns  were  paid  for  in  part  or  altogether  by  public 
funds.  In  South  Carolina  the  State  board  of  health  contributed  $100 
toward  the  campaign.  The  city  of  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  subscribed  $500 
toward  the  expenses  of  its  celebration,  and  the  county  of  Los  Angeles 
appropriated  $1,000  more ; private  subscriptions  brought  the  total  a 
few  dollars  higher.  In  Sioux  Falls,  S.  Dak.,  the  city  commissioners 
and  county  commissioners  appropriated  $200  toward  the  celebra- 
tion, the  remainder  coming  from  club  contributions  and  benefit 
performances.  The  San  Francisco  committee  received  $250  from  the 
city.  In  Miami,  Fla.,  the  city  council  made  a contribution,  and  in 
Salem,  N.  J.,  the  city  council  gave  $25.  Elsewhere  the  local  health 
department  not  uncommonly  contributed  service,  material,  or  money 
to  the  campaign. 

Some  committees  were  so  successful  in  raising  money  that  after 
they  had  paid  the  expense  of  the  celebration  they  still  had  a good 
sum  remaining  with  which  to  launch  permanent  work. 

Campaigns  in  small  towns  and  rural  districts. 

Small  towns  displayed  even  more  ingenuity  than  the  larger  towns 
and  cities  in  planning  inexpensive  devices  and  arranging  programs 
which  contained  all  the  pith  and  value  of  the  national  idea  without 
overtaxing  the  resources  of  the  community.  The  reports  from  small 
towns  in  different  parts  of  the  country  admirably  illustrate  the  pos- 
sibilities of  baby  week  for  small  communities.  From  North  Dakota, 
for  example,  comes  the  following : 

BABY  DAY  IN  A SCHOOLHOUSE. 

We  certainly  observed  baby  week  in  our  township.  As  you  know,  we  are  a 
rural  club  and  only  a dozen  strong.  We  all  live  in  or  near  school  district  No.  4; 
but  most  of  the  babies  of  our  township  are  in  district  No.  2,  so  we  held  the  ex- 
amination of  babies  there.  Our  local  editor  gave  us  space  for  notices  for 
five  weeks  before  this.  The  school  board  let  us  have  the  schoolhouse  and  fuel 
free,  and  the  merchants  in  town  gave  everything  we  needed  from  boards  to 
safety  pins.  The  arrangement  committee  loaded  themselves  and  stuff  on  two 
spring  wagons  and  drove  up  Saturday  morning.  The  Methodist  Church  loaned 
us  their  Sunday-school  screens.  We  used  one-third  of  the  schoolroom  lengthwise 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


15 


for  the  examination  and  clerks’  rooms  and  left  the  seats  as  they  were  in  the 
rest  for  the  folks  who  might  come. 

We  had  white  curtains,  with  green  paper  festooning  and  paper  roses  at  the 
top.  We  put  posters  on  the  outside  of  the  screen  and  over  the  side  of  the 
blackboards.  The  booklets  we  put  on  a stand  and  told  folks  to  help  themselves. 

There  were  27  babies  in  the  township,  from  6 months  to  3£  years.  Many 
people  came  to  see  it  all,  and  13  children  were  entered.  The  highest  score  was 
98f  per  cent  and  the  lowest  83  per  cent.  Our  three  local  doctors  from  town 
gave  us  the  afternoon  and  we  had  one  nurse  in  the  township  who  helped. 
The  doctors  had  never  seen  a scoring  before  and  were  much  interested.  Our 
clubs  sent  out  invitations  to  the  parents  a week  beforehand. 

While  the  meeting  was  not  large,  we  know  it  was  a good  beginning.  The 
roads  were  a cross  between  snow  banks  and  lakes,  so  we  look  for  a better 
crowd  next  fall. 

In  our  own  corner  we  will  use  schoolhouse  No.  4 for  a social  center  this 
summer.  Will  have  flower  gardens  for  the  children  and  are  planning  an  open- 
air  theater.  The  children  will  have  a story  hour  once  a week,  and  the  evening 
of  that  day  we  are  free  to  take  our  families  and  supper  to  the  schoolhouse. 

We  have  the  Federation  Magazine.  If  any  other  rural  club  thinks  it  can 
not  hold  a baby  examination  refer  them  to  us.  for  it  wakes  up  a township  better 
than  a presidential  election. 

The  report  from  a New  York  town  shows  how  committee  work 
may  be  divided  when  one  person  takes  the  initiative.  The  writer  is 
the  president  of  the  Women’s  Civic  Improvement  League. 

GETTING  EEADY  FOE  BABY  WEEK. 

First,  I appointed  a special  baby-week  celebration  committee  of  five  of  my 
club  members  and  drafted  a tentative  plan  for  the  committee  to  use  as  a basis 
for  its  work. 

One  member  of  the  committee  was  responsible  for  the  press  or  publicity  cam- 
paign. We  sent  to  the  Children’s  Bureau  for  material  to  use  in  this  work.  An- 
other member  was  responsible  for  the  musical  part  of  the  special  Friday  after- 
noon celebration.  Two  members  looked  after  getting  the  merchants  to  decorate 
their  windows.  Two  looked  after  securing  speakers. 

We  asked  the  merchants  to  have  windows  decorated  with  baby  things  all 
the  week.  They  responded  enthusiastically. 

THE  CELEBB ATION . 

In  the  school  two  physicians  gave  talks  on  what  the  brothers  and  sisters 
could  do  for  the  little  baby ; this  in  the  grades. 

In  the  churches  the  ministers  responded  readily  to  our  request  that  they 
preach  on  the  subject  of  the  baby. 

On  Friday,  March  10,  we  had  a special  celebration  at  3 p.  m.,  open  to  all 
women  of  the  village.  We  had  some  good  music — singing  by  10  tiny  girls  and 
lullabies  by  two  of  our  best  soloists;  recitations,  as  a bit  of  humor,  about  the 
baby ; two  splendid  talks  by  local  physicians,  one  on  the  expectant  mother  and 
the  other  on  the  new  mother  with  the  new  baby.  As  a member  of  the  child- 
welfare  board  I gave  a brief  explanation  of  the  welfare  law  and  its  workings 
in  our  county.  We  had  two  trained  nurses  in  uniform,  who  displayed  a 
complete  but  simple  layette  and  dressed  a big  doll  many  times  to  show  young 
mothers  just  how  the  little  baby  should  be  dressed ; they  also  showed  the  simple 


16 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


remedies  and  appurtenances  of  all  kinds  that  should  be  kept  on  hand  for  the 
baby  and  mother.  The  day  of  this  meeting  was  one  of  the  worst  of  the  winter — 
sleet  and  snow  and  very  cold — but  we  had  200  women  present.  We  gave  out 
quantities  of  excellent  literature  on  children  and  their  care. 

The  doctors  both  had  many  individual  inquiries  on  the  days  following  the 
celebration,  which  showed  that  attention  had  been  given  to  what  they  said. 

From  the  Pacific  coast  comes  the  following  report  of  a two-day 
celebration,  showing  one  of  the  most  carefully  worked  out  programs 
of  the  year  in  a town  of  500  inhabitants. 

COMMITTEES  APPOINTED. 

Ours  is  a small  community,  comprising  about  500  people.  We  held  our  first 
baby-week  campaign,  combined  with  a child-welfare  exhibit,  on  March  10  to  12, 
1916.  The  Camp  Fire  Girls  sent  invitations  to  the  other  organizations  of  the 
place  to  join  them  in  undertaking  the  campaign.  The  Rebekas,  the  Grange,  the 
Ladies’  Improvement  Club,  and  the  Ladies’  Aid  Society  each  responded  by 
appointing  one  of  their  members  to  represent  them  on  a central  committee. 
The  cradle-roll  superintendent  of  the  Sunday  school,  the  local  physician,  the 
principal  of  the  school,  the  local  cartoonist,  the  local  editor,  and  all  other  people 
interested  enough  to  attend  the  meetings  completed  the  membership  of  this 
central  committee. 

SENDING  FOE  LITERATURE. 

In  January  the  guardian  of  the  Camp  Fire  Girls  sent  for  the  publications  of 
the  Children’s  Bureau  on  baby-week  campaigns  and  child-welfare  exhibits  and 
followed  this  up  with  letters  asking  for  advice  or  literature  from  the  following : 
State  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  the  Children’s  Orthopedic  Hospital 
of  Seattle,  the  Washington  State  Board  of  Health,  the  State  federation  of 
women’s  clubs,  the  children’s  department  of  the  Seattle  Public  Library,  the 
extension  departments  of  the  State  university  and  the  State  college,  State 
Sunday-school  workers,  and  the  three  Federal  agencies — Bureau  of  Education, 
Children’s  Bureau,  and  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  A good  supply  of 
literature  was  received  for  distribution.  The  Department  of  Agriculture  sent 
50  of  the  following  bulletins,  which  applied  especially  to  the  rural  conditions  of 
this  vicinity : Nos.  480,  463,  478,  255,  393,  375,  359,  607,  608,  602,  363,  563,  679, 
444,  377,  256,  526,  170,  535,  432,  and  182. 

SURVEY,  EXHIBITS,  AND  CONFERENCE. 

The  Camp  Fire  Girls  made  a survey  of  the  children  in  the  community, 
enlarging  the  term  “ babies  ” to  include  all  children  not  old  enough  to  go  to 
school.  Fifty-two  were  reported. 

Next  came  the  assigning  of  exhibits  to  the  different  organizations. 

The  Ladies’  Improvement  Club  assisted  the  local  physician  in  undertaking  the 
baby-health  conference.  Appointments  for  examinations  of  the  babies  were 
made  by  the  club  and  circulated  by  the  school  children.  In  response  to  these 
appointments  the  mothers  brought  the  babies  from  long  distances  and  seemed 
glad  to  have  the  opportunity  of  knowing  more  about  their  babies’  physical  con- 
dition. The  score  card,  without  the  contest,  seemed  especially  attractive  to  the 
mothers.  Twenty-one  children  were  examined,  the  large  majority  of  whom 
proved  to  be  healthy  country  children,  although  several  cases  of  adenoids  were 
reported. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


17 


The  Ladies’  Aid  Society  was  responsible  for  exhibiting  the  meals  for  one  day 
for  a child  from  2 to  4 years  old.  One  of  the  Camp  Fire  Girls  made  an  exhibit 
of  a glass  of  milk  and  its  equivalents  in  other  foods.  The  class  in  animal  hus- 
bandry at  the  school  performed  the  test  for  fat  in  milk,  which  proved  very 
interesting  to  the  adults. 

The  Rebekas  took  charge  of  the  playroom  and  had  an  exhibit  of  good  and 
bad  toys.  These  proved  especially  attractive  to  the  country  children,  who  do 
not  have  the  toy  departments  of  the  large  city  stores  to  stimulate  their  imagina- 
tion. A long  panel  for  decorating  children’s  rooms  was  labeled  “ Children's 
Pictures  for  Children — Teach  children  through  pictures,”  and  consisted  of  an 
attractive  row  of  colored  magazine  pictures  of  children  and  their  interests. 

The  Camp  Fire  Girls  had  two  dolls  dressed  to  represent  babies  properly 
clothed  for  winter  and  summer,  together  with  a trained-nurse  doll.  Besides 
this  exhibit,  two  of  the  Camp  Fire  Girls  presided  over  the  homes  of  Mrs.  Do 
Care  and  Mrs.  Don’t  Care.  They  dressed  the  parts  and  had  all  their  doll  fur- 
niture properly  fitted  up,  and  fitting  pictures  on  the  wall.  The  neatly  set  table 
and  the  doll  carriage  screened  with  fly  netting  were  in  sharp  contrast  to  the 
dirty  table  and  the  doll  unprotected  in  the  other  carriage. 

Along  with  this,  the  Grange  had  an  exhibit  of  Mrs.  Do  Care’s  Thrifty 
Market  Basket  and  Mrs.  Don’t  Care’s  Thoughtless  Market  Basket.  These 
were  compiled  from  the  table  of  food  values  sent  out  from  Pullman,  and  were 
made  up  of  the  usual  amounts  bought  at  the  store.  The  thrifty  market  basket 
cost  $1.86  and  contained  532  protein  grams  and  16,913  calories,  these  foods 
being  one  16-ounce  loaf  of  homemade  bread,  1 pound  corn  meal,  1 pound  oat- 
meal, 1 pound  rasins,  1 pound  prunes,  1 package  dates,  2 pounds  fresh  peaches, 
1 quart  milk,  \ pound  butter,  \ pound  cheese,  i dozen  eggs,  1 pound  potatoes, 
1 pound  navy  beans,  1 pound  carrots,  1 pound  veal  shoulder,  1 pound  lamb 
loin,  i pound  sugar,  i pound  peanuts,  and  \ pound  cocoa.  The  thoughtless 
market  basket  cost  $1.90  and  contained  135  protein  grams  and  4,382  calories,  or 
one-fourth  as  much  food  as  the  other  basket  at  a cost  of  4 cents  more.  In 
this  basket  were  2 packages  prepared  cereal,  1 dozen  oranges,  1 can  peaches, 
i pound  tea,  £ pound  coffee,  1 can  tomatoes,  1 can  dried  beef,  1 half-pint  jar 
pickles. 

The  bulletin  desk  was  presided  over  by  the  guardian  and  some  of  the  Camp 
Fire  Girls,  and  was  an  exhibit  in  itself. 

FORTY  POSTERS  AT  SMALL  COST. 

The  main  part  of  the  exhibit  was  made  up  of  40  posters  prepared  by  the 
Camp  Fire  guardian.  The  rubber  stamping  outfit  of  the  school  was  used,  and 
a roll  of  butcher’s  paper  20  inches  wide  was  secured.  The  posters  varied  from 
3 to  4 feet  in  length  and  were  illustrated  with  magazine  pictures,  photographs, 
copies  of  cartoons,  and  striking  phrases  printed  in  large  type.  A few  cartoons 
were  made  by  the  local  artists;  among  these  were;  How  High  is  the  Wall  in 
Our  Town?  Is  Your  Farm  Like  This  or  This?  and  Adenoids  and  Their  Effect. 

The  posters  dealt  with  general  information  about  baby  week  and  about  the 
Children’s  Bureau;  the  baby-health  conference  and  the  benefit  of  physical 
examination ; contagious  diseases,  flies,  typhoid,  milk,  teeth,  general  health ; 
patent  medicines  and  other  fake  cures ; children’s  books,  and  books  on  story 
telling  for  mothers,  and  the  older  child’s  good  and  poor  books;  the  Children’s 
Bureau  publications,  Prenatal  Care  and  Infant  Care.  A pad  was  provided  for 
the  signatures  of  mothers  desiring  to  secure  these  last  two  bulletins. 

77632°— 17 2 


18 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


INFORMAL  TALKS  AND  DISCUSSIONS. 

The  baby-week  program  and  the  child- welfare  exhibit  were  held  at  the  school- 
house,  the  exhibit  being  open  Friday  evening,  all  day  Saturday,  and  Sunday 
afternoon.  The  program  Friday  evening  consisted  of  a talk  on  milk  and  teeth 
by  the  local  physician,  a talk  by  the  local  lawyer  on  the  State  laws  as  they 
affect  the  homes  and  the  children  in  the  homes,  especially  birth-registration 
and  quarantine  laws,  and  then  a talk  on  the  What,  Why,  and  How  of  Story 
Telling  by  the  local  primary  teacher. 

The  cradle-roll  program  for  Baby  Sunday  was  held  at  the  church,  and  six 
questions  given  out  to  the  parents  the  week  before  were  discussed  by  them 
at  this  meeting.  The  questions  had  to  do  with  problems  of  child  life  that 
puzzle  all  mothers  and  educators.  The  primary  department  had  a special  song, 
and  there  was  special  music  throughout  the  service. 

It  is  felt  that  the  very  newness  of  such  work  in  a rural  community  is  some- 
thing of  a handicap  in  itself.  While  much  was  accomplished  by  this  first 
attempt,  it  has  opened  the  way  for  similar  work  along  still  broader  lines. 

TOTAL  EXPENSES,  TWO  DOLLARS. 

Our  expense  account  of  $2  was  apportioned  as  follows:  Butcher’s  paper,  25 
cents;  postage,  75  cents;  and  freight  on  the  educational  charts  loaned  by  the 
State  superintendent  of  instruction,  $1.  Butcher’s  paper  is  cheap,  and  a good 
color,  and  heavy  enough  so  that  it  does  not  curl  easily.  There  were  several 
advantages  in  using  the  paper  on  one  long  roll,  as  we  could  use  different  lengths 
easily.  We  used  the  photographs  in  the  pamphlet  on  exhibits  to  illustrate  our 
posters,  and  other  similar  photographs  were  taken  from  other  publications. 

COMMUNITY  NEEDS  AND  GENERAL  RESULTS. 

We  feel  that  the  danger  from  contagious  diseases,  the  need  of  a strict  quar- 
antine, the  danger  from  flies,  bad  milk,  unclean  stables,  and  bad  farm  sanita- 
tion need  publicity  in  rural  communities.  Our  whole  county  does  not  boast  of 
one  kindergarten,  and  the  idea  of  the  value  of  play  for  children,  both  young 
and  older,  is  very  poorly  understood.  A popular  proverb  in  these  parts  is, 
“ Only  babies  and  monkeys  need  amusing.”  It  was  very  interesting  to  see  the 
play-hungry  children  hover  over  the  toy  exhibit  and  to  watch  them  as  they 
listened  to  the  primary  teacher  tell  them  stories.  The  average  farm  mother 
has  so  much  to  do  that  she  often  feels  she  has  not  time  to  tell  stories  to  the 
children,  feeling  that  their  undirected  outdoor  play  should  suffice. 

The  older  people  of  the  community  were  apt  to  be  skeptical  about  this  new 
campaign,  thinking  that  country  children  were  so  much  healthier  than  city 
children  that  there  was  no  need  of  a campaign  on  their  behalf.  The  examina- 
tion of  the  babies  proved  that  they  did  rank  very  high,  but  adenoids  and  other 
troubles  presented  themselves  from  time  to  time.  The  young  mothers  who 
brought  their  children  seemed  so  interested,  and  so  frankly  acknowledged  the 
helpfulness  of  the  work,  that  it  seemed  altogether  worth  while. 

From  a small  town  in  Wisconsin,  where  much  preliminary  work 
needed  to  be  done  to  stir  the  people’s  interest,  comes  this  report  of 
work  courageously  undertaken: 

A city  federation  has  been  organized  here  and  we  have  started  the  better- 
baby  campaign,  March  5 to  11. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


19 


We  only  had  a committee  of  seven  and  no  funds  to  work  with,  but  we  had 
free  use  of  the  newspapers,  and  our  posters  one  lady  kindly  had  printed  at  her 
own  expense.  Each  of  our  churches  had  a Baby  Sunday.  The  merchants  deco- 
rated their  windows.  A local  doctor  gave  a talk  to  mothers  in  each  ward  school 
and  the  program  was  furnished  by  the  children.  One  ward  had  music. 

Now  we  are  having  community  singing  in  the  high  school  to  get  the  fathers 
and  mothers  both  out,  singing  old  songs,  which  are  proving  very  popular,  and 
everyone  seems  to  enjoy  the  singing,  the  second  meeting  calling  a larger  crowd 
than  the  first. 

We  are  also  getting  the  mothers  out  evenings,  a ward  at  a time,  and  have 
talks,  music,  little  stories  played  out  by  the  children,  and  serve  light  refresh- 
ments. We  are  going  to  work  to  get  a visiting  nurse  now. 

In  Illinois  a successful  baby  week  was  carried  on  by  a club  of  farm 
women  covering  seven  school  districts.  As  a result  of  their  work 
together,  they  plan  to  secure  medical  inspection  of  the  schools  and  a 
school  nurse.  From  a rural  district  in  the  State  of  Washington, 
comprising  but  40  families,  comes  the  report  of  a successful  pro- 
gram. This  community  was  represented  by  two  or  three  clubs  of  a 
dozen  members  each,  whose  members  lived  sometimes  4 miles  apart. 

The  report  from  a North  Carolina  mill  town  tells  of  a baby  week 
which  consisted  of  meetings  for  the  mill  mothers.  The  women  were 
enthusiastic  and  wanted  a club  started.  Although  this  town  held 
one  of  the  least  expensive  campaigns — they  spent  in  all  35  cents — the 
results  of  their  enterprise  bid  fair  to  rank  on  the  list  of  significant 
achievements,  for  they  plan  to  acquire  both  medical  inspection  and  a 
district  nurse. 

County  campaigns. 

Under  some  circumstances  the  county,  or  a section  of  the  county, 
rather  than  the  town  proved  the  logical  unit  in  working  out  the 
baby-week  celebration.  For  example,  in  several  Pennsylvania  coun- 
ties the  county  organization  of  the  civics  department  of  the  State 
federation  of  women’s  clubs,  with  the  assistance  of  the  county  med- 
ical society,  the  county  organization  of  the  W.  C.  T.  U.,  and  other 
agencies,  organized  campaigns  on  county  lines.  Sometimes,  as  in 
northern  Westchester  County,  N.  Y.,  the  field  of  activity  of  the  local 
organization — in  this  case  the  Visiting  Nurse  Association — was  a 
section  of  the  county.  The  great  advantage  of  the  county  unit  was 
that  one  exhibit  served  in  rotation  for  a series  of  towns. 

A slightly  different  form  of  county  organization  was  that  in 
which  the  small  rural  towns  acted  as  feeders  for  the  main  celebra- 
tion which  was  held  in  the  county  seat  or  main  town.  From 
Memphis,  Tenn.,  comes  an  unusual  report,  showing  how  the  cele- 
bration in  a city  may  be  participated  in  by  the  whole  countryside: 

The  baby-week  campaign  in  Shelby  County  was  promoted  by  the  Nineteenth 
Century  Club  and  the  Bureau  of  Farm  Development,  and  it  is  a pleasure  to 
report  a campaign  unique  in  several  ways.  First.  The  promoters  secured  the 


20 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


cooperation  of  all  organized  bodies  of  Memphis  and  Shelby  County,  both  men 
and  women,  the  general  committee  being  composed  of  one  representative  from 
each  organization.  Second.  It  was  not  just  a city  campaign  but  was  county- 
wide,  16  lecture  centers  were  selected  in  the  county  and  3 in  the  city,  and  a 
general  exhibit  was  held  in  Memphis.  The  women’s  clubs  acted  as  hostesses 
at  this  general  exhibit.  Third.  The  campaign,  which  was  fed  by  16  rural 
centers,  did  not  cost  one  cent,  not  even  the  expense  of  a postage  stamp.  The 
men  in  Memphis  responded  as  enthusiastically  as  the  women.  One  of  the 
most  interesting  examples  of  the  result  of  this  spirit  of  cooperation  was  the 
large  banner  which  was  hung  across  the  principal  street.  One  man  gave  the 
canvas  for  the  banner ; another  man  took  care  of  the  printing ; another  man 
attended  to  the  eyelets;  a fourth  furnished  the  rope;  and  still  another  placed 
the  banner  in  position.  Of  course,  the  headquarters  was  offered  free  to  the 
committee.  One  business  concern  furnished  the  ice,  another  the  coal,  and 
even  the  laundry  work  was  taken  care  of  without  any  expense  to  the  committee. 
Our  slogan,  “ Cooperation  and  Service,”  was  carried  out  from  start  to  finish. 

The  main  exhibit  hall  was  open  for  one  week  and  the  attendance  was  over 
15,000;  50,000  bulletins  were  distributed  and  400  babies  were  examined  at 
clinics.  The  exhibit  was  solely  an  educational  one,  and  three  lectures  each  day 
were  given.  All  stores  throughout  city  and  county  displayed  baby  windows  and 
used  their  daily  newspaper  space  to  advertise  the  baby  week. 

Baby  day  was  very  successful  in  all  the  rural  cooperative  clubs  of  Shelby 
County,  with  lectures  and  baby  parades.  The  inclosed  pictures  may  give  you 
an  idea  of  how  they  cooperated  with  the  city  exhibits  by  running  baby  specials 
for  the  baby  clinics.  (See  illus.  No.  2.) 

From  the  Shelby  County  Cooperative  Club  come  suggestions  for 
a program  which  any  grange  would  find  suitable : 

1.  Each  member  to  answer  roll  call  with  a good  idea  for  the 

care  of  babies. 

2.  How  can  this  community  better  its  conditions  for  babies? 

3.  Report  on  sanitary  conditions  of  the  community  which 

affect  babies. 

4.  Baby  foes. 

5.  What  do  the  school  and  the  community  offer  in  the  way  of 

playgrounds  ? 

6.  What  does  the  community  offer  in  the  way  of  libraries  ? 

The  next  report  shows  what  was  done  in  an  enterprising  Alabama 

county : 

ONE-DAY  CELEBRATION  AT  THE  COURTHOUSE. 

Our  first  baby  day  was  held  in  Centerville,  Bibb  County,  Ala.  It  was  an 
enthusiastic  day  for  the  better-baby  cause.  We  posted  our  town  with  hand- 
made posters  made  of  baby  pictures  and  printed  with  crayons.  We  decorated 
the  courthouse,  where  the  speaking  was  held,  darkened  it  as  best  we  could 
and  had  magic  lantern  scenes  and  fine  lectures  on  birth  registration  and  talks 
by  the  president  of  the  county  medical  association,  before  noon.  Then  a 
delightful  dinner  was  served  on  the  courthouse  lawn  by  the  ladies  of  the  town 
to  everyone  present. 

AUTOMOBILE  RIDE,  LECTURES,  AND  EXAMINATION  OF  BABIES. 

As  soon  as  dinner  was  over  all  of  the  mothers  and  babies  were  taken  to 
ride  in  automobiles  decorated  with  big  pompons  of  baby  colors  in  cr£pe  paper 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


21 


and  pennants,  “ Save  the  kiddies  ” and  “ Save  the  babies.”  This  ride  was 
thoroughly  enjoyed. 

After  the  ride  the  main  lecture  of  the  day  was  delivered  by  a baby  specialist, 
but  before  he  spoke  two  of  the  Bibb  County  High  School  boys  made  fine 
speeches  on  screening  and  sanitation.  In  the  afternoon  addresses  were  de- 
livered to  a packed  house.  The  program  for  the  whole  day  w,as  fine.  It  was 
educational  throughout  and  delivered  with  enthusiastic  spirit. 

I gave  the  100  small  pennants,  “ Save  the  kiddies,”  to  mothers  only,  and 
I should  say  that  we  had  108  or  110  mothers,  as  my  pennants  gave  out  before 
I got  around  to  all.  On  the  bulletin  board  in  the  courthouse  the  county 
health  officer  wrote  out  the  record  of  44  babies  examined.  Counting  out  two 
schools  who  were  present  in  full  in  the  afternoon,  I should  say  we  had  600 
present. 

HELP  FROM  EVERYONE. 

The  three  churches  helped  with  the  preparations.  The  Boy  Scouts  and  the 
Bibb  County  High  School  helped  wonderfully.  They  deserve  praise.  The  boys 
made  the  screened  bed  and  helped  all  they  could  with  the  decorations,  run- 
ning errands,  etc. 

We  had  no  infant-welfare  exhibit  because  we  were  too  late  in  applying  for 
one,  but  we  had  demonstrations  of  washing  and  dressing  a baby  and  in  pre- 
paring its  food. 

We  gave  no  plays  to  raise  money;  the  citizens  and  doctors  of  the  county 
paid  the  bills,  amounting  to  $34,  and  they  did  it  gladly. 

FOLLOW-UP  WORK  AND  ITS  EFFECT  ON  THE  COUNTY. 

As  follow-up  work  we  plan  perfect  birth  registration  in  Bibb  County  and 
two  added  laws  requiring  that  our  girls  shall  be  taught  by  domestic-science 
teachers  the  preparation  of  baby  foods  and  have  lectures  during  the  school 
year  on  infant  and  child  welfare  by  physicians,  nurses,  and  teachers ; also  the 
continuation  of  the  present  health  program  by  doctors.  This  follow-up  work, 
just  mentioned,  we  are  getting  in  shape  now. 

We  are  going  to  have  another  baby  day  at  Marvel,  Ala.,  in  Bibb  County,  in 
about  a week.  We  are  going  to  saturate  Bibb  County  with  the  good-health  and 
better-baby  idea.  And  it  may  be  that  Blocton,  in  this  county,  will  also  have 
a baby  day. 

I only  wish  that  the  great  success  of  our  baby  day  would  be  an  incentive 
to  other  places  to  hold  such  meetings  as  we  have  had. 

The  following  description  of  the  celebration  held  at  Tuskegee, 
Ala.,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Women’s  Club  of  the  Tuskegee  Nor- 
mal  and  Industrial  Institute,  illustrates  again  how  invaluable  the 
celebration  in  a town  may  be  to  the  countryside. 

We  closed  our  campaign  feeling  sure  that  we  had  accomplished  our  pur- 
pose. The  whole  town  is  interested  in  babies.  We  have  shown  the  people  the 
need  of  better  homes  and  better  mothers  and  that,  having  these,  there  will 
develop  better  communities  and  citizens.  Our  slogan  was  “ Better  babies, 
better  mothers,  and  a better  community.”  We  planned  not  only  to  help  our 
own  community  but  to  send  out  groups  to  the  rural  communities  near  by.  The 
teachers  in  these  communities  were  the  Tuskegee  Normal  and  Industrial  In- 
stitute graduates.  We  had  from  the  beginning  their  sympathy  and  support. 
Each  of  these  places  was  visited  early  in  February  and  the  teachers  advised 


22 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


as  to  the  time  and  kind  of  meetings  we  wished  to  hold.  We  went  as  far  as 
10  miles  to  hold  meetings.  We  sent  the  plans  for  the  campaign  to  places  in 
Mississippi  and  to  a high  school  in  Coosa  County,  Ala. 

We  had  no  money  for  the  campaign  and  the  time  was  short.  We  began  the 
preparations  in  February.  Everything  needed  was  donated,  from  a nail  to 
an  automobile,  and  the  women  of  the  club  gave  their  services.  The  Handi- 
crafters’  Club  gave  a white  banner  with  “ Better  babies  ” in  blue  letters.  The 
Mothers’  Improvement  Club,  of  the  children’s  house,  gave  two  bolts  of  ribbon. 
The  Mothers’  Club  of  the  town  of  Tuskegee  helped;  all  the  departments  of 
the  school  contributed  to  the  campaign;  the  students  were  anxious  to  help 
and  worked  early  and  late.  We  had  to  present  the  club  with  a bill  of  only  $4. 

On  Sunday  at  the  institute  the  preaching  service  was  excellent  and  set  the 
keynote  for  the  whole  week;  there  was  a woman’s  meeting  at  2 p.  m.  At  the 
same  hour  meetings  were  held  for  little  girls,  for  men,  and  for  little  boys,  all  of 
which  were  good.  Our  chaplain,  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  secretary,  two  doctors,  and 
a trained  nurse  had  charge  of  these.  The  Sunday-school  service  and  cradle 
roll  were  held  in  three  Greenwood  churches  in  charge  of  ministers  teaching 
in  the  Bible-training  school.  They  each  had  a mother  and  some  young  women 
teachers  to  help.  Preparedness  for  parenthood,  and  better  children,  morally, 
physically,  and  mentally,  were  the  topics  on  Sunday,  and  they  were  so  forcibly 
presented  that  all  were  impressed. 

The  ladies  that  went  into  the  country  carried  nurses  with  them ; the  nurses 
gave  demonstrations  of  how  a baby  should  be  bathed,  and  the  ladies  spoke  of 
the  need  of  preparing  for  motherhood  and  how  women  were  looking  at  this 
subject  to-day.  You  know  in  these  places  we  meet  the  dear  old-time  nurses 
and  they  know  they  did  their  work  well ; these  very  women  could  see  the  need 
of  the  young  women  being  taught  and  were  deeply  interested.  We  carried  some 
literature,  which  was  gratefully  received.  The  best  meetings  were  at  Harris 
Barrett  School  and  at  Baldwin  Farms.  Our  former  head  nurse  carried  a party 
out  to  the  latter  place.  It  was  a very  cold  day  and  they  had  the  wind  in  their 
faces  all  the  way.  The  drive  was  10  miles. 

Our  parade  was  a great  success.  It  brought  the  family  to  the  front  and 
every  man  was  proud  of  his  wife  and  babies.  I would  recommend  a parade  for 
any  campaign,  if  the  community  is  a healthful  one ; the  effect  is  inspiring.  We 
had  seven  grades  of  the  public  school  marching  with  placards  on  poles,  saying 
“ Don’t  kiss  the  baby,”  “ Keep  the  flies  off  the  baby,”  “ Give  the  baby  a drink 
of  water,”  etc.  We  had  the  school  bahd  and  an  escort  of  officers  from  the 
battalion.  A large  national  flag  was  carried  and  a banner  of  white  with 
“ Better  babies  ” in  blue ; the  banner  was  carried  by  a large  boy  and  the  rib- 
bons held  by  four  small  girls.  Then  came  the  autos  full  of  mothers  and  babies ; 
the  last  two  were  an  auto  and  autotruck  full  of  kindergarten  children ; all  the 
autos  were  decorated. 

Having  no  place  for  an  exhibit  all  the  week,  we  took  only  one  feature  and 
that  was  foods.  The  head  nurse  from  our  hospital,  assisted  by  four  senior 
nurses,  showed  the  right  amount  of  milk  to  give  a baby,  and  how  to  prepare  it, 
and  the  daily  meals  for  children  from  1 to  3 years;  we  used  placards  to 
emphasize  the  feeding  of  the  baby  at  this  meeting ; appropriate  music  was  sung. 
This  was  Friday  night.  The  Theft  of  Thistledown  was  most  beautifully 
rendered  Saturday  night.  We  introduced  a lot  of  fairies  dressed  in  different 
colors  trimmed  with  tinsel  and  stars;  these  fairies  were  trained  to  do  different 
group  dances  and  a solo  dance  for  the  amusement  of  the  queen;  we  had  two 
pieces  of  orchestra  music,  a short  address,  and  then  the  play.  The  lesson  of 
flie  play  was  well  understood.  — 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


23 


We  had  the  support  of  a physician,  who  spoke  at  the  school  and  went  out 
in  the  country  twice ; he  is  deeply  interested  in  this  work,  as  we  all  are  here  at 
the  institute ; much  good  work  has  been  done  along  all  health  lines. 

Our  babies  are  truly  better  babies. 

Campaigns  in  large  cities. 

The  following  report  of  baby  week  in  Boston,  held  under  the  aus- 
pices of  the  Boston  City  Federation  of  Women’s  Clubs,  gives  a good 
example  of  the  decentralized  method  of  handling  the  campaign, 
which  apparently  has  proved  most  successful  in  large  cities.  Baby 
week  in  Boston  is  also  an  example  of  the  fact  that  in  a city  where 
satisfactory  baby-welfare  work  has  been  carried  on  for  years  the 
people  actually  engaged  in  these  activities  may  well  form  the  nucleus 
of  the  baby-week  committees: 

Nine  of  the  11  districts  comprising  Boston  proper  took  part  in  the  national 
baby-week  campaign,  March  4 to  11,  1916.  These  districts  were:  Boston,  Cen- 
tral, South  End,  and  North  and  West  Ends;  Charlestown;  Dorchester;  East 
Boston;  Hyde  Park;  Jamaica  Plain;  Roxbury;  South  Boston;  West  Roxbury. 

In  Boston  proper  over  40  organizations  cooperated ; in  Charlestown,  6 ; in 
Dorchester,  24;  in  East  Boston,  10;  in  Hyde  Park,  3;  in  Jamaica  Plain,  3; 
in  Roxbury,  14 ; in  South  Boston,  7 ; and  in  West  Roxbury,  7. 

Two  hundred  and  fifty  people  served  on  the  various  campaign  committees — 
23  in  Boston  proper ; 35  in  Charlestown ; 75  in  Dorchester ; 50  in  East  Boston ; 
5 in  Hyde  Park ; 8 in  Jamaica  Plain ; 13  in  Roxbury ; 26  in  South  Boston ; and 
15  in  West  Roxbury. 

The  week’s  program  comprised  baby-welfare  exhibits  and  talks  at  three  de- 
partment stores;  some  of  these  talks  were  illustrated  with  stereopticon  slides, 
and  all  were  followed  by  questions.  There  were  public  meetings  at  E’ord  Hall, 
Tremont  Temple,  and  the  public  library.  Child-welfare  and  public-health 
motion  pictures  were  given  at  some  of  the  motion-picture  theaters.  The  baby 
button  was  sold  on  the  streets,  in  hotels,  and  in  stores.  Groups  from  some 
districts  were  escorted  to  the  central  exhibits  with  interpreters.  Large  posters, 
flags,  and  literature  were  distributed  in  many  neighborhoods.  There  were 
window  exhibits  in  department  and  drug  stores.  A play  was  given  in  two 
districts  (Roxbury  and  East  Boston)  ; fathers’  day  was  celebrated  in  one  dis- 
trict (Roxbury).  A baby  conference  was  held  in  one  district  (Dorchester). 
The  Milk  and  Baby  Hygiene  Association  gave  special  talks  and  refreshments 
at  its  regular  conferences.  Altogether  there  were  107  meetings  and  talks — 
81  in  Boston  proper ; 4 in  Charlestown ; 9 in  Dorchester ; 1 in  East  Boston ; 2 
in  Hyde  Park ; 2 in  Jamaica  Plain ; 5 in  Roxbury ; 1 in  South  Boston ; and  2 
in  West  Roxbury. 

The  following  subjects  were  discussed  at  the  meetings  and  talks:  The 
meaning  of  baby  week;  prenatal  care;  care  of  the  child  at  birth;  care  of  the 
young  child ; public-health  nurse ; care  of  the  mother  before  and  at  childbirth ; 
relation  of  good  housing,  clean  streets,  and  flies  to  baby  welfare;  relation  of 
alcohol  to  baby  welfare;  recognition  and  prevention  of  contagious  diseases  in 
infancy;  care  of  eyes,  ears,  nose,  mouth,  and  skin  of  babies;  mental  training 
of  young  children;  clean  milk;  birth  registration. 

Approximately  15,499  people  attended  the  meetings  and  talks — 10,870  in 
Boston  proper ; 429  in  Charlestown ; 1,260  in  Dorchester ; 250  in  East  Boston ; 
800  in  Hyde  Park ; 65  in  Jamaica  Plain ; 800  in  Roxbury ; 600  in  South  Boston ; 
and  425  in  West  Roxbury. 


24 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


Exhibits  were  loaned  by  the  Massachusetts  State  Department  of  Health,  Mas- 
sachusetts Commission  for  the  Blind,  Boston  City  Board  of  Health,  Tufts  Col- 
lege Medical  School,  Infants’  Hospital,  Instructive  District  Nursing  Association 
(loaned  in  triplicate),  Women’s  Municipal  League,  Milk  and  Baby  Hygiene 
Association,  and  Scientific  Temperance  Federation.  These  exhibits  required 
18,780  square  feet  of  wall  space  and  1,731  square  feet  of  floor  space.  In  addi- 
tion to  these  exhibits,  which  were  in  three  department  stores  in  Boston 
proper,  nearly  all  the  districts  had  exhibits,  at  meetings  and  in  stores,  of 
correct  baby  clothing,  etc.,  and  of  appliances  for  feeding  and  bathing  the  baby. 
Roxbury  devoted  one  room  at  the  Norfolk  House  Center  to  this  class  of  exhibits, 
with  the  addition  of  pictures  of  bathing,  clothing,  etc. 

A children’s  meeting  at  the  Bowdoin  Square  Theater  was  arranged  for  the 
first  morning  of  baby  week.  Nearly  2,000  children  attended,  and  enjoyed 
motion  pictures  and  baby-welfare  and  public-health  plays.  The  children  re- 
tained their  tickets  of  admission,  upon  the  backs  of  which  were  printed  the 
program  for  the  ensuing  week.  Two  plays  were  presented : Zona  Gale’s  play, 
Neighbors,  was  given  by  the  East  Boston  Home  Club  at  one  of  its  meetings, 
and  at  one  of  the  Roxbury  meetings  was  presented  The  Theft  of  Thistledown. 

In  addition  to  those  mentioned  above,  baby- welfare  and  public-health  motion 
pictures  were  given  at  meetings  in  Dorchester,  Hyde  Park,  and  South  Boston. 
Demonstrations  of  dressing  and  bathing  the  baby  were  given  in  connection 
with  all  the  exhibits. 

Baby  Sabbath  and  Baby  Sunday  were  very  generally  marked  by  notices  of 
baby  week  being  read  from  the  pulpits,  with,  in  many  cases,  additional  re- 
marks by  the  officiating  ministers.  The  opening  day  of  baby  week  was  cele- 
brated as  button  day,  and  baby  buttons  were  sold  throughout  the  city,  in  the 
streets,  hotels,  and  stores.  Flag  day,  marked  by  the  display  of  a flag  in  each 
house  containing  a baby  under  1 year  of  age,  was  celebrated  in  East  Boston. 
A fathers’  day  with  a special  meeting  was  celebrated  in  Roxbury. 

Publicity  was  obtained  through  the  newspapers,  as  well  as  through  posters, 
flyers,  and  programs.  Press  notices  were  given  by  all  the  Boston  Sunday  and 
daily  papers,  including  the  Italian  and  Polish  papers ; and  by  the  local  papers 
in  Charlestown,  Dorchester,  East  Boston  (including  Jewish  and  Italian),  Hyde 
Park,  Jamaica  Plain,  and  South  Boston. 

A baby-health  conference  was  held  in  one  district,  Roxbury,  at  which  35 
babies  were  examined. 

No  special  printed  matter  was  issued  except  the  programs,  flyers,  posters,  and 
tickets,  but  a great  many  copies  of  pamphlets  were  distributed.  These  pam- 
phlets were  Children’s  Bureau  bulletins,  Massachusetts  State  Department  of 
Plealth  pamphlets,  Boston  City  Board  of  Health  pamphlets  (in  four  languages), 
Women’s  Municipal  League  pamphlets,  Metropolitan  Life  Insurance  Co.’s  pam- 
phlets (in  four  languages),  and  Milk  and  Baby  Hygiene  Association  and  In- 
structive District  Nursing  Association  cards. 

The  hall  of  the  Charlestown  School  Center  was  decorated  with  baby  pictures 
loaned  by  the  Boston  Public  Library. 

The  approximate  expense  of  baby  week  in  Boston  was  $764.24,  divided  as  fol- 
lows : Boston  proper,  $636.04 ; Charlestown,  $4.20 ; Dorchester,  $34.25 ; East 
Boston,  $19;  Hyde  Park,  $15;  Jamaica  Plain,  $15;  Roxbury,  $15.75;  South 
Boston,  $15;  and  West  Roxbury,  $10. 

Plans  for  follow-up  work  to  promote  baby  welfare  include  intensive  work 
along  the  lines  already  existing.  In  addition,  Roxbury  plans  to  hand  the 
diagnosis  of  each  child  made  by  the  doctors  in  charge  of  the  baby  conference 
to  the  neighborhood  houses  in  whose  district  the  child  lives,  for  follow-up 
work.  And  South  Boston  has  some  publicity  plans  under  way  for  April. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


25 


The  following  account  of  the  baby  week  held  in  Rockford,  111., 
illustrates  organization,  committees,  publicity,  etc.,  for  a city  celebra- 
tion carried  out  as  a single  unit.  Rockford  has  a population  of  about 
45,000,  according  to  the  Federal  census  of  1910. 

Plans  for  Rockford’s  baby-week  campaign  were  initiated  by  the  woman’s 
club,  acting  through  its  president  and  the  chairman  of  its  child-welfare  com- 
mittee. In  their  names,  invitations  for  a preliminary  meeting  were  sent  to 
all  the  organizations  in  the  city  most  likely  to  be  interested  in  the  project,  in- 
cluding the  city  administration,  represented  by  the  mayor  and  the  health  com- 
missioner, the  county  medical  society,  the  city  hospital,  visiting  nurses,  public- 
welfare  bureau,  ministers’  union,  newspapers,  chamber  of  commerce,  super- 
intendent of  schools,  all  representative  women’s  clubs,  parent-teachers’  asso- 
ciations, etc.  The  40  invitations  issued  brought  40  acceptances,  and  the 
preliminary  meeting,  which  took  the  form  of  a luncheon,  developed  much  en- 
thusiasm. Here  temporary  organization  was  effected,  the  president  of  the 
woman’s  club  being  chosen  temporary  chairman  and  empowered  to  appoint 
an  executive  committee  to  which  all  details  of  the  enterprise  should  be  in- 
trusted. 

The  membership  of  this  committee  included  the  president  of  the  woman’s 
club,  the  president  of  the  county  medical  society,  the  health  commissioner,  the 
superintendent  of  the  city  hospital,  a professor  of  physiology  from  Rockford 
College,  the  superintendent  of  schools,  and  a representative  each  from  the 
chamber  of  commerce  (whose  secretary  also  served  on  the  committee),  the 
ministers’  union,  and  the  four  representative  women’s  clubs.  Chairmen  of 
committees  were  appointed  as  follows : 

Exhibits,  the  professor  of  physiology  in  Rockford  College. 

Finance,  the  health  commissioner. 

Education  and  publicity,  the  president  of  the  county  medical  society. 

Sunday  observance,  a member  of  the  ministers’  union. 

Demonstration  and  mothers’  conferences,  the  superintendent  of  the  city 
hospital. 

Building,  a member  of  the  chamber  of  commerce. 

Beginning  three  weeks  before  the  4th  of  March  daily  articles  concerning  the 
purposes  and  import  of  baby  week  or  dealing  with  one  or  another  neglected 
phase  of  the  care  of  the  baby,  were  printed  in  the  three  local  papers  and  con- 
tinued up  to  the  time  of  the  opening  of  the  exhibit.  In  addition  one  compre- 
hensive article  each  was  sent  to  the  Swedish  and  German  weeklies  and  to  all 
the  immediately  adjoining  country  papers. 

The  actual  observance  of  baby  week  began  on  the  5th,  with  addresses  from 
the  various  pulpits.  On  Monday,  Tuesday,  and  Wednesday  the  Boy  Scouts 
carried  a United  States  flag  into  every  home  in  the  city  where  there  was  a 
baby  under  1 year  old  whose  birth  had  been  registered.  With  the  flag  a 
pamphlet  on  the  care  of  the  baby  was  sent  into  every  English-speaking  home 
and  a leaflet,  locally  prepared  and  printed  in  English,  Swedish,  Polish,  and 
Italian,  into  every  home  where  one  of  these  languages  was  spoken.  Inserted 
in  these  was  an  invitation  to  the  baby-welfare  exhibit.  Twelve  hundred  baby 
buttons,  paid  for  by  the  physicians  and  druggists,  were  given  away  during  the 
week,  and  300  attractive  posters  were  put  up  about  the  city.  On  Tuesday  after- 
noon the  executive  secretary  of  the  Infant  Welfare  Association  of  Chicago 
delivered  an  address  before  the  woman’s  club  and  its  invited  guests.  Through- 
out the  week  the  newspapers  printed  educational  articles,  fly-pest  and  birth- 
registration  motion  pictures  were  shown  at  the  local  theater  houses,  and  the 
merchants  of  the  city  dressed  their  windows  with  baby  goods. 


26 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


The  baby-welfare  exhibit  was  formally  opened  Wednesday  evening,  with 
addresses  by  the  mayor,  the  president  of  the  county  medical  society,  and  the 
superintendent  of  the  city  hospital,  and  there  was  an  attendance  of  225  people 
in  the  hour  and  a half  during  which  it  was  kept  open.  Evidently  all  of  these 
225  turned  boosters  for  the  cause,  as  the  attendance  increased  steadily,  reaching 
its  climax  on  Saturday,  when  3,800  visitors  were  recorded.  Numerous  requests 
to  keep  open  at  least  one  more  day  caused  the  committee  to  open  the  doors 
again  on  Sunday  noon,  and  when  they  closed  them  at  10  o’clock  that  evening 
the  attendance  for  the  three  and  a half  days  totaled  9,666  people.  Mothers’ 
conferences,  in  charge  of  the  visiting  nurses  and  a committee  of  doctors,  were 
held  each  afternoon  from  2 until  4 o’clock,  and  each  evening  talks  were  made 
by  physicians  in  a separate  room.  Both  features  proved  very  popular,  and  our 
quarters  were  inadequate  for  the  people  who  desired  to  attend  them.  Through- 
out the  exhibit  trained  nurses  were  constantly  on  hand  to  demonstrate  and 
answer  questions,  and  rotary  committees  from  the  various  women’s  clubs  took 
charge  of  the  attendance. 

The  serious  and  interested  attitude  of  the  people  visiting  the  exhibit  was 
particularly  impressive.  It  was  an  excellent  exhibit,  broad  enough  and  in- 
genious enough  to  appeal  to  the  many  kinds  of  people  who  viewed  it ; neverthe- 
less the  uniform  interest  and  seriousness  with  which  toothless  grandmothers, 
young  mothers  with  babies  in  their  arms,  high-school  boys,  solemn  husbands 
innumerable,  “ little  mothers,”  and  small  boys  regarded  it  filled  us  with  sur- 
prise as  well  as  gratification.  The  thing  was  an  astonishing  success,  and  it 
was  a success  because  the  people  welcomed  it  eagerly. 

Our  expenditures  amounted  to  $356.57.  They  were  kept  down  to  this  very 
low  figure  by  our  success  in  getting  all  the  work  done  by  volunteers.  Experts 
were  chosen  to  head  each  committee,  the  best  resources  of  the  city  being  freely 
drawn  upon.  The  wall  panels  were  designed  and  executed  entirely  without 
cost,  the  necessary  research  work  and  the  lettering  and  sketching  being  done 
by  volunteers ; the  Rockford  leaflet  was  written  by  local  physicians  and  trans- 
lated into  three  languages  by  local  priests ; all  secretarial  work  was  done  with- 
out charge,  and  the  use  of  the  rooms  in  which  the  exhibit  was  held  was  given  by 
the  W.  C.  T.  U.  The  exhibit  consisted  of  electrical  devices  loaned  by  the  State, 
still  models,  wall  panels,  cartoons,  three-dimension  exhibits,  and  living  demon- 
strations. 

Follow-up  work  to  be  done  this  year  will  include : 

A committee  that  will  endeavor  to  have  the  State  law  in  regard  to  birth 
registration  enforced  and  will  mail  a Rockford  leaflet  to  each  new  baby  whose 
birth  is  registered. 

A committee  to  investigate  and  make  recommendations  concerning  Rock- 
ford’s midwife  problem. 

The  establishment  of  a permanent  baby-saving  station  in  the  most  crowded 
part  of  the  city,  where  mothers’  conferences,  in  charge  of  a doctor  and  the 
visiting  nurses,  will  be  held  regularly  throughout  the  year.  Plans  for  this  are 
already  advanced,  and  its  establishment  is  virtually  assured. 

A committee  to  cooperate  with  the  city  health  department  in  inspecting  the 
handling  of  milk  in  the  city. 

A few  cities  have  published  printed  reports  of  their  baby-week 
campaigns.  These  include  the  following: 

Greater  New  York  Baby  Week,  published  by  the  New  York  Milk 
Committee,  105  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City. 

Philadelphia’s  Baby  Week,  published  by  the  executive  committee 
of  the  Philadelphia  baby  week.  Copies  may  be  obtained  from  the 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


27 


director  of  the  department  of  public  health  and  charities,  City  Hall, 
Philadelphia , Pa. 

Los  Angeles  Celebration,  Nation-Wide  Baby  Week,  published 
by  executive  committee  nation-wide  baby  week,  Dr.  Maud  Wilde, 
chairman,  1437  Calumet  Avenue,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

STATE  CAMPAIGNS. 

The  State  agencies  most  prominent  in  stimulating  local  commu- 
nities to  celebrate  baby  week  were  the  State  federations  of  women’s 
clubs,  the  State  boards  or  departments  of  health,  and  the  extension 
divisions  of  State  universities  or  agricultural  colleges.  Frequently 
other  State  organizations  threw  their  resources  into  the  work.  While 
there  were  many  successful  local  campaigns  in  States  where  no  State- 
wide plan  was  developed,  the  States  where  two  or  more  agencies 
worked  together  and  plans  were  well  outlined  some  time  in  advance 
show  the  largest  numbers  of  uniformly  good  celebrations. 

Governors’  proclamations. 

In  many  States  the  governors  issued  proclamations.  The  follow- 
ing is  an  example: 

Through  the  activity  of  the  Federal  Children’s  Bureau  and  the  General  Fed- 
eration of  Women’s  Clubs  great  interest  has  been  aroused  the  country  over  in 
the  children’s  welfare  movement.  In  our  State  many  civic  organizations  and 
other  associations,  including  the  Ohio  Federation  of  Women’s  Clubs  and  the 
Ohio  State  Board  of  Health,  have  given  it  enthusiastic  cooperation  and  sup- 
port. The  welfare  of  the  child  is  of  the  most  vital  importance  to  the  perpetuity 
of  our  Nation  and  the  advancement  of  our  civilization.  Infant  mortality  must 
be  and  can  be  reduced. 

In  cities  of  the  United  States  the  death  rate  among  infants  less  than  1 year 
of  age  ranges  from  70  per  1,000  to  250  per  1,000.  That  is,  in  some  localities 
one-fourth  of  the  babies  die  before  they  reach  the  age  of  1 year.  This  fright- 
ful loss  of  life  must  be  reduced ; so  far  as  possible,  the  “ slaughter  of  the  inno- 
cents ” must  be  stopped. 

Careful  investigation  is  convincing  to  anyone  that  a large  percentage  of  the 
infant  mortality  everywhere  could  be  prevented  by  more  adequate  knowledge, 
more  adequate  attention  to  the  problems  of  the  morning  of  life.  A high  infant 
mortality  rate  means  to  the  State  and  to  the  Nation  pain  and  sorrow  and  eco- 
nomic waste  that  we  can  and  must  to  a larger  degree  prevent.  Every  family, 
every  community,  every  subdivision  of  the  State,  and  the  State  itself  is  vitally 
concerned  in  any  movement  looking  toward  the  improvement  of  conditions 
affecting  child  life. 

It  is  therefore  with  a special  interest  and  in  hearty  cooperation  with  the 
Federal  Children’s  Bureau,  the  Ohio  Federation  of  Women’s  Clubs,  and  the 
Ohio  State  Board  of  Health  that,  as  governor  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  I designate 
the  week  beginning  on  March  4,  1916,  as  baby  week,  and  the  date  of  Friday, 
March  10,  as  a special  school  day  in  which  the  consideration  of  child  welfare 
shall  be  uppermost  in  our  schools,  and  I commend  to  the  citizens  of  Ohio  careful 
consideration  of  this  important  problem. 


28 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


What  State  federations  of  women’s  clubs  did. 

To  the  women’s  organizations  of  the  country  belongs  the  chief 
credit  for  the  widespread  popularity  of  baby  week.  In  some  States  a 
special  baby- week  chairman  was  appointed  by  the  State  Federation 
of  Women’s  Clubs.  Elsewhere  the  president  of  the  federation  under- 
took the  work,  or  the  State  chairman  of  civics,  home  economics,  or 
public  health  was  assigned  to  the  baby-week  campaign.  A valuable 
service  was  performed  by  these  State  chairmen  in  gathering  infor- 
mation from  the  Federal  Children’s  Bureau,  the  State  boards  of 
health,  and  the  extension  divisions  of  State  universities  and  agricul- 
tural colleges;  in  giving  publicity  to  the  kinds  of  assistance  that 
were  available  from  the  various  State  agencies;  and  in  writing  to 
individual  clubs  in  different  parts  of  the  State  and  offering  sugges- 
tions and  model  programs  suited  to  local  conditions. 

STATE- WIDE  PUBLICITY. 

The  following  letter,  circulated  in  Missouri,  illustrates  the  type 
of  letter  sent  out  by  State  chairmen  to  each  federated  club  in  a State : 

January  18,  1916. 

Dear  Madam  : For  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  our  country  the  women  of 
the  United  States  are  asked  by  the  Government  to  do  a definite  thing.  The 
Children’s  Bureau,  Washington,  D.  C.,  asks  every  community  in  our  land  to 
set  aside  some  week  this  spring  for  baby  week.  The  week  chosen  is  March 
4 to  11.  If  that  week  does  not  suit  your  local  conditions,  any  other  week  may 
be  chosen. 

In  cooperation  with  the  General  Federation  of  Women’s  Clubs  and  the 
American  Medical  Association  this  week  is  to  be  made  national.  One  hundred 
million  people  are  to  be  made  to  give  some  thought  to  the  importance  of  babies. 
We  hope  that  every  house  in  all  our  country  that  can  boast  a baby  under  3 
years  of  age  will  signify  this  fact  by  placing  on  “ the  lintel  and  the  two  side 
posts  ” an  American  flag.  This  will  say  to  the  world,  We  have  a baby,  and  we 
are  trying  to  give  it  the  best  we  can. 

We  must  not  stop  with  that.  It  must  be  made  a week  of  community  educa- 
tion on  baby  welfare.  Every  phase  of  baby  care  and  culture  must  be  illus- 
trated and  discussed. 

Each  club  willing  to  devote  this  week  or  part  of  a week  to  work  for  the 
babies  of  its  community  should  send  a letter  or  postal  addressed  to  the  Chil- 
dren’s Bureau,  Washington,  D.  C.,  asking  for  directions  and  assistance,  which 
will  be  sent  you  free  of  charge.  While  you  are  waiting  for  this  bulletin  to 
come,  appoint  the  following  committees : 1,  General  management ; 2,  Program ; 
3,  Advertising  and  publicity ; 4,  Exhibits ; 5,  Medical  examinations ; 6,  Window 
displays  of  all  firms — drugs,  groceries,  clothing,  books,  amusements,  furniture, 
etc. 

This  should  be  made  a community  affair,  with  the  club  women  as  leaders. 
Enlist  the  cooperation  of  every  club  woman  in  your  town.  Assign  definite 
things  to  each  organization,  and  the  result  will  be  an  educational  movement 
that  shall  bring  much  good  to  the  whole  community  and  in  particular  to  the 
babies. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


29 


In  New  York  State,  with  its  many  crowded  centers  of  popula- 
tion, this  letter  of  specific  suggestions  was  used : 

The  following  are  some  suggestions  as  to  the  special  way  that  clubs  can 
carry  out  the  baby-week  program : 

1.  Begin  at  once  to  secure  the  interest  and  cooperation  of  the  public.  Make 
a health  survey  of  conditions  in  your  community  (have  it  ready  to  report  in 
baby  w^eek)  in  regard  to  the  following  points:  (a)  Birth  registration  in  1915; 
were  all  the  babies  registered?  (&)  How  many  births  were  attended  by  mid- 
wives? (c)  Mortality  rate  under  1 year;  under  5 years?  ( d ) Kind  of  milk 
used?  Number  of  breast-fed  babies?  Any  cases  of  ophthalmia  neonatorum 
or  tuberculosis  among  infants?  Any  poor  health  conditions  in  your  city  or 
village? 

2.  Have  a baby  exhibit.  Secure  one  from  the  State  if  possible.  This  will  not 
be  possible  in  all  places;  but  in  every  community  a room  can  be  secured  and 
a nurse  or  intelligent  mother  put  in  charge.  Into  this  room  put  a crib  with  a 
big  doll  in  it,  dressed  as  a baby  should  be.  Secure  charts  and  literature — as 
much  as  you  can.  Ask  the  State  department  of  health  for  leaflets  on  prenatal 
care  of  mothers,  proper  care  of  infants,  food,  etc.  Write  to  the  Children’s 
Bureau,  Washington,  D.  C.,  and  ask  it  to  send  helpful  literature. 

3.  Sunday,  March  5,  have  prepared  a concise  statement  of  the  object  of  baby 
week  with  the  location  of  your  baby  exhibit,  stating  what  there  is  for  mothers 
to  see  and  learn.  Ask  each  clergyman  in  your  community  to  read  this  to  his 
congregation,  and  urge  the  mothers  to  visit  the  exhibit. 

4.  Arrange  to  have  as  many  lectures  given  during  the  week  as  possible. 
Start  a crusade  for  a pasteurized  milk  supply  (if  you  do  not  have  it).  Dr. 
Herman  M.  Biggs,  State  health  commissioner,  approves  and  strongly  recom- 
mends the  use  of  pasteurized  milk  in  order  to  prevent  deaths  of  infants  as  well 
as  epidemics  of  typhoid,  scarlet  fever,  and  diphtheria. 

5.  Have  a demonstration  day.  Demonstrate  how  to  prepare  foods  for  babies ; 
how  to  wash,  dress,  and  care  for  them  in  the  best  way. 

6.  Have  a baby-clinic  day.  Secure  the  cooperation  .of  physicians  and  nurses 
and  give  free  examinations  and  advice  to  all  mothers  who  will  bring  their 
babies  to  the  baby  exhibit. 

7.  Study  and  conference  day.  Study  carefully  the  results  of  your  health 
survey  and  the  results  of  baby  week.  Confer  with  all  organizations  interested 
in  a better  community  life.  By  carefully  looking  over  the  results,  the  weakest 
spots  in  local  health  work  will  become  apparent,  and  by  conference  with  all 
interested  you  can  plan  an  effective  remedy. 

It  is  the  earnest  wish  of  the  chairman  of  the  public-health  committee  that 
every  club  in  the  State  should  observe  baby  week.  If  you  can  not  carry  out 
the  entire  plan,  do  as  much  as  possible. 

Another  State  chairman  in  Missouri  sent  an  attractively  printed 
card  to  the  newspaper  editors  of  the  State,  which  served  at  once  as 
an  announcement  and  as  an  effective  appeal  for  help : 


30 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


TO  THE  EDITOR. 

We  need  your  cooperation  in  this  Nation-Wide  Baby-Week 
Campaign 

March  4-11. 

You  are  the  Torch  that  must  go  into  every  home  and  lead 
the  way.  Please  ask  the  mayor  of  your  town  to  issue  a 
proclamation  asking  the  cooperation  of  every  citizen  in 
the  movement.  Better  Babies  means  a Better  Nation.  It 
is  easier,  better,  and  cheaper  to  prevent  than  to  cure 
disease.  I thank  you  for  your  past  cooperation  in  our  civic 
and  health  work. 

(Signed)  , 

Chairman. 


In  Mississippi  the  State  federation  called  on  the  governor  for  a 
proclamation,  arranged  that  news  of  the  campaign  be  published  in 
every  daily  paper  in  the  State,  and  offered  a prize  for  the  best 
slogan. 

COOPERATION  WITH  OTHER  STATE  ORGANIZATIONS. 

The  Wisconsin  State  campaign  illustrates  how  the  State  federa- 
tions and  other  State  agencies  cooperated.  In  November  a circular 
letter  was  sent  by  the  president  of  the  State  federation  not  only 
to  federated  clubs  but  also  to  interested  women  in  towns  where  there 
were  no  federated  clubs  urging  prompt  action  and  giving  the 
addresses  of  State  organizations  which  would  supply  baby-week 
material  and  suggesting  where  speakers  might  be  secured.  Later 
a message  on  baby  week  was  sent  around  again  through  the  federa- 
tion bulletin.  Shortly  afterwards  the  president  reported : 

I have  written  to  various  organizations  and  have  received  favorable  replies 
promising  active  cooperation  from  the  State  health  departments,  the  university- 
extension  department,  the  library  commission,  and  the  Wisconsin  Anti-Tubercu- 
losis Association.  They  will  furnish  material  and  speakers.  Probably  I shall 
later  receive  replies  from  appeals  for  cooperation  to  other  organizations. 

In  many  States  the  chairman  of  the  committee  on  home  economics 
of  the  State  federation  was  on  the  staff  of  the  State  agricultural 
college.  This  meant  especially  close  cooperation  between  these  two 
bodies,  as  in  Nebraska,  where  the  chairman,  through  her  double 
affiliation,  reached  200  unfederated  women’s  clubs,  of  which  30  were 
rural  and  one  30  miles  from  the  railroad. 

PUBLISHING  INFANT  MORTALITY  FIGURES. 

The  State  chairman  in  Rhode  Island  sent  out  a printed  notice 
devoted  to  the  subject  of  baby  death  rates  everywhere.  With  it 
she  inclosed  the  table  of  infant  mortality  in  Rhode  Island  towns, 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


31 


which  the  State  health  department  had  compiled  at  the  request  of  the 
baby-week  committee  and  which  supplied  excellent  arguments  for 
local  campaigns.  (See  p.  44.) 

SECURING  REPORTS  OF  LOCAL  CAMPAIGNS. 

After  baby  week  was  over,  the  State  federation  officers  undertook 
to  secure  reports  from  each  community.  For  example,  the  following 
letter,  sent  out  by  the  State  chairman  in  North  Dakota,  brought 
prompt  and  full  answers,  which  were  afterwards  published  in  a 
special  baby-week  number  of  a local  magazine : 

Baby  week  in  North  Dakota  has  been  a glorious  success.  Just  how  successful 
we  can  not  tell  until  we  get  in  the  reports  from  all  the  clubs. 

Will  you  please  send  me  by  return  mail  a complete  report  of  everything 
that  took  place  in  your  town  in  honor  of  baby  week.  What  was  the  dominant 
note  in  the  addresses  given  during  the  week?  Please  do  not  leave  out  any- 
thing; sermons,  store  decorations,  newspaper  publicity,  exhibits,  schools,  club 
news  will  all  be  interesting. 

I would  like  very  much  to  have  you  report  by  March  17  at  the  latest.  Write 
me  whether  you  observed  the  week  or  not. 

What  State  universities  and  agricultural  colleges  did. 

Throughout  the  country  the  State  universities  and  agricultural 
colleges  gave  invaluable  aid.  Speakers  were  sent  from  the  faculties 
of  the  State  universities,  and  the  State  agents  of  the  agricultural 
colleges  cooperated  in  local  campaigns  by  turning  attention  to  the 
baby’s  interests  in  their  extension  courses,  farmers’  weeks,  and  home 
makers’  club  work  during  baby  week. 

The  following  examples  of  the  baby- week  activities  of  a few  State 
universities  and  agricultural  colleges  are  merely  typical  of  many. 

The  extension  service  of  the  University  of  Nebraska  sent  an  out- 
line of  suggestions  to  350  clubs.  It  assisted  high-school  teachers  in 
preparing  school  celebrations,  and  it  cooperated  with  women’s  clubs 
in  constructing  an  exhibit  which  was  circulated  throughout  the 
State  after  baby  week.  In  Kansas  the  State  agricultural  college 
cooperated  with  the  division  of  child  hygiene  of  the  State  board  of 
health  in  circulating  board  of  health  leaflets  and  pamphlets.  The 
agricultural  college  itself  prepared  two  series  of  slides,  with  accom- 
panying lectures,  which  were  sent  out  on  circuit  to  ministers  and 
reached  20  communities.  More  than  2,200  programs  were  distributed 
by  the  college  among  Kansas  home  makers’  clubs. 

The  University  of  Texas  sent  baby- week  circulars  and  leaflets  to 
87  communities  and  programs  for  schoolhouse  meetings  to  about 
1,500  communities.  The  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  of 
Texas  supplied  outlines  for  a baby  week  in  rural  communities  and 
sent  lecturers  to  15  places.  A few  other  State  universities,  notably 


32 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


that  of  Wisconsin,  supplied  exhibit  material,  and  several  issued  spe- 
cial pamphlets.  The  New  York  State  College  of  Agriculture  at 
Cornell  University,  for  example,  published  bulletins  on  the  prepara- 
tion of  food  for  little  children,  which  were  distributed  at  many  baby- 
week  exhibits. 

The  University  of  California  Medical  School  authorities  took  an 
active  part  in  campaigns  in  near-by  communities.  The  Seattle  baby- 
week  exhibit  included  a model  nursery  prepared  by  the  University 
of  Washington. 

The  hearty  good  will  expressed  in  the  following  letters  from  the 
extension  professor  of  home  economics  of  the  Iowa  State  College 
and  the  director  of  the  extension  division  of  the  Iowa  State  Uni- 
versity is  typical  of  the  interest  shown  by  colleges  and  universities 
in  many  States. 

I am  most  happy  to  indorse  the  campaign  for  baby  week.  We  shall  be  able 
to  boost  for  it,  since  there  are  eight  women  on  the  road  all  the  time.  I shall 
be  glad  to  have  posters  made  and  shall  place  these  in  every  classroom,  from 
now  until  March  4.  This  will  call  the  matter  to  the  attention  of  at  least 
13,000  women.  Each  woman  in  our  extension  department  will  be  glad  to  spend 
some  time  each  week  explaining  the  plan  and  its  purpose. 

We  shall  be  able  to  supply  outlines  for  study  and  copies  of  literature  on 
the  care  of  children.  You  may  count  upon  the  most  hearty  cooperation  from 
each  member  of  our  home  economics  extension  staff. 

I am  glad  to  have  your  communication  of  October  28,  relative  to  the  nation- 
wide baby  week,  March  4 to  11,  1916.  This  division  will  be  glad  to  cooperate 
with  the  women’s  clubs  of  Iowa  for  this  week.  We  are  duplicating  our  charts 
so  that  we  now  have  available  several  sets  of  charts  dealing  with  child  welfare 
which  can  be  used  that  week.  Additional  charts  will  be  made  as  rapidly  as 
possible.  I hope  to  double  the  number  of  charts  that  we  now  have  before  that 
time. 

The  division  stands  ready  to  furnish  the  services  of  two  trained  physicians 
to  be  of  service  in  this  baby  week  also.  Beyond  this  w^e  have  nothing  available, 
owing  to  our  limited  amount  of  money. 

The  exhibit  material,  etc.,  which  State  universities  and  agricul- 
tural colleges  report  th,at  they  have  for  lending  or  for  distribution, 
and  the  other  kinds  of  assistance  which  they  are  prepared  to  render, 
are  listed  in  the  appendix,  page  121. 

Wha,t  State  health  officers  did. 

Most  of  the  State  health  officers  saw  in  the  proposed  baby  week  an 
opportunity  for  carrying  out  educational  work  for  infant  welfare 
and  promised  the  help  of  their  departments.  Many,  however,  on 
account  of  lack  of  appropriation,  were  unable  to  do  very  much.  One 
New  England  health  officer,  who  could  not  supply  material  in  1916, 
writes  that  he  has  now  acquired  exhibits,  slides,  and  printed  matter 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


33 


for  distribution  and  is  ready  to  help.  Doubtless  with  others  the 
situation  is  similar. 

Members  of  the  State  boards  or  departments  of  health  offered  their 
services  as  lecturers  in  many  places.  Florida  detailed  district  assist- 
ants to  help  in  local  campaigns.  In  Indiana  multigraphed  circulars 
of  suggestions  were  mailed  in  large  numbers.  Some  State  health 
officers  identified  themselves  with  the  local  celebration  in  the  capital 
of  the  State  and  devoted  their  efforts  to  helping  to  perfect  the  pro- 
gram of  one  city. 

Lantern  slides  and  motion-picture  films  dealing  with  baby-health 
matters  were  supplied.  Sometimes  the  latter  took  the  form  of  very 
effective  dramas;  in  one  State  the  films  were  shown  by  the  commer- 
cial motion-picture  houses  when  not  in  use  by  the  baby-week  com- 
mittee. Many  State  health  departments  lent  exhibits  or  partial 
exhibits. 

Baby  weeks  were  usually  celebrated  at  the  same  date  throughout 
the  State,  and  the  difficulty  of  getting  up  exhibits  in  a form  suffi- 
ciently inexpensive  to  be  reproduced  many  times  was  a tax  on  in- 
genuity. The  commissioner  of  health  of  Pennsylvania,  who  believes 
that  it  is  wholesome  for  every  town  to  construct  part  of  its  own  ex- 
hibit locally,  had  inexpensive  incomplete  exhibits  which  he  supplied 
to  24  localities  in  one  week.  In  all  there  was  enough  of  this  material 
to  cover  1,000  feet  of  wall  space.  It  consisted  of  photographer’s  blue 
prints  of  charts  and  diagrams  which  were  posted  up  unframed  with 
push  pins  or  framed  in  inexpensive  white  muslin  and  put  up  with 
tacks.  (See  illus.  No.  11.)  In  Kansas  an  even  cheaper  form  of 
exhibit,  reproducible  in  great  quantities,  was  printed  on  colored  paper 
of  the  quality  that  is  used  for  newspapers.  A set  of  12  such  posters 
was  sent  free  upon  request  to  any  resident  of  the  State.  In  some  com- 
munities these  were  mounted  on  stiff  cardboard  and  used  unframed ; 
in  others  the  material  was  copied  by  a sign  painter  in  any  desired 
color,  and  sometimes  wTith  variations  in  form.  The  Florida  Depart- 
ment of  Health  sent  out  a series  of  small  exhibits  by  parcel  post. 

A number  of  health  departments  issued  special  leaflets  on  baby 
care,  sometimes  in  several  languages,  for  use  by  local  committees. 

Many  of  the  monthly  health  department  bulletins  issued  in  March 
took  the  form  of  a special  baby  number,  which  was  widely  dis- 
tributed. Besides  the  publicity  given  through  these  bulletins,  many 
departments  supplied  the  newspapers  throughout  the  State  with  news 
stories  about  the  State  campaign  and  with  suggestions  for  local  cam- 
paigns. In  Illinois,  for  example,  a press  story  was  sent  out  not  only 
to  the  newspapers  but  to  women’s  organizations  and  presidents  of  the 
county  medical  societies,  giving  very  -full  directions  for  holding  a 
77632°— 17 3 


34 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


baby-week  celebration  and  setting  forth  at  length  the  value  of  baby- 
health  conferences.  The  Wisconsin  health  authorities  employed  a 
trained  newspaper  man  for  their  baby-week  publicity.  The  New 
Jersey  Department  of  Health  had  the  advantage  of  a special  bureau 
of  education  and  publicity,  and  not  only  circulated  press  material 
through  local  committees  but  reached  directly  the  Trenton  corre- 
spondents of  newspapers  published  throughout  the  State. 

One  of  the  most  valuable  contributions  made  by  the  State  health 
authorities  was  the  preparation  of  statistical  material  on  baby  death 
rates.  Such  data  showing  the  contrasts  among  towns  and  among 
counties  proved  an  effective  stimulus  for  those  with  bad  records.  In 
one  State,  Oregon,  the  State  health  officer  wrote  to  club  women  asking 
them  to  use  baby  week  as  an  opportunity  to  help  make  the  birth- 
registration  law  effective. 

STATE  DIVISIONS  OR  BUREAUS  OF  CHILD  HYGIENE. 

In  the  four  States  having  distinct  bureaus  or  divisions  of  child 
hygiene  valuable  work  was  done  by  these  departments.  The  division 
of  child  hygiene  of  the  New  York  State  Department  of  Health 
assisted  by  lending  exhibit  material,  supplying  speakers,  helping  in 
the  general  publicity  campaign,  and  carrying  on  an  extensive  cor- 
respondence with  committees  in  all  parts  of  the  State.  The  director 
of  this  division  in  Ohio  visited  15  communities  and,  in  order  to  stimu- 
late interest  in  the  campaign,  gave  40  addresses  in  advance  of  baby 
week.  In  Kansas  the  division  of  child  hygiene  supplied  posters, 
outlines,  and  suggestions  for  lectures  to  122  communities  within  the 
State  and  37  communities  in  22  other  States.  The  chief  of  the  divi- 
sion visited  many  cities  and  towns  and  helped  in  the  organization  of 
baby-week  campaigns  and  baby-health  conferences. 

The  division  of  child  hygiene  and  other  branches  of  the  New 
Jersey  State  Department  of  Health  not  only  prepared  the  publicity 
material  referred  to  above,  but  sent  out  lecturers  from  the  depart- 
ment and  printed  three  leaflets,  of  which  350,000  copies  were  dis- 
tributed. 

In  Massachusetts  a subdivision  of  the  State  department  of  health 
devoted  solely  to  the  interests  of  children  supplied  8 lecturers,  who 
gave  44  lectures  in  11  communities  and  contributed  44  sets  of  lan- 
tern slides,  8 motion-picture  films,  and  a large  quantity  of  printed 
matter  on  baby  care. 

The  exhibit  material,  lantern  slides,  and  other  forms  of  assist- 
ance which  State  departments  of  health  can  supply  for  local  cam- 
paigns are  listed  in  the  appendix,  page  121. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


35 


DETAILS  OF  BABY-WEEK  PBOGBAJYLS. 

Program  of  days. 

Some  communities  celebrated  the  whole  week ; in  others  baby  week 
lasted  one  day  or  three  or  five  days.  The  seven-day  programs  usually 
ran  about  as  follows:  Flag  day,  Baby  Sunday,  school  day,  fathers’ 
day,  outing  day,  visiting  day,  and  birth-registration  day.  Baby  Sab- 
bath was  also  celebrated  in  many  cities. 

This  general  program  was  varied  in  some  towns  by  a tag  day; 
one  featured  a rural  mothers’  day,  one  a merchants’  baby  booster  day, 
one  a recognition  day  (when  business  houses  put  out  flags  and 
everyone  interested  was  asked  to  wear  a flower) , and  one  had  a baby 
button  day.  In  North  Dakota  the  general  plan  was  to  call  flag  day 
advertising  day,  and  concentrate  that  day  on  letting  everybody  know 
what  was  coming.  The  program  of  a middle  western  city  was : Baby 
Sunday,  daddy’s  day,  mother’s  day,  the  baby’s  day,  home  day,  wel- 
fare day,  parade  day. 

The  Illinois  State  program  began  with  inauguration  day,  on  which 
a mass  meeting  was  held  and  headquarters  opened.  Fathers’  day 
there  was  converted  into  fathers’  and  sons’  day ; there  was  a mothers’ 
day,  little  mothers’  day,  demonstration  day,  and  community  day. 
The  most  significant  variation  made  in  Illinois  was  the  permanent- 
organization  day  held  the  final  Saturday.  On  this  day  the  executive 
committee  and  active  workers  had  a meeting  to  make  plans  for  the 
future. 

FLAG  DAY. 

Flag  day  was  usually  the  first  day  of  the  celebration,  or,  in  some 
cases,  the  day  before  baby  week  opened.  The  object  of  flag  day 
was  to  see  that  every  house  where  a baby  lived  put  out  a flag  and 
kept  it  flying  throughout  the  week.  One  Missouri  town,  on  the 
other  hand,  asked  the  parents  to  wear  flags  instead  of  flying  them 
from  the  windows. 

The  flags  adopted  by  the  different  towns  varied  widely.  Some 
were  symbolic  in  color  and  design,  as  in  an  Indiana  town,  where 
gold  lettering  on  a white  ground  signified  our  most  precious 
asset — the  baby.  Grand  Forks,  N.  Dak.,  had  pink  and  blue  paper- 
muslin  pennants — presumably  for  girls  and  boys,  respectively — and 
the  slogan  “ Grand  babies  for  Grand  F orks  ” printed  in  black  let- 
ters. An  Ohio  town  had  a flag  with  a blue  star;  another  Ohio  town 
used  a white  felt  pennant  with  its  slogan  printed  thereon;  and  Mil- 
waukee had  an  effective  blue  felt  pennant  bearing  heavy  white 
stenciled  lettering.  Many  towns  did  not  design  a special  flag  for 
the  occasion,  but  used  small  American  flags. 


36 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


Boy  Scouts  distributed  the  flags  admirably  in  many  towns.  In 
a Missouri  city  the  distribution  was  facilitated  and  the  expenses 
shared  by  the  local  chapter  of  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Devo- 
lution, which  presented  American  flags  to  all  school  children  in 
whose  families  there  were  babies.  One  Ohio  town  enlisted  the  in- 
terest of  the  fire  department  so  that  the  firemen  did  the  distributing. 

Since  the  aim  of  flag  day  was  to  see  that  every  baby  had  an 
emblem  in  his  honor  flying  at  his  window,  it  afforded  an  excellent 
opportunity  to  find  babies  whose  births  had  not  been  registered. 

In  many  communities  leaflets  or  pamphlets  on  baby  care  or  pro- 
grams of  the  local  baby  week  were  distributed  with  the  flags.  A 
letter  that  went  to  the  mothers  in  a Texas  city,  with  the  flags  and 
the  leaflets  on  baby  care,  read  as  follows : 

A LETTER  TO  THE  MOTHERS  OF  BABIES. 

The  committee  on  banners  for  baby  week  presents  you  with  a pennant  and 
asks  you  to  display  it  in  your  window  in  honor  of  your  baby. 

Each  home  where  there  is  a baby  under  1 year  old  will  have  this  to  show 
that  all  are  thinking  and  working  for  the  best  things  for  the  babies. 

Bring  your  baby  in  its  baby  buggy  or  gocart  or  in  your  arms,  with  this  banner, 
to  the  park  on  Saturday  afternoon,  March  11,  and  be  in  the  best  parade  our 
city  has  ever  had.  There  will  be  no  horses  or . automobiles  allowed,  and  all 
traffic  over  the  line  of  march,  which  is  not  long,  will  be  suspended  in  honor 
of  our  city’s  children.  The  parade  starts  from  the  park  at  2.30  o’clock. 

You  are  also  invited  to  the  exhibits  and  demonstrations  March  9 and  10,  in 
the  city  hall,  and  to  all  the  special  entertainments  in  the  high-school  audi- 
torium. On  Wednesday,  March  8,  from  3 to  5 o’clock,  the  Civic  Club  will  enter- 
tain the  babies  up  to  the  age  of  3 years,  and  their  mothers,  in  the  park. 

Watch  the  newspaper  for  announcements  of  baby  week. 

BABY  SUNDAY. 

Baby  Sunday  was  generally  observed  by  an  announcement  of  baby 
week  and  its  purposes  from  the  pulpits  of  various  religious  bodies; 
frequently  by  the  reading  of  the  governor’s  or  mayor’s  proclamation. 
In  some  cases  sermons  on  baby  welfare  were  preached.  Physicians 
were  invited  to  occupy  pulpits  on  Sunday  evening  in  several  Illinois 
communities. 

Sunday-school  celebrations  proved  very  popular. 

FATHERS’  DAY. 

In  manufacturing  towns  fathers’  day  was  celebrated  by  holding 
shop  meetings  with  good  speakers  to  address  fathers  on  the  whole 
question  of  what  the  community  owes  to  its  babies,  with  special 
reference  to  local  conditions,  good  and  bad.  In  New  York  City 
and  in  another  city  in  New  York  State  the  woman-suffrage  organi- 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


37 


zations  made  their  street  meetings  on  that  day  bear  on  the  obliga- 
tions of  the  voting  father  toward  the  home.  One  city  had  a special 
baby- week  button  for  fathers. 

Several  towns  were  very  successful  in  getting  physicians  to  address 
fathers’  meetings  on  the  social  evil  and  its  effect  on  children. 

The  press  gave  invaluable  help  by  printing  the  message  to  fathers 
which  was  prepared  for  fathers’  day.  The  State  health  officer  of 
Rhode  Island  published  a message  to  fathers  in  the  form  of  an 
attractive  leaflet  with  a baby  picture  at  the  top  of  the  page  and  below 
it  the  State  slogan,  “A  square  deal  for  Rhode  Island  babies.”  A 
widely  popular  message  to  fathers  was  that  adapted  from  one  used 
originally  in  Pittsburgh.  (See  Appendix,  p.  138,  and  illus.  No.  9.) 

OUTING  DAY. 

An  outing  day  proved  popular  in  towns  which  celebrated  later 
in  the  year  than  March.  The  usual  plan  was  for  the  committee  to 
collect  all  the  automobiles  it  could  borrow  and  fill  them  with 
mothers  and  babies.  One  city  made  a combination  of  outing  day 
and  visiting  day ; parties  of  mothers  and  babies  were  taken  in  auto- 
mobiles to  visit  the  baby  camps  maintained  in  one  of  the  suburbs. 

The  material  on  this  subject  is  meager,  because  in  1916  most  of 
the  celebrations  were  held  in  March  and  in  many  parts  of  the 
country  such  expeditions  are  appropriate  only  to  a later  season. 

VISITING  DAY  AND  PARADES. 

Parades,  sometimes  combined  with  visits  to  inf  ant- welfare  stations, 
were  reported  from  several  cities.  Boy  Scouts  and  members  of 
Little  Mothers’  Leagues,  trained  nurses,  and  others  who  were  help- 
ing in  the  celebration  were  among  those  who  marched  in  parades. 
Banners  and  labels  voicing  local  needs  were  used  effectively.  In  one 
Massachusetts  town  a fine  looking  baby  wore  a label  stating,  “ I am 
a milk-station  baby.” 

A Texas  town  parade  which  was  very  well  managed  led  off  with  the 
mayor  and  city  council  and  ended  with  babies.  Here  the  rulings 
and  order  of  march  were  published  in  the  papers  in  advance.  An 
automobile  parade  in  St.  Louis  was  similarly  arranged,  and  included 
a tour  of  inspection  of  the  municipal  milk  stations.  Another  Texas 
town  had  a parade  of  automobiles  in  which  each  women’s  club  had 
a car,  and  these  vied  with  each  other  in  decorations.  Small  sons  and 
daughters  of  the  members  rode  in  the  club  cars.  One  car  was  deco- 
rated in  the  club  colors,  green  and  white.  Another  was  done  in  red, 
white,  and  blue  and  shaped  like  a baby  carriage.  All  were  gay 
with  flags  and  slogans.  Some  parades  were  much  simpler,  with 
babies  riding  in  baby  carriages  instead  of  in  automobiles.  In  a 
Colorado  town  there  was  a squad  of  older  children  also,  riding  on 
tricycles. 


38 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


Here  is  a newspaper  report  of  a successful  parade  held  in 
Louisiana : 

SPLENDID  PARADE  SATURDAY  CLOSED  BABY-WEEK  OBSERVANCE. 

Babies  to  right  of  us, 

Babies  to  left  of  us, 

Babies  in  front  of  us, 

Babies  enough  to  dazzle  us, 

God  bless  ’em, 

So  say  we,  all  of  us. 

Saturday  afternoon  was  ideal,  when  the  babies  of  our  city  passed  in  review 
before  as  deeply  interested  a gathering  as  ever  lined  both  sides  of  Ryan  Street 
from  the  city  hall  to  Mill  Street. 

Headed  by  the  Royal  Orchestra,  then  in  turn  by  a detachment  of  the  city 
police  under  the  chief,  the  mayor,  the  commissioner  of  finance,  and  the  com- 
missioner of  streets,  the  parade  “ fell  into  line  ” at  the  city  hall,  and  under 
the  helpful  escort  of  the  Boy  Scouts  wended  its  way  north  to  Mill  Street  and 
countermarched  to  the  city  hall. 

In  beautiful  floats,  in  push  carts,  in  buggies,  on  tricycle,  on  bicycle,  in  toy 
automobile,  and  afoot,  each  individual  holding  a tiny  flag,  a thousand  hearts 
beat  happily  as  they  passed  through  a street  literally  lined  with  admiring  and 
cheering  townfolk. 

And  the  banners  they  carried  were  cheered  to  the  echo,  while  the  one  at 
the  head  of  the  on-foot  division,  “ Louisiana  babies’  first  plea : Doctor,  I want 
a record  for  me,”  seemed  to  act  on  the  viewers  as  a plea  for  protection. 

SCHOOL  DAY  AND  SCHOOL  COOPERATION. 

The  1916  celebration  proves  that  an  enthusiastic  interest  in  baby 
week  on  the  part  of  school  officials  is  highly  important  to  the  best 
success  of  a campaign.  In  many  cases  where  the  school  officials 
understood  the  significance  of  baby  week  and  cooperated  actively 
an  effective  program  was  carried  out  almost  without  any  other  help. 
A New  Mexico  town,  for  example,  celebrated  only  in  the  schools, 
bringing  in  mission  schools  and  schools  in  the  surrounding  country, 
and  was  very  successful. 

In  many  towns  the  school  auditorium  was  used  for  meetings.  It 
appears  that  mothers  brought  their  babies  more  readily  to  a school 
than  to  any  other  building  for  a conference.  A Michigan  town,  for 
example,  held  its  whole  celebration  in  the  school  auditorium.  The 
children  wrote  invitations  to  their  mothers  to  come  to  a meeting. 
Eight  hundred  mothers  came,  and  at  that  meeting  the  invitation  was 
distributed  for  a fathers’  meeting  later  in  the  week,  which  brought 
out  an  attendance  of  600  to  700. 

The  school  children  frequently  acted  as  distributing  agents  for 
programs  and  invitations  to  special  meetings.  A Wisconsin  town 
issued  a better-babies  bookmark,  with  lists  of  books  on  baby  care, 
and  gave  the  bookmarks  to  the  school  children  to  take  home.  All 
the  books  mentioned  were  obtainable  at  the  town  library. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


39 


The  pupils  of  both  high  schools  and  grammar  schools  did,  in  many 
communities,  a large  amount  of  valuable  work  in  aid  of  the  baby- 
week  committee.  Thus  in  a New  England  city  the  printing  for  the 
baby-week  committee  was  done  by  the  boys  of  the  manual  training 
school  and  the  typewriting  at  the  high  school.  Of  course  any  as- 
sistance given  by  school  children  served  to  arouse  their  interest  in  the 
campaign. 

A number  of  towns  held  contests  in  poster  making  in  the  schools. 
In  several  Illinois  towns  the  school  children  made  the  posters  and 
handbills ; and  the  report  from  one  town  says  that  the  posters  made  in 
the  high  school  “were  really  works  of  art.”  In  a Wisconsin  city 
3,700  handmade  programs  were  printed,  painted,  and  presented  by 
the  school  pupils,  and  each  program  bore  the  name,  grade,  and  school 
of  its  author  on  the  back.  These  schools  also  had  a poster  competi- 
tion. 

Many  school-day  celebrations  were  admirably  worked  out.  They 
varied  from  a lecture  on  the  care  of  the  baby,  read  to  the  class  by 
each  teacher,  to  the  giving  of  a play  by  the  children.  (See  Ap- 
pendix, pp.  113  and  134.)  Some  teachers,  especially  of  younger  chil- 
dren, emphasized  the  care  of  the  teeth.  In  one  New  York  town  the 
teacher  organized  a “ toothbrush  brigade,”  with  prizes  for  the  clean- 
est teeth.  In  schools  where  Little  Mothers’  Leagues  were  already 
formed  the  program  usually  consisted  of  demonstrations  on  the  care 
of  the  baby. 

If  prize  essays  were  read,  a play  performed,  or  demonstrations 
given  by  the  school  children,  parents  were  usually  invited. 

This  is  the  description  one  little  girl  wrote  of  the  day’s  exercises 
in  her  school: 

Last  week  we  had  what  you  would  call  a baby  week.  This  was  very  inter- 
esting, as  we  had  a lesson  about  it  in  our  domestic  science.  We  had  charts 
all  around  the  room  about  the  food  for  the  baby  at  its  different  ages;  we 
had  some  pictures  of  beautiful  children ; there  was  a baby’s  outfit ; there  were 
some  books  on  the  care  of  children;  there  were  also  two  baby’s  dresses,  one 
which  was  very  beautiful,  made  by  our  domestic-science  teacher.  We  had  a 
table  in  the  center  of  the  room  with  all  the  materials  needed  in  giving  the 
baby  its  bath.  On  the  side  of  the  room  was  another  table  with  the  materials 
needed  in  keeping  the  bottles  sterilized,  and  we  were  shown  the  way  of  keeping 
them  perfectly  clean. 

In  our  domestic-science  lesson  we  had  our  school  nurse  to  show  us  the  proper 
way  of  bathing  and  dressing  the  baby  and  all  about  the  correct  temperature 
of  the  body.  The  teacher  told  us  about  the  proper  food  we  should  give  the 
baby  at  different  ages.  Samples  of  breakfasts  for  these  children  were  shown. 

In  the  afternoon  the  mothers  came  and  heard  a few  remarks  made  by  our 
dental  nurse  on  the  proper  care  of  the  children’s  teeth.  There  were  some 
little  children  from  the  primary  department  who  have  a perfect  set  of  teeth. 
They  have  been  treated  by  our  school  dentist.  They  showed  us  how  they 
brush  their  teeth.  They  had  a napkin  pinned  on  them,  a paper  cup  in  one 
hand,  and  their  toothbrush  in  the  other  hand,  and  were  scrubbing  away  when 


40 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


a photographer  snapped  their  picture.  We  had  a baby  there,  too,  and  we  put 
her  in  the  tub  and  had  a towel  around  her  and  pretended  she  had  just  had  her 
bath  when  the  photographer  took  her  picture. 

This  ended  our  baby  week  in  our  school,  which,  I think,  was  interesting  and 
enjoyed  by  all. 

On  the  whole,  the  most  popular  way  to  celebrate  school  day  was 
by  the  writing  of  essays.  The  offering  of  a simple  prize  often  stim- 
ulated all  the  pupils  to  learn  as  much  as  they  could  about  the 
baby.  In  one  instance  a boy  carried  off  the  prize  for  the  best  essay 
on  this  subject.  Prizes  were  given  by  various  people — for  example, 
by  the  civic  club  in  a Maryland  town,  and  in  a Kentucky  town  by 
the  doctor  who  delivered  the  lecture  from  which  the  essays  were 
written.  One  Rhode  Island  town  had  two  prizes,  a fountain  pen 
for  the  best  essay  by  a grammar-school  girl  and  an  inexpensive 
watch  for  the  best  poster  by  a boy. 

Perhaps  better  than  prizes  was  the  plan  hit  upon  by  a New  York 
town.  Here  the  children’s  essays  were  based  on  extracts  read  to 
them  by  the  teacher  from  the  baby-week  literature  of  the  State 
health  department.  The  best  essays  were  read  aloud  at  a meeting 
to  which  the  mothers  came  and  were  afterwards  published  in  the 
papers. 

The  following  essay  was  written  by  a 12-year-old  school  girl: 

THE  CAEE  OF  THE  BABY. 

The  later  life  of  the  baby  depends  on  the  care  it  is  given  when  it  is  young. 
It  should  be  well  cared  for  when  young  if  it  will  be  a healthy  child  when 
larger.  The  baby  should  have  a bath  every  morning.  It  should  have  some 
one  to  take  it  for  a walk  in  the  fresh  air ; or,  if  it  is  too  small  to  walk,  sister 
can  give  it  a ride  in  the  baby  buggy.  The  nursery,  or  room  that  the  baby 
occupies,  should  be  well  ventilated.  It  should  have  no  curtains  or  draperies 
that  will  catch  germs.  The  baby  should  sleep  in  its  crib  or  bed  by  itself. 
The  bottle  should  be  washed  and  cleaned  thoroughly  before  it  is  given  to 
the  baby.  The  milk  should  be  pasteurized  so  as  to  purify  it  for  the  baby’s 
use.  When  the  baby  drops  its  bottle  some  mothers  pick  it  up,  wipe  it  off,  and 
give  it  back  to  the  baby.  It  should  be  washed  before  it  is  given  to  the  baby 
again.  The  nipple  will  carry  germs  unless  it  is  kept  clean.  When  the  baby 
cries  some  people  shake  it  and  tell  it  the  goblins  will  get  it — and  other  stories 
that  scare  it — if  it  does  not  hush.  When  he  gets  older  he  will  have  the  same 
feeling.  When  he  is  in  the  dark  he  has  a creepy  feeling  as  if  the  goblins 
were  after  him  right  then.  It  gets  on  his  nerves,  and  he  can  not  forget  it. 
When  the  baby  cries  it  is  not  always  hungry  or  bad ; its  shoe  may  hurt, 
or  its  clothing  may  be  too  tight,  or  something  else.  We  should  try  to  find 
out  what  the  pain  is.  Sometimes  the  milk  is  left  standing  in  the  window 
where  the  sun  can  shine  on  it ; the  baby  cries ; we  give  the  bottle  to  him  with- 
out tasting  it  to  see  if  it  is  sour.  This  overloads  the  baby’s  stomach  with  sour 
milk  and  may  make  him  sick.  We  should  never  put  anything  on  the  floor  where 
the  baby  can  get  it ; if  it  does,  it  will  put  it  in  its  mouth  as  soon  as  it  gets 
it.  It  may  get  a pin  and  swallow  it.  When  we  have  a sore  throat  or  a cold, 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


41 


we  should  not  go  home  and  kiss  the  baby  and  play  with  it  until  we  have 
washed  our  face  and  our  hands  and  our  hair.  We  will  give  it  to  the  baby 
in  this  way.  We  should  always  be  kind  to  the  baby.  We  should  never  speak 
in  an  angry  tone  or  scare  it.  Kindness  is  a good  thing  to  practice  with  the 
baby. 

A school  nurse  in  a Wisconsin  town  has  sent  a report  which  is 
full  of  suggestion  for  other  communities: 

As  a result  of  baby  week  I gave  four  talks  to  the  girls  in  the  continuation 
school — about  60  girls  who  stay  at  home  to  help  mothers  or  work  out  or  in 
factories.  A few  of  them  were  full-time  pupils,  but  many  of  them  go  to  school 
four  hours  a week.  The  ages  were  from  14  to  17 ; a few  below. 

1.  Baby’s  bath  and  clothing.  I had  a large  doll,  with  tub,  blankets,  soap, 

boric-acid  solution,  etc.  The  clothes  were  borrowed,  and  were  made 
of  good,  plain  material  that  people  of  small  means  could  afford 
to  have. 

2.  Care  of  eyes,  ears,  nose,  and  throat ; exercise  and  sleep. 

3.  Feeding  of  baby,  (a)  Natural;  (&)  artificial — care  of  milk,  modi- 

fication of  milk ; prepared  foods,  uses  and  abuses. 

4.  Observation  of  well  and  sick  baby. 

The  last  day  was  spent  mostly  in  answering  questions  the  girls  had  written 
on  slips.  I am  sure  many  of  them  came  from  the  mothers. 

This  course  proved  so  popular  that  the  girls  in  the  eighth  grade  wanted  me 
to  repeat  the  talks.  Next  year  this  will  be  given  in  connection  with  the 
domestic-science  work  in  the  continuation  school  and  the  eighth  grades  in  the 
public  schools.  Some  of  the  principals  and  I have  decided  that  our  domestic- 
science  work  is  lacking  in  just  this  work  of  preparing  the  girls  for  home  makers. 
We  got  some  of  our  ideas  from  the  New  York  schools. 

Another  Wisconsin  town,  which  celebrated  a little  brother  and 
sister  day  instead  of  school  day,  sends  the  following  report  from  one 
of  the  adjoining  rural  schools: 

LITTLE  BROTHER  AND  SISTER  DAY. 

In  making  preparations  for  our  little  brother  and  sister  day  program  at 
school  I explained  as  best  I could  the  purpose  of  the  week  and  asked  them  to 
bring  all  the  pictures  they  could  of  babies. 

The  week  before  I sent  in  the  names  of  the  families  in  the  neighborhood, 
and  they  received  booklets  on  infant  care. 

During  the  week  the  B class,  after  reading  and  talking  about  care  of  the 
teeth  and  what  constitutes  good  health  in  general,  wrote  compositions  on  “ How 
to  keep  well.” 

The  C class,  children  from  7 to  9,  had  a lively  discussion  on  “ How  to  keep 
baby  well,”  and  wrote  all  they  could  about  it  later. 

On  Friday,  March  10,  we  put  up  our  pictures.  One  board  we  covered  with 
prize  winners,  and  we  wrote  what  made  them  so  in  colored  crayons.  On  another 
board  we  put  a large  picture  of  a baby  and  the  slogan.  On  another  “ Fresh-air 
babies.”  Others  we  arranged  on  the  walls. 

Our  program  consisted  of  songs,  recitations,  and  a health  dialogue  entitled 
“ Mother  Goose  up  to  date,”  a talk  explaining  the  week  and  baby  problems, 
distribution  of  literature  to  mothers,  and  light  lunch. 


42 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


BIRTH-REGISTRATION  DAY. 

Many  communities  devised  ways  of  popularizing  the  subject  of 
better  birth  registration  and  centered  the  interest  of  the  campaign 
upon  it  for  a day  or  longer.  Where  a birth-registration  canvass  had 
been  made  beforehand  (see  p.  43)  the  results  were  usually  printed 
in  the  newspapers  or  made  the  subject  of  special  addresses  on  birth- 
registration  day. 

In  Cleveland  the  health  authorities  adopted  as  a baby-week  fea- 
ture a practice  which  has  now  become  a permanent  part  of  the  work 
of  the  department.  This  consisted  in  supplying  the  mothers  of  babies 
born  in  1916  with  certificates  showing  that  their  babies’  births  had 
been  registered.  The  newspapers  gave  wide  publicity  to  the  fact 
that  the  mayor  would  personally  present  the  certificate  to  the  first 
mother  who  applied  for  it  on  March  6 ; they  also  advertised  for  the 
1915  babies,  printing  the  following  coupons  to  be  filled  in  by  the 
mothers : 

BIRTH-CERTIFICATE  COUPON. 

I believe  in  the  need  of  birth  registration,  and  as  proof  of  my  support  I 
hereby  make  application  for  a “ Certificate  of  birth  registration  ” for  my  baby, 
, who  was  born  at on , 1915. 

Mother’s  name. 


Present  address. 

Father’s  name, . 

Fill  out  this  coupon  and  mail  to  the  birth-certificate  editor  before  Saturday,  March  11. 

The  certificate  of  registration  which  is  sent  to  each  mother  is 
attractive  in  design  and  printing,  so  that  every  mother  who  sees  one 
in  the  possession  of  a neighbor  wants  one  for  her  baby.  (See  illus. 
No.  10.)  By  the  close  of  baby  week  there  had  developed  a steady 
demand  for  certificates. 

Many  towns  had  exhibits  which  showed  the  importance  of  birth 
registration.  Two  were  especially  good.  The  first  (hardly  feasible 
for  a large  city)  was  used  successfully  in  an  Idaho  town.  The  health 
officer  prepared  a list  of  all  the  children  born  in  the  district  within 
the  last  five  years  of  which  he  had  a record;  it  showed  addresses 
and  names  of  parents  in  such  a way  that  all  could  see  at  a glance 
whether  their  children  were  on  the  list.  The  other  was  the  very 
simple  device  of  showing  at  the  exhibit  a framed  copy  of  the  birth 
certificate  used  in  that  locality.  To  parents  who  did  not  understand 
anything  about  birth  registration  this  was  especially  instructive. 

In  a Massachusetts  town  every  mother  of  a baby  under  6 months 
of  age  was  asked  to  bring  in  the  name,  address,  and  birthday  of 
the  baby  in  writing  and  receive  in  exchange  a copy  of  a standard 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


43 


book  on  baby  care,  also  the  special  bulletin  on  the  same  subject 
issued  by  the  State  department  of  health. 

Baby-welfare  information. 

BIRTH  REGISTRATION. 

Many  surveys  or  canvasses  of  births  were  made  in  connection  with 
baby  week.  In  some  places  this  was  done  as  a part  of  the  celebra- 
tion ; in  others  the  information  was  secured  in  advance  and  incorpo- 
rated in  the  exhibit  and  newspaper  publicity  of  baby  week. 

Such  surveys  were  variously  managed  and  even  when  they  did  not 
attempt  to  be  complete  they  stimulated  interest  in  the  subject  and 
secured  the  names  of  many  unregistered  babies.  For  example,  the 
baby-week  committee  of  an  Ohio  community  with  a population  of 
about  4,000  found  that  the  city  clerk  had  the  record  of  only  11 
babies  under  1 year,  but  by  “ asking  the  doctors  several  times  ” and 
“ consulting  the  cradle  rolls  of  the  Sunday  schools  ” they  found  a 
total  of  TO.  In  a Missouri  city  the  teachers  took  a census  of  babies 
in  each  school  district,  and  literature  was  distributed  to  them  by  the 
school  children.  In  another  Missouri  city  a committee  was  ap- 
pointed to  canvass  for  children  under  3 and  to  study  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  birth-registration  law. 

In  a Kansas  town  the  cradle-roll  departments  of  all  the  churches 
united  to  canvass  the  whole  town  for  babies.  Though  the  town  has 
20,000  inhabitants  and  400  babies,  they  reported  that  they  did  it  all 
in  one  day  except  for  the  few  houses  where  no  one  was  at  home,  and 
these  they  finished  the  following  day. 

A house-to-house  canvass  was  made  by  club  women  in  New 
Orleans  to  find  the  unregistered  babies,  after  baby  week,  as  a result 
of  the  interest  aroused  by  it.  A canvass  for  the  babies  of  1915  was 
made  by  the  civics  class  at  the  high  school  of  an  Illinois  town.  The 
pupils  were  assigned  by  blocks.  Among  the  Polish  population  they 
hunted  up  the  baptismal  records  through  the  priests.  A prize  was 
given  for  the  most  zealous  worker.  Although  the  class  worked  only 
one  week,  and  therefore  did  not  find  all  the  1915  babies,  the  work 
done  was  valuable. 

BABY  DEATH  RATES. 

The  baby  death  rate  was  studied  in  many  communities  and  made 
the  basis  for  newspaper  articles  and  talks.  The  Rhode  Island  State 
Department  of  Health,  for  example,  prepared  a table  showing  for 
all  towns  of  the  State  the  numbers  of  baby  deaths  and  the  baby 
death  rate  from  all  causes  combined  and  the  numbers  of  baby  deaths 
from  gastrointestinal  diseases  and  malassimilation.  The  form  is 
suggestive. 


44 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


A SQUARE  DEAL  FOR  RHODE  ISLAND  BABIES.” 


Rhode  Island  infant  mortality  statistics  for  191Jf. 


Towns  and  counties. 

Deaths  under 
1 year. 

Number  of 
deaths  from 
gastrointestinal 
diseases  and 
malassimila- 
tion  under  1 
year. 

Per  cent  of 
deaths  under  1 
year  from  gas- 
trointestinal 
diseases  and 
malassimila- 
tion  to  total 
deaths  under  1 
year. 

Ratio  of  deaths 
under  1 year 
to  each  1,000 
births. 

The  sociology  department  of  the  University  of  North  Dakota 
prepared  a printed  card  for  the  Grand  Forks  baby  week,  showing 
the  births  and  deaths  under  1 year  during  1915  at  Grand  Forks. 
It  enumerates  the  deaths  from  various  causes;  it  compares  the 
infant  mortality  rate  of  Grand  Forks  with  three  more  favorable 
rates  elsewhere;  and  after  stating  that  only  35  per  cent  of  the  reg- 
istered births  had  been  reported  within  10  days  it  urges  the  im- 
portance of  prompt  registration. 

COMMUNITY  CONDITIONS  AND  BABY-WELFARE  WORK. 


A good  example  of  the  way  in  which  the  needs  of  a community 
were  analyzed  and  published  during  baby  week  is  found  in  the 
following  leaflet  issued  in  Little  Rock,  Ark.: 

LITTLE  ROCK  HAS 

Good  laws,  good  homes,  good  streets,  good  institutions,  indeed,  many  things 
that  are  creditable  to  the  city.  Still  all  has  not  been  done  for  the  welfare  of 
children,  and  here  are  a few  of 


LITTLE  ROCK’S  NEEDS. 


HEALTH. 

Full-time  health  officer  (see  recommen- 
dations of  present  health  officer  in 
his  last  report). 

Sufficient  sanitary  inspectors. 

Stricter  interpretation  of  quarantine 
law. 

Public-health  nurses. 

More  hospital  facilities. 

A convalescent  hospital. 

A tuberculosis  hospital  (county). 

A housing  code. 

SCHOOL. 

An  open-air  school. 

School  nurses. 

Regulation  of  school  luncnes. 
Compulsory  school  law. 


PLAY. 

A comprehensive  plan  for  the  regula- 
tion of  the  social  life  of  the  younger 
generation. 

This  would  include — 

More  parks. 

Supervised  playgrounds. 

Social  centers. 

Public  baths. 

Music  in  parks. 

Recreation  commission. 

PHILANTHROPHY. 

An  industrial  school  for  delinquent 
boys. 

Charities  indorsement  committee  and 
federation  plan  for  financing  chari- 
ties similar  to  Cleveland  plan. 

Board  of  public  welfare. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


45 


The  later  pages  of  the  leaflet  explain  under  each  heading  exactly 
what  is  needed. 

The  immediate  results  of  studying  and  publishing  the  facts  about 
local  conditions  appeared  with  special  vividness  in  an  Ohio  city : 

In  one  small  city  in  the  State  nothing  was  known  about  the  milk  supply 
until  during  their  baby-week  activities  a study  was  made  which  proved  that 
out  of  four  dairies  supplying  milk  to  the  babies  but  one  had  conditions  which 
could  be  tolerated  at  all ; and  on  further  study  of  the  deaths  of  babies  during 
the  previous  year  it  was  found  that  the  death  rate  had  been  persistently  high ; 
that  the  proportion  of  deaths  among  artifically  fed  babies  was  large;  and 
that  the  majority  of  deaths  occurred  in  families  supplied  with  milk  by  two 
of  these  dairies.  The  facts  were  made  public,  and  within  two  months  con- 
ditions, while  not  by  any  means  ideal,  were  nevertheless  improved  very  much, 
and  the  members  of  that  community  are  eagerly  watching  this  summer  to 
find  what  the  results  of  hot  weather  will  be.1 

Baby-welfare  exhibits. 

The  many  exhibits  held  during  baby  week  in  1916  had  one  or  both 
of  the  following  aims:  They  showed  the  need  of  infant-welfare 
work  in  a particular  community,  or  they  gave  mothers  information 
regarding  the  proper  care  of  babies  and  children. 

INTERESTING  DEVICES. 

The  devices  of  special  interest  reported  from  exhibits  on  com- 
munity matters  included  the  birth-registration  exhibits  to  which  refer- 
ence has  been  made  on  page  42. 

An  exhibit  on  the  dairy  inspection  system  was  prepared  by  a city 
chemist  in  Texas.  He  showed  the  visitors  clean  and  also  dirty  milk 
under  the  microscope.  The  exhibit  in  a Pennsylvania  city  included 
material  about  pure  food,  with  a special  demonstration  by  girls 
from  the  domestic-science  classes  of  the  public  schools.  They  cooked 
the  dishes  and  explained  how  each  article  of  food  was  prepared. 
At  the  same  exhibit  boys  of  the  manual  training  classes  made  and 
demonstrated  small  models  of  a dirty  dairy,  a clean  dairy,  and  a 
playground.  A demonstration  milk  test  by  a school  class  in  animal 
husbandry  was  reported  from  one  western  baby  week.  (See  p.  IT.) 
Women’s  clubs,  in  several  communities,  undertook  to  provide  host- 
esses at  the  exhibit  every  day.  Where  there  was  more  than  one  club 
in  the  town,  different  days  were  assigned  to  different  clubs.  In 
some  towns  tea  was  served  at  the  exhibit.  One  small  town  arranged 
also  for  music  at  the  exhibit,  and  gave  a red  flower  to  everyone  who 
attended. 

A State  board  of  health  says: 

In  some  places  the  exhibit  is  opened  to  the  tune  of  the  “ big  noise.”  About 
half  an  hour  before  time  for  the  first  performance  all  the  bells,  whistles,  and 


1 The  Ohio  Public  Health  Journal,  September-October,  1916,  vol.  7,  p.  396. 


46 


BABY- WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


other  noise-making  contrivances  are  turned  loose.  To  be  successful  this  plan 
must  be  given  enough  publicity  for  everybody  to  know  what  it  means  when 
the  noise  begins. 

EXHIBITS  ON  BABY  CARE. 

The  exhibits  on  the  care  of  the  baby  frequently  included  demon- 
strations. At  one  Rhode  Island  exhibit  a woman  showed  how  pat- 
terns for  baby  clothes  should  be  laid  on  the  material  to  cut  to  the 
best  advantage.  The  proper  way  of  bathing  and  dressing  a baby 
was  frequently  shown.  Some  committees  added  to  the  interest  of 
this  demonstration  by  having  a live  baby  for  a subject  instead  of 
an  india  rubber  one.  In  one  town  a series  of  mothers  took  charge 
each  afternoon  and  bathed  their  own  babies  at  the  exhibit  for  the 
benefit  of  those  who  wished  to  learn.  This  required  some  caution 
on  the  part  of  the  committee  in  selecting  mothers  who  were  expert. 
In  many  places  the  Little  Mothers’  Leagues  had  charge  of  the  bath 
demonstration,  though  it  is  not  recorded  that  anyone  lent  them  live 
babies. 

Several  towns  in  Illinois  had  the  advantage  of  an  exhibit  and 
demonstration  by  a woman,  herself  both  a mother  and  a business 
woman,  who  had  made  a baby  bed  of  a basket  and  a baby  pen  of 
boxes.  She  explained  the  construction  of  these  articles  and  of  some 
original  toys,  and  the  arrangement  of  shelving  and  equipment  in  her 
bathroom. 

One  Kansas  town  had  an  exhibit  in  contrasting  layettes — old- 
fashioned  ones,  with  very  long  dresses  and  elaborate  embroidery,  and 
inexpensive  modern  ones  made  by  the  high-school  domestic-science 
class.  Some  of  the  latter  were  fashioned  from  an  adult’s  old  clothes. 
One  layette  cost  $1.50,  one  $1.75,  and  one  $2. 

An  unusual  homemade  exhibit  of  what  can  be  done  at  small  ex- 
pense for  the  amusement  and  instruction  as  well  as  the  clothing  of 
children  comes  from  New  Jersey.  The  author’s  description  of  it  is 
given  in  full  in  the  appendix,  page  144. 

Posters  in  foreign  languages,  illustrated  with  brightly  colored 
photographs,  were  used  to  teach  simple  facts  in  baby  hygiene  and 
care  at  the  Baltimore  exhibit.  Another  original  feature  in  Baltimore 
was  an  exhibit  of  posters  secured  from  a newspaper  poster  competi- 
tion. (See  p.  51.)  The  method  of  making  an  inexpensive  “ contrast 
exhibit,”  which  also  attracted  a good  deal  of  attention,  was  described 
as  follows: 

The  nurses  took  a large  packing  case  and  divided  it  in  half ; in  one  side  they 
represented  very  realistically  by  means  of  toy  furniture  and  tiny  dolls  a 
crowded,  cluttered,  dirty  kitchen,  with  cats,  dogs,  and  even  a goose  walking 
around ; food  thrown  around  on  the  floor ; a sick  child  in  a little  cot,  drawn 
up  close  to  the  stove,  with  washing  going  on  in  the  back  of  the  room. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


47 


Contrasted  with  this  was  the  other  half  of  the  box,  arranged  as  a sick  room, 
walls  papered  in  white,  the  window  wide  open,  covered  with  mosquito  netting ; 
a tiny  white  bed,  a white  chair,  a white  table,  and  a little  chest  of  drawers 
being  the  only  furniture.  On  the  table  was  a miniature  bottle  of  milk  and  a 
dish  of  eggs  to  show  that  these  were  the  proper  food  for  a sick  child. 

The  cost  of  the  transformation  was  carefully  figured  by  the  nurses,  who 
estimated  that  it  would  cost  about  $3.50  to  make  such  a change. 

The  mother  was  represented  in  the  exhibit  as  saying  to  the  nurse,  “ Why 
didn’t  I send  for  you  before?” 

A carefully  planned  exhibit,  showing  considerable  ingenuity,  was 
held  in  Stamford,  Conn.  (See  illus.  No.  12.)  The  report  of  the 
committee  follows: 

STAMFORD  BABY-WEEK  EXHIBIT. 

(All  exhibits  were  displayed  in  shallow  booths  with  a railing  across  the 
front.  Labels  for  each  article  were  well  lettered  and  large  enough  to  be  easily 
read. ) 

1.  Prenatal  care. — (Space  7 feet  deep  by  10  feet  long.)  Display  of  equipment 
and  clothing  needed  for  mother  and  baby  at  time  of  birth. 

Panels,  Prenatal  Care ; Midwives ; Care  at  Birth. 

Leaflets  on  prenatal  care  distributed. 

Stamped  post  cards  addressed  to  Children’s  Bureau  requesting  pamphlet  on 
Prenatal  Care  were  sold  for  1 cent. 

2.  Bathing  the  baby. — (Space  7 by  10  feet.)  Equipment  for  baby’s  bath,  in- 
cluding cupboard  with  shelf  for  soap,  a cheap  box  for  baby’s  clothing,  an  inex- 
pensive and  attractive  basket  fitted  up  with  toilet  articles,  towels,  table,  and 
tub.  Demonstrations  given,  using  doll  and  part  of  the  time  a real  baby.  The 
nurse  in  charge  did  not  merely  go  through  the  motions,  but  bathed  the  doll  or 
the  baby  and  dressed  it.  Water  was  warmed  on  the  gas  range  in  the  adjoining 
booth. 

Panel,  Bathing  the  Baby. 

3.  Feeding  the  baby. — (Space  7 by  14  feet.)  Booth  equipped  with  stove, 
table,  homemade  ice  box,  homemade  fireless  cooker,  an  equipment  for  modify- 
ing milk,  and  a washstand.  A washbowl  such  as  is  used  in  a bathroom  was 
placed  on  a standard  made  by  the  carpenter,  with  a shelf  at  the  top  upon 
which  was  placed  a 5 or  10  gallon  oil  can  with  a faucet ; underneath  was  placed 
a pail  as  large  as  the  can  to  catch  the  water  from  the  bowl. 

Demonstrations  were  given  by  a nurse  in  modifying  milk,  accompanied  by 
brief  talks  on  baby  feeding. 

Panels,  Mother’s  Milk ; The  Best  Substitute ; Feeding  the  Baby. 

4.  Sleeping. — (Space  7 by  16  feet.)  The  booth  contained  an  outdoor  sleeping 
box  attached  to  the  window,  a basket  with  a doll  baby  to  be  set  in  the  window 
box,  a sleeping-out  hammock,  baby  bed,  pen,  and  good  and  bad  baby  carriages. 

All  the  articles  except  the  baby  carriages  had  been  made  by  a carpenter 
under  directions  and  were  inexpensive. 

The  demonstrators  went  into  much  detail  in  explaining  the  use  of  the  equip- 
ment, hours  for  sleeping,  etc. 

Panels,  The  Baby  Asleep ; Fresh  Air  and  Exercise  for  the  Baby. 

5.  Things  good  and  bad  for  the  baby. — (Space  7 by  10  feet.)  A long  table 
was  divided  into  three  parts  by  strips  of  tape.  The  center  division  contained  a 
large  assortment  of  articles,  and  the  empty  spaces  at  either  side  were  labeled, 
respectively,  “ Things  good  for  the  baby  ” and  “ Things  bad  for  the  baby.”  The 


48 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


articles  included  a pacifier,  a soothing-sirup  bottle,  a celluloid  device  for  the 
baby’s  thumbs,  a pickle,  sausage,  cake;  bottles  labeled  and  containing  tea, 
coffee,  beer,  and  water ; a banana,  a toy  bed  with  baby  sleeping  alone  and 
another  with  baby  sleeping  with  mother,  a rubber  diaper,  a good  nursing 
bottle,  the  wrong  kind  of  nursing  bottle,  etc.  The  explainer  gathered  a group 
of  spectators  and  then  called  on  them  to  tell  her  in  which  of  the  two  spaces 
(for  good  or  bad)  each  article  belonged.  After  all  the  articles  had  been  sorted 
into  the  right  spaces,  with  proper  explanations,  they  were  jumbled  together 
again  into  the  central  space,  ready  for  the  next  crowd. 

Panel,  Things  to  Avoid. 

6.  Clothing  for  the  baby. — (Space  7 by  20  feet.)  The  clothing  displayed  was 
supplied  by  a department  store,  which  sent  show  cases,  standards,  and  tables. 
Patterns  for  simple  garments  were  made  by  women  and  sold  for  1 cent  each. 
A long  table  was  kept  cleared  for  cutting,  and  women  were  invited  to  bring 
material  and  have  it  cut  for  them  at  the  booth.  The  clothing  was  for  children 
up  to  6 years.  Good  and  poor  wTash  materials  were  displayed  on  cards. 

Panel,  Clothing  for  the  Baby. 

7.  Baby-health  conference. — The  conference  was  carried  out  along  the  lines 
suggested  by  the  Children’s  Bureau,  with  the  added  feature  of  a baby-improve- 
ment contest  for  babies  under  1 year,  to  continue  until  September.  Children 
up  to  6 years  were  examined. 

In  Stamford  the  committee  was  especially  fortunate  in  having  a space  excel- 
lently adapted  to  a baby-health  conference,  directly  across  the  hall  from  the 
baby  exhibit.  This  included  a waiting  room,  dressing  room,  and  large  room 
(about  60  by  30  feet)  for  examinations.  The  large  room  was  divided  by  wire 
screen  into  examination  and  audience  rooms. 

8.  Children's  exhibit. — As  it  was  decided  to  include  welfare  of  children  up  to 
school  age  in  the  educational  work  of  the  week,  space  on  a separate  floor  was 
devoted  to  the  following  subjects:  Children’s  games,  especially  home  occupa- 
tions ; children’s  books  and  story  telling ; food  for  children  from  2 to  6 years ; 
the  Don’t  Care  home ; the  Do  Care  home ; the  milk  supply ; the  Children’s  Home 
Society ; a dental  clinic. 

SECURING  EXHIBIT  MATERIAL. 

Exhibits  were  borrowed  from  various  sources,  and  probably  the 
most  useful  were  those  partly  supplied  by  the  State  health  depart- 
ments, agricultural  colleges,  or  national  organizations  and  partly 
prepared  locally.  A number  of  towns,  however,  were  disappointed 
because  the  material  was  delayed  in  reaching  them  or  had  to  be 
sent  on  too  soon  to  the  next  town.  A town  in  Oregon  which  was 
disappointed  by  not  receiving  the  material  sent  for  had  a local  sign 
painter  make  six  panels  from  the  illustrations  in  the  bulletin  on 
Child- Welfare  Exhibits.1 

In  a city  of  New  York  State  the  chamber  of  commerce  gave  a 
valuable  exhibit  which  was  turned  over,  after  baby  week,  to  the 
women’s  clubs  to  be  used  at  a permanent  welfare  station.  Inciden- 
tally at  this  exhibit  during  baby  week  two  retired  trained  nurses 
explained  the  charts  and  distributed  literature  in  Italian,  Polish, 
and  Yiddish. 

1 U.  S.  Children’s  Bureau.  Child-Welfare  Exhibits  : Types  and  preparation.  Bureau 
uublication  No.  14. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


49 


A town  in  Washington  had  an  exhibit  produced  by  the  local  dental 
society  consisting  of  plaster  casts  of  jaws,  illustrating  the  bad  effect 
of  thumb  sucking. 

Many  towns  obtained  good  exhibits  at  small  cost  by  clubbing  to- 
gether with  other  towns  and  arranging  a circuit  for  one  exhibit.  In 
Los  Angeles,  where  the  county  subscribed  generously  to  the  cam- 
paign, the  exhibit  was  carried  through  the  towns  of  the  county. 
In  Nebraska  the  Omaha  exhibit  was  circulated  among  the  smaller 
towns  of  the  State. 

MOVING  AND  CHANGING  EXHIBITS. 

Some  committees  which  did  not  find  it  feasible  to  hold  an  exhibit 
in  a big  hall,  a school,  or  some  other  building  where  there  was  plenty 
of  wall  space,  showed  borrowed  panels  in  a store  window,  changing 
them  every  day  or  two  to  keep  up  the  interest  of  the  passersby.  In- 
fant-welfare exhibits  were  shown  irf  public  schools  in  New  York 
City  and  moved  daily  from  one  school  to  another.  Some  six  or 
seven  sets  of  material  were  used  in  this  way  during  the  week,  and 
as  many  schools  were  covered  as  possible. 

Baby-health  conferences. 

Probably  the  one  feature  most  generally  carried  out  in  baby  weeks 
throughout  the  country  was  a baby-health  conference.  Three  types 
%of  conferences  were  reported.  A baby-health  conference  without  a 
score  card,  a baby-health  conference  with  a score  card,  and  a baby- 
improvement  contest.  Many  baby  contests  were  held  also. 

POPULARITY  OF  NONCOMPETITIVE  CONFERENCE. 

From  a Florida  town  comes  the  report,  “ Last  year  we  gave  prizes, 
but  we  think  that  many  a mother  would  rather  have  a certificate  or 
a card  showing  the  standard  of  her  baby.”  From  Indiana  comes  a 
report  showing  that  what  the  mothers  really  valued  was  the  oppor- 
tunity to  have  their  babies  examined : “ The  attitude  of  the  mothers 
was  very  good.  None  spoke  of  the  prizes;  all  were  eager  for  the 
physical  ratings.  Some  thought  their  babies  would  not  score  high, 
but  wanted  information  to  work  on  when  their  interest  had  been 
aroused.  They  all  expressed  themselves  as  going  to  have  the  fault 
remedied.”  And  a Missouri  town  reports:  “ The  indifference  of  the 
mothers  to  the  prizes  and  the  appreciation  of  the  value  of  the  scoring 
were  most  gratifying.” 

“ One  feature  of  the  work  which  pleased  me  very  much  was  the 
fact  that  the  women  understood,  after  a little  explanation,  that  this 
was  in  no  sense  a baby  show,”  writes  one  of  the  federation  officers 
from  the  Middle  West. 

77632°— 17 4 


50 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


And  from  Colorado  comes  this: 

* * * At  the  contest  we  made  an  examination  of  21  babies.  The  exam- 

ining physicians  made  as  helpful  a summary  for  each  mother  as  they  could. 
This  was  my  first  experience  at  this  sort  of  undertaking.  I,  too,  have  come  to 
see  that  the  prize  feature  is  not  commendable.  However,  the  contest  did  not 
create  a feeling  of  bitterness,  but  I see  how  it  might  readily  have  done  so  had 
we  not  exercised  the  greatest  care  in  explaining  the  purpose  of  the  contest  to 
the  mothers.  Next  year  I hope  to  make  the  child-welfare  phase  of  our  con- 
ference of  much  more  significance.  We  will  feature  it  as  a baby  examination 
or  health  conference.  In  this  way  I hope  we  may  encourage  mothers  to  bring 
babies  who  are  most  in  need  of  helpful  suggestions  relating  to  the  health  of 
their  babies.  We  will  also  make  it  noncompetitive,  unless  it  should  seem  advis- 
able to  give  certificates  of  commendation  to  mothers  who  exercise  the  greatest 
care  and  interest  in  improving  the  conditions  which  relate  to  the  health  of  the 
baby. 

This. clipping  from  a South  Dakota  paper  shows  that  the  women 
made  an  effort  to  avoid  the  bad  effects  of  the  competitive  element : 

It  was  the  wish  of  the  woman’s  club  to  have  the  newspapers  refrain  from 
publishing  the  scores  made  by  the  babies  in  that  the  new  baby  show  is  a fight 
for  all  babies’  welfare  and  not  to  determine  which  baby  will  score  the  highest 
mark  on  health.  Formerly  the  baby  shows  were  chiefly  for  picking  out  the 
baby  which  enjoyed  the  best  health,  but  to-day  this  style  has  given  way  to  the 
new  idea  of  being  helpful  to  the  mothers  in  determining  the  health  condition 
of  the  child  and  thereby  give  her  pointers  on  how  to  remedy  any  defect. 

A close  analysis  of  these  reports  reveals  the  reason  for  this  grow- 
ing popularity  of  the  noncompetitive  conference:  The  mother  of  a 
splendid  baby  gravitates  naturally  toward  any  gathering  where  he 
will  shine  by  contrast  with  other  babies  and  perhaps  win  a prize; 
just  as  surely  the  mother  of  a child  which  is  not  thriving  shrinks 
from  the  comparison  which  means  for  her  mortification  rather  than 
help  and  advice.  Typical  of  this  changing  feeling  was  the  experi- 
ence in  a western  town,  where  the  committee,  after  planning  a con- 
test, became  convinced  that  it  was  not  a good  thing  and  changed  to 
a conference  in  the  middle  of  its  preparations.  The  agricultural  col- 
lege of  one  middle  western  State  sent  around  to  the  clubs  of  the 
State  a suggested  program  which  included  a debate : “ Resolved  that 
baby  contests  are  injurious  to  the  best  interests  of  the  baby.”  One 
State  health  officer  in  the  East,  in  collecting  data  on  the  towns  which 
celebrated  baby  week,  writes  that  he  made  no  attempt  to  tabulate  the 
communities  which  held  baby  contests  only,  as  a number  of  years’ 
experience  had  shown  that  these  contests  alone  are  a hindrance 
rather  than  a help  to  baby-welfare  work. 

APPOINTMENTS  IN  ADVANCE. 

Another  point  made  plain  in  the  reports  is  the  fact  that  too  great 
care  can  not  be  taken,  through  making  appointments  in  advance,  to 
prevent  crowds  of  mothers  and  babies  gathering  at  conferences. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


51 


Some  committees  reported  regretfully  that  they  were  completely 
swamped  by  the  number  of  babies  and  mothers  who  came  without 
appointments,  so  that  mothers  sat  about  with  their  babies  for  hours 
and  finally  went  home  without  an  examination.  It  is  obvious  that 
there  is  an  unnecessary  amount  of  discomfort  to  the  mother  and  of 
danger  to  the  baby  in  such  an  arrangement. 

An  admirable  scheme  which  many  towns  used  in  1916  was  the 
insertion  of  a blank  coupon  in  the  baby-week  program  and  in  the 
newspapers,  to  be  filled  in  with  the  name  and  address  of  the  parents 
who  wanted  appointments.  In  at  least  one  city  the  coupon  directed 
the  mother  to  fill  in  and  mail  it  with  a 2-cent  stamp,  for  which  an 
appointment  card  would  be  sent  to  her. 

Competitions  of  various  kinds. 

It  is  plain  from  the  experience  of  1916  that  the  competitive  idea 
has  a very  wide  appeal.  Committees  in  many  communities  were 
quick  to  appreciate  this  fact,  and,  where  they  disapproved  the  idea 
of  contests  among  babies,  they  introduced  the  element  of  competition 
in  some  beneficial  form. 

POSTER  COMPETITIONS. 

A competition  having  a real  value  was  that  for  the  most  effective 
poster,  whether  of  original  design  or  made  by  cutting  and  pasting. 
Some  poster  competitions  were  open  to  everybody  and  some  only 
to  school  pupils.  In  many  cases  the  baby-week  committee  threw 
the  lists  open  well  in  advance  of  the  actual  baby  week  and  thus 
secured  a good  design  for  the  poster,  which  they  could  reproduce 
by  the  hundred  and  post  broadcast  for  advertising  purposes. 

One  of  the  best  of  these  competitions  in  1916  was  planned  by  a 
newspaper  in  an  eastern  city.  Half  a page  was  devoted  every  day 
for  several  weeks  to  information  about  child  welfare.  The  posters 
were  to  be  based  on  this  information,  and  the  contest  was  divided 
into  three  parts,  for  younger  school  children,  high-school  pupils, 
and  the  general  public,  respectively.  The  posters  were  judged  not 
only  for  attractiveness  of  design  but  also  for  accuracy  and  edu- 
cational value. 

COUNTY  COMPETITIONS. 

In  Kansas  the  governor  offered  a trophy  for  the  county  with 
the  best  health  record  for  1916-17.  The  prize  will  be  awarded  to 
the  county  that  shows  by  its  health  and  sanitation  record  and  by  its 
activities  for  child  welfare  that  it  is  the  best  county  in  the  State  in 
which  to  rear  children.  The  ratings  are  determined  according  to  the 
following  factors: 

1.  Number  and  rating  of  standardized  schools.  Junior  health  officers  in 
the  schools. 


52 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


2.  Absence  of  child  labor ; safety  first  in  reference  to  farm  machinery. 

3.  Full  or  part  time  county  health  officer.  Promptness  and  completeness 
of  his  reports  to  the  State  board  of  health ; the  infant  mortality,  morbidity, 
and  adult  mortality  rates  and  the  presence  or  absence  of  epidemics  of  com- 
municable diseases,  as  shown  by  these  records. 

4.  The  county  medical  society.  The  promptness  of  the  doctors  in  reporting 
births  and  communicable  diseases,  as  required  by  law ; the  absence  of  oph- 
thalmia neonatorum  and  preventable  epidemics  of  communicable  diseases. 

5.  City  and  rural  churches  and  community  clubs.  The  sanitary  condition 
of  churches  and  the  interest  taken  by  churches  in  health  and  sanitation  in 
their  respective  neighborhoods;  the  child-hygiene  Sunday  and  the  activity  for 
child  hygiene  in  the  Sunday  school;  the  community  forum  or  other  community 
organization  and  its  activities  in  health  and  sanitation. 

6.  The  women’s  clubs,  farmers’  clubs,  and  other  organizations.  Child-hygiene 
programs  and  health  and  sanitation  activities ; study  classes  in  child  hygiene ; 
baby  days  and  other  activities  for  children. 

7.  County  commissioners.  The  amount  appropriated  per  capita  for  public 
health ; a full-time  county  health  officer ; county  nurse ; county  hospital  and 
other  agencies  for  preventing  disease  and  improving  conditions  of  public  health. 

8.  Pure  food  and  drugs  inspection  and  regulation  of  milk  supply.  Sanitation 
of  food  and  drug  establishments. 

BETTER-MOTHERS  COMPETITIONS. 

One  of  the  happiest  ideas  was  the  contest  among  mothers  in  an- 
swering questions  on  the  care  of  the  baby.  Four  localities  reported 
a competition  of  this  sort  in  1916,  and  it  is  a plan  so  simple  and 
admirable  that  it  could  be  incorporated  in  the  program  of  any 
community. 

In  Trenton,  N.  J.,  where  a better-mothers  contest  wTas  carefully 
worked  out,  the  list  of  questions  was  as  follows : 

1.  How  many  children  have  you  had?  How  many  are  living? 

2.  What  do  you  feed  your  baby? 

3.  How  often  do  you  feed  your  baby  during  the  day?  During  the  night? 

4.  Do  you  give  the  baby  water  to  drink? 

5.  Do  you  give  your  baby  coffee,  tea,  beer,  pickles,  sausage,  bananas,  oranges, 
zwieback,  eggs,  broth,  or  oatmeal? 

6.  Do  you  buy  bottled  or  loose  milk? 

7.  Where  do  you  keep  the  milk? 

8.  Where  does  your  baby  sleep  at  night?  In  the  day  time? 

9.  How  many  hours  does  your  baby  sleep  at  night?  In  the  day  time? 

10.  Do  you  change  the  baby’s  clothes  when  you  put  him  to  bed? 

11.  Do  you  open  the  windows  in  the  room  in  which  your  baby  sleeps? 

12.  Do  you  rock  the  baby  to  sleep? 

13.  How  often  do  you  bathe  your  baby? 

14.  Do  you  use  hot,  cold,  or  warm  water  for  your  baby’s  bath? 

15.  How  soon  after  feeding  your  baby  do  you  give  it  a bath? 

16.  Do  you  give  your  baby  a pacifier? 

17.  Is  your  baby  allowed  to  go  to  sleep  nursing  a bottle? 

18.  Do  you  take  your  baby  up  whenever  he  cries? 

19.  What  do  you  do  for  your  baby  when  he  vomits? 

20.  Where  do  you  go  for  advice  when  your  baby  is  sick? 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


53 


21.  How  do  you  protect  your  baby  from  the  flies  in  summer? 

22.  Do  you  let  anybody  kiss  your  baby  on  the  mouth? 

23.  Is  your  baby  registered? 

After  the  contest  the  committee  published  in  the  papers  a report 
which  answered  all  the  questions  in  full.  The  fact  that  32  mothers 
out  of  198  had  given  perfect  answers  indicates  that  some  more  diffi- 
cult questions  might  well  be  included. 

In  another  city  the  questions  and  a series  of  articles  on  baby  care 
were  published  in  the  papers.  Only  mothers  of  young  babies  were 
admitted  to  this  contest.  In  a third  city  a group  of  mothers  was 
supplied  with  a list  of  10  questions  on  the  care  and  feeding  of  chil- 
dren. A series  of  popular  meetings  was  held  at  which  motion  pic- 
tures and  cartoons  were  shown  and  addresses  delivered  on  the  sub- 
ject. The  mother  who  gave  the  best  answer  in  writing  received  a 
prize. 

OTHER  COMPETITIONS. 

In  connection  with  a baby-improvement  contest  held  by  the  milk 
stations  in  New  York  City,  prizes  were  given  not  only  to  those  babies 
who  showed  the  greatest  improvement  during  a period  of  six  months, 
but  also  to  those  most  regular  in  attendance  at  a milk  station. 

Competitions  for  the  best  school  essay  on  the  care  of  the  baby  and 
for  the  best  slogan  are  referred  to  elsewhere.  (See  pp.  40  and  57.) 

Meetings. 

SECURING  AN  AUDIENCE. 

Many  of  the  communities  report  enthusiastic  and  well-attended 
meetings,  and  various  expedients  proved  useful  in  securing  good 
audiences.  Personal  invitations  were  sent  to  mothers  in  some  com- 
munities, especially  when  the  meeting  was  arranged  for  mothers. 
Sometimes  the  school  children  helped  in  distributing  invitations ; as 
a part  of  the  school  celebrations  they  wrote  invitations  and  delivered 
them  not  only  to  their  own  mothers  but  to  others  in  their  neighbor- 
hoods. Sometimes  printed  invitations  were  delivered  with  the  flags 
on  flag  day.  It  is  safe  to  assume  that  invitations  personally  ad- 
dressed always  received  more  attention  than  handbills. 

This  form  was  used  by  the  schools  of  a California  town : 

Your  are  invited  to  join  with  the  parents  of  over  2,000  communities  in  the 
United  States  in  celebrating  baby  week,  March  4 to  11,  1916. 

The  Social  Service  League  is  holding  an  open  meeting  at  3 o’clock  Friday 
afternoon,  March  10,  under  the  trees  near  the  Presbyterian  Chhrch,  or  in  the 
Sunday-school  room,  according  to  the  weather.  Will  you  come  and  bring  your 
baby  and  hear  more  about  what  baby  week  means?  It  is  a social  meeting,  and 
the  grammar-school  children  will  give  a little  play. 

Also  please  help  by  putting  this  sign  in  your  window  or  at  your  gate,  so  that 
everyone  may  know  yours  is  the  home  of  a baby  under  a year  old. 


54 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


A Massachusetts  town  used  the  following  shorter  form  with  a 
quaint  child’s  picture  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner  of  the  printed 
card : 

You  and  your  friends 
are  cordially  invited  to  a talk  on 

THE  HEALTH  OF  BABIES 

Illustrated  with  stereopticon 
in  the  Town  Hall 

Tuesday  afternoon,  February  twenty-ninth, 
at  3 o’clock. 

Motion  pictures,  plays,  or  popular  features  were  frequently  used 
to  insure  a good  attendance  for  evening  or  afternoon  meetings.  Mu- 
sical numbers  added  to  the  attractiveness  of  many  programs.  The 
New  York  baby- week  committee  compiled  a list  of  songs  about  chil- 
dren and  of  cradle  songs,  both  vocal  and  instrumental,  which  is  given 
in  the  appendix,  page  143. 

An  Alabama  town  and  a New  York  town  used  a brass  band  to 
draw  the  crowds  down  the  street  to  the  door  of  the  meeting — an  ex- 
cellent expedient  for  a mass  meeting  planned  to  interest  everybody. 

WHERE  MEETINGS  WERE  HELD. 

Meetings  were  held  successfully  in  all  sorts  of  places — courthouses, 
schoolhouses,  department  stores,  and  hired  halls. 

In  large  cities  where  meetings  were  held  only  in  the  central  head- 
quarters the  attendance  was  sometimes  disappointing.  The  com- 
mittees in  a number  of  large  cities  divided  the  city  into  sections,  each 
of  which  held  its  own  celebration  according  to  its  local  character  and 
institutions.  For  the  experience  of  Boston,  see  page  23.  In  Colum- 
bus, Ohio,  85  addresses  are  reported,  delivered  at  43  active  baby-week 
centers;  among  these  were  four  big  noon  meetings  at  the  railroad 
shops. 

SPECIAL  MEETINGS  FOR  NONENGLISH-SPEAKING  AUDIENCES. 

The  towns  and  cities  with  large  foreign  colonies  made  a point  of 
having  a Polish  night,  an  Italian  night,  etc.,  selecting  speakers 
well  known  among  the  respective  nationalities.  Such  meetings  were 
sometimes  combined  with  special  evenings  at  the  central  exhibit, 
where  guides  who  could  speak  the  foreign  language  were  on  duty. 

In  several  cities,  where  there  are  settlement  houses  in  the  foreign 
quarters,  baby-week  meetings  were  held  at  the  settlements. 

Plays. 

The  instinct  of  children  to  dramatize  what  interests  them  was 
employed  to  good  advantage  in  many  communities  by  the  perform- 


BABY- WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


55 


ance  of  short  plays,  which  had  as  themes  either  the  proper  care  of 
the  baby  or  the  general  subject  of  the  health  and  happiness  of  chil- 
dren. These  plays  proved  to  be  a very  successful  part  of  baby  week. 

The  two  plays  by  G.  W.  P.  Baird,  The  Theft  of  Thistledown 
and  The  Narrow  Door,  were  used  very  frequently,  as  were  also  the 
three  plays  dealing  with  health  subjects  in  the  volume  of  Five  Play- 
lets by  Hester  D.  Jenkins.  In  many  communities  original  plays  were 
written  and  acted.  Several  of  the  plays  listed  on  pages  134  to  136 
were  produced  in  this  way. 

Pamphlets  on  baby  care. 

Baby  week  was  generally  used  as  an  opportunity  for  distributing 
educational  pamphlets  or  leaflets  on  the  care  of  the  baby.  In  a 
few  communities,  where  it  was  impossible  to  carry  out  other  plans, 
this  formed  the  chief  part  of  the  baby-week  celebration.  (See  p.  12.) 
Pamphlets  or  leaflets  were  nearly  always  obtained  free  or  at  nominal 
cost  from  a Federal  agency  or  State  department  of  health,  or  from 
some  national  organization,  although  the  material  in  foreign  lan- 
guages usually  had  to  be  printed  locally.  In  an  Indiana  town,  for 
example,  the  foreign  priests  translated  leaflets. 

METHODS  OF  DISTRIBUTION. 

In  some  cases  pamphlets  and  leaflets  were  delivered  with  each 
flag  on  flag  day  to  the  mothers  of  babies  under  1 year ; in  others  they 
were  distributed  by  those  making  house-to-house  canvasses  for  birth 
registration. 

Committees  holding  a baby-welfare  exhibit  usually  had  a table 
where  printed  matter  was  given  away  or  sold.  Government  bulle- 
tins which  could  not  be  obtained  in  large  numbers  were  successfully 
distributed  in  two  ways:  In  one  case  the  names  and  addresses  of 
people  wishing  copies  of  the  bulletins  were  taken  down  on  lists  which 
were  later  sent  in  to  the  proper  bureaus;  in  the  second  case  (see 
p.  47)  stamped  postal  cards,  already  addressed  to  a Government 
bureau  and  requesting  publications,  were  sold  for  1 cent.  It  was 
then  a very  easy  matter  for  the  person  wanting  a bulletin  to  fill  in 
her  name  and  address.  In  both  cases  sample  copies  of  the  bulletins 
were  displayed  on  the  table  at  the  exhibit. 

Publicity. 

No  matter  how  carefully  worked  out  and  admirable  a program 
the  committee  devised,  it  was  never  thoroughly  successful  unless  the 
publicity  was  well  handled.  And  the  history  of  1916  shows  that  in 
many  places,  by  the  use  of  a little  ingenuity,  splendid  publicity  was 
achieved  at  almost  no  cost. 


56 


BABY- WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


NEWSPAPERS. 

Newspapers  throughout  the  country  willingly  gave  columns  of 
space  to  the  baby-week  material  when  it  was  supplied  in  available 
form,  as  readable  news  rather  than  propaganda. 

An  interesting  way  to  use  baby- welfare  information  in  the  news- 
papers was  suggested  in  a Wisconsin  town,  where  a series  of  articles 
prepared  from  the  national  statistics  supplied  by  the  Children’s  Bu- 
reau was  used  in  contrast  with  local  figures  for  town  and  State  show- 
ing where  improvement  was  necessary. 

Short  articles  on  the  care  of  the  baby  were  widely  used,  and  many 
editorials  appeared  during  the  week.  In  fact,  a wide  variety  of  ma- 
terial was  carried  by  the  papers  in  1916. 

Here,  for  example,  is  an  editorial  from  Illinois : 

A BEAL  BABY  WEEK. 

This  is  baby  week.  The  Children’s  Bureau  of  the  Department  of  Labor 
designates  the  current  week  by  this  title,  with  the  purpose  of  stimulating 
nation-wide  interest  in  the  conservation  of  human  life. 

Locally,  if  baby  week  is  to  be  anything  more  than  a mere  perfunctory  “ ob- 
servance,” certain  definite  results  should  be  achieved. 

The  playground  movement  should  get  a substantial  start,  so  that  the  young- 
sters may  be  relieved  of  the  dirt  and  danger  of  the  public  streets  and  given  rec- 
reation which  will  build  up  instead  of  tearing  down. 

The  sanitation  question  should  be  brought  home  to  every  section  of  the  city, 
and  dirty  alleys,  streets,  backyards,  and  barn  lots  should  be  outlawed.  The 
provision  dealer  and  the  butcher  should  be  made  to  understand  the  menace  of 
the  fly.  And  ample  provision  should  be  made  for  keeping  the  inspection  of 
milk  up  to  standard. 

The  necessity  of  absolute  obedience  to  quarantine  regulations  ought  to  be 
brought  home  to  every  parent.  Celebrating  baby  week  while  carelessness  per- 
mits contagion  to  increase  right  along  is  something  of  a contradiction. 

The  visiting-nurse  movement  should  be  fortified  and  arrangements  made 
whereby  all  mothers  can  avail  themselves  of  reliable  instruction  in  nursing  and 
free  medical  advice  when  necessary. 

The  mothers’  pension  law  should  be  applied  wherever  there  is  need  or  justifi- 
cation, and  its  purposes  made  plain  to  all  mothers  who  might  come  within  its 
provisions. 

Special  thoughtfulness  should  be  devoted  to  backward  and  deficient  children 
in  the  schools  and  medical  inspection  should  be  emphasized  and  extended. 

These  are  some  of  the  practical  obligations  presented  by  baby  week.  They 
affect  our  children  directly  and  vitally  and  concern  the  entire  community. 
Reading  pretty  sentiments  and  wearing  baby  ribbons  form  one  way  of  keeping 
baby  week.  Helping  to  do  something  real  for  the  health  and  happiness  of  the 
children  right  here  in  our  own  city — in  our  own  blocks — forms  another. 

Let’s  make  something  practical  out  of  baby  week. 

A Kansas  paper  published  the  fallowing,  taken  from  the  special 
baby-week  bulletin  of  the  State  board  of  health : 

IF  BABY  COULD  TALK  HE  WOULD  SAY! 

Do  not  kiss  me  on  the  mouth. 

Do  not  let  the  sun  shine  in  my  eyes  nor  the  wind  fill  them  with  dust. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


57 


Do  not  sneeze  or  cough  in  my  face,  for  I may  take  cold;  and  that  would  be 
bad  for  me. 

Do  not  expose  me  to  whooping  cough  or  measles  or  other  catching  diseases, 
or  I may  get  sick  and  die. 

Do  not  pick  me  up  by  the  arms.  Be  careful  how  you  handle  me  and  lay  me 
down. 

Do  not  give  me  candy  or  other  things  which  are  not  good  for  me. 

Do  not  give  me  a dirty  pacifier  to  suck  nor  allow  me  to  suck  my  thumb,  for  it 
will  spoil  the  shape  of  my  mouth. 

Do  not  rock  me  to  sleep  nor  teach  me  other  bad  habits. 

Do  not  take  me  to  the  motion-picture  show  nor  keep  me  up  nights,  for  it 
robs  me  of  my  sleep  and  makes  me  cross. 

Do  not  dose  me  with  patent  medicines  or  nasty  mixtures. 

Do  not  give  me  wine,  beer,  or  whisky,  coffee  nor  tea,  for  I want  to  keep  well. 

Do  not  jolt  me  nor  trot  me  on  your  knee  when  I cry. 

I want  the  right  things  to  eat  and  I want  my  meals  on  time. 

I want  some  pure  cold  water  to  drink  between  meals,  for  I get  very  thirsty. 

I want  a bath  every  day  and  plenty  of  clean  clothes. 

I want  my  own  bed,  a comfortable  room  with  the  windows  open,  and  plenty 
of  time  for  sleep,  for  I must  have  it  in  order  to  grow. 

I want  to  be  taken  out  of  doors  every  day  for  the  fresh  air. 

I want  mother  to  love  me  and  always  be  gentle  with  me. 

I want  to  be  a good  baby. 

And  this  was  used  in  New  Jersey  papers: 

TWO  TONS  OF  PAPER. 

One  of  the  contributions  made  by  the  State  department  of  health  to  the 
baby-week  campaign  is  the  printing  and  distribution  of  leaflets  on  the  subject. 
These  are  three  in  number,  one  a single-page  leaflet  on  the  importance  of  birth 
registration,  another  a four-page  circular  on  the  care  of  babies,  and  the  third 
a four-page  circular  on  the  community’s  responsibility  for  baby  work.  Of  the 
first  two  125,000  each  are  being  printed  and  of  the  latter  100,000,  making  a 
total  of  350,000  leaflets. 

In  printing,  sheets  25  by  38  inches  in  size  are  used,  and  one  side  of  8 or  10 
leaflets  is  printed  at  each  impression.  The  entire  work  will  require  75,000  im- 
pressions for  printing  on  both  sides  and  consume  approximately  4,000  pounds  or 
2 tons  of  paper.  Allowing  time  for  locking  up  the  forms,  the  work  will  keep  one 
printing  press  busy  for  10  days  of  8 hours  each,  printing  1,000  impressions 
per  hour. 

The  press  was  put  in  operation  Tuesday  of  this  week  and  an  advance  lot  of 
the  circulars  was  delivered  at  the  office  of  the  State  department  of  health 
yesterday.  Shipments  will  be  made  as  rapidly  as  printed,  and  the  circulars 
will  be  furnished  to  any  community  where  the  local  baby-week  committee  will 
make  careful  distribution. 

Additional  examples  of  good  newspaper  articles  on  baby  week  are 
published  in  the  appendix,  page  136. 

SLOGANS. 

A good  slogan  proved  an  important  feature  of  the  campaign  and 
a competition  for  the  slogan  made  excellent  publicity  in  advance  of 


58 


BABY- WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


baby  week.  Los  Gatos,  Cal.,  for  example,  had  such  a competition, 
and  the  prize  was  won  by  the  following : 

“ Let’s  make  a better  Nation 
By  baby  conservation.” 

Other  towns  used  a shorter  and  more  trenchant  sentiment,  as: 

“ Milwaukee  battles  for  babies.” 

“ Utah’s  best  crop.” 

“A  square  deal  for  Rhode  Island  babies.” 

“ Every  baby  a healthy  baby.” 

“ The  best  for  baby.” 

“ 100  per  cent  for  the  babies.” 

Some  of  the  slogans  were  rhymed: 

“ Baby  health,  Nation’s  wealth.” 

“ Baby’s  health  means  more  than  wealth.” 

“ Baby  health — civic  wealth.” 

“ Better  babies,  better  care,  is  the  watchword  everywhere.” 

“ Better  babies,  too,  in  Kalamazoo.” 

“Arkansas  wealth  for  baby’s  health.” 

“ Better  fare,  better  air,  better  care  for  babies.” 

POSTERS. 

In  many  cities  posters  designed  especially  for  baby  week  were  plas- 
tered everywhere  for  some  time  in  advance,  using  all  available  space 
on  billboards,  in  street  cars,  in  merchants’  windows,  etc.  These 
varied  from  the  very  simple  but  striking  card  in  Little  Rock,  Ark., 
on  which  was  printed  in  large  letters — 

WHAT  ARE  YOU  DOING  FOR  BABY  WEEK? 

March  4-11. 

to  colored  pictures  of  babies,  or  mothers  and  babies,  used  in  Erie. 
Pa.,  New  York  City,  and  elsewhere.  A striking  poster  was  used  in 
Cumberland,  Md.  It  showed  the  picture  of  a healthy  little  boy,  and 
under  it  the  label  “ One  baby  dies  in  Cumberland  every  four  days.” 
Less  expensive  and  more  appropriate  for  small  towns  where  a 
limited  number  were  used  were  the  posters  with  pictures  of  babies’ 
heads,  etc.,  cut  out  of  magazines  and  pasted  on  stiff  cardboard  and 
finished  with  hand  or  gummed  lettering. 

The  poster  competitions  previously  described  furnished  many  of 
the  original  designs.  (See  p.  51.) 

Methods  of  displaying  posters  depended  on  the  ingenuity  of  the 
committee  in  charge.  One  town  reports  50  large  muslin  signs  carried 
by  delivery  wagons,  and  large  muslin  signs  hung  across  the  street 
were  not  uncommon. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


59 


A street  car  company  put  the  slogan  around  its  safety-first  signs. 

STATIONERY  AND  PROGRAMS. 

Some  towns  were  ambitious  enough  to  have  stationery  printed  for 
baby  week.  Sometimes  slogans  and  special  designs  were  printed  on 
the  letterhead  as  well  as  the  names  of  the  committee  chairmen,  etc. 
A simple  and  effective  device  was  to  have  the  slogan  printed  across 
the  envelope;  this  was  sometimes  done  less  expensively  with  a rub- 
ber stamp.  There  proved  to  be  a practical  value,  besides  the  ad- 
vertising value,  in  baby-week  stationery  which  gave  an  address  and 
telephone  number,  especially  in  campaigns  that  involved  consider- 
able correspondence  and  telephoning. 

Much  ingenuity  was  shown  in  printing  attractive  programs,  and 
good  programs  widely  distributed  brought  out  large  attendance 
even  in  bad  weather. 

In  a western  city  an  eight-page  program  was  interspersed  with 
public-health  mottoes.  The  program  of  events  was  very  fully 
printed,  including  the  list  of  hostesses  from  the  women’s  clubs  each 
day. 

LEAFLETS,  CARDS,  TAGS,  ETC. 

In  addition  to  the  educational  pamphlets  and  leaflets,  described  on 
page  55,  special  folders  and  cards  were  printed  for  popular  distri- 
butions in  many  places.  The  message  to  fathers  has  already  been 
mentioned.  (See  pp.  37  and  138.)  Occasionally  there  was  a mes- 
sage to  mothers  or  a message  for  brothers  and  sisters.  Philadelphia 
expanded  this  idea  to  include  many  groups  of  citizens  and  sent  out 
appropriately  worded  cards  addressed  To  All  Citizens  of  Philadel- 
phia; To  You  as  a Manager  of  a Charitable  or  Social  Agency;  To 
Members  of  Women’s  Clubs;  and  others.  Here  are  two  examples: 

Mr.  Business  Man  : 

Do  you  know  that  the  infant  mortality  rate  of  a city  is  becoming  the  index  of 
the  prosperity  of  a city?  This  is  a fact. 

Do  you  know  that  Philadelphia  in  1915  stood  sixth  regarding  the  infant 
mortality  rate  in  first-class  cities? 

About  50  per  cent  of  the  deaths  of  Philadelphia’s  babies  is  preventable.  In 
other  words,  these  babies  die  because  of  the  ignorance  of  mothers,  poor  housing, 
and  poverty.  Thousands  are  maimed  for  life  by  the  same  diseases. 

Does  this  interest  you? 

Faithfully,  yours,  Executive  Committee. 


To  Employers  of  Women  : 

Did  you  ever  stop  to  think  that  there  are  probably  many  women  in  your 
employ  who  have  babies  at  home,  and  have  you  thought  of  the  importance  of 
the  health  of  these  women  to  the  health  of  their  babies? 

Perhaps  you  have  no  married  women  in  your  employ,  but  you  probably 
employ  women  who  will  be  mothers  some  time  in  the  future. 


60 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


We  are  sending  you  this  card  merely  to  bring  to  your  mind  during  this 
baby-week  campaign  the  fact  that  as  an  employer  of  women  you  have  a great 
responsibility  in  relation  to  the  health  of  the  future  citizens  of  this  city. 

It  is,  of  course,  needless  for  us  to  ask  your  cooperation  in  doing  whatever 
you  can  for  the  health  of  the  women  you  employ.  We  simply  desire  to  suggest 
the  thought  that  their  health  means  more  to  the  city  than  their  personal  com- 
fort. 

Faithfully,  yours,  Executive  Committee. 

Many  towns  and  cities  found  it  easy  to  persuade  their  dairymen  to 
distribute  printed  matter  with  the  milk  bottles  during  baby  week. 
Sometimes  round  stickers  were  supplied  by  the  committee  to  paste  on 
the  bottles,  and  sometimes  tags — all  giving  directions  about  the  care 
of  milk  in  the  home.  One  city  in  New  York  State  supplied  tags  and 
elastic  straps  with  which  to  fasten  them  on.  In  Milwaukee  the  milk- 
bottle  legends  were  changed  each  day. 

In  Troy,  N.  Y.,  the  sending  out  of  the  circulars  with  the  milk  bot- 
tles was  handled  by  the  local  health  officer.  Here  is  the  letter  he  sent 
to  the  106  milkmen  of  the  city : 

TROY  BABY  WEEK. 

Dear  Sir:  We  recognize  that  milk  not  properly  cared  for  in  the  home  breeds 
disease  and  even  death. 

We  recognize,  also,  that  milk  left  uncovered  in  ice  box  or  room  absorbs 
flavors  and  odors  from  other  articles  near  it,  and  that  in  most  of  such  cases 
the  blame  is  placed  on  the  milk  dealer. 

We  therefore  ask  you  to  cooperate  with  us  in  our  effort  to  impart  to  all  milk 
consumers  a few  important  facts  about  milk. 

We  are  sending  you  circulars  containing  instructions  for  the  proper  care  of 
milk.  These  we  earnestly  urge  you  to  give  out  (one  to  every  milk  customer), 
beginning  Tuesday,  March  7.  If  you  need  more  circulars  please  apply  to 
Health  Officer,  City  Hall,  Troy,  N.  Y. 

BABY-WEEK  LITERATURE. 

Aside  from  material  of  an  educational  nature,  the  baby  weeks  of 
1916  produced  a little  literature  of  their  own,  their  own  art,  and  even 
one  song.  These  spontaneous  products  of  a quick  sympathy  are  not 
things  which  every  community  can  hope  to  duplicate.  Some  of  them 
can  be  reproduced,  however,  for  the  benefit  of  everyone.  Minne- 
apolis sends  this  verse : 

BABY. 

[Dedicated  to  “ baby  week.”] 

Wee  mite  of  pinkness  with  rosebud  face, 

The  dew  of  unborn  ages  on  thine  eyes, 

The  heritage  of  eons,  and  the  prize 
Of  kings  and  prelates.  At  thine  elfin  grace 
Empires  fall.  Close  in  her  soft  embrace, 

Madonna-like,  the  mother  sanctifies 

Her  earthborn  babe  in  wide-eyed,  rapt  surmise, 

Glimpsing  in  him  the  sinews  of  the  race. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS, 


61 


A wraith,  a gem  from  out  the  great  unknown, 

“A  little  bit  of  heaven  ” sent  to  men 
Down  thro  the  rifts  of  blue,  a blossom  blown 
From  fields  of  asphodel  beyond  our  ken. 

Perchance  the  gates  of  heaven  have  slipped  ajar, 

And  thou,  the  Christ-child’s  gift,  hast  come  afar. 

The  following  was  dedicated  to  baby  week  at  Washington,  D.  C. : 

THE  BABY. 

What  does  the  baby  ask  of  you, 

Passer-by  in  the  street? 

Only  the  gift  of  a thought  from  you, 

Only  the  gift  of  a look  from  you 
At  the  road  before  his  feet; 

Is  it  smooth  and  clean  and  fit,  say  you, 

Fit  for  a baby’s  feet? 

What  does  the  baby  say  to  you, 

You  who  pay  no  heed? 

He  begs  for  the  right  of  living  with  you, 

Begs  for  the  help  of  a hand  from  you — 

What  he  begs  is  but  his  meed. 

Will  the  hand  and  the  help  be  ready  from  you, 

Serving  the  baby’s  need? 

What  does  the  baby  give  to  you, 

Men  whose  vision  is  dim? 

He  gives  you  sun  to  lighten  your  way; 

He  gives  you  hope  for  each  dark  day ; 

Have  you  paid  your  debt  to  him? 

Have  you  smoothed  his  path  and  guided  his  way, 

Guarded  and  shielded  him? 

What  does  the  baby  keep  for  you — 

You  whose  need  is  vast? 

He  keeps  faith  and  hope  and  joy  for  you, 

Comfort  and  love  and  home  for  you 
In  his  tiny  hand  held  fast. 

Are  you  earning  the  gifts  he  is  keeping  for  you, 

You  who  are  going  past? 

And  the  following  poem  by  the  same  author  was  set  to  music  by 
Cleveland  man : 

FLAG  DAY. 

A new  banner  waves  in  our  city  to-day, 

A banner  just  newly  unfurled ; 

But  the  message  it  brings 
On  its  blue  and  white  wings, 

Is  as  old  as  the  dawn  of  the  world. 

Joyful  the  tidings  this  banner  proclaims: 

“ A baby  lives  here  ” is  its  song. 

To  his  presence  give  heed ; 

Take  account  of  his  need : 

Make  right  for  him  all  that  is  wrong. 


62 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


From  the  dawn  of  the  world  to  the  dawn  of  to-day 
Man’s  hope  in  a baby  has  lain. 

For  the  smile  on  his  face 
Is  the  goal  of  the  race — 

Through  darkness  and  infinite  pain. 

We  hail  you — the  babes  of  our  city,  to-day, 

And  pledge  you  our  faith  to  the  end ! 

Whatever  your  need 
With  thought  and  with  deed, 

Your  uttermost  realm  to  defend. 

From  the  Kansas  City  Health  Department  comes  this: 

child’s  declaration  of  rights. 

Every  child  has  the  right  to  belong  to  the  aristocracy  of  health  and  intel- 
ligence; to  be  born  with  a good  mind  and  a sound  body. 

Every  child  has  the  right  to  be  loved ; to  have  his  individuality  respected ; 
to  be  trained  wisely  in  body,  mind,  and  soul;  to  be  protected  from  disease, 
from  evil  influences,  and  evil  persons ; and  to  have  a fair  chance  in  life. 

Every  child  has  the  right  to  be  surrounded  by  that  environment  in  which 
he  may  develop  to  the  fullest  his  abilities  and  his  talents. 

The  child  is  the  asset  of  the  State;  he  owes  the  State  nothing. 

For  use  in  the  kindergartens  and  among  small  school  children  is 
the  following  pledge,  which  was  printed  in  color  on  a white  card 
decorated  with  a quaint  picture  of  a little  girl  and  made  an  at- 
tractive souvenir : 

babies’  friends. 

I pledge  to  be  a baby’s  friend 
And  everybody  tell ; 

Clean  air,  clean  clothing,  and  clean  food 
He  needs  to  keep  him  well. 

Unusually  charming  is  the  following  apostrophe,  widely  quoted, 
but  with  authorship  unrevealed : 

I AM  THE  BABY. 

I am  the  Baby. 

I am  the  youngest  Institution  in  the  World — and  the  oldest. 

The  Earth  is  my  Heritage  when  I come  into  being,  and  when  I go  I leave  it 
to  the  next  Generation  of  Babies. 

My  mission  is  to  leave  the  Earth  a better  place  than  I found  it. 

With  my  million  little  Brothers  and  Sisters  I can  do  this,  if  the  World  does 
not  impose  too  many  handicaps. 

Now  I need  Pure  Milk  and  Fresh  Air  and  Play. 

When  I am  a little  older  I shall  need  good  Schools  in  which  to  learn  the 
Lessons  of  Life. 

I want  to  live,  laugh,  love,  work,  play. 

I want  to  hear  good  music,  read  good  books,  see  beautiful  pictures. 

I want  to  build  Houses  and  Roads  and  Railroads  and  Cities. 

I want  to  walk  in  the  woods,  bathe  in  the  waters,  and  play  in  the  snow. 

I am  Yesterday,  To-day,  and  To-morrow. 

If  you  will  make  my  way  easy  now,  I will  help  you  when  I grow  up. 

I am  your  hope — I AM  THE  BABY. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


63 


COOPERATION  OF  MERCHANTS  AND  OTHER  BUSINESS  MEN. 

From  the  experience  of  towns  and  cities  all  over  the  country  it 
appears  that  business  men  are  just  as  ready  as  the  newspaper  editors 
to  help  make  baby  week  a success.  Here  are  a few  of  the  unusual 
ways  in  which  they  helped : 

An  Alabama  merchant  gave  away  1,000  copies  of  a standard  book 
on  the  care  of  the  baby.  In  two  towns,  in  Maine  and  Ohio,  sav- 
ings banks  reprinted  a health-department  bulletin  on  the  same  sub- 
ject. Sometimes  the  managers  of  large  plants  cooperated  by  print- 
ing baby-week  data  on  the  pay  envelopes.  In  one  town  the  street- 
car company  carried  children  free  to  and  from  the  exhibit,  and  in 
a number  of  towns  local  dealers  supplied  free  milk  and  biscuits  to 
mothers  and  children  at  health  conferences,  lectures,  and  exhibits. 

The  proprietors  of  motion-picture  houses  frequently  helped  the 
baby-week  committees  in  all  sorts  of  ways.  Slides  and  films  on 
baby  care  were  sometimes  shown  as  part  of  the  regular  program. 
In  one  Oregon  town  the  outing  day  closed  with  a complimentary 
performance  for  mothers.  The  proceeds  of  a performance  in  a 
Pennsylvania  theater  were  contributed  toward  the  expenses  of  the 
local  baby  week.  In  a New  York  town  pictures  of  babies  before  and 
after  the  local  child-welfare  association  had  charge  of  them  were 
shown  by  the  courtesy  of  a motion-picture  house. 

Merchants  often  printed  appropriate  slips  on  baby  care  for  in- 
closure with  goods.  In  a Michigan  city  health  notes  were  printed  by 
a department  store  and  distributed  to  customers  over  the  counter. 
Department  stores  in  many  cities  gave  space  for  baby  conferences 
and  lectures  and  displayed  large  muslin  signs  advertising  baby  week 
on  their  delivery  wagons.  In  a Missouri  city  a big  dry  goods  firm 
constructed  an  auditorium  especially  for  the  baby -week  lectures. 

Most  popular  of  all  the  means  whereby  the  merchants  and  busi- 
ness houses  helped  were  special  displays  of  baby  goods  in  their 
windows.  An  Indiana  town  reports  an  effective  display  of  trained- 
nurse  and  baby  dolls,  while  two  California  towns  probably  head  the 
list  for  number  and  variety  of  displays.  One  of  these  reports  that 
the  cafes  exhibited  model  lunches  for  children;  the  drug  stores, 
toilet  accessories;  the  hardware  stores,  a miniature  play-ground; 
and  dry  goods  houses,  proper  children’s  clothing.  In  a few  places 
the  use  of  one  or  more  windows  was  turned  over  to  the  committee 
during  baby  week.  In  the  window  of  a New  Jersey  hardware 
store,  for  example,  the  committee  placed  a proper  baby  scale,  em- 
phasizing the  superiority  of  the  balance-beam  scale  over  the  spring 
scale,  and  showed,  in  addition,  a chart  of  the  proper  weight  of  the 
baby  at  different  ages.  Where  the  merchants  cooperated  with  the 
committee  by  showing  goods  which  were  simple  and  wholesome,  such 
window  displays  amounted  to  an  extensive  and  valuable  exhibit. 


64 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


Baby  week  offered  a great  opportunity  for  advertisement,  and  this 
fact,  while  insuring  the  help  and  cooperation  of  business  houses, 
brought  with  it  many  dangers,  which  are  mentioned  in  various 
baby-week  reports.  In  some  towns  the  advertising  features  were  so 
identified  with  baby  week  that  the  campaign  was  in  danger  of  being 
considered  a commercial  advertising  one.  In  other  towns  baby  ex- 
aminations arranged  by  the  department  stores  without  supervision 
by  the  baby-week  committees  were  badly  managed.  In  a few  cases 
business  firms  exhibited  in  their  windows  articles  not  to  be  recom- 
mended. F or  instance,  one  committee  reports,  “ Many  of  the  drug 
stores  made  special  displays,  some,  to  our  consternation,  featuring 
pacifiers  and  soothing  sirups.”  These  cases  show  the  necessity  of 
the  baby-week  committee’s  holding  up  proper  educational  standards 
throughout. 

FOLLOW-UP  WORK. 

In  the  nature  of  things  follow-up  work  can  not  be  reported  upon 
immediately  after  the  close  of  baby  week.  It  is  a matter  which 
takes  months  to  crystallize,  and  the  full  influence  of  such  celebrations 
can  never  be  reckoned  in  concrete  form.  It  is  not  possible,  therefore, 
to  record  here  much  of  the  work  which  has  been  undertaken  in  con- 
sequence of  the  baby  weeks  of  1916. 

At  least  one  State,  Bhode  Island,  planned  a State-wide  follow-up 
program:  The  establishment  of  a division  of  child  hygiene  in  the 
State  health  department,  the  enforcement  of  the  birth-registration 
law,  provision  for  the  inspection  and  licensing  of  midwives,  and  the 
attempt  to  secure  a law  requiring  tuberculin  tests  for  cattle.  A 
movement  to  secure  in  every  community  a trained  health  officer  is 
also  under  way;  and  interest  in  the  organizing  of  Little  Mothers’ 
Leagues  in  the  public  schools  has  been  greatly  stimulated.  Already, 
it  is  reported,  one  city  has  passed  a birth-registration  ordinance  and 
has  appropriated  $700  for  a baby  census. 

A State- wide  follow-up  program  for  New  Jersey  was  placed  before 
the  women’s  clubs  by  the  chairman  of  the  health  committee  of  the 
State  federation  of  women’s  clubs: 

The  health  committee  asks  you  to  concentrate  upon  the  effort  to  make  visit- 
ing nurses  a part  of  the  health  equipment  of  every  community;  to  place  a 
woman  upon  every  local  board  of  health  and  upon  the  State  board  of  health  at 
Trenton. 

Reference  has  already  been  made  to  the  successful  new  plan  for 
enforcing  the  birth-registration  law  in  Cleveland;  to  the  Ohio  town 
which  during  baby  week  tried  and  convicted  its  own  milk  supply 
and  has  since  started  a vigorous  reform  movement  ; to  the  house-to- 
house  canvass  for  unregistered  babies  made  by  the  club  women  of 
New  Orleans;  and  to  the  report  from  Wisconsin  of  a trained  nurse 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


65 


who  is  giving  talks  on  baby  hygiene  to  young  girls  in  the  continua- 
tion schools.  The  launching  of  a school  center  in  a North  Dakota 
township,  the  determination  of  a small  town  in  Wisconsin  to  get  a 
school  nurse,  the  plans  of  an  Alabama  county  to  achieve  perfect  birth 
registration  and  have  lessons  on  the  care  of  babies  and  young  children 
taught  in  the  schools — all  mentioned  elsewhere — are  typical  of  the 
follow-up  activities  of  many  communities. 

In  large  cities  in  which  infant-welfare  work  was  already  well 
established  baby  week  obtained  a fuller  support  for  such  activities 
The  account  of  the  Boston  campaign,  on  page  24,  illustrates  this  type 
of  follow-up  work. 

Similarly,  from  the  nurses  who  organized  the  baby  day  in  a 
Michigan  county  comes  this  report : 

Our  baby  day  in  the  small  town  where  we  planned  to  try  out  this  new  idea, 
with  the  hope  that  it  would  be  adopted  generally  through  the  county  another 
year,  proved  a grand  success.  It  is  the  first  public-health  movement  ever  held 
there  upon  the  town’s  own  suggestion,  and,  incidentally,  it  is  the  community 
where  our  work  was  most  strongly  opposed.  The  success  was  a wonderful 
victory  for  us  and  there  is  already  a gratifying  return  tidal  wave. 

A nurse  retained  by  a manufacturing  concern  in  a Rhode  Island 
town  states  that  her  visits  have  been  received  and  understood  recently 
as  they  never  were  before  the  awakening  interest  brought  by  baby 
week. 

To  direct  and  conserve  the  interest  and  enthusiasm  bred  by  baby 
week  several  towns  appointed  standing  committees.  For  example,  a 
Pennsylvania  city  reports  the  appointment  of  committees  on  Little 
Mothers’  Leagues,  milk  stations,  prenatal  clinics  and  mothers’  con- 
ferences, health  and  sanitation,  recreation,  survey  and  exhibits,  and 
finance. 

In  many  places  the  follow-up  work  consisted  in  establishing 
infant-welfare  and  milk  stations.  One  town  illustrates  how  baby 
week  gave  an  impetus  for  the  carrying  on  of  an  inf  ant- welfare  sta- 
tion by  the  health  department.  The  chairman  writes : 


We  have  succeeded  in  arousing  much  interest  in  the  community,  and  the  board 
of  health  is  about  to  start  a welfare  station.  The  woman’s  club  has  been  asked 
to  take  part  by  its  members  assisting  the  doctor  when  examining  babies  and 
by  showing  mothers  how  to  prepare  food.  Our  town  has  approximately  40,000 
inhabitants,  and  last  year  the  board  of  health  received  absolutely  no  appropria- 
tion from  the  town  council.  This  year  they  are  to  receive  something.  I am 
not  sure  about  the  amount,  so  will  not  state  it.  The  welfare  station  will  be 
started  with  no  funds,  and  will  show  the  necessity  of  having  such  a place  for 
mothers  to  be  instructed  in  the  care  of  their  children. 


Many  of  the  baby  weeks  led  to  a campaign  for  a public-health 
nurse  or  helped  such  a campaign  already  under  way.  For  instance, 
an  Alabama  town  reports  that  a petition  for  a nurse  was  circulated 
77632°— 17 5 


66 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGN'S. 


after  baby  week;  a Washington  town,  that  the  proposal  to  employ  a 
county  nurse  met  with  new  interest. 

Other  towns  report  that  baby  week  brought  a better  understanding 
of  public-health  work  already  under  way.  For  instance,  in  an  Ohio 
town  the  public-health  nurse  has  had  a number  of  calls  to  give  advice 
in  prenatal  cases — a new  thing  in  her  experience.  From  a Canadian 
city  comes  the  following : 

We  have  had  the  salary  of  our  city  child-welfare  nurse  increased  and  an 
assistant  nurse  placed  under  her.  We  have  also  established  a free  baby  clinic 
in  the  city  health  department  which  is  splendidly  patronized. 

Elsewhere  follow-up  programs  took  other  forms,  according  to  the 
needs  of  the  community.  In  a Maine  town  the  women’s  organizations 
undertook  to  raise  funds  to  pay  a small  fee  to  the  doctor  for  exam- 
ining 920  children  in  the  city  and  rural  schools.  A Michigan  town, 
in  which  attention  was  turned  to  bad  school  conditions,  as  a.  result  of 
baby  week,  has  had  all  the  school  children  physically  examined; 
they  report  finding  many  cases  of  adenoids,  enlarged  tonsils,  and 
defective  sight,  and  great  need  for  dental  care.  The  local  chapter 
of  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution  undertook  to  pro- 
vide for  the  most  urgent  cases  and  started  a publicity  campaign 
to  rectify  the  poor  lighting  and  bad  conditions  in  the  school 
buildings. 

In  many  communities  Little  Mothers’  Leagues  have  been  estab- 
lished. In  a Pennsylvania  town  the  superintendent  of  schools 
assures  the  baby- week  chairman  that  instruction  of  the  Little  Moth- 
ers’ Leagues  will  go  into  the  regular  school  course  another  year. 

From  a town  in  Illinois  comes  this  report  of  follow-up  plans: 

One  achievement  of  this  week  has  been  the  fact  that  we  secured  the  interest 
of  the  doctors.  They  have  never  before  recognized  any  merit  in  the  work 
attempted  by  our  women’s  organizations.  It  seems  probable  now  that  we 
shall  have  a mothers’  institute,  an  organization  which  will  have  for  its  object 
the  dissemination  of  information  on  health,  right  living,  and  disease  preven- 
tion. Several  doctors  have  signified  their  desire  to  help,  and  a dentist  has 
offered  his  services.  The  tentative  plan  is  to  hold  three  two-day  sessions — one 
in  the  fall  discussing  the  prevention  and  care  of  bad-air  diseases ; one  in  the 
spring  devoted  to  cleaning,  fly  campaigns,  and  contagious  diseases;  and  one 
in  early  summer,  when  infant  feeding  and  the  care  of  foods  in  summer  will 
be  intelligently  presented. 

In  New  Jersey  public-health  officials  are  planning  an  outline  for 
a course  of  study  on  baby  health  for  the  women’s  clubs.  A Michigan 
town  has  started  a night-school  course  for  mothers.  In  a Missouri 
town  a mothers’  community  club  has  been  formed. 

An  Ohio  town  has  launched  a child-welfare  association,  which  is 
starting  its  work  with  an  antifly  campaign.  A New  England  town 
is  planning  a survey  by  a sanitary  expert;  this  town  is  also  making 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGN'S. 


67 


plans  to  knit  the  town  and  the  surrounding  country  into  a closer 
union  and  to  raise  the  standard  of  efficiency  among  town  officials. 
An  Alabama  town  is  concentrating  on  its  dairy  situation;  it  is 
making  a campaign  for  pure  milk  and  the  eradication  of  the  cattle 
tick.  A North  Dakota  town  is  fighting  tuberculosis  and  working 
for  birth  registration  and  stricter  quarantine  rules.  A Pennsylvania 
town  is  exterminating  its  mosquitoes.  A town  which  celebrated 
only  one  day  in  North  Dakota  decided  on  that  day  to  give  hot 
lunches  to  the  school  children  and  to  begin  buying  playground 
apparatus.  A Nebraska  city  which  had  a good  permanent  exhibit 
has  been  taking  it  from  school  to  school  for  the  instruction  of 
mothers. 


PART  II.  OUTLINE  OF  SUGGESTIONS  FOR  BABY- WEEK 

CAMPAIGNS. 

PURPOSE  A ID  GENERAL  PLAN  OF  A BABY  WEEK. 

In  addition  to  the  description  of  campaigns  contained  in  the  fore- 
going pages,  the  following  brief  outline  of  practical  suggestions  may 
be  useful. 

The  purpose  of  baby  week,  in  general,  is  educational:  To  give 
to  the  parents  of  a community  the  opportunity  of  learning  the  facts 
with  regard  to  the  care  of  their  babies,  and  to  make  known  to  a com- 
munity the  importance  of  its  babies  and  the  need  of  permanent  work 
for  their  welfare  and  protection. 

While  the  campaigns  of  1917  will  undoubtedly  follow  this  general 
plan,  it  has  been  suggested  that  certain  additions  and  modifications 
may  be  made. 

The  recent  epidemic  of  infantile  paralysis  will  of  course  modify 
the  plans  for  baby  week  in  any  community  in  which  such  an  epidemic 
has  occurred,  or  where  there  seems  any  special  reason  to  fear  one. 
In  such  a community  State  and  local  health  authorities  should  be 
consulted  as  to  the  form  wdiich  baby  week  should  take,  especially 
before  program  features  are  included  which  involve  bringing  babies 
together.  Among  these  features  are  baby  parades,  outings  for 
mothers  and  babies,  exhibits  to  which  mothers  bring  their  children, 
baby  contests  and  conferences,  etc. 

In  localities  where  there  have  been  cases  resulting  in  paralysis 
some  demonstration  of  the  methods  of  muscle  training  and  other 
ways  of  restoring  muscular  activity  will  certainly  prove  of  great 
interest.  Systematic  work  in  providing  for  all  paralyzed  children 
opportunity  to  secure  proper  after-care  may  form  part  of  the  follow- 
up work  of  such  a baby  week.  Nowhere  should  the  fact  of  the 
prevalence  of  infantile  paralysis  deter  a community  from  a baby- 
week  observance  thus  suited  to  the  special  conditions,  since  the  cele- 
bration may  be  used  to  develop  the  public  interest  in  infant  welfare 
aroused  by  the  epidemic.  The  statistics  for  the  first  87  weeks  of  1916 
for  New  York  City,  where  the  epidemic  was  very  pronounced,  showT 
that  the  baby  death  rate  was  actually  lower  during  that  time  than  it 
was  for  the  same  period  of  the  year  before,  when  there  was  no  epi- 
demic, and  this  improvement  is  ascribed  to  the  popular  response  to 

69 


70 


BABY- WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


the  precautions  urged  in  the  endeavor  to  meet  the  dangers  of  infantile 
paralysis.1 

It  is  suggested  that  the  baby  weeks  throughout  the  country  should 
not  only  emphasize  the  needs  of  young  babies  but  should  include 
those  of  all  children  under  school  age.  This  suggestion  has  been 
given  in  the  following  terms : 

It  requires  only  12  months  for  a baby  to  become  1 year  old  and  no  longer 
subject  to  the  hazards  of  infant  mortality,  but  there  are  still  many  risks  for 
him  to  encounter ; he  is  still  absolutely  helpless,  although  increasingly  charming, 
and  his  parents  are  as  eager  to  keep  him  well  and  happy,  as  desirous  of  sound 
advice,  as  they  were  last  year.  Open  out  the  1917  baby  week  to  include  children 
still  at  home  with  their  mothers. 

Another  subject  which  it  would  be  desirable  to  include  for  con- 
sideration in  baby  week  this  year  is  the  question  of  the  need  of  better 
care  for  mothers  before  and  at  confinement.  A study  recently  made 
by  the  Children’s  Bureau  has  shown  that  the  welfare  of  babies  can 
not  be  separated  from  that  of  their  mothers,  and  has  demonstrated 
the  unregarded  waste  of  women’s  lives  at  the  very  moment  when  they 
are  most  necessary  to  their  children.  Therefore  communities  may 
well  consider,  in  connection  with  baby  week,  what  must  be  done  to 
provide  better  prenatal  and  obstetrical  care  for  mothers. 

Finally,  this  year  as  well  as  last,  the  most  important  part  of  baby 
week  is  the  follow-up  work  to  which  it  leads.  Baby  week  should  not 
be  a temporary  flurry  and  excitement,  the  effect  of  which  is  allowed 
soon  to  subside,  but  very  definite  efforts  should  be  made  to  have  it 
lead  to  permanent  good  for  the  babies  of  the  community. 

In  the  many  communities  which  have  already  held  one  baby  week 
of  a general  educational  type  a second  celebration  may  well  add  to 
this  general  educational  campaign  particular  emphasis  on  some  one 
phase  of  infant-welfare  work  which  is  especially  needed  in  the 
community,  such  as  the  establishment  of  a public  nursing  service, 
or  an  infant- welfare  station,  or  a prenatal  clinic,  or  a county  center 
for  maternal  and  infant  welfare;  the  employment  of  a full-time 
health  officer;  the  establishment  of  a division  or  bureau  of  child 
hygiene  in  the  local  health  department ; the  improvement  of  the  milk 
supply;  the  systematic  after  care  of  infantile  paralysis;  better  birth  ' 
registration,  etc.  Undoubtedly  a great  deal  can  be  accomplished 
when  the  whole  campaign  is  directed  toward  one  end. 

ORGANIZING  A BABY  WEEK. 

Baby  week  should  be  a community  campaign  in  which  many 
organizations  and  individuals  are  asked  to  take  part.  One  of  the 
greatest  benefits  to  be  derived  from  baby  week  is  the  bringing  to- 
gether of  many  organizations  for  a common  aim.  Added  to  this  is 


1 New  York  City  Department  of  Health.  Weekly  Bulletin,  Sept.  30,  1916,  p.  314. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


71 


the  fact  that  everyone  has  a far  greater  interest  in  work  in  which  he 
has  a definite  part. 

Some  organization  or  individual  must  take  the  lead,  however,  in 
organizing  a baby- week  campaign.  This  may  be  a women’s  organi- 
zation, the  city  department  of  health  or  other  city  officials,  the  local 
infant- welfare  or  visiting-nurse  society,  the  chamber  of  commerce,  or 
any  other  organization ; or  it  may  be  some  public-spirited  individual. 

In  any  case  the  first  step  should  be  to  ask  the  cooperation  of  all 
agencies  naturally  interested  in  child  welfare,  as  well  as  that  of 
organizations  representative  of  the  varied  interests  of  the  com- 
munity. The  number  and  names  of  the  cooperating  organizations 
will  vary  greatly;  in  the  larger  towns  and  cities  the  list  will  ordi- 
narily include  the  mayor  and  city  officials;  the  city  health  depart- 
ment, especially  its  division  of  child  hygiene  or  child  welfare  if  this 
exists ; all  women’s  organizations ; the  school  board  and  the  principals 
and  teachers  of  the  schools;  the  local  medical  society;  the  local  in- 
fant-welfare society;  the  local  visiting-nurse  society;  the  churches; 
all  charitable  organizations  and  settlements;  the  Camp  Fire  Girls; 
the  Boy  Scouts ; the  playground  authorities ; the  newspapers ; chamber 
of  commerce;  labor  unions;  fraternal  orders;  other  men’s  organi- 
zations, etc. 

A meeting  of  representatives  of  these  organizations  may  be  called 
to  discuss  plans  for  baby  week  and  to  take  the  first  steps  in  organiz- 
ing committees.  The  group  which  calls  the  meeting  should  have  a 
clear  idea  to  present  as  to  a suitable  time  for  holding  baby  week, 
certain  results  that  it  hopes  to  accomplish,  the  approximate  amount  of 
money  that  baby  week  is  likely  to  cost,  and  in  a general  way  the  scope 
of  the  campaign. 

In  organizing  a county  campaign  an  effort  should  be  made  to 
obtain  the  help  and  interest  not  only  of  organizations  in  the  county 
seat  and  other  towns  within  the  county  but  also  of  county  organiza- 
tions, such  as  the  county  medical  society,  the  farmers’  organizations, 
and  organizations  of  rural  women.  All  teachers  of  rural  schools  and 
the  rural  churches  should  be  consulted  in  the  campaign.  Especially 
important  is  the  cooperation  of  county  officials,  such  as  the  county 
health  officer  and  superintendent  of  schools. 

In  country  districts  the  campaign  may  be  one  either  of  the  county 
as  a whole,  of  a small  town  with  the  country  district  surrounding  it, 
of  a township,  or  of  a single  neighborhood  or  school. 

Committees. 

Experience  has  shown  that  every  community  knows  best  how  to 
organize  its  committees.  For  counties,  smaller  towns,  and  rural 
communities,  the  descriptions  of  the  organization  of  the  campaigns 
in  1916,  on  pages  14  to  23,  will  be  suggestive.  For  larger  towns  and 


72 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


cities  the  following  outline  of  committees  and  their  duties  may  be 
useful : 

Executive  committee. 

Finance  committee. 

Program  committees. 

Committee  on  baby- welfare  information. 

Publicity  committee. 

Executive  committee. — This  committee  should  take  the  final 
responsibility  in  all  matters  of  policy  and  detail  of  the  campaign 
management.  If  it  seems  advisable  to  have  a large  committee,  a 
few  members,  not  more  than  seven,  may  be  made  a subcommittee 
with  power  to  act  on  all  matters  of  detail  after  the  larger  committee 
has  adopted  a general  plan  covering  all  the  principal  features  of  the 
campaign.  At  the  close  of  the  campaign  the  executive  committee 
should  not  be  dissolved  until  all  the  affairs  of  the  campaign  are 
finally  settled  and  a committee  on  follow-up  work  is  appointed. 

The  desirability  of  employing  a director  or  executive  secretary  de- 
pends largely  on  the  extensiveness  of  the  campaign  and  the  avail- 
ability of  a competent  volunteer  worker  who  will  give  full  time  to 
directing  the  work  for  a period  of  weeks.  It  is  very  important  to 
have  stenographic  service  for  sending  out  directions  to  committees, 
requests  for  service  and  contributions,  material  for  the  newspapers, 
etc.  The  success  of  many  of  the  publicity  features,  especially,  de- 
pends on  a generous  amount  of  clerical  work,  part  of  which  can  of 
course  be  carried  out  by  volunteer  helpers. 

Finance  committee. — The  finance  committee  should  be  ap- 
pointed when  it  is  decided  to  undertake  the  campaign.  Methods 
for  raising  money  for  the  campaign  should  be  worked  out  on  the 
lines  which  experience  has  shown  are  practicable  in  the  community. 
(See  p.  14.) 

Program  committees. — A separate  committee  should  be  in 
charge  of  each  daily  event  (for  instance,  flag  day)  or  special  feature 
(such  as  baby-health  conference). 

Baby-welfare  information. — A committee  should  be  in  charge 
of  gathering  facts  as  suggested  in  the  section  on  “ baby- welfare  in- 
formation.” 

Publicity. — In  a small  campaign  probably  one  publicity  com- 
mittee can  readily  take  charge  of  all  the  work.  If  the  campaign  is 
extensive,  however,  it  would  be  advisable  to  have  subcommittees,  at 
least  on  press,  printing,  advertising,  educational  pamphlets,  and 
talks.  Much  of  the  actual  newspaper  work  would  probably  be  done 
by  the  secretary,  by  a specially  employed  press  representative,  or  by 
volunteers  with  newspaper  experience  who  would  agree  either  to 
prepare  copy  or  to  meet  the  reporters  from  day  to  day  and  give 
them  material. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


73 


Time  of  holding  baby  week. 

A baby  week  may  be  held  at  any  time  during  the  year  as  part  of 
the  nation-wide  campaign.  In  some  communities,  on  account  of 
local  conditions,  the  date  fixed  for  the  national  campaign  may  not 
be  as  suitable  as  another  date  earlier  or  later. 

In  the  larger  cities  and  where  the  campaign  is  extensive  it  is  well 
to  allow  several  months  for  the  preliminary  work.  The  organizer 
of  a very  successful  campaign  in  a large  eastern  city  writes  as  his 
opinion : u Two  or  three  months  of  preliminary  time  for  preparatory 
work  can  be  made  to  multiply  the  efficiency  and  permanency  of  the 
results.” 

COST. 

The  first  question  which  will  be  asked  is,  What  will  baby  week 
cost?  but  it  is  the  most  difficult  to  answer.  The  cost  will  depend  on 
the  extent  of  the  campaign,  on  the  features  carried  out,  and  espe- 
cially on  the  degree  to  which  the  committee  succeeds  in  obtaining 
service  and  materials  free.  Celebrations  in  1916  proved  that  where 
general  cooperation  is  obtained  a baby  week  can  be  held  at  little  or 
no  expense. 

Items  which  must  be  considered  in  carrying  out  a full  baby- week 
program  and  which  must  be  obtained  either  through  money  payments 
or  by  contribution  are  printed  matter,  including  educational  litera- 
ture, postage,  expressage,  and  rental  on  borrowed  exhibits,  construc- 
tion of  original  exhibits,  hall  and  office  rent,  lighting,  etc. 

In  large  cities  the  cost  of  employing  a paid  director  will  usually 
be  well  worth  while  and  will  save  the  confusion  and  waste  growing 
out  of  undirected  effort.  The  employment  of  stenographers  may  be 
found  a wise  economy  even  in  many  smaller  places.  A study  of  the 
cost  of  characteristic  campaigns  held  in  1916  may  be  of  help.  (See 
pp.  14  to  26.) 

DETAILS  OF  BABY-WEEK  PROGRAMS. 

The  program  for  a baby-week  celebration  may  include  several  or 
all  of  the  following  features: 

1.  A program  of  special  days,  lasting  for  a part  or  the  whole  of 
the  week,  including  several  of  the  following  or  others  to  be  origi- 
nated : Baby  Sunday,  flag  day,  fathers’  day,  school  day,  outing  day, 
parade  and  visiting  day,  birth-registration  day,  permanent-organiza- 
tion day,  etc. 

2.  Obtaining  of  baby-welfare  information. 

3.  Infant- welfare  exhibit. 

4.  Baby-health  conference. 

5.  Meetings. 


74 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


6.  Plays. 

7.  Competitions  in  poster  making  and  essay  writing,  mothers’ 
contests,  etc. 

8.  Publicity  and  education  through  newspapers,  advertising,  and 
the  distribution  of  leaflets  and  pamphlets  on  the  care  of  the  baby. 

9.  Follow-up  work. 

Program  for  a baby  day. 

In  communities  wishing  to  devote  only  a single  day  to  the  cele- 
bration the  program  may  include  any  of  the  above  features  which 
can  be  easily  carried  out.  The  following  program  is  suggested  for  a 
baby  day: 

1.  Baby-health  conference  held  during  the  morning  and  early 
afternoon. 

2.  A small  exhibit,  prepared  locally,  shown  in  connection  with 
the  conference. 

3.  An  afternoon  meeting  for  mothers. 

4.  Distribution  of  pamphlets  on  the  care  of  the  baby. 

5.  An  evening  meeting  for  everyone,  with  motion  pictures  or 
lantern  slides,  short  talks,  a play  performed  by  children. 

6.  Articles  in  the  newspapers. 

7.  A study,  made  before  baby  day,  of  birth  registration  in  the 
community. 

8.  Follow-up  work. 

Or  this  simpler  program : 

1.  A small  exhibit  shown  in  some  central  place;  for  instance,  at 
the  school  or  in  the  window  of  a general  store. 

2.  A school  celebration  with  essays  or  a play  by  the  children. 

3.  An  evening  meeting  at  the  school  with  lantern  slides,  a popular 
program,  and  a short  address  on  the  subject  of  baby  day. 

4.  Articles  in  the  daily  or  weekly  newspaper. 

5.  Follow-up  work. 

Program  of  days. 

The  feature  of  baby  week  that  affords  the  best  opportunity  for 
securing  good  newspaper  publicity  and  for  enlisting  large  numbers 
of  volunteer  workers  is  a series  of  special  events  for  each  day  in  the 
week.  Committees  may  find  helpful  the  descriptions  of  various 
“days”  celebrated  last  year.  (See  pp.  35  to  43.)  With  regard 
to  plans  for  a few  of  the  days  the  following  suggestions  may  be 
useful. 

FLAG  DAY. 

On  this  day,  which  may  come  on  the  Saturday  before  b&by  week 
opens,  or  on  Monday,  banners  are  distributed  to  the  homes  of  all 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


75 


babies  under  1 year  of  age.  In  some  smaller  communities  it  may 
seem  wise  to  include  the  homes  of  all  children  under  6 years. 

The  banners  used  may  be  small  American  flags,  or  they  may  be  made 
up  very  cheaply  of  muslin,  with  some  baby- week  slogan  or  emblem 
printed  in  appropriate  colors.  A good  size  for  the  banner  is  18 
inches  long  by  12  inches  wide,  with  a stick  long  enough  to  be  tacked 
to  a window  frame.  Novelty  makers  or  printers  can  make  these 
banners. 

The  names  and  addresses  of  the  babies  may  be  obtained  in  various 
ways.  A list  of  all  babies  whose  births  have  been  registered  during 
the  last  year  may  be  obtained  from  the  local  registrar,  who  must  be 
asked  to  check  the  birth-registration  with  the  death-registration  list, 
so  that  no  flags  will  be  sent  to  homes  where  babies  have  died.  Fre- 
quently those  delivering  the  flags  according  to  such  a list  will  find 
babies  whose  births  have  not  been  registered.  They  will  of  course 
deliver  the  flags  to  these  homes,  and  they  should  be  instructed  to 
report  the  names  and  addresses  of  these  unregistered  babies  to  the 
committee  or  to  the  registrar,  so  that  they  may  be  properly  recorded. 

Where  a house-to-house  birth-registration  canvass  has  been  made 
before  baby  week  the  lists  obtained  can  be  used  for  the  flag  distri- 
bution. 

Delivery  of  the  flags  may  be  made  by  committees  of  women  as- 
sisted by  committees  of  boys.  It  is  a good  thing  to  have  the  boys 
carry  small  hammers  and  tacks,  so  that  they  can  put  the  pennants 
in  place  when  the  householders  are  willing.  With  each  pennant 
should  be  delivered  a program  of  the  local  baby  week,  and  a leaflet 
on  the  care  of  the  baby.  Special  announcements  of  the  infant-wel- 
fare exhibit  or  of  the  baby-health  conference,  if  these  are  held, 
should  also  be  distributed. 

All  those  who  are  distributing  flags  must  be  able  to  give  a clear 
and  brief  explanation  of  baby  week  and  flag  day. 

The  preparations  for  flag  day  in  a large  city  require  considerable 
care  and  plenty  of  time.  Several  days  in  advance  a central  com- 
mittee on  flag  day  should  obtain  from  the  health  department  the 
names  and  addresses  of  the  registered  babies.  These  wTill  then  be 
sorted  by  districts  and  the  appropriate  number  of  flags  sent  to  the 
various  headquarters  from  which  the  district  teams  will  start  out  to 
make  the  distribution. 

One  of  the  elements  in  making  flag  day  a success  is  a generous 
notice  of  it  in  the  press,  both  the  day  before  and  on  the  morning 
of  flag  day.  If  there  are  papers  printed  in  foreign  languages,  par- 
ticular care  should  be  taken  to  see  that  they  publish  beforehand  an 
explanation  of  flag  day. 


76 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


BABY  SUNDAY. 

Baby  Sunday  may  come  at  the  beginning  or  at  the  end  of  baby 
week. 

The  committee  in  charge  of  this  part  of  the  campaign  should  se- 
cure a list  of  the  leaders  of  the  religious  bodies  of  the  community. 

Some  communities  may  wish  to  ask  all  of  these  to  preach  on  baby 
week  or  baby  welfare  on  that  day.  If  this  is  undertaken,  members 
of  the  committee  should  call  upon  or  write  to  each  one  who  is  asked 
to  preach,  and  explain  the  purpose  of  baby  week.  In  order  to  aid  in 
the  preparation  of  special  sermons  an  outline  of  information  on  the 
subject  of  baby  week  should  be  furnished.  In  the  appendix,  page  109, 
will  be  found  considerable  material  upon  the  subject  of  infant  wel- 
fare and  baby  week,  which  may  be  incorporated  in  such  an  outline. 

In  any  event  there  will  probably  be  a general  response  to  a request 
to  give  notice  of  the  program  of  baby  week  on  Baby  Sunday,  and  to 
explain  the  purpose  of  the  observance.  The  experience  of  the  1916 
campaign  in  observing  Baby  Sunday  is  given  on  page  36. 

Meetings  to  sum  up  the  work  and  teachings  of  baby  week  may  be 
held  on  the  afternoon  of  the  Sunday  closing  baby  week.  Church 
societies,  whether  of  men  or  of  women,  may  arrange  that  their  meet- 
ings held  during  the  week  shall  include  a short  discussion  of  the 
subject.  The  discussion  should  have  as  a leader  some  one  with  special 
knowledge  of  baby  welfare.  Suggestions  for  programs  are  given 
on  page  91. 

FATHERS’  DAY. 

Suggestions  for  fathers’  day  will  be  found  on  page  36. 

OUTING  DAY. 

If  the  weather  permits,  an  outing  day  for  mothers  and  babies 
forms  an  attractive  feature.  This  may  take  the  form  of  an  automo- 
bile ride,  a morning  or  an  afternoon  spent  in  the  park,  or  an  excur- 
sion on  the  water.  If  it  is  possible,  an  alternative  indoor  program 
for  bad  weather  should  be  planned. 

VISITING  DAY  AND  PARADES. 

For  this  day  the  committee  may  arrange  a tour  of  inspection  of 
all  the  places  where  any  work  is  done  for  babies,  such  as  infant- 
welfare  stations,  day  nurseries,  or  baby  hospitals.  Such  a day  is 
very  important  in  communities  where  infant-welfare  work  has  been 
begun,  either  by  the  health  department  or  by  private  organizations, 
and  it  is  desirable  that  the  public  shall  know  more  about  the  work 
that  is  being  done  and  the  need  for  developing  it.  City  officials  and 
representatives  of  men’s  organizations  and  of  societies  for  civic  and 
mutual  benefit  should  be  invited  to  take  part  in  the  tour. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


77 


This  tour  of  inspection  may  be  combined  with  a parade.  Various 
types  of  parades  are  suggested  on  page  37.  This  year  it  should  be 
remembered  that  a parade  of  babies  is  one  of  the  features  bringing 
babies  together,  which  it  is  unwise  to  include  where  an  epidemic  of^ 
infantile  paralysis  has  occurred  recently. 

In  arranging  parades  every  effort  should  be  made  to  avoid  over- 
taxing the  strength  of  mothers  and  young  children.  The  most  com- 
fortable parades  are  those  in  which  automobiles  are  furnished  for 
all  mothers  and  babies.  An  important  feature  which  should  not  be 
overlooked  in  plans  for  a baby  parade  is  the  policing.  Definite  ar- 
rangements should  be  made  for  the  special  policing  of  street  cor- 
ners, etc.,  and  should  be  published  in  advance  in  the  papers,  so  that 
mothers  will  feel  reassured. 

SCHOOL  DAY. 

On  one  day  during  the  week  special  exercises  may  be  held  in  the 
schools  throughout  the  city.  These  may  be  arranged  as  a regular 
part  of  the  school  work  or  as  an  afternoon  entertainment  to  which 
parents  are  invited.  Programs  and  ideas  for  contests  for  children 
are  given  on  pages  38  and  51.  Where  prizes  are  offered  they  should 
be  extremely  simple.  Plays  have  proved  a very  successful  feature 
of  school  celebrations.  (See  pp.  54  and  134.) 

In  schools  where  Little  Mothers’  Leagues  (see  p.  98)  are  organized 
the  program  may  consist  of  compositions  and  demonstrations  by 
members  of  these  leagues  and  of  talks  by  their  teachers.  If  no 
Little  Mothers’  Leagues  are  at  present  organized,  the  school  day 
may  afford  an  opportunity  for  starting  them. 

The  Baby-Week  Manual,  issued  by  the  committee  on  meetings 
and  demonstrations  of  the  New  York  City  Baby  Week  Committee 
of  1916  for  use  in  the  schools,  gives  many  excellent  suggestions  for 
essays,  programs,  etc.  Sample  copies  of  this  manual  may  be  ob- 
tained on  application  to  the  department  of  health,  New  York  City. 
This  department  will  give  permission  to  any  community  to  reprint 
the  manual  in  full,  provided  credit  is  given  to  the  New  York  City 
baby  week. 

BIRTH-REGISTRATION  DAY. 

It  may  be  well  worth  while  to  concentrate  attention  for  one  day 
on  the  importance  of  having  all  births  registered.  Many  admirable 
methods  of  making  interesting  the  subject  of  better  birth  registra- 
tion were  worked  out  this  year  through  the  ingenuity  of  committees 
and  health  officers.  These  are  referred  to  on  page  42. 

Some  committees  may  decide  to  make  a preliminary  investigation 
of  the  completeness  of  birth  registration,  so  that  a report  can  be 
presented  on  birth-registration  day.  (See  pp.  43,  78,  and  98.) 


78 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


In.  several  States,  and  in  some  cities  in  other  States,  the  registrar 
tion  authorities  send  a card  or  certificate  of  notification  to  the  par- 
ents when  a birth  is  registered.  This  practice  is  helpful  not  only 
because  it  gives  parents  a document  which  may  be  preserved  with  as 
much  care  as  a marriage  certificate,  but  because  it  tends  to  bring 
about  improvement  in  birth  registration.  The  baby-week  campaign 
would  be  a good  occasion  to  emphasize  the  importance  of  having 
this  notification  sent  out. 

Local  newspapers  should  be  furnished  with  articles  or  material 
for  articles  on  birth  registration,  in  which  incidents  showing  the 
practical  value  of  birth  registration  should  be  included.  The  State 
and  local  health  officers  and  in  some  cases  State  college  or  university 
authorities  can  be  helpful  in  supplying  the  data.  The  Children’s 
Bureau  will  furnish,  on  application,  press  material  on  this  subject.1 

BABY-WELFARE  INFORMATION. 

One  of  the  most  important  parts  of  a baby- week  campaign  is  the 
gathering  of  accurate  information  not  only  upon  local  birth  regis- 
tration, but  also  as  to  the  death  rate  of  babies  and  the  community 
conditions  especially  affecting  them. 

This  information  can  be  used  in  the  campaign  in  a variety  of 
ways — for  the  preparation  of  exhibit  material,  for  newspaper  stories, 
for  printed  matter,  and  for  speeches  throughout  the  campaign. 

Birth  registration. 

Different  plans  may  be  followed  in  making  studies  of  the  local 
birth  registration.  Among  those  which  have  been  carried  out  suc- 
cessfully are  a house-to-house  canvass  of  a whole  city  or  town;  a 
house-to-house  canvass  of  a limited  district;  an  investigation  of  a 
selected  list  of  births.  A leaflet  giving  full  directions  for  carrying 
out  a birth-registration  test  according  to  these  or  other  methods  will 
be  sent  on  application  to  the  Children’s  Bureau. 

Baby  death  rate. 

The  committee  in  charge  of  obtaining  this  information  should  in- 
clude in  its  membership  the  local  health  officer  and  registrar.  In 
most  communities,  on  account  of  the  lack  of  complete  birth  registra- 
tion, accurate  data  with  regard  to  the  baby  death  rate  can  not  be 
obtained.  Where  complete  canvasses  of  births  are  made,  as  above 
suggested,  these  will  supplement  the  official  records  of  births.  The 
facts  as  disclosed  by  the  records,  however  incomplete,  should  be 
studied. 


1 See  also  U.  S.  Children’s  Bureau.  Birth  Registration  : An  aid  in  protecting  the  lives 
and  rights  of  children.  Bureau  publication  No.  2. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


79 


The  following  figures  should  be  compiled : 

(a)  The  number  of  live  births  during  the  last  calendar  year  of 
which  records  are  obtainable  at  the  time  of  the  campaign. 

(b)  The  number  of  deaths  of  babies  under  1 year  of  age  during 
that  year. 

( c ) The  baby  death  rate,  or  infant  mortality  rate,  which  is  the 
relation  between  the  two.  The  rate  is  expressed  as  the  number  of 
deaths  of  babies  under  1 year  of  age  per  1,000  live  births  during 
the  same  year.  Although  in  the  smaller  communities  the  number  of 
babies  born  alive  during  a year  may  not  reach  1,000,  the  rate  is  still 
given  in  terms  of  the  number  of  deaths  per  1,000  live  births.  For 
instance,  if  the  number  of  babies  born  alive  during  the  year  is  200, 
while  the  number  of  babies  under  1 year  of  age  dying  during  the 
year  is  25,  the  baby  death  rate  will  be  125  per  1,000. 

(d)  The  number  of  babies  under  1 year  of  age  who  died  during 
the  year  from  all  causes;  also  the  number  of  babies’  deaths  and  the 
percentage  of  the  total  number  of  babies’  deaths  assigned  to  each  of 
certain  important  causes,  such  as  diarrhea  and  enteritis,  congenital 
diseases  and  diseases  of  early  infancy,  and  respiratory  diseases.1 

These  figures,  when  compiled,  will  show  what  is  the  most  im- 
portant cause  of  death  among  the  babies  in  the  community  and  will 
point  to  that  factor  which  should  be  attacked  first  in  an  attempt  to 
lower  the  baby  death  rate.  For  instance,  one  community  may  find 
that  the  majority  of  its  deaths  of  babies  under  1 year  are  due  to 
diarrhea  and  enteritis  occurring  in  the  summer  months.  This  fact 
points  to  the  special  need  of  infant-welfare  stations,  the  instructive 
work  of  visiting  nurses,  and,  possibly,  of  improvements  in  the  milk 
supply,  for  it  has  been  definitely  proved  that  through  these  means 
diarrhea  and  enteritis  among  babies  can  be  largely  prevented. 

Another  community  may  find  that  few  babies  die  from  these  dis- 
eases, but  that  congenital  diseases  and  diseases  of  early  infancy  are 
to  blame  for  the  majority  of  the  deaths.  Here  evidently  there  is 
need  for  better  prenatal  and  obstetrical  care  given  by  physicians  and 
nurses  and  for  community  measures  for  supplying  them. 

In  smaller  communities,  where  the  figures  upon  which  rates  for 
one  year  must  be  based  are  very  small,  it  will  be  better  to  use  the 
figures  not  for  one  year  only  but  for  a period  of  three  or  five  years. 

1 Figures  compiled  at  the  Children’s  Bureau  from  the  tables  published  by  the  United 
States  Bureau  of  the  Census  give  the  following  distribution  of  infant  deaths  according 
to  these  three  causes.  These  percentages  are  based  on  the  average  annual  number  of 
infant  deaths  for  the  five-year  period  1908  to  1912  and  relate  to  the  States  which  were 
in  the  death-registration  area  in  1910 : Diarrhea  and  enteritis,  25.6  per  cent  of  all 
deaths  under  1 year  of  age  ; congenital  diseases  and  diseases  of  early  infancy,  including 
congenital  malformations,  congenital  debility  and  premature  birth,  atrophy  and  maras- 
mus, injuries  at  birth,  and  other  conditions  peculiar  to  early  infancy,  34.8  per  cent ; 
respiratory  diseases,  including  acute  bronchitis,  broncho-pneumonia,  and  pneumonia,  14.9 
per  cent ; all  other  causes,  24.7  per  cent. 


80 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


A useful  method  of  studying  and  portraying  conditions  in  the 
community  is  through  the  preparation  of  two  spot  maps,  one  show- 
ing the  location  of  the  births  and  the  other  that  of  the  deaths  of  the 
babies  during  the  year  or  period  studied,  or  one  map  may  be  pre- 
pared giving  both  the  births  and  deaths  in  different  colors.  This 
will  show  graphically  in  which  part  of  the  community  the  largest 
number  of  babies  die  and  will  give  evidence  as  to  the  general  condi- 
tions leading  to  an  excessive  death  rate.  Maps  for  this  purpose 
should  be  large  and  should  contain  very  little  detail.  The  spots 
should  be  made  at  the  location  of  the  address  where  the  birth  or 
death  occurred.  The  spots  may  be  drawn  by  hand  or  put  on  with  a 
rubber  stamp  or  they  may  be  represented  by  short  pins  with  colored 
heads. 

Where  a study  of  the  figures  can  not  be  made  locally,  information 
with  regard  to  the  local  baby  death  rate  may  be  obtained  by  apply- 
ing to  the  State  health  officer  or  the  State  registrar  of  vital  statistics. 

Baby-welfare  work. 

A study  should  be  made  of  what  baby-welfare  work  is  being  done 
by  the  department  of  health  or  by  private  organizations,  with  the 
object  of  pointing  out  the  further  needs  of  the  community.  This 
would  include  studies  of : 

(a)  Infant-welfare  or  milk  stations  or  other  types  of  permanent 
stations. 

(b)  Work  by  visiting  or  public-health  nurses. 

( c ) Prenatal  care  and  proper  obstetrical  and  nursing  care  of 
mothers. 

(. d ) Educational  work  by  pamphlets,  lectures,  etc. 

(e)  Provision  for  sick  babies  at  hospitals. 

(/)  Summer  camps  or  tents  for  babies. 

( g ) Work  done  for  the  prevention  of  blindness  among  babies, 
including  laws  or  ordinances  and  their  enforcement. 

Community  conditions. 

A study  may  be  made  of  the  local  milk  supply  or  of  the  other 
sanitary  conditions  of  the  community  which  affect  the  baby,  such  as 
water  supply,  housing  conditions,  disposal  of  garbage  and  sewage, 
etc.  (Seep.  44.) 

These  studies  may  form  part  of  the  program  of  women’s  organi- 
zations during  the  winter. 

If  such  studies  can  not  be  made  preparatory  to  baby  week,  they 
may  be  included  in  follow-up  work.  (See  p.  99.) 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


81 


BABY-WELFARE  EXHIBIT. 

In  the  1916  campaign  an  exhibit  proved  to  be  one  of  the  most 
popular  features  of  baby  week.  In  arranging  any  exhibit  to  which 
mothers  are  allowed  to  bring  babies  or  young  children  the  State  or 
local  health  authorities  should  be  consulted  as  to  whether  the  danger 
of  any  epidemic,  especially  one  of  infantile  paralysis,  renders  such 
an  exhibit  inadvisable.  (See  p.  69.) 

An  exhibit  may  be  used  in  many  different  ways. 

1.  It  may  be  shown  in  connection  with  a baby-health  conference 
or  a meeting. 

2.  An  exhibit  may  be  the  main  feature  of  a central  headquarters, 
combined  with  plays,  meetings,  or  motion  pictures.  In  this  case 
practically  all  the  publicity  will  be  directed  toward  bringing  people 
to  the  central  place,  and  the  methods  will  follow  those  used  in  con- 
ducting any  social-welfare  exhibit.1 

3.  Many  small  exhibits  may  be  shown  during  baby  week  in  differ- 
ent centers  in  a large  city. 

4.  An  exhibit  prepared  for  baby  week  may  be  used  later  as  a 
lending  exhibit  throughout  a circuit.  Such  a circuit  may  be  a series 
of  centers  in  one  large  city  or  all  the  towns  or  the  district  schools  of 
a county  or  all  the  towns  in  one  section  of  a State. 

5.  An  ingenious  plan  is  to  obtain  the  consent  of  merchants  to 
arrange  small  exhibits  in  their  windows  in  which  suitable  articles 
from  their  own  stock  will  appear. 

Different  features  which  may  be  included  in  an  exhibit  are  wall 
panels,  exhibits  of  objects,  and  demonstrations. 

Subject  matter  of  an  exhibit. 

Many  different  subjects  may  be  treated  in  a baby-welfare  exhibit, 
but  they  should  be  kept  distinct  through  the  arrangement  of  the 
exhibit. 

Among  subjects  which  may  be  included  are: 

1.  Care  of  child  and  mother. 

Care  of  the  baby. 

Feeding — breast  feeding,  artificial  feeding. 

Clothing. 

Fresh  air,  bathing,  routine  care. 

Care  of  the  child  up  to  school  age. 

Feeding. 

Clothing. 

Play. 

1 See  U.  S.  Children’s  Bureau.  Child-Welfare  Exhibits : Types  and  preparation. 
Bureau  publication  No.  14. 

77632°— 17 6 


82 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


1.  Care  of  child  and  mother — Continued. 

Care  of  the  mother. 

Prenatal  care. 

Care  at  confinement. 

Care  of  children  with  paralyzed  muscles. 

Muscle  training,  etc. 

2.  Community  conditions. 

Birth  registration. 

Baby  death  rate. 

Contagious  disease-  including  infantile  paralysis. 

Milk  supply. 

Water  supply. 

3.  Community  needs. 

Infant- welfare  stations. 

Public-health  nurses  for  infant- welfare  and  prenatal  work. 

Larger  appropriation  for  public-health  work. 

Public  outdoor  recreation. 

Improvement  in  birth  registration  and  in  sanitary  condi- 
tions— milk  supply,  housing,  etc. 

Securing  exhibit  material. 

Exhibit  material  may  be  bought,  rented,  borrowed,  or  prepared 
locally.  In  general  the  most  successful  exhibits  combine  material 
which  is  prepared  locally  with  that  which  is  obtained  in  other  ways. 

Many  State  boards  of  health  and  extension  departments  of  State 
universities  and  agricultural  colleges  have  exhibit  material  which 
they  will  send  out  through  the  State  to  any  organization  paying  trans- 
portation. On  pages  121  to  131  of  the  appendix  will  be  found  a list 
of  material  available  from  these  sources  in  various  States.  These  de- 
partments are  adding  rapidly  to  their  supply  of  exhibit  material; 
therefore  it  would  be  worth  while  to  make  application  to  such  State 
agencies  for  exhibit  material  even  in  cases  where  the  agencies  do 
not  appear  in  this  list. 

Several  national  organizations  and  Federal  departments  have 
traveling  exhibits  on  infant- welfare  subjects.  For  a list  of  these 
organizations  and  departments  and  for  details  regarding  their  ex- 
hibit material,  see  appendix,  pages  117  to  121. 

It  is  well  to  make  application  for  this  material  as  long  in  advance 
as  possible,  as  last  year  proved  that  there  was  an  overwhelming 
demand  at  the  last  moment  for  all  available  material. 

MAKING  WALL  PANELS. 

If  no  exhibit  material  on  the  care  of  infants  in  the  form  of  wall 
panels  is  found  to  be  available,  the  exhibit  committee  may  wish  to 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


83 


prepare  their  own  panels.  In  any  case,  most  committees  will  wish 
to  include  panels  illustrating  local  needs  and  conditions.  Repro- 
ductions of  a few  typical  panels  on  the  care  of  babies  are  given  in 
the  appendix  to  Child-Welfare  Exhibits.  Committees  may  find  it 
practical  to  copy  these  panels  or  others  of  which  they  can  obtain 
reproductions,  using  photographs  or  pictures  from  magazines  for 
the  illustrations.  In  the  appendix  to  this  bulletin,  page  116,  are 
given  lists  of  the  subjects  of  the  panels  in  several  inf  ant- welfare 
exhibits.  In  preparing  material  it  is  well  to  remember  that  it  is 
best  not  to  attempt  to  include  too  much  on  one  panel  and  that  each 
panel  should  be  on  one  subject  or  idea  and  should  not  be  a miscel- 
laneous collection  of  statements  and  pictures. 

A small  temporary  exhibit  may  be  made  at  slight  expense,  if  cheap 
materials  are  used.  In  a temporary  exhibit  there  is  no  need  of 
framing  the  panels.  They  should,  however,  have  a border  painted 
in  a color  contrasting  with  that  of  the  panel.  A good  size  for  a 
large  panel  is  3 by  5 feet,  the  panel  being  hung  20  to  30  inches  off  the 
floor. 

The  material  of  which  panels  may  be  made  will  vary  somewhat 
with  the  size,  and  panels  which  are  to  have  photographs  pasted  upon 
them  need  a stiffer  ground  than  others.  For  larger  panels  the  ma- 
terials most  generally  available  are  beaver  board,  Upson  board,  and 
compo  board.  For  smaller  panels  corrugated  strawboard,  heavy 
cardboard,  and  binder’s  board  may  be  used.  The  last  two  are  usually 
obtainable  in  all  communities. 

Plain  upright  letters  are  best,  varying  in  height  from  three-fourths 
of  an  inch  to  2 to  3 inches  for  special  display.  The  type  of  lettering 
known  as  gothic  is  very  clear  and  easily  read.  On  some  tinted  back- 
grounds lettering  may  be  done  in  both  white  and  black  letters.  A 
color  variation  for  important  words  or  to  lend  variety  is  desirable 
when  used  in  moderation.  It  is  well  to  remember  that  the  cheap  red 
which  produces  a glare  is  ineffective. 

Lettering  is  done  best  by  a sign  painter,  if  this  expense  can  be  in- 
curred. The  best  substitute  method  is  the  use  of  pasted  paper  let- 
ters. These  paper  letters,  with  gummed  backs,  may  be  ordered  at 
stationery  shops.  The  lettering  should  be  planned  by  a person  with 
a sense  of  artistic  balance,  and  pasted  letters  should  be  put  on  with 
great  care. 

A suggestion  for  making  inexpensive  panels  is  given  on  page  IT. 

Panels  are  much  more  attractive  and  interesting  if  they  are  illus- 
trated by  photographs,  drawings,  colored  pictures,  or  maps.  It  is 
well,  however,  to  avoid  the  use  of  diagrams  and  charts  that  require 
close  study.  Photographs  should  be  enlarged  to  at  least  10  by  12 
inches  to  be  effective. 


84 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


EXHIBIT  OE  OBJECTS. 

1.  An  interesting  part  of  an  infant-welfare  exhibit  is  a collection 
of  model  articles  for  use  in  the  care  of  the  baby.  These  may  be  bor- 
rowed from  the  stores,  but  they  should  be  carefully  chosen  by  the 
committee.  The  exhibit  should  include  outfits  at  minimum  cost  and 
homemade  substitutes.  Exhibits  in  miniature  of  tiny  dolls  with 
clothing,  furniture,  etc.,  are  attractive.  They  are  especially  useful 
in  small  exhibits  to  be  sent  from  place  to  place.  The  exhibit  may 
include  proper  clothing,  sleeping  and  bathing  arrangements,  and  arti- 
cles used  in  the  modification  of  milk  and  preparation  of  food  for 
older  children.  (See  Appendix,  pp.  114  to  115,  for  a list  of  articles 
forming  part  of  the  exhibit  on  infant  care  at  the  exhibit  of  the  Chil- 
dren’s Bureau,  Panama-Pacific  Exposition,  and  for  other  articles 
which  may  be  used.  See,  also,  p.  47  and  illus.  Nos.  12  and  13  for 
description  and  pictures  of  good  exhibits  of  this  kind.) 

2.  Articles  which  are  injurious  to  the  baby  may  be  shown,  such 
as  pacifiers,  soothing  sirups,  etc. 

3.  Proper  food  for  children  up  to  6 years  may  be  shown,  including 
model  meals  for  a day,  school  lunches  of  the  Do  Care  and  Don’t  Care 
families,  and  market  baskets  of  the  same  two  families. 

4.  A model  infant-welfare  station  may  form  part  of  the  exhibit. 

5.  Models  showing  good  and  bad  dairies,  methods  of  fly  preven- 
tion, and  methods  of  preventing  water  contamination  are  always  of 
interest. 

6.  Homes  of  the  Do  Care  and  Don’t  Care  families.  (See  Ap- 
pendix, p.  116.) 

Further  suggestions  for  exhibits  will  be  found  on  pages  45  to  49 
and  in  the  section  on  typical  local  campaigns. 

DEMONSTRATIONS. 

An  exhibit  which  involves  the  activity  of  human  beings  is  always 
more  attractive  than  one  composed  solely  of  objects  or  wall  panels.1 

Demonstrations  on  the  care  of  the  baby  may  consist  of: 

Preparation  of  modified  milk. 

Preparation  of  food  for  older  babies,  1 to  6 }^ears. 

Bathing  the  baby. 

Dressing  the  baby,  showing  proper  costume  in  summer  and 
winter. 

Protection  from  flies,  etc. 

The  use  of  homemade  appliances — home  pasteurizer,  fireless 
cooker,  iceless  refrigerator,  etc. 


1 See  U.  S.  Children’s  Bureau.  Child  Welfare  Exhibits  : Types  and  preparation.  Bureau 
publication  No.  14,  p.  42. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


85 


Demonstrations  of  infant-welfare  work  may  show  the  work  of 
an  infant-welfare  or  milk  station  and  of  public-health  nurses. 

Demonstration  of  muscle  training  for  children  with  paralyzed 
muscles  may  be  arranged  by  orthopedic  surgeons. 

See  page  45  for  descriptions  of  successful  demonstrations. 

Explainers. 

Explainers,  whose  task  is  to  draw  in  visitors  to  the  exhibit  as 
well  as  to  explain  its  details,  are  desirable  for  any  exhibit.1 

They  are  especially  important  for  a small  infant-welfare  exhibit. 
Arrangements  should  be  made  to  have  at  least  one  explainer  con- 
tinually at  each  section  of  the  exhibit.  All  explainers  should  receive 
instruction  in  the  subject  matter  of  the  exhibit  from  a representative 
of  the  committee  which  has  arranged  it ; meetings  of  the  explainers 
once  or  twice  during  the  week,  at  which  they  may  ask  advice  with 
regard  to  questions  which  have  puzzled  them,  may  be  of  advantage. 

Nurses  are  the  best  explainers  at  an  infant-welfare  exhibit,  par- 
ticularly if  it  is  largely  on  the  care  of  babies.  Besides  explaining 
the  panels  they  may  give  demonstrations  in  the  preparation  of 
milk,  in  bathing  the  baby,  etc. 

Publicity  about  the  exhibit. 

It  is  essential  that  the  exhibit  be  given  proper  publicity.  The 
publicity  committee  of  the  baby  week  will  have  this  in  charge,  but 
the  exhibit  committee  will  have  to  see  that  correct  information  with 
regard  to  the  exhibit  is  furnished  to  the  committee  on  publicity. 

If  an  exhibit  on  the  care  of  infants  has  been  prepared,  a special 
effort  must  be  made  to  bring  to  the  exhibit  the  mothers  of  the 
community;  if  one  on  the  need  for  inf  ant- welfare  work  has  been 
arranged,  those  organizations  and  individuals  who  will  be  useful 
in  helping  such  a movement  should  if  possible  be  brought  to  the 
exhibit.  Different  methods  must  be  devised  in  order  to  reach  dif- 
ferent types  of  people.  In  Pittsburgh  many  mothers  were  invited 
through  their  children  in  school;  personally  conducted  parties  were 
organized  in  different  neighborhoods  and  taken  to  the  exhibit. 

Additional  information  which  will  be  useful  to  those  planning  an 
exhibit  may  be  obtained  from  Child-Welfare  Exhibits,  Children’s 
Bureau  publication  No.  14;  Report  of  the  Philadelphia  Baby-Saving 
Show,  Child  Federation,  Witherspoon  Building,  Philadelphia,  Pa.; 
How  to  Use  an  Exhibit,  Board  of  Health  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey, 
Trenton,  N.  J. ; A B C’s  of  Exhibit  Making,  Department  of  Surveys 
and  Exhibits,  Russell  Sage  Foundation,  130  East  Twenty-second 
Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

1 U.  S.  Children’s  Bureau.  Child  Welfare  Exhibits  : Types  and  preparation.  Bureau 
publication  No.  14,  p.  42. 


86 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


BABY -HEAIiTH  CONFERENCES. 

“ Living  features  ”■ — that  is,  features  in  which  grown  people,  chil- 
dren, or  babies  take  part — are  the  most  interesting  divisions  of  any 
exhibit  or  celebration.  In  a baby-week  campaign  much  of  the  work 
is  necessarily  of  this  character.  The  committees  are  centers  of 
activity  and  arrange  the  many  features  which  have  been  suggested 
in  this  bulletin — celebrations  by  school  children,  parades,  outings, 
etc.  The  whole  campaign,  however,  revolves  about  the  baby  him- 
self ; he  is  its  most  interesting  feature. 

Various  types  of  what  may  in  general  be  called  baby-health  con- 
ferences have  been  devised;  all  have  one  common  aim,  to  focus  at- 
tention on  the  individual  baby.  There  is  a growing  tendency  to 
minimize  the  competitive  element  in  these  events  and  to  make  the 
conference  of  assistance  to  the  mothers  of  the  babies  examined  by 
pointing  out  the  needs  of  each  baby  and  the  ways  by  which  his 
physical  condition  may  be  bettered.  It  has  been  well  said  that  con- 
tests in  the  past  have  done  good  in  calling  attention  to  the  need 
and  the  possibility  of  upgrading  the  American  child.  But  the  con- 
test attracts  only  the  prospective  prize  winner  and  leaves  out  the 
great  rank  and  file. 

A baby-health  conference,  moreover,  is  a demonstration  to  all  the 
people  of  a community  of  the  value  of  a periodic  physical  examina- 
tion for  all  babies  as  well  as  for  older  children  and  the  value  of 
guidance  to  mothers  in  the  care  of  their  babies.  The  conference 
may  therefore  be  a potent  means  of  showing  to  a community  how 
such  examinations  may  be  carried  on  and  the  benefits  of  such  work 
in  “ keeping  the  well  baby  well.”  The  organization  of  infant- 
welfare  or  milk  stations  or  other  forms  of  permanent  stations  often 
follows  the  holding  of  such  conferences. 

It  is  to  be  noted  especially  that  as  baby-health  conferences  involve 
bringing  babies  together  they  are  included  among  those  features  of 
baby  week  discussed  on  page  69.  It  is  there  stated  that  in  a commu- 
nity in  which  an  epidemic  of  infantile  paralysis  has  occurred  recently 
the  State  and  local  health  officers  should  be  consulted  before  a feature 
of  this  sort  is  included  in  the  program  for  baby  week. 

A conference  is  best  combined  with  a small  infant-welfare  ex- 
hibit. Held  in  conjunction  with  an  exhibit  on  the  care  of  babies,  it 
shows  the  practical  application  of  the  advice  given  on  the  panels; 
while  if  the  exhibit  deals  with  the  need  of  the  community  for  infant- 
welfare  or  milk  stations,  the  conference  illustrates  the  methods  and 
benefits  of  such  work. 

All  the  different  forms  of  conferences  to  be  described  have  in 
common  the  following  features:  Thorough  physical  examination  of 
the  babies  by  competent  physicians  according  to  some  definitely  out- 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


87 


lined  plan,  a record  of  the  examination  being  given  to  the  parents; 
personal  interviews  between  physicians  and  parents,  in  which  the 
needs  of  the  baby  are  pointed  out  and  the  general  hygiene  best  suited 
to  the  baby  under  consideration  is  dwelt  upon.  No  treatment  or 
prescriptions  are  given;  where  there  is  need  for  either,  reference  is 
made  to  the  family  physician  or  dentist,  to  specialists,  or,  where  the 
parents  can  not  afford  private  care,  to  clinics  and  hospitals.  The 
information  given  to  the  mother  with  regard  to  the  proper  care  of 
her  baby  is  much  strengthened  by  reference  to  the  exhibit  material 
of  the  inf  ant- welfare  exhibit,  by  demonstrations  and  lectures  (with 
lantern  slides)  on  the  subject,  and  by  the  giving  out  of  bulletins  and 
leaflets.  The  help  of  nurses  is  an  important  feature. 

Conditions  for  the  conference  which  are  safe  and  comfortable 
for  the  baby  must  be  provided.  Of  the  utmost  importance  is  the 
careful  making  of  appointments  beforehand  for  the  conference. 
Where  babies  are  examined  only  by  appointment  the  dangers  and 
discomforts  of  children  collecting  in  crowds  can  be  avoided. 

Baby-health  conference  without  score  card. 

This  type  of  conference  has  been  held  as  part  of  a children’s  health 
conference  at  Knoxville,  Atlanta,  Jacksonville,  Toledo,  Peoria,  at  the 
exhibit  of  the  Children’s  Bureau  at  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition, 
and  during  the  past  year  in  connection  with  baby  week  in  many 
communities. 

In  these  conferences  a full  physical  examination,  including  one  of 
the  eyes,  nose,  and  throat,  is  made  of  each  baby;  a printed  blank  is 
filled  out,  giving  the  results  of  the  examination  and  notes  with  regard 
to  the  individual  needs  of  each  baby.  This  record  sheet  is  given  to 
the  mother.  If  treatment  or  medicine  is  needed,  the  mother  is 
referred,  as  above  stated,  to  her  private  physician,  to  a specialist, 
or  to  other  sources  of  help,  as  the  case  requires.  No  score  card  is 
used. 

The  record  sheet  used  instead  of  a score  card  in  these  conferences 
gives  space  for  notes  on  the  age,  height,  weight,  previous  history, 
and  any  physical  defects  found  in  the  physical  examination.  It  has 
a page  on  which  the  examining  physician  gives  advice  to  the  mother 
on  the  general  hygiene  necessary  to  better  the  physical  condition  of 
the  baby  or  to  keep  the  baby  well.  In  a conference  of  this  type  no 
attempt  is  made  to  compare  the  development  or  condition  of  different 
babies;  the  object  of  the  conference  is  rather  to  center  the  attention 
of  the  mother  on  the  qualities  and  needs  of  her  own  child,  to  teach  in 
a practical  way  the  facts  with  regard  to  the  care  of  babies,  and  to 
point  out  the  sources  of  assistance  in  making  or  keeping  the  baby 
well.  These  purposes  should  be  made  plain  in  the  publicity  material 
given  out. 


88 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


Any  simple  form  of  record  sheet  which  is  decided  upon  by  the 
medical  staff  of  the  conference  and  which  gives  space  for  notes  on 
the  physical  condition  of  the  child  and  notes  on  hygiene  may  be  used. 

On  pages  132  and  133  of  the  appendix  is  reproduced  a copy  of  the 
record  sheet  used  by  the  Children’s  Bureau,  filled  out  for  a typical 
case.  This  record  sheet  has  been  reprinted  by  the  American  Medi- 
cal Association  and  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  secretary 
of  the  council  on  health  and  public  instruction,  535  North  Dearborn 
Street,  Chicago,  111. 

A pamphlet  of  instructions  for  committees  planning  baby-health 
conferences  or  children’s  health  conferences  of  this  type  can  be 
obtained  on  application  to  the  Children’s  Bureau. 

Baby-health  conference  with  score  card. 

In  such  a conference  the  physical  condition  of  the  baby  examined 
is  recorded  on  a score  card.  For  each  defect  found  a certain  amount 
is  deducted  from  the  perfect  score  of  100.  When  the  examination 
is  finished  and  the  score  computed  the  latter  expresses  the  general 
physical  condition  and  development  of  the  child.  Many  successful 
conferences  have  been  held  throughout  the  country  during  the  past 
few  years  according  to  this  method.  The  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation has  prepared  a standard  score  card  which  may  be  obtained 
for  use  at  baby-health  conferences.  This  organization  has  also  pre- 
pared a pamphlet  giving  instructions  for  organizations  wishing  to 
conduct  a baby-health  conference  according  to  this  score  card,  sug- 
gestions on  the  use  of  the  score  card  to  physicians  making  the  ex- 
aminations, and  suggestions  upon  the  computation  of  the  score. 
(See  Appendix,  p.  119.)  Sample  copies  and  a price  list  of  score 
card,  pamphlet,  and  anthropometric  table  may  be  obtained  on  ap- 
plication to  the  secretary  of  the  council  on  health  and  public  instruc- 
tion, 535  North  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago,  111. 

Baby-improvement  contest. 

Another  form  of  baby-health  conference  is  that  in  which  the  babies 
are  first  examined  and  scored  as  in  the  above  conference,  and  after 
an  interval  (1  to  12  months)  are  again  examined  and  scored  and  a 
diploma,  medal,  or  prize  is  given  to  the  babies  showing  the  greatest 
improvement  in  score.  The  following  resolutions  were  adopted  by 
the  Council  on  Health  and  Public  Instruction  of  the  American 
Medical  Association,  February  24,  1914: 

That  if  the  awarding  of  any  medals  or  prizes  seems  judicious  in  the  baby- 
health  conferences,  they  shall  be  given  to  the  babies  showing  the  greatest  im- 
provement in  health  between  the  various  examinations  rather  than  to  the 
naturally  healthy  child  who  scores  high  at  the  first  examination. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


89 


A baby-improvement  contest  was  held  by  the  Child  Federation  of 
Philadelphia  in  1914.  In  this  contest  the  babies  examined  and 
scored  at  the  first  examinations  were  kept  under  observation  for  four 
weeks  and  their  homes  were  visited  at  frequent  intervals  by  trained 
nurses.  At  the  end  of  this  time  the  babies  wTere  again  examined  and 
scored.  The  final  score,  upon  which  prizes  were  awarded,  was  based 
50  per  cent  on  the  improvement  shown  in  the  physical  condition  of 
the  baby  between  the  two  examinations  and  50  per  cent  on  the  im- 
provement shown  in  the  cleanliness  and  general  sanitation  of  the 
home,  the  care  of  the  baby  in  the  home,  and  the  degree  of  coopera- 
tion shown  by  the  mother.  At  the  close  of  the  first  examination  the 
physician  prepared  a slip  containing  the  special  form  of  instruction 
he  desired  the  mother  to  have,  and  this  was  given  to  the  visiting 
nurse  having  the  case  in  charge. 

Many  organizations  have  held  baby-health  conferences  according 
to  a score  card  and  a year  later  have  held  improvement  contests 
in  which  the  same  babies  entered  for  a second  examination.  In 
many  baby  weeks  in  1916  the  first  examination  in  a baby-improve- 
ment contest  was  a feature. 

COMPETITIONS  OF  VABIOTJS  KINDS. 

Suggestions  for  competitions  of  various  kinds  may  be  drawn  from 
reports  of  baby  weeks  on  pages  51  to  53.  When  a prize  seems  desir- 
able or  necessary,  it  should  be  extremely  simple. 

For  a better-mother  competition  a local  newspaper  may  be  glad 
to  offer  a small  prize  for  the  best  letter  on  the  care  of  the  baby, 
written  in  answer  to  a series  of  questions  published  in  the  paper  at 
the  opening  of  the  competition.  After  the  letters  are  judged  and 
the  prizes  awarded  many  of  the  best  letters  could  be  published.  A 
committee  composed  of  physicians  and  nurses  should  be  given  charge 
of  drawing  up  the  questions  and  judging  the  replies. 

MEETINGS. 

Mass  meeting  or  rally. 

A mass  meeting  may  well  form  a useful  feature  of  baby  week, 
especially  in  smaller  communities.  It  may  be  held  at  the  beginning 
or  end  of  the  campaign.  The  committee  in  charge  of  this  meeting 
undoubtedly  will  be  able  to  secure  free  some  public  hall,  theater,  or 
school.  It  is  well  to  choose  a place  barely  large  enough  to  accommo- 
date the  size  of  audience  which  may  reasonably  be  expected  to 
attend.  A meeting  which  fills  a small  hall,  even  to  overcrowding, 
is  more  inspiring  than  one  in  a large  hall  which  is  half  empty. 

A suitable  presiding  officer  should  be  chosen.  An  interesting 
speaker  from  another  city  may  be  secured  for  the  mass  meeting; 


90 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


many  State  departments  of  health  are  able,  on  application,  to  send 
out  a speaker  if  his  expenses  are  paid.  Short  talks  by  representa- 
tive people  of  the  community  should  be  included.  The  talks  at  thig 
meeting  should  be  on  subjects  of  general  interest.  Such  subjects 
as  “ The  purpose  of  baby  week,”  “ What  a city  owes  its  babies,” 
“After  baby  week,  what?”  “This  community’s  baby  death  rate,”  and 
“What  other  cities  have  done  for  their  babies”  may  be  included. 
Technical  and  medical  subjects  are  not  appropriate  for  a mass 
meeting. 

It  is  well  to  advertise  some  features  for  such  a meeting  which  will 
attract  a popular  audience.  Lantern  slides  and  motion  pictures  serve 
this  purpose.  In  addition  some  popular  numbers  may  well  be  added 
to  the  program. 

It  takes  time,  trouble,  and  thought  to  insure  a good  audience  for 
a mass  meeting.  Moree1  has  recently  called  attention  to  “Mass 
meetings  that  failed  to  mass  ” in  an  article  which  gives  many  excel- 
lent suggestions  for  securing  a large  attendance.  Committees  in 
each  community  will  need  to  work  out  their  own  methods  of  gaining 
an  audience.  Several  expedients  were  used  successfully  in  1916. 
(See  p.  53.)  A few  suggestions  may  be  added : 

Ample  newspaper  publicity  is  of  primary  importance.  If  a well- 
known  speaker  from  away  is  to  address  the  meeting,  an  outline  of 
his  speech  should  be  secured  and  given  to  the  newspapers  in  advance 
of  the  meeting,  with  his  photograph,  if  possible,  and  a brief  note 
as  to  his  position,  writings,  etc.  In  some  cases  it  is  worth  while  to 
insert  paid  advertisements  of  a meeting. 

Notice  of  the  meeting  may  be  given  out  in  the  churches  and  at  meet- 
ings of  societies.  A large  committee  can  divide  a list  of  names  and 
call  on  or  telephone  to  each  one  on  the  list.  In  distributing  tickets 
or  printed  notices  or  invitations  care  may  well  be  taken  to  reach,  by 
mail  or  otherwise,  the  members  of  all  organizations,  including  civic 
associations,  lodges,  labor  unions,  churches,  and  church  societies. 
Parents  of  school  children  should  always  be  reached  in  some  fashion. 
In  addressing  lists  for  notices  of  any  kind,  careful  checking  will 
avoid  duplication. 

It  is  well  to  remember  that  the  more  kinds  of  publicity  a meeting 
receives  the  more  people  will  be  likely  to  come. 

The  choice  of  the  program  is  of  course  the  most  important  part 
of  gaining  an  audience.  Plays,  tableaux,  pageants,  or  choruses  in 
which  a large  number  of  children  or  adults  take  part  always  insure 
a good  audience  of  the  relatives  and  friends  of  the  performers. 

In  case  the  community  is  a center  for  a surrounding  rural  popu- 
lation every  effort  should  be  made  to  secure  the  presence  of  people 
from  the  country. 

1 Moree,  E.  A.  “Making  a meeting  effective.”  American  Journal  of  Public  Health, 
January.  1916,  vol.  6,  p.  28. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


91 


Informal  meetings,. 

These  are  very  desirable  in  connection  with  the  exhibit  or  the 
health  conference;  in  large  cities  it  is  well  to  plan  such  meetings  at 
many  different  centers  throughout  the  city  in  settlement  houses, 
public  halls,  or  schools.  Informal  meetings  may  be  held  in  the  after- 
noon for  mothers  especially,  or  they  may  be  evening  meetings  for 
parents.  The  programs  may  include  brief  talks,  music,  stereopticon 
slides,  and  possibly  motion  pictures.  In  such  meetings  also  the  short 
plays  or  tableaux  may  be  used. 

TALKS  AT  MEETINGS  OE  CLUBS  AND  SOCIETIES. 

A special  effort  may  be  made  to  have  each  organization  which 
meets  during  the  week  devote  part  or  all  of  the  meeting  to  discussion 
or  talks  on  subjects  related  to  baby  welfare.  In  communities  where 
it  has  been  decided  that  it  is  impossible  to  send  out  messages  to  in- 
dividual fathers  a copy  of  such  a message  may  be  sent  to  each  men’s 
organization  in  the  community  with  the  request  that  the  message  be 
read  at  a meeting  of  the  organization  if  such  occurs  during  the  week. 
(See  p.  138.)  A similar  message  to  women’s  organizations  may  be 
prepared  and  sent  to  each  women’s  organization  with  the  request 
that  an  informal  discussion  of  the  problems  and  lessons  of  baby  week 
be  included  with  the  reading  of  the  message.  The  following  are  a 
few  suggested  topics  for  discussion : 

How  can  this  community  better  the  conditions  of  the  babies? 

What  can  this  society  do  to  improve  conditions  for  the  babies  ? 

Birth  registration. 

Infant-welfare  work:  Inf  ant- welfare  stations,  public-health 
or  visiting  nurses,  and  what  they  have  done  for  babies  in  other 
communities. 

Rural  public-health  nurses.  . 

The  Children’s  Bureau  has  an  outline  of  suggestions  for  pro- 
grams on  “ The  community  and  the  child  ” which  includes  a list  of 
references  and  may  be  of  service  in  this  connection.  Copies  will  be 
sent  free  of  charge  on  application. 

Lantern  slides. 

Slides  illustrating  the  care  of  babies,  and  also  different  types  of 
welfare  work,  may  be  prepared  locally  or  may  be  borrowed  from 
various  sources.  Many  State  boards  of  health  and  extension  divi- 
sions of  State  universities  have  sets  of  lantern  slides  on  appropriate 
subjects  which  they  send  out  with  or  without  outlines  for  an  ac- 
companying lecture  if  the  cost  of  transportation  is  paid  and  broken 
slides  are  replaced.  See  Appendix,  page  121,  for  a list  of  available 
material  of  this  type  for  each  State. 


92 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


Ir  addition  lantern  slides  may  be  bought,  rented,  or  borrowed 
from  other  sources.  (See  Appendix,  pp.  117  to  121.) 

Motion  pictures. 

While  motion  pictures  are  among  the  most  popular  forms  of  edu- 
cation and  many  communities  desire  to  use  them,  unfortunately  at 
present  there  do  not  seem  to  be  enough  films  available  on  baby  wel- 
fare, either  from  commercial  exchanges  or  private  organizations,  to 
make  up  a list  that  would  be  useful.  Comparatively  few  films  have 
been  produced  on  subjects  pertaining  to  baby  welfare,  and  some  of 
these  are  not  easily  obtainable.  The  Children’s  Bureau,  on  request, 
will  give  as  much  information  as  possible  in  relation  to  available 
motion  pictures  and  films. 

Plays. 

Plays  in  which  children  take  part  may  be  given  at  school  as  part 
of  school  celebrations  or  parents’  meetings,  at  settlement  houses  or 
other  neighborhood  centers,  at  the  campaign  center,  or  at  the  exhibit. 
They  are  valuable  in  giving  interest  to  a large  evening  meeting. 

In  producing  the  plays  it  is  well  to  have  a number  of  different 
casts  trained  to  act  the  same  play.  The  larger  number  of  children 
taking  part  will  interest  more  of  the  parents  in  seeing  the  production 
and  will  make  it  possible  to  give  many  more  performances,  as  it  is 
not  desirable  to  have  the  same  group  of  children  take  part  every  day 
during  baby  week. 

Some  committees  may  prefer  to  use  original  plays  by  local  writers. 
Tableaux  and  pageants  may  be  originated  to  suit  local  conditions. 
A number  of  health  plays  for  children  are  available.  They  are 
listed  on  page  134  of  the  appendix,  with  an  outline  of  the  story, 
number  of  characters,  and  thfc  necessary  costumes  and  stage 
getting. 

PAMPHLETS  ON  BABY  WELFARE. 

The  opportunity  to  distribute  educational  pamphlets  and  leaflets 
on  the  care  of  the  child  and  the  mother  is  a very  important  feature 
of  baby  week.  These  can  be  distributed  in  many  ways — at  an 
exhibit,  at  a children’s  health  conference,  at  meetings  for  mothers,  or 
with  the  flags  on  flag  day.  (See  pp.  36  and  55.)  An  effort  should 
be  made,  however,  not  to  waste  the  material.  In  most  cases  the 
leaflets  and  pamphlets  on  baby  and  child  care,  prenatal  care,  and 
infantile  paralysis,  as  well  as  on  after-care  of  paralyzed  muscles, 
will  not  need  to  be  printed  locally.  Many  city  and  State  departments 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


93 


of  health  and  certain  Federal  departments  have  prepared  such 
material  for  distribution  free  of  charge  or  at  a small  cost.  Lists  are 
given  on  page  117  of  the  Federal  departments  and  national  organiza- 
tions from  which  pamphlets  may  be  obtained,  and  on  page  121  of 
the  State  agencies  furnishing  such  material. 

PUBLICITY. 

Newspapers. 

The  chief  avenue  of  publicity  is,  of  oourse,  the  daily  papers.  In 
almost  any  community  the  cordial  cooperation  of  the  newspapers 
may  be  counted  upon.  It  is  due  the  newspaper,  however,  that  the 
committees  planning  the  campaign  furnish  material  that  is  really 
“ news  ” and  that  they  make  their  campaign  so  interesting  that  people 
are  glad  to  read  about  it.  Probably  the  first  step  is  for  the  committee 
to  confer  with  the  editors  of  the  daily  papers  and  receive  their  sug- 
gestions as  to  the  methods  to  be  pursued  in  supplying  material.  The 
employment  of  a press  agent  depends  largely  on  the  question  of 
funds  and  the  availability  of  some  one  who  can  write  up  the  material 
both  sympathetically  and  in  a readable  manner. 

Following  are  some  suggestions  for  newspaper  publicity: 

First.  A news  story  when  the  baby  week  is  first  decided  upon, 
followed  by  other  stories  at  intervals,  and  daily  stories  during  baby 
week. 

Second.  A special  department  in  one  or  more  papers  during  baby 
week,  such  as  a series  o’f  articles  on  the  care  of  babies,  a question-and- 
answer  department,  or  a series  of  stories  on  baby- welfare  work  and 
the  local  conditions  and  plans. 

Third.  Newspaper  syndicates,  syndicates  sending  out  material  in 
matrix  form,  and  ready-print  companies  may  have  material  with 
definite  release  dates  on  these  subjects  which  they  are  ready  to 
furnish  to  editors. 

Fourth.  The  Children’s  Bureau  will  send  on  application  articles 
on  various  subjects  connected  with  baby  week,  which  may  be  adapted 
for  local  use. 

Every  news  article  connected  with  baby  week,  whether  it  is  about 
the  work  of  a committee  or  an  event  of  the  week,  may  give  an  oppor- 
tunity for  saying  something  that  adds  to  the  educational  work  of 
baby  welfare. 

For  examples  of  newspaper  articles  on  baby  week,  see  page  56; 
also,  Appendix,  page  136. 

On  pages  55  to  64  will  be  found  descriptions  of  publicity  methods 
which  have  proved  useful. 


94 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


Cooperation  of  merchants  and  other  business  men. 

The  committee  should  bear  constantly  in  mind  that  the  primary 
purpose  of  baby  week  is  an  educational  campaign  and  all  coopera- 
tion offered  should  be  tested  by  this  standard.  In  every  community 
there  are  public-spirited  merchants  who  will  cooperate  with  the  com- 
mittee and  will  contribute  window  space  or  articles  for  exhibits 
which  the  committee  approves,  and  who  will  assist  in  the  distribution 
of  posters  and  educational  material  supplied  by  the  committee. 

It  is  of  the  utmost  importance  that  any  printed  matter  or  exhibit 
material  used  by  merchants  under  the  committee’s  sanction  should 
be  approved  by  the  committee. 

If  possible  the  committee  should  try  to  arrange  with  merchants 
in  advance  for  suitable  window  exhibits. 

Every  effort  should  be  made  to  discourage  meetings  or  baby  ex- 
aminations which  are  not  under  the  supervision  of  the  baby-week 
committee  upon  which  are  represented  the  medical  society,  the  de- 
partment of  health,  and  the  women’s  organizations. 

FOLLOW-UP  WORK. 

Just  as  important  as  the  campaign  of  baby  week  is  the  follow-up 
campaign  which  should  succeed  it.  One  of  the  two  main  objects  of 
a baby  week  as  sketched  in  the  preceding  sections  is  to  bring  before 
the  public  a realization  of  the  facts  relating  to  baby  welfare  in  the 
community  and  the  need  of  greater  efforts  on  the  part  of  the  com- 
munity to  protect  its  babies.  If  this  has  been  successful,  at  the  end 
of  the  baby  week  the  time  will  be  ripe  for  the  urging  of  specific 
programs  for  the  welfare  of  babies.  As  suggested  before,  some  com- 
munities may  find  it  wise  to  concentrate  during  baby  week  on  one 
particular  phase  of  work;  here  an  especially  good  opportunity  will 
be  given  for  follow-up  work  after  the  celebration. 

In  the  section  on  organizing  baby  week  the  statement  was  made 
that,  before  dissolving,  the  executive  committee  of  the  baby-week 
campaign  should  appoint  a committee  to  make  plans  for  follow-up 
work.  The  local  department  of  health  should  be  represented  on 
this  committee. 

In  communities  where  the  city  health  departments  are  already 
carrying  on  good  medical  and  nursing  work  for  mothers  and  babies, 
where  the  milk  supply  is  properly  safeguarded,  where  birth  regis- 
tration is  prompt  and  complete,  the  follow-up  campaign  will 
naturally  be  directed  toward  giving  these  public  activities  continued 
intelligent  support  and  will  emphasize  the  need  of  studying  the 
city’s  responsibility  for  bettering  sanitation,  housing,  and  indus- 
trial conditions. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


95 


In  communities  where  private  organizations  are  carrying  on 
infant-welfare  work,  but  where  little  money  is  allowed  the  city  de- 
partments for  this  purpose,  a follow-up  publicity  campaign  may  help 
in  obtaining  the  popular  support  which  will  enable  these  depart- 
ments to  take  up  such  work.  The  follow-up  campaign  here  will  also 
help  private  organizations.  The  stimulation  of  better  cooperation 
among  all  agencies  interested  in  infant  welfare  should  be  one  of  the 
important  results  of  baby  week. 

Many  communities  have  as  yet  no  work,  public  or  private,  for  the 
welfare  of  babies;  here  the  follow-up  campaign  will  be  directed 
toward  beginning  some  work  of  this  kind  according  to  local  needs. 

Public-health  or  visiting  nurses. 

Recent  years  have  proved  that  an  indispensable  part  of  any  work 
for  the  welfare  of  babies,  as  well  as  of  all  public-health  work,  is 
public-health  nursing.  This  service  is  needed  in  country  and  city 
alike. 

Public-health  nursing  differs  from  private  nursing  in  that  it  is 
concerned  with  the  health  of  all  the  people  of  the  community 
rather  than  with  that  of  one  individual.  The  public-health  nurse 
is  at  the  service  of  every  member  of  the  community.  Those  desiring 
her  services  in  their  homes  who  can  pay  for  her  visits  do  so,  but  those 
unable  to  pay  may  call  upon  her  without  charge.  Her  function  is 
to  concern  herself  with  all  the  conditions  in  the  community  which 
may  have  a bearing  on  the  health  of  its  citizens.  She  is  a public 
servant  rather  than  a private  luxury.  By  instruction,  by  demonstra- 
tion, by  inspection,  and  by  the  giving  of  nursing  care  she  will  try 
to  increase  the  common  knowledge  of  the  prevention  of  disease  and 
the  maintenance  of  health  on  the  one  hand  and  will  teach  the  com- 
munity to  recognize  the  early  signs  of  disease  and  will  explain  the 
methods  of  checking  its  progress  and  restoring  health  on  the  other. 
One  of  her  primary  duties  is  to  work  for  the  saving  of  infant  lives. 
By  her  advice  to  mothers  during  the  period  of  pregnancy  and  her 
guidance  through  the  first  critical  years  of  the  baby’s  life  she  can 
supplement  the  doctor’s  services  in  keeping  the  baby  sturdy  and  free 
from  illness.  In  addition  to  instruction,  many  public-health  nurses 
give  nursing  care  during  the  lying-in  period  and  in  the  event  of  any 
illness  of  the  baby  or  other  member  of  the  family. 

In  the  school  the  public-health  nurse  finds  an  excellent  oppor- 
tunity to  discover  any  physical  defects  that  may  be  developing  in 
the  school  child.  By  early  discovery  and  prompt  eradication  the 
results  of  such  defects  may  be  made  almost  negligible.  She  looks 
for  symptoms  of  eye  strain,  of  adenoids  and  enlarged  tonsils,  of 
poor  teeth,  of  malnutrition,  of  nervous  disease,  of  heart  disease,  or  of 
contagious  disease. 


96 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


Another  important  duty  of  the  public-health  nurse  is  to  discover 
tuberculosis  in  its  early  stages,  to  assist  the  patient  to  secure  imme- 
diate treatment  looking  toward  the  arrest  of  the  disease,  and  to 
teach  him  how  to  protect  his  family  and  associates  from  infection. 

By  formation  of  health  leagues,  little  mothers’  classes,  mothers’ 
clubs,  girl  scout  classes  in  hygiene  and  home  nursing,  or  other 
similar  clubs  and  classes,  the  nurse  seeks  to  carry  the  knowledge  of 
the  laws  of  health  into  the  homes. 

During  baby  week  publicity  may  be  given  through  talks,  news- 
paper articles,  exhibits,  etc.,  to  the  need  for  public-health  nursing 
in  the  community. 

The  cost  of  employing  a public-health  nurse  depends  somewhat  on 
local  conditions.  The  salary  of  a nurse  qualified  to  do  this  work 
varies  between  $75  and  $125  a month.  In  addition  allowance  must 
be  made  for  transportation,  telephone,  and  incidental  expenses. 

The  cost  of  a nursing  service  is  in  some  cases  met  by  private  sub- 
scription, in  others  by  public  funds,  in  others  by  a combination  of  the 
two.  Many  boards  of  education  and  health  departments,  city  or 
county,  now  employ  nurses;  and  there  is  a constant  tendency  for 
them  to  take  over  the  work  of  private  organizations.  In  several 
States  laws  have  recently  been  passed  allowing  county  boards  of 
supervisors  to  appropriate  money  for  the  employment  of  nurses. 
A pamphlet  on  public-health  nursing  makes  the  following  statement : 
“ Every  community  has  resources  which  become  more  accessible  when 
once  it  is  convinced  of  the  value  of  the  nurse’s  work.  For  this  rea- 
son it  is  advised  that  if  six  months’  salary  is  available  the  work 
should  be  put  under  way.  This  is  the  best  method  of  educating  a 
community  to  the  need  and  usefulness  of  a visiting  nurse.”1 

The  National  Organization  for  Public-Health  Nursing,  600  Lex- 
ington Avenue,  New  York  City,  stands  ready  to  help  any  local 
organization  that  desires  its  assistance.  For  instance,  it  will  furnish 
copies  of  a suggested  constitution  and  by-laws,  together  with  rules 
and  regulations  for  the  nursing  service,  also  a monograph  describing 
the  organization  and  administration  of  a visiting-nurse  service.  It 
will  give  advice  on  methods  of  organization  and  of  raising  funds ; it 
will  assist  in  securing  suitable  nurses ; it  will  send  its  executive  secre- 
tary for  consultation  or  public  speaking;  and  it  wfill  render  any 
other  assistance,  except  that  it  will  not  undertake  actual  supervision 
or  administrative  responsibility. 

Associations  in  small  towns  and  in  rural  districts  may  obtain  spe- 
cial help  from  the  Town  and  Country  Nursing  Service  of  the  Ameri- 
can Red  Cross,  Washington,  D.  C.  Committees  associating  their 
work  with  the  Red  Cross  through  affiliation  will  receive  assistance 


American  Red  Cross  Town  and  Country  Nursing  Service.  General  Outline,  1914,  p.  16. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


97 


in  organizing  and  in  securing  nurses  especially  qualified  for  work  in 
such  communities.  The  Red  Cross  will  supply  upon  request  a general 
outline  including  suggestions  for  organization  and  administration. 

The  Public-Health  Nurse  Quarterly,  published  by  the  National 
Organization  for  Public-Health  Nursing,  612  St.  Clair  Avenue, 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  gives  information  with  regard  to  the  problems  and 
activities  of  public-health  nursing.  It  amounts  to  a current  text- 
book on  the  activities  of  public-health  nursing. 

Infant-welfare  stations. 

Infant-welfare  stations  have  proved  their  value.  The  Children’s 
Bureau 1 has  information  regarding  539  stations  maintained,  at  least 
during  the  summer  months  in  1915,  in  142  cities  in  the  United  States 
which  had  a population  of  10,000  and  over  in  1910.  In  60  of  these 
cities  infant-welfare  stations  were  carried  on  by  the  health  depart- 
ment or  by  the  health  department  in  cooperation  with  private  organi- 
zations, and  in  the  remainder  by  private  organizations.  There  is  a 
growing  tendency  for  health  departments  to  take  over  the  work. 

To  infant- welfare  stations  mothers  bring  their  babies  once  a week. 
A physician  sees  the  baby,  advises  the  mother  about  the  feeding,  and 
urges  her  to  nurse  the  baby  if  possible.  Through  such  help  many 
mothers  are  able  to  nurse  their  babies  who  otherwise  would  wean 
them.  If  nursing  is  impossible,  the  doctor  advises  the  mother  how 
the  bottle  feeding  shall  be  prepared.  The  doctor  and  the  nurse  tell 
her  of  the  methods  by  which  she  can  keep  her  baby  well  throughout 
the  hot  summer  weather.  The  nurse  then  visits  the  mother  in  her 
home  and  shows  her  how  to  carry  out  the  doctor’s  instructions. 

Very  often  pure  milk  is  sold  at  these  stations.  Experience  has 
proved,  however,  that  this  is  not  necessary  for  the  success  of  the  work. 

Prenatal  care,  or  the  care  and  instruction  of  women  before  con- 
finement, in  many  cases  is  carried  on  through  the  stations.  This 
work  has  lately  increased  rapidly.  The  Children’s  Bureau  has  rec- 
ords at  present  of  prenatal  work  being  carried  on  in  188  different 
localities. 

The  Public  Health  Commission  of  New  York  State  in  1913  recom- 
mended that  “ each  city  with  a population  in  excess  of  10,000  and 
having  an  industrial  population  should  have  one  infant-welfare  sta- 
tion, and  larger  cities  with  an  industrial  population  should  have  one 
such  station  for  approximately  each  20,000  inhabitants.” 

In  smaller  communities  and  in  rural  districts  an  infant-welfare 
station  of  the  type  successful  in  cities  may  not  be  practical.  Here  a 
“ center  for  infant  and  maternal  welfare  ” may,  however,  be  feasible. 

1 See  U.  S.  Children’s  Bureau.  Tabular  Statement  of  Infant- Welfare  Work  by  Public 
and  Private  Agencies  in  the  United  States.  Bureau  publication  No.  15. 

77632°— 17 7 


98 


BABY- WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


This  may  be  established  at  a county  seat,  possibly  in  the  courthouse ; 
here  the  local  or  county  nurse  may  have  her  headquarters;  there  may 
be  a rest  room  for  mothers  and  babies,  scales  for  weighing  the  baby, 
objects  for  use  in  demonstrations  by  the  nurse,  a small  exhibit  on 
baby  and  maternal  welfare,  and  literature  for  distribution  on  the  care 
of  mother  and  baby.  Here  the  nurse  can  be  consulted  by  mothers 
from  the  surrounding  country ; the  baby  can  be  weighed,  and  advice 
on  the  care  of  mother  and  baby  given.  Here  baby-health  conferences 
can  be  held  by  physicians  at  regular  intervals. 

Information  with  regard  to  the  equipment  and  establishment  of 
infant-welfare  stations  will  be  given  by  the  Children’s  Bureau  on 
request. 

Instruction  of  young*  girls  in  infant  hygiene. 

In  some  cities  instruction  in  infant  hygiene  is  given  as  a regular 
part  of  the  school  work,  in  others  it  frequently  takes  the  form  of 
Little  Mothers’  Leagues,  which  are  self-governing  organizations  of 
the  girls  of  the  higher  grades  in  the  schools.  The  girls  are  given 
lectures  and  demonstrations  by  physicians,  nurses,  or  teachers.  On 
joining  they  receive  a certificate  and  often  a badge  or  button.  In  at 
least  97  cities  some  instruction  of  this  kind  is  reported.  Further 
information  with  regard  to  this  work  among  schoolgirls  may  be 
obtained  from  the  Children’s  Bureau,  from  the  divisions  of  child 
hygiene  of  the  New  York  City  and  the  New  York  and  Kansas  State 
Departments  of  Health,  and  from  the  Child  Federation,  Witherspoon 
Building,  Philadelphia. 

Birth  registration. 

If  the  question  of  birth  registration  has  not  been  given  any  special 
emphasis  in  the  preliminary  work  or  in  the  actual  campaign,  the  sug- 
gestions made  on  page  77  may  be  of  assistance  in  forming  plans  for 
follow-up  work.  To  secure  permanent  results  the  committee  should 
consult  with  State  and  local  registration  authorities;  should  ascer- 
tain by  inquiry  of  these  officers  or  by  correspondence  with  the  United 
States  Census  Bureau,  Washington,  D.  C.,  or  with  the  Children’s 
Bureau  whether  the  State  registration  law  needs  amending  or 
whether  a new  law  is  needed ; and  should  make  some  investigation  to 
ascertain  whether  the  law  is  adequately  administered.  Suggestions 
concerning  types  of  investigation  may  be  obtained  by  addressing  the 
Children’s  Bureau. 

If  the  question  of  birth  registration  has  been  emphasized  in  the 
campaign,  the  follow-up  work  may  consist  chiefly  in  devising  methods 
to  keep  the  subject  fresh  in  the  minds  of  the  parents  in  the  com- 
munity. The  State  and  local  registration  authorities  may  be  con- 
sulted as  to  the  best  method  of  doing  this. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


99 


It  is  desirable  that  parents  should  receive  a notification  from  the 
State  or  local  registration  authorities  when  their  child’s  birth  has 
been  registered,  and  as  much  publicity  as  possible  should  be  given 
to  this  idea.  (See  p.  42.) 

Divisions  or  bureaus  of  child  hygiene. 

A few  States — Kansas,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  and  Ohio — have 
distinct  divisions  of  their  State  departments  of  health  carrying  on 
work  for  infant  and  child  hygiene.  A State  baby-week  campaign 
may  so  crystallize  public  sentiment  that  the  establishment  of  such  a 
division  in  the  State  health  department  may  result. 

Twenty  cities  reported  in  1915  the  existence  in  the  city  health  de- 
partment of  a bureau  or  division  of  child  hygiene.1  Baby  week  may 
give  the  needed  opportunity  to  work  for  the  organization  of  such  a 
bureau  or  division  in  other  cities.  The  health  departments  in  smaller 
cities  and  rural  counties  receive  inadequate  appropriations  as  a rule. 
Public  sentiment  may  be  aroused  through  baby  week  to  increase 
such  appropriations  and  to  establish  health  protection  on  a firm 
basis. 

Improvement  of  community  conditions. 

Each  community  before  or  after  baby  week  may  study  the  com- 
munity conditions  affecting  its  babies  (see  p.  44),  such  as  the  local 
milk  supply,  the  sewerage  system,  the  support  given  the  health 
department,  methods  of  garbage  disposal,  housing  regulations,  and 
enforcement,  and  may  use  the  interest  aroused  by  baby  week  to  bring 
about  an  improvement. 


STUDY  CLUBS. 

Women’s  organizations  may  arrange  a series  of  programs  covering 
community  conditions  as  they  affect  children.  Suggestions  for  a 
series  of  studies  by  women’s  organizations  will  be  sent  on  request  to 
the  Children’s  Bureau.  Clubs  may  be  organized  for  the  study  of  the 
care  of  the  baby,  the  mother,  and  the  child. 

The  excellent  educational  literature  now  easily  procurable  on  these 
subjects  may  be  studied. 

The  various  follow-up  programs  developed  by  1916  campaigns 
(see  p.  64)  illustrate  many  other  different  lines  of  work  for  the 
welfare  of  the  baby  which  may  be  followed  after  baby  week. 

The  Children’s  Bureau  has  in  preparation  a bulletin  giving  in 
more  detail  suggestions  for  follow-up  work.  This  bulletin  may  be 
obtained  free  on  application  as  soon  as  it  is  available. 

1 See  U.  S.  Children’s  Bureau.  Tabular  Statement  of  Infant-Welfare  Work  by  Public 
and  Private  Agencies  in  the  United  States.  Bureau  publication  No.  16,  p.  21. 


100 


BABY- WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


PLEASE  REPORT  OK  YOUR  BABY  WEEK. 

The  Children’s  Bureau  is  very  anxious  to  obtain  information  ’with 
regard  to  the  baby-week  campaigns  carried  on  throughout  the 
country.  It  therefore  requests  each  baby-week  committee  at  the 
close  of  a campaign  to  send  to  the  bureau  as  complete  an  account 
as  possible  of  the  campaign.  In  drawing  up  the  account  the  follow- 
ing outline  may  be  useful : 

1.  Name  of  city. 

2.  Organizations  cooperating  in  the  campaign. 

3.  Number  of  people  on  all  the  committees. 

4.  Outline  of  week’s  program. 

5.  Total  expense. 

6.  Newspaper  publicity. 

7.  Was  a baby-health  conference  held?  Number  of  babies  examined? 

8.  Was  an  infant-welfare  exhibit  held?  Rented?  Borrowed?  Constructed? 

9.  Number  of  meetings  and  talks. 

10.  Were  plays  used?  Titles?  Number  of  times  given?  Plays  written 
locally  ? 

11.  Did  you  have  any  new  and  unusual  features  that  were  successful? 

12.  Follow-up  work  planned. 

13.  Did  you  have  a campaign  before,  and  what  changes  did  you  find  it  wise 
to  make  in  this  campaign? 

In  addition  the  bureau  will  be  glad  to  receive  copies  of  all  printed 
matter  and  press  material  used  during  the  campaign.  On  request 
the  bureau  will  send  a franked  envelope,  which  may  be  used  in  for- 
warding the  material. 


APPENDIX. 


COMMUNITIES  IN  WHICH  A BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGN 
WAS  HELD  IN  1916. 


[The  total  number  of  places  shown  in  this  list  for  Kansas,  Kentucky,  Louisiana,  Mis- 
sissippi, Nebraska,  Tennessee,  Texas,  and  Wyoming  does  not  agree  with  the  totals  for 
these  States  shown  on  page  11.  In  each  of  these  States  the  official  report  from  State 
authorities  gave  a definite  number  of  local  campaigns  but  did  not  name  all  the  com- 
munities. Names  of  all  communities  follow  the  form  given  in  the  United  States  Official 
Postal  Guide.] 


Alabama : 
Anniston. 
Attalla. 
Bessemer. 
Birmingham,  in- 
cluding sub- 
urbs. 

Brewton. 
Centerville  and 
Bibb  County. 
Clanton. 
Columbia. 
Columbiana. 
Cottage  Grove. 
Decatur. 
Demopolis. 
Dothan. 

Eufaula. 
Fairfield. 
Gadsden. 
Huntsville  and 
West  Hunts- 
ville. 

Jasper. 

Marvel. 

Mobile. 

Montevallo. 

Montgomery. 

Ozark. 

Prattville. 

Selma. 

Tallassee. 

• Troy. 

Tuscaloosa. 

Tuskegee. 

Union  Springs. 
Arizona : 

Flagstaff. 
Phoenix. 
Somerton 
(Yuma  Val- 
ley). 

Will  cox. 
Williams. 
Arkansas : 
Altheimer. 
Arkadelphia. 


Arkansas — Con. 
Arkansas  City. 
Ashdown. 
Augusta. 
Bentonville. 
Blytlieville. 
Brinkley. 
Camden. 
Conway. 
Crawford  ville. 
El  Dorado. 
Fayetteville. 
Forrest  City. 
Fort  Smith. 
Graysonia. 
Helena. 

Hope. 

Hot  Springs. 

Jonesboro. 

Lamar. 

Little  Rock. 
Magnolia. 
Malvern. 
Marvell. 

•Mena. 

Mount  Ida. 

Murfreesboro. 

Nashville. 

Osceola. 

Paragould. 

Pine  Bluff. 

Prescott. 

Rector. 

Rogers. 

Searcy. 

Shirley. 

Siloam  Springs. 
Stamps. 
Stuttgart. 
Texarkana. 

Van  Buren. 
Winslow. 
California : 

Alta  Loma. 
Auburn. 

Chino. 

Corona. 


Cal  ifornia — Con. 
Davis. 

Dunlap  (Indian 
mission). 

El  Centro. 

Elsinore. 

Escondido. 

Grass  Valley 
a n d Nevada 
City. 

Hardwick. 

Inglewood. 

Long  Beach. 

Los  Angeles  and 
county. 

Los  Gatos. 
Moorpark  (San- 
ta Rosa  Val- 
ley). 

National  City. 
Oakland  and 
Ala  m e d a 
County. 

Orosi. 

Petaluma. 

Redlands. 

Richmond. 

Riverside. 

Roseville. 

Sacramento. 

Salinas. 

San  Bernardino. 
San  Diego,  in- 
cluding sub- 
urbs. 

San  Fernando. 
San  Francisco. 
San  Jose. 
Stockton. 
Weaver  ville. 
Woodland. 
Colorado : 
Barnesville. 
Delta. 

Denver. 

Grand  Junction. 
Greeley. 


Colorado — Con. 
Grover. 

Holly. 

Hotchkiss. 

Kelly  and  Leroy. 
La  Junta. 
Longmont  and 
Boulder 
County. 
Meeker. 
Connecticut : 
Ansonia. 
Bridgeport. 
Danbury. 

Derby. 

Hartford. 
Middletown  and 
near-by  places. 
Stamford. 
Stratford. 
Waterbury. 
Wethersfield. 
Willimantic. 
Delaware : 
Bridgeville. 

New  Castle. 
Seaford. 
Wyoming. 
District  of  Co- 
lumbia : 
Washington. 
Florida : 
Auburndale. 
Avon  Park. 

Eau  Gallie  and 
Melbourne. 
Fort  Myers. 
High  Springs. 
Inverness. 
Jacksonville. 
Jasper. 

Miami. 

New  Smyrna. 
Ocala. 

Orlando. 

Ozona. 

Panama  City. 
101 


102 

Florida — Contd. 
Pensacola. 
Sanford. 

Tarpon  Springs. 
Winterhaven. 
Georgia : 

Albany. 

Athens. 

Atlanta. 

Augusta. 

Bainbridge. 

Barnesville. 

Blackshear. 

Blakely. 

Brunswick. 

Calhoun. 

Camilla. 

Cartersville. 

Collegepark. 

Columbus. 

Commerce. 

Covington. 

Cuthbert. 

Dawson. 

Decatur. 

Dublin. 

Eastman. 

Fort  Valley. 
Gray. 

Griffin. 

Haddock. 

Lagrange. 

Lithonia. 

Macon. 

Madison. 

Manchester. 

Marietta. 

Milledgeville. 

Monroe. 

Montezuma. 

Mount  Berry. 

Newnan. 

Perry. 

Porterdale. 

Quitman. 

Reidsville. 

Rock  Mart. 
Rome. 

Savannah. 

Social  Circle. 

Thomasville. 

Thomson. 

Tifton. 

Valdosta. 

Vidalia. 

Vienna. 

Way  cross. 
Waynesboro. 
West  Point. 
Hawaii : 

Palama  Settle- 
ment, Hono- 
lulu. 

Idaho : 

American  Falls. 
Coeur  d’Alene. 
Filer. 


BABY- WEEK 

Idaho — Contd. 
Harrison. 
Lewiston. 
Moscow. 

Payette. 

Post  Falls. 
Preston. 

Rigby. 

Springfield. 

Weiser. 

Illinois : 

Abingdon. 
Aurora. 
Belleville. 
Belvidere. 
Benton. 
Bloomington 
and  McLean 
County  or- 
ganizations. 
Byron. 

Cairo. 

Carbondale. 

Carterville. 

Champaign. 

Charleston. 

Chicago. 

Chicago  H’ts. 

Danville. 

Decatur. 

De  Kalb. 

Dwight. 

Elgin. 

Elmwood. 

Evanston. 

Fairbury. 

Farmer  City. 
Forest  Park. 
Galena. 
Galesburg. 
Gibson  City. 
Harvey. 

Highland  Park. 
Hinsdale. 
Jacksonville. 
Joliet. 

Jonesboro. 
Kankakee  and 
county  organ- 
izations. 
Kewanee. 

La  Salle. 

Lake  Forest. 

Lincoln. 

Lockport. 

Marion. 

Mattoon. 

Melvin. 

Mendota. 

Morris. 

Mound  City. 
Mount  Carmel. 
Mount  Carroll. 
Mount  Vernon. 
Murphysboro. 
Olney. 


CAMPAIGNS. 

Illinois — Contd. 
Ottawa. 

Paxton. 

Peoria. 
Petersburg. 
Pleasant  Plains. 
Rio. 

Rochelle. 

Rock  Island. 

Rockford. 

Sandwich. 

Sparta. 

Springfield. 

Spr  in  gv  alley 
and  Hall 
Township. 
Stonington. 
Taylorville. 
Tuscola. 

Urbana. 

Waukegan. 

Wheaton. 

Winnetka. 

Zion. 

Indiana  : 
Anderson. 
Aurora. 
Brookville. 
Butler. 

Columbia  City. 
Columbus. 
Elkhart. 
Evansville. 
Frankfort. 
Greenfield. 
Holland  and 
Dubois  Coun- 
ty organiza- 
tions. 

Indianapolis. 

Kentland. 

Kokomo. 

La  Fayette. 

Lagrange. 

Laporte. 

Marion  (N.). 

Michigan  City. 

Mishawaka. 

Morgantown. 

Mount  Vernon. 

Plymouth. 

Roachdale. 

Rochester. 

Rolling  Prairie. 

Sullivan. 

Terre  Haute. 
Tipton. 
Valparaiso. 
Vincennes. 
Wabash. 
Whiting. 
Winamac. 
Winona  Lake. 
Iowa : 

Akron. 

Allison. 


Iowa — Contd. 

Alta. 

Ames. 

Anita. 

Anthon. 

Cedar  Rapids. 
Centerville. 
Charles  City 
and  Floyd 
County  or- 
ganizations. 
Clearfield. 
Clinton. 

Council  Bluffs. 

Davenport. 

Denison. 

Des  Moines. 
Dewitt. 

Dows. 

Dubuque. 

Dunlap. 

Eldora. 

Elkader. 

Emmetsburg. 

Epworth. 

Fonda. 

Fort  Dodge. 

Garner. 

Glenwood. 

Glidden. 

Goldfield. 

Grand  Junction. 

Greenfield. 

Grinnell. 

Grundy  Center. 
Guthrie  Center. 
Harlan. 
Idagrove. 

Iowa  City. 

Iowa  Falls. 

J efferson. 
Keokuk. 

Laporte  City. 
Laurens. 

Le  Mars. 
Marshalltown. 
Mediapolis. 
Mount  Pleasant 
and  Henry 
County  organ- 
izations. 

Mount  Vernon.  * 

Muscatine. 

Mystic. 

New  Sharon. 
Odebolt. 

Oelwein. 

Osage. 

Oskaloosa. 

Oto. 

Ottumwa. 

Pella. 

Perry. 

Ralston. 

Redfield. 

Red  Oak. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


103 


Iowa — Contd. 
Rock  Rapids. 
Sheffield. 
Sheldon. 
Shenandoah. 
Sioux  City. 
Storm  Lake. 
Sutherland. 
Toledo. 

Traer. 

Union. 

Vinton. 
Waterloo. 
Webster  City. 
West  Union. 
Kansas : 

Abilene. 

Alta  Vista. 

Altoona. 

Americus. 

Arkansas  City. 

Arlington. 

Atchison. 

Attica. 

Auburn. 
Baldwin  City. 
Basehor. 
Belleville. 

Beloit. 

Belpre. 

Bern. 

Birmingham. 

Bloom. 

Blue  Rapids. 
Bonner  Springs. 
Burden. 

Burdett. 

Burlingame. 

Burlington. 

Burr  Oak. 

Burrton. 

Caldwell. 

Carbondale. 

Cawker  City. 

Cedar  Vale. 

Chanute. 

Chapman. 

Chase. 

Cheney. 

Cherokee. 

Chetopa. 

Cimarron. 

Clay  Center. 

Clearwater. 

Clifton. 

Clyde. 

Coffeyville. 

Colby. 

Coldwater. 

Colony. 

Council  Grove. 

Cullison. 

Cummings. 

Cunningham. 

Dearing. 

Deerfield. 

Denton. 


Kansas — Contd. 
Douglass. 
Effingham. 
Ellis. 

Ellsworth. 

Emporia. 

Enterprise. 

Eureka. 

Florence. 

Ford. 

Fort  Scott. 

Fowler. 

Fredonia. 

Friend. 

Galena. 

Gaylord. 

Girard. 

Glen  Elder. 

Goddard. 

Goodland. 

Great  Bend. 

Greenleaf. 

Grenola. 

Hardtner. 

Havensville. 

Hays. 

Herington. 

Hesston. 

Hiawatha. 

Highland. 

Hope. 

Horton. 

Howard. 

Hutchinson. 

Independence. 

Iola. 

Jennings. 

Junction  City. 

Kanopolis. 

Kansas  City. 

Kincaid. 

Kingman. 

Kinsley. 

Kipp. 

La  Crosse. 

La  Harpe. 

Lansing. 

Larned. 

Lawrence. 

Leavenworth. 

Lebanon. 

Liberal. 

Lincoln. 

Lindsborg. 

Longford. 

Longton. 

Louisburg. 

Lovewell. 

Lyons. 

McPherson. 

Manhattan. 

Mankato. 

Maplehill. 

Marion. 

Meade. 

Meriden. 

Miltonvale. 


Kansas — Contd. 
Moline. 

Mont  Ida. 

Montezuma. 

Morrill. 

Mulberry. 

Natoma. 

Neodesha. 

Neosho  Falls. 

Newton. 

Nickerson. 

Olathe. 

Onaga. 

Osage  City. 

Oswego. 

Ottawa. 

Overbrook. 

Oxford. 

Ozawkie. 

Parsons. 

Pittsburg. 

Plains. 

Plainville. 

Pleasanton. 

Potwin. 

Powhattan. 

Pratt. 

Pretty  Prairie. 

Protection. 

Quinter. 

Randolph. 

Raymond. 

Republic. 

Riley. 

Rock. 

Russell. 

St.  Francis. 

St.  John. 

Salina. 

Scandia. 

Sedgwick. 

Seneca. 

Severy. 

Sharon. 

Smith  Center. 
Solomon. 

South  Haven. 

Stafford. 

Sterling. 

Strong. 

Summerfield. 

Sylvan  Grove. 

Sylvia. 

Tonganoxie. 

Topeka. 

Toronto. 

Tribune. 

Utopia. 

Valley  Falls. 
Viola. 

Walton. 

Washington. 

Wayne. 

Webber. 

Webster. 

Wellington. 

Wetmore. 


Kansas — Contd. 
White  City. 
Wichita. 

Wilder. 

Yates  Center. 
Zeandale. 
Kentucky : 
Bardstown. 
Berea. 

Franklin. 
Harrodsburg. 
Henderson. 
Lawrenceburg. 
Louisville. 
Murray. 
Paducah. 
Somerset. 
Louisiana : 
Alexandria. 
Baton  Rouge. 
Bunkie. 

Campti. 

Crowley. 

Homer. 

La  Fayette. 
Lake  Charles. 
Leesville. 
Monroe. 

Morgan  City. 

New  Orleans. 

Rayville. 

Shreveport. 

Simsboro. 

Tallulah. 

Maine : 

Augusta. 

Bar  Harbor. 
Biddeford. 
Fairfield. 
Guilford. 
Hinckley. 
Lewiston  and 
Auburn. 
Oakland. 
Portland. 

Saco. 

Sanford. 
Springvale. 
Wayne. 
Westbrook. 
York  (p.  o. 
York  Har- 
bor). 

Maryland : 
Annapolis. 
Baltimore. 
Cambridge  and 
Dorch  e s,  t e r 
County  or- 
ganizations. 
Cumberland. 
Frederick. 
Kensington. 
Massachusetts : 
Abington  and 
North  Abing- 
ton. 


104 

Massa  elm  setts — 
Continued. 
Arlington. 
Arljing  t o n 
Heights. 

Athol. 

Beverly. 

Billerica. 

Blackstone. 

Boston. 

Braintree. 

Brockton. 

Cambridge. 

Clinton. 

Concord. 
Dedham  (East 
Dedham ) . 
East  Bridge- 
water. 

Fall  River. 

Franklin. 

Gardner. 

Holyoke. 

Hudson. 

Hyde  Park. 
Lawrence. 
Littleton  Com- 
mon. 

Lowell. 

Mansfield. 

Marlboro. 

Newton. 

North  Adams. 
North  Reading. 
Northam  p t o n 
(Hampshire 
County  con- 
ference). 
Northboro. 
Pittsfield. 
Plymouth. 
Rockland. 

Salem. 

Somerville. 

Southbridge. 

Springfield. 

Taunton. 

Templeton. 

Walpole. 

West  Acton. 
Westfield. 
Whitman. . 
Winthrop. 
Woburn. 
Worcester. 
Michigan : 

Adrian. 

Albion. 

Allegan. 

Alpena. 

Battle  Creek. 
Calumet  and 
Laurium. 
Carson  City. 
Cassopolis. 
Charlotte. 
Clinton. 


BABY- WEEK 


Michigan — Con- 
tinued. 
Coloma. 

Crystal  Falls. 
Detroit. 
Escanaba. 
Gladstone. 

Grand  Haven. 
Grand  Rapids. 
Grosse  Pointe 
Farms  (p.  o. 
Grosse 
Pointe). 
Hancock. 

Hart. 

Hastings. 

Houghton. 

Iron  Mountain. 

Jackson. 

Kalamazoo. 

Lansing. 

Lawrence 

Lowell . 

McBain. 

Mackinaw. 

Marshall. 

Mendon. 

Menominee. 

Muskegon. 

Owosso. 

Pentwater. 

Portland. 

Redford. 

Saginaw. 

St.  Joseph. 

Three  Rivers. 
Ypsilanti. 
Minnesota : 

Akely. 

Albert  Lea. 
Anoka. 

Austin. 

Blue  Earth. 
Brainerd. 
Champlin. 
Duluth. 
Fairmont. 
Faribault. 
Funkley. 
Kenyon. 
Mankato. 
Marshall. 
Minneapolis. 
Moorhead. 
Moose  Lake  and 
Willow  River. 
Nevis. 

Nicollet. 
Owatonna. 
Redlake  ( Indian 
agency). 
Robbinsdale. 

St.  Paul. 

St.  Peter. 

Stewartville. 

Tracy. 


CAMPAIGNS. 

Mississippi : 
Batesville. 
Como. 

Goodman. 

Greenwood. 

Gulfport. 

Hazlehurst. 

Magnolia. 

Meridian. 

Natchez. 

Sardis. 

West  Point. 
Missouri  : 

Albany. 
Appleton  City. 
Aurora. 
Bethany. 

Bonne  Terre. 

Bowling  Green. 

Braymer. 

Brookfield. 

California. 

Cameron. 

Cape  Girardeau 

Carrollton. 

Carthage. 

Caruthersville. 

Cassville. 

Centralia. 

Charleston. 

Chillicothe. 

Clarksville. 

Clayton. 

Columbia. 

Cuba. 

Elsberry. 

Eolia. 

Farmington. 

Flat  River. 

Glasgow. 

Graham. 

Greenfield. 

Hamilton. 

Hannibal. 

Hardin. 

Harrisonville. 

Houstonia. 

Huntsville. 

Ironton. 

Jamesport. 

Jefferson  City. 

Joplin. 

Kansas  City. 
Kirksville. 
Knox  City. 
Lebanon. 
Lexington. 

Lock  Spring. 

Lockwood. 

Louisiana. 

Marceline. 

MarionvPIe. 

N?cryville. 

Maysville. 

Mexico. 

Moberly. 

Monroe  City. 


Missouri — Contd. 
Mount  Yernon. 
Mountain  Grove. 
Nevada. 
Newburg. 
Otterville. 
Palmyra. 

Paris. 

Perry. 

Piedmont. 

Pierce  City. 
Polo. 

Pomona. 

Poplar  Bluff. 
Richland. 

Rolla. 

St.  James. 

St.  Joseph  and 
Avenue  City. 
St.  Louis. 

Salem. 

Salisbury. 

Savannah. 

Sedalia. 

Sikeston. 

Springfield, 

Tarkio. 

Trenton. 
Vandalia, 
Watson. 
Westplains. 
Montana : 
Anaconda. 
Basin. 

Belgrade. 

Bigtimber. 

Columbus. 

Deer  Lodge. 

Fromberg. 

Glendive. 

Great  Falls. 

Hedgesville. 

Kalispell. 

Laurel. 

Lewistown. 

Livingston. 

Missoula. 

Red  Lodge. 
Union. 

Nebraska : 
Ainsworth. 
Alliance. 

Alvo. 

Arnold. 

Ashland. 

Atkinson. 

Auburn. 

Aurora. 

Avoca. 

Axtell. 

Bassett. 

Benson. 

Bigspring. 

Blue  Springe. 
Bradshaw. 
Bridgeport. 
Broken  Bow. 


Nebraska — Con. 
Cambridge. 
Chadron. 
Clarks. 
Coleridge. 
Colyer. 

Cozad. 

Crab  Orchard. 

Creighton. 

Crofton. 

Culbertson. 

Curtis. 

De  Witt. 

Edgar. 

Eustis. 

Exeter. 

Fairbury. 

Fairfield. 

Falls  City. 
Fremont. 
Fullerton. 
Geneva. 

Gering. 

Gothenburg. 

Greenwood. 

Gresham. 

Guide  Rock. 

Hartington. 

Hayes  Center. 

Holdrege. 

Hooper. 

Humboldt. 

Humphrey. 

Inavale. 

Johnson. 

Kearney. 

Laurel. 

Lexington. 

Liberty. 

Lincoln. 

Loup  City. 
Lyons. 

McCook. 
McCool  Junc- 
tion. 

Madison. 

Mason  City. 
Morrill. 

Nelson. 

Norfolk. 

North  Bend. 
North  Loup. 
North  Platte. 
Oakdale. 
Oakland. 

Omaha. 

Ord. 

Osceola. 

Overton. 

Palmyra. 

Pawnee  City. 

Pierce. 

Plattsmouth. 

Ponca. 

Rising  City. 
Rosalie. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


105 


Nebraska — Con. 
St.  Paul. 

Salem. 

Santee. 

Scottsbluff. 

Seward. 

South  Auburn. 

Spalding. 

Spencer. 

Springfield. 

Stella. 

Sterling. 

Stromsburg. 

Sutherland. 

Sutton. 

Syracuse. 

Tecumseh. 

Tobias. 

Ulysses. 

Valentine. 

Valley. 

Valparaiso. 

Wahoo. 

Walthill. 

Wayne. 

Westpoint.  ( 

Whitney. 

Winnebago. 

Wisner. 

Wymore. 

York. 

Nevada  : 

Elko. 

Fernley. 

Goldfield. 

Las  Vegas. 
Manhattan. 
Nixon  (Indian 
Agency ) . 
Winnemucca. 
Yerington. 

New  Hampshire: 
Berlin. 

Cascade. 

Concord. 

Derry. 

Durham. 

Franklin. 

Gorham. 

Keene. 

Laconia. 

Littleton. 

Manchester. 

New  Market. 

Peterboro. 

Portsmouth. 

Rochester. 

Warren. 

Windham  Depot 
New  Jersey: 
Asbury  Park. 
Atlantic  City. 
Bayonne. 
Bloomfield. 
Boonton. 
Bridgeton. 


New  Jersey — Con. 
Burlington. 
Chatham. 

Dover. 

East  Orange.1 

Elizabeth. 

Englewood. 

Freehold. 

Haddon  Heights 

Haddonfield. 

Hoboken. 

Hopewell. 

Jersey  City. 

Kearney  ( p.  o. 

Arlington). 

Keyport. 

Little  Falls. 
Madison. 
Matawan. 
Millville. 
Moorestown. 
Newark. 
Orange.1 
Passaic. 
Paterson. 
Plainfield  and 
North  Plain- 
field. 

Pompton  Lakes. 
Pompton  Plains. 
Red  Bank. 
Ridgefield  Park. 
Roselle. 

Roselle  Park 
(p.  o.  Eliza- 
beth). 

Salem. 

South  Orange.1 

Trenton. 

Vineland. 

West  Hoboken. 
West  Orange.1 
New  Mexico : 
Albuquerque. 
Artesia. 
Carlsbad. 

Gallup. 

Las  Cruces. 

Las  Vegas. 
Mesilla  Park. 
Raton. 

Santa  Fe. 

Silver  City. 

New  York: 

Albany. 

Amsterdam. 

Auburn. 

Batavia. 

Binghamton. 

Buffalo. 

Canajoharie. 

Carthage. 

Cattaraugus. 

Clayton. 

Cortland. 

Delhi. 


New  York — Con. 
Dobbs  Ferry. 
East  Otto  and 
East  Otto 
Town. 

Elmira. 

Endicott. 

Glen  Cove. 

Glens  Falls. 
Gloversville. 
Herkimer. 
Highland  Falls. 
Homer. 

Hudson. 

Ilion. 

Ithaca. 

Jamestown. 

Jordan. 

Kingston. 

Le  Roy. 

Lowville. 

Malone. 

Middletown. 

Montrose. 

New  Rochelle. 
New  York. 
Newark. 
Newburgh. 
Niagara  Falls. 
Norwich. 

Nyack. 

Olean. 

Oneonta. 

Ossining. 

Perry. 

Philadelphia. 

Plattsburg. 

Pulaski. 

Rochester. 

Saranac  Lake. 

Saugerties. 

Schenectady. 

Sherburne. 

Sidney. 

Springville. 

Syracuse. 

Tona  wanda. 
Troy. 

Tupper  Lake. 
Utica. 

Victor. 

Watertown. 

West  Coxsackie. 
Westch  ester 
County 
( northern ) . 
Yonkers. 

North  Carolina : 
Albemarle. 
Ashboro. 

Chapel  Hill. 
Charlotte. 
Cherokee  ( I n - 
dian  school ) . 
Cliffside. 
Franklin. 


1 Cooperation  among  the  Oranges  in  celebrating  campaign. 


106 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


North  Carolina — 
Continued. 
Goldsboro. 
Greenville. 
Oxford. 
Randleman. 
Salisbury. 

Spray. 

Vineland. 
Waynesville. 
North  Dakota : 
Alexander. 
Ambrose. 

Aneta. 

Ashley. 

Bathgate. 

Beach. 

Bismarck. 

Bottineau. 

Bowman. 

Cando. 
Carrington. 
Carson. 
Casselton. 
Cavalier. 
Cogswell. 
Columbus. 
Crosby  and  Fill- 
more Township. 
Crystal. 

Devils  Lake. 
Ellendale. 

Fargo. 
Fessenden. 
Flaxton. 
Getchell  Prai- 
rie (p.  o.  Val- 
ley City). 
Grand  Forks. 
Hankinson  and 
Gre  e n d a 1 e 
Township. 
Jamestown. 
Juanita. 

Jud. 

Kenmare. 

Lakota. 

La  Moure. 

Langdon. 

Larimore. 

Leal. 

Leeds. 

Leith. 

Lidgerwood. 

Lignite. 

Lisbon. 

Marion. 

Mayville. 

Minot. 

New  Rockford. 
Niagara. 

Oakes. 

Oriska. 

Pembina. 

Pettibone. 

Rugby. 

St.  Thomas. 


North  Dakota — 
Continued. 
Temvik. 

Turtle  Lake. 
Valley  City. 
Velva. 

Wahpeton. 

Walhalla. 

Westhope. 

Williston. 

Wimbledon. 

County  schools 
throu  g h o u t 
State  gen- 
erally partici- 
pated. 

Ohio : 

Akron. 

Alliance. 

Amherst. 

Ashland. 

Ashtabula. 

Athens. 

Baltimore. 

Batavia. 

Berlin  Heights. 
Bethel. 

Bowling  Green. 
Burton. 

Cadiz. 

Cincinnati. 

Cleveland. 

Columbus. 

Conneaut. 

Continental. 

Coshocton. 

Crestline. 

Dayton. 

Delta. 

East  Liverpool. 

Fostoria. 

Fremont. 

Galion. 

Garrettsville. 

Greenfield. 

Greenville. 

Harrison. 

Jackson. 

Jefferson. 

Kenton. 

Lima. 

Lorain. 

Marietta. 

Marion. 

Mechanicsburg. 
New  Straitsville. 
Newark. 

North  Kings- 
ville. 

Norwood. 

Oxford. 

Ravenna. 

Ripley. 

St.  Paris. 

Salem. 

Sandusky. 


Ohio — Continued. 
Shelby. 
Spencerville. 
Springfield. 
Tiffin. 

Toledo. 

Upper  San- 
dusky. 

Waldo. 

Warren. 

Was  h i n g t o n 
Courthouse. 
Wauseon. 

West  Milton. 
Worthington. 
Xenia. 

Yellow  Springs. 
Youngstown. 
Zanesville. 
Oklahoma : 
Bartlesville. 
Collinsville. 
Drumright. 
Edmond. 

Elk  City. 
Fairfax. 
Haileyville. 
Marlow. 
Muskogee. 
Nowata. 
Pawhuska. 
Stigler. 
Wagoner. 
Wewoka. 
Woodward. 
Oregon : 

Ashland. 

Corvallis. 

Joseph. 

Klamath  Falls. 
La  Grande. 
Medford. 

Oregon  City. 
Pendleton. 
Pennsylvania : 
Allentown 
Ardmore. 

Bethel. 

Bryn  Mawr. 
Butler. 

Carlisle. 

Carrick  (p.  o. 

Pittsburgh). 

Chester. 

Clarion. 

Clifton  Heights 
and  Aldan. 
Coatesville. 
Collingdale  (p. 

o.  Darby). 
Columbia. 
Concord. 
Connellsville. 
Coudersport. 
Cynwyd  and 
Pencoyd. 
Darby. 


Pennsylvania  — 
Continued. 
Doylestown. 
Drexel  Hill. 
Dubois. 

East  Downing- 
town. 

East  Lans- 
downe  (p.  o. 
Lansdowne). 
Easton. 

Erie. 

Everett. 
Fredonia. 
Galeton. 
Garrettford  (p. 
o.  Drexel 
Hill). 

Greensburg. 
Harrisburg. 
Huntingdon. 
Jenkintown. 
Johnstown. 
Kane. 
Langhorne. 
Lebanon. 
Lincoln  Uni- 
versity. 

Linwood  Sta- 
tion (p.  o. 
Marcus 
Hook). 

Mahanoy  City. 

Meadville. 

Media. 

Mercer. 

Morton. 

Narberth. 

New  Brighton. 
New  Castle. 
New  Kensing- 
ton. 

Norristown. 
Norwood  S t a- 
tion. 

Oakmont. 

Palmerton. 

Philadelphia. 

Pittsburgh. 

Plymouth. 

Pottsville. 

Quarryville. 

Reading. 

Ridley  Park. 
Rutledge. 

Sandy  Lake. 
Sharon  Hill. 
Somerset. 

South  Bethle- 
hem. 

Stroudsburg. 

Sunbury. 

Swarthmore. 

Tidioute. 

Titusville. 

Towranda. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


107 


Pennsylvania  — 
Continued. 
Trainer  (p.  o. 

Chester). 

Troy. 

Tyrone. 

Upper  Darby. 

Warren. 

Warrington. 

Washington. 

Wayne. 

Wilkes-Barre. 

Williamsport. 

Windber. 

York. 

Rhode  Island: 
Apponaug.1 
Barrington.1 
Bradford. 
Bristol. 
Chepachet. 
Conimicut.1 
Cranston  (p.  o. 

Providence.)1 
East  Green- 
wich.1 

East  Provi- 
dence.1 
Hope  Valley. 
Kingston.1 
Newport. 
North  Provi- 
dence.1 

North  Smith- 
field  (p.  o. 
Providence).1 
Pascoag.1 
Pawtucket.1 
Providence. 
Smithfield.1 
Warren. 
Washington.1 
Westerly. 
Woonsocket.1 
South  Carolina : 
Abbeville. 

Aiken. 

Allendale. 
Anderson. 
Calhoun  Falls. 
Camden.  * 
Charleston. 
Clinton. 

Clio. 

Columbia. 

Darlington. 

Dillon. 

Edgefield. 

Florence. 

Greenville. 

Johnston. 

Lancaster. 

Landrum. 

McColl. 


South  Carolina — 
Continued. 
Rock  Hill. 
Spartanburg. 
Westminster. 
Williamston. 
South  Dakota: 
Aberdeen. 
Centerville. 
Clark. 
Deadwood. 

Elk  Point. 

Faulkton. 

Gettysburg. 

Howard 

Letcher. 

Madison. 

Missionhill. 

Parkston. 

Sioux  Falls  and 
M i n nehaha 
County. 
Vermilion. 
Watertown. 
Yankton. 
Tennessee : 
Ashland  City. 
Chattanooga. 
Clarksville. 
Cleveland. 
Dyersburg. 
Fayetteville. 
Knoxville. 
Maryville. 
Memphis  and 
Shelby 
County. 
Nashville. 
Ridgetop. 
Sewanee. 
Tullahoma. 
Union  City. 
Texas : 

Acme. 

Aspermont. 

Austin. 

Bartlett. 

Bastrop. 

Bay  City. 

Beaumont. 

Beeville. 

Belton. 

Blooming  Grove. 

Brenham. 

Brownsville. 

Brownwood. 

Bryan. 

Caldwell. 

Calvert. 

Cameron. 

Carrizo  Springs. 

Childress. 

Chireno. 

Cisco. 


Texas — Contd. 
Claude. 
Cleburne. 
Coleman. 

College  Station. 
Corpus  Christi. 
Corsicana. 
Cuero  and  De 
Witt  County 
organizations. 
Dalhart. 

Dallas. 

Denton. 

Eagle  Lake. 
Edna. 

El  Paso. 
Farwell. 

Fort  Worth. 
Francitas. 

Frost. 

Galveston. 

Ganado. 

Greenville. 

Hamlin. 

Haskell. 

Hillsboro. 

Honey  Grove. 
Houston. 

Indian  Gap. 

Jacksonville. 

Jewett. 

Kingsville. 

Lagrange. 

Laredo. 

Linden. 

Lometa. 

Longview. 

Lubbock. 

Manor. 

Marshall. 

Mart. 

Mercedes. 
Mineral  Wells. 
Mount  Pleasant. 
Mount  Vernon. 
N a cogdoches 
and  county 
organizations. 
Odessa. 

Olney. 

Orange. 

Parnell. 

Ricardo. 

Rosebud. 

San  Angelo. 

San  Antonio. 
San  Benito. 

San  Juan. 

San  Marcos. 
Sherman. 
Stephen  ville. 
Sutherland 
Springs. 
Temple. 


Texas — Contd. 
Tennessee  Col- 
ony. 

Terrell. 
Texarkana. 
Texas  City. 
Tyler. 

Uvalde. 

\ alera. 

Vanderbilt. 

Waco. 

Waxahachie. 

Wellington. 

West. 

Wharton. 

Whitesboro. 

Winnsboro. 

Yoakum. 

Utah: 

Brigham. 

Garfield. 

Garland. 

Kingston. 

Manti. 

Ogden. 

Park  City. 
Payson. 

Provo. 

Salt  Lake  City. 
Spanish  Fork. 
Tooele. 

Vermont : 

Barre. 

Bellows  Falls. 

Bethel. 

Bradford. 

Brattleboro. 

Bristol. 

Burlington. 

Chester. 

East  Hardwick. 

Essex  Junction. 

Hardwick. 

Jericho. 

Lyndonville. 

Morrisville. 

Newport. 

Norwich. 

Proctor. 

Richford. 

Rochester. 

Royalton. 

Rutland. 

St.  Albans. 

St.  Johnsbury. 
South  Royalton. 
Springfield. 
Swanton. 
Waterbury. 
White  River 
Junction  and 
H a r tford 
Town. 


1 This  community  reports  a celebration  in  which  one  or  more  neighboring  com- 
munities participated. 


108 

BABY-WEEK 

CAMPAIGNS. 

Vermont — Con. 

Washington — Con. 

W isconsin — Con. 

Wisconsin — Con. 

Windsor. 

Puyallup. 

Boscobel. 

Port  Washing- 

Woodstock. 

Roosevelt. 

Brillion. 

ton. 

Virginia : 

Roslyn. 

Burlington. 

Prairie  du 

Clifton  Forge. 

Seattle. 

Carrollville  (p. 

Chien. 

Danville. 

Snohomish. 

o.  Otjen). 

Prescott. 

Highland 

South  Bend. 

Cedarburg. 

Redcliff  (Indian 

Springs. 

Spokane. 

Chippewa’  Falls. 

r enervation  j 

Hot  Springs. 

Stanwood. 

Clayton. 

p.  o.  B a y- 

Lynchburg. 

Summit  Park 

Crandon. 

field ) . 

Richmond. 

( p.  o.  Ana- 

De Pere. 

Rhinelander. 

Washington : 

cortes). 

Delavan. 

Rib  Lake. 

Aberdeen. 

Sumner. 

Eagle. 

Ricp  L?ikp 

Anacortes. 

Sunnyside. 

Eau  Claire. 

Richland  Cpn- 

Arlington. 

Tacoma. 

Evansville. 

Ancuiunu  \jC11 

Buckeye. 

Toppenish. 

Fennimore. 

lei  • 

T?  i it  Ai”*  TP  olio* 

Burlington. 

Vashon. 

Fond  du  Lac. 

Xvl  V0i  JP  dliS. 

Burton. 

Wellpinit. 

Galesville. 

Sheboygan. 

Cheney. 

Wenatchee. 

Grand  Rapids. 

Sparta. 

Chewelah. 

White  Salmon. 

Green  Bay. 

Stanley. 

Dayton. 

Wilbur. 

Green  Lake. 

Stevens  Point. 

Deer  Park. 

Zillah. 

Hayward. 

Stoughton. 

Duvall. 

West  Virginia : 

Janesville. 

Sturgeon  Bay. 

Edison. 

Ceredo. 

Kaukauna. 

Superior. 

Ellensburg. 

Charleston. 

Kenosha. 

Tomah. 

Garfield. 

Clarksburg. 

L a c d u Flam- 

Tomahawk. 

Goldendale. 

Huntington. 

beau. 

Two  Rivers. 

Grandview. 

Kenova. 

Ladysmith. 

Wabeno. 

Harrington. 

Macdonald. 

Little  Chute. 

Washburn. 

Hatton. 

Martinsburg. 

Madison. 

Waterloo. 

Hoquiam. 

Morgantown. 

Marinette. 

. Waukesha. 

Kennewick. 

Parkersburg. 

Marshfield. 

W aupaca. 

Kiona  and  Ben- 

Ravenswood. 

Medford. 

Waupun. 

ton  City. 

Wellsburg. 

Mellen. 

Wausau. 

La  Conner. 

Weston. 

Menomonie. 

Wauwatosa. 

Lind. 

Wheeling. 

Merrill. 

West  Bend. 

Maehias. 

Wisconsin : 

Middleton. 

Whitewater. 

Marysville. 

Antigo. 

Milton. 

Wyoming : 

Mon'tesano. 

\ppleton. 

Milwaukee. 

Basin. 

Mount  Vernon. 

Ashland. 

Mineral  Point. 

Casper. 

North  Yakima. 

Augusta. 

Monroe. 

Cheyenne. 

Olympia. 

Bagley. 

Morrisonville. 

Douglas. 

Omak. 

Baraboo. 

Neillsville. 

Gray  bull. 

Palouse. 

Beloit. 

New  London. 

Laramie. 

Port  Angeles. 

Berlin. 

Oneida. 

Thermopolis. 

Prosser. 

Blair. 

Oshkosh. 

Van  Tassell. 

Pullman. 

Bloomington. 

Pardeeville. 

Wheatland. 

COMMUNITIES  IN  WHICH 

A BABY- WEEK  CAMPAIGN 

WAS  HELD,  1916,  CLASSIFIED  ACCORDING  TO  POPU- 
LATION. 

Total  number  of  communities  represented  in  the  inquiries  received  by  the 


bureau  expressing  interest  in  organizing  a campaign  and  asking  for 

instructions  and  literature 4,  234 

Total  number  of  communities  for  which  the  bureau  has  received  definite 

information  that  a campaign  was  held 2,  300 

Communities  represented  in  reports  received : 

Incorporated  places  with  a population  of— 

Under  2,500 6S3 

2,500  to  10,000 488 

10.000  to  25,000 181 

25.000  to  100,000 129 

100.000  and  over 47 

Unincorporated  places 210 

Local  campaigns  reported  by  State  authorities  without  name  or  size 

of  community 362 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


109 


SUGGESTIONS  FOR  A CIRCULAR  OF  INFORMATION 
FOR  USE  IN  THE  PREPARATION  OF  SERMONS  AND 
NEWSPAPER  ARTICLES. 


Infant  mortality  rate. 

What  is  an  infant  mortality  rate  ? The  term  “ infant  mortality 
rate  ” or  “ baby  death  rate  ” means  the  relation  between  the  number 
of  babies  under  1 year  of  age  who  die  in  one  calendar  year  to  the 
number  of  babies  born  alive  during  that  year.  This  is  usually  ex- 
pressed as  the  number  of  deaths  of  babies  which  occur  per  1,000  live 
births. 

Each  country,  each  city  or  town,  and  each  rural  community  should 
know  first  of  all  what  its  infant  death  rate  is,  and  then  should  do  its 
utmost  to  lower  this  rate  by  all  methods  that  have  proved  successful 
elsewhere. 

What  is  the  infant  mortality  rate  of  the  United  States  ? This  can 
be  given  only  for  a limited  part  of  the  whole  country,  which  is  the 
recently  established  birth-registration  area,  representing  31  per  cent 
of  the  total  population  of  the  United  States.  It  includes  the  six 
New  England  States,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Michigan,  Minne- 
sota, and  the  District  of  Columbia,  The  infant  mortality  rate  of  this 
area  in  1915  was  100  per  1,000  live  births.1  That  is,  of  every  10 
babies  born  alive,  1 died  before  it  reached  its  first  birthday.  For 
the  remainder  of  the  country  we  have  no  reliable  statistics.  About 
one-fifth  of  the  deaths  occurring  each  year  at  all  ages  are  of  children 
under  1 year. 

How  do  the  infant  mortality  rates  of  other  countries  compare  with 
the  rate  of  the  birth-registration  area  of  this  country  ? 

Deaths  of  infants  under  1 year  of  age  per  1,000  live  births  in  the  birth-registra- 
tion area  of  the  United  States  and  in  foreign  countries .a 


Country. 


Infant 

mortality 

rate. 


Country. 


Infant 

mortality 

rate. 


United  States,  registration  area  only 

(1915) 

England  and  Wales  (1913) 

France  (1912) 

German  Empire  (1912) 

Austria  (1912) 

Russia  in  Europe  (excluding  Finland 
and  the  provinces  of  the  Vistula  and  of 
the  Caucasus,  1909) 


100 

108 

78 

147 

180 


248 


Italy  (1913) 

Norway  (1913) 

Sweden  (1912) 

Denmark  (1913)... 

Belgium  (1912) 

Holland  (1913) 

Switzerland  (1913) 

Japan  (1911) 

Australia  (1913)... 


137 

65 

71 
94 

120 

91 

96 

157 

72 


a Figures  furnished  by  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  the  Census. 


“ The  same  conditions  which  cause  the  death  of  13  out  of  every 
100  babies  born  throughout  the  civilized  world,  on  the  broadest  of 
averages,  leave  more  or  less  permanent  stamps  on  perhaps  two  or 
three  times  as  many  more  babies  who  somehow  manage  to  crawl 
over  the  infant  dead  line,  many  of  whom  will  be  the  fathers  and 
mothers  of  the  next  generation.  The  problem  of  infant  mortality, 
therefore,  is  far  more  than*  one  as  to  means  of  decreasing  the  number 


1 Figures  furnished  by  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  the  Census. 


110 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


of  infant  deaths.  Its  scope  is  world-wide,  and  on  its  partial  solu- 
tion, at  least,  depends  the  welfare  of  posterity.  The  call  for  action 
on  such  a problem  may  fairly  be  termed  urgent.” — E.  B.  Phelps. 

“ It  was  formerly  believed  that  the  rate  of  mortality  among  chil- 
dren who  had  not  reached  the  first  anniversary  of  their  birth  was  a 
wise  dispensation  of  nature,  intended  to  prevent  children  with  a 
weak  constitution  becoming  too  plentiful.  To-day  we  know  that  a 
great  infant  mortality  is  a national  disaster — on  the  one  hand,  be- 
cause numerous  economic  values  are  created  without  purpose  and 
prematurely  destroyed,  and,  on  the  other,  because  the  causes  of  the 
high  rate  of  infant  mortality  affect  the  powers  of  resistance  of  the 
other  infants  and  weaken  the  strength  of  the  Nation  in  its  next 
generation.” — Prof.  Dietrich. 

Causes  of  a high,  infant  mortality  rate. 

“ The  fundamental  causes  of  infantile  mortality  are  mainly  the 
result  of  three  conditions — poverty,  ignorance,  and  neglect.” — Dr. 
L.  Emmett  Holt. 

A study  of  the  relation  of  social  and  economic  conditions  to  in- 
fant mortality  is  now  being  made  by  the  United  States  Children’s 
Bureau.  Reports  of  the  findings  of  this  inquiry  in  a steel-manufac- 
turing town  and  in  a residential  suburb  have  already  been  published 
and  show  a coincidence  of  underpaid  fathers,  overworked  and  igno- 
rant mothers,  and  those  hazards  to  the  life  of  the  offspring  which 
individual  parents  can  not  avoid  or  control  because  they  must  be 
remedied  by  community  action.  The  introduction  to  one  of  these 
reports  says : “ All  this  points  toward  the  imperative  need  of  ascer- 
taining a standard  of  life  for  the  American  family,  a standard  which 
must  rest  upon  such  betterment  of  conditions  of  work  and  pay  as 
will  permit  parents  to  safeguard  infants  within  the  household.” 

There  are  three  groups  of  diseases  which  together  cause  about 
three-fourths  of  all  the  deaths  among  babies.  These  three  groups 
are: 

1.  Digestive  diseases,  which  cause  #most  of  the  deaths  of  babies 
in  summer.  Bottle-fed  babies  are  most  often  affected. 

2.  Diseases  of  the  lungs. 

3.  Diseases  due  to  conditions  affecting  the  child  before  or  at  birth. 

Some  of  the  causes  of  these  diseases  are: 

1.  Of  the  digestive  diseases:  Lack  of  breast  feeding,  improper 
feeding,  impure  milk,  carelessness  of  mothers,  hot  weather,  over- 
crowding, bad  housing,  and  bad  sanitary  conditions. 

2.  Of  the  diseases  of  the  lungs : Infections,  bad  air. 

3.  Of  the  diseases  due  to  conditions  affecting  the  child  before 
birth:  Siclmess  in  the  parents,  overwork  of  the  mother,  improper 
care  before  or  at  birth. 

“ Because  the  United  States  differs  from  other  civilized  countries  in 
having  no  general  system  of  birth  registration  it  is  impossible  to 
state  with  accuracy  our  proportionate  loss,  but  we  have  the  estimate 
of  the  Census  Bureau  that  our  actual  loss  last  year  was  about  300,000 
babies  under  1 year  of  age,  of  whom  at  least  half  would  now  be 
living  had  we,  as  individuals  and  communities,  applied  those  meas- 
ures of  hygiene  and  sanitation  which  are  known  and  available.  Here 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


Ill 


is  a vast  and  unmeasured  loss  of  infant  life  due  solely  to  individual 
and  civic  neglect.  The  economic  and  industrial  significance  of  such 
a loss  in  the  general  scheme  of  social  well-being  is  beginning  to  be 
realized.  It  was  once  thought  that  a high  infant  death  rate  indicated 
a greater  degree  of  vigor  in  the  survivors.  Now  it  is  agreed  that  the 
conditions  which  destroy  so  many  of  the  youngest  lives  of  the  com- 
munity must  also  result  in  crippling  and  maiming  many  others  and 
must  react  unfavorably  upon  the  health  of  the  entire  community.” — 
First  annual  report  U.  S.  Children’s  Bureau. 

“ Infant  mortality  is  the  most  sensitive  index  we  possess  of  social 
welfare  and  of  sanitary  administration.” — Sir  Arthur  Newsholme. 

How  to  prevent  a high,  infant  mortality  rate. 

We  are  told  that  about  one-half  of  the  deaths  of  babies  under 
1 year  may  be  prevented.  How  can  this  be  accomplished? 

PART  PLAYED  BY  PARENTS  IN  PREVENTING  BABIES’  DEATHS. 

1.  Intelligent  care  by  the  mother . — Every  mother  has  a right  to 
know  the  facts  which  science  has  made  certain  as  to  ways  in  which 
it  is  possible  to  protect  babies  from  sickness  and  death. 

“ Give  me  intelligent  motherhood  and  good  prenatal  conditions, 
and  I have  no  doubt  of  the  future  of  this  or  any  other  nation.” — 
John  Burns. 

“ In  the  education  of  the  mother  in  the  care  of  herself  and  her 
baby  we  have  the  strongest  weapon  for  fighting  infant  mortality.” — 
New  York  Milk  Committee’s  report. 

2.  Prenatal  care  of  the  mothers. — The  great  group  of  deaths  of 
babies  from  causes  acting  before  or  at  birth  can  only  be  prevented  by 
intelligent  care  by  the  mother  of  herself  before  birth ; protection  of 
the  mother  by  her  husband  from  overwork : skillful  care  at  the  time 
of  confinement;  health  of  both  parents. 

PART  PLAYED  BY  THE  COMMUNITY  IN  PREVENTING  BABIES’ 

DEATHS. 

1.  Infant-welfare  work. — “ Community  action  can  remedy  many 
conditions  dangerous  to  the  lives  of  infants.  The  purity  of  the 
water,  the  milk,  and  the  food  supply;  the  cleanliness  of  streets  and 
alleys;  the  disposal  of  waste — all  these  are  within  the  control  of  the 
community.  But  the  public  responsibility  does  not  end  merely  in 
remedying  physical  conditions.  There  is  a growing  tendency  on  the 
part  of  municipalities  to  accept  responsibility  for  furnishing  infor- 
mation and  instruction  to  its  citizens  through  instructive  visiting 
nurses,  baby-welfare  and  consultation  stations,  and  the  distribution 
of  literature  for  the  guidance  of  others.  Work  for  infant  welfare 
is  coming  to  be  regarded  as  more  than  a philanthropy  or  an  ex- 
pression of  good  will.  It  is  a profoundly  important  public  concern 
which  tests  the  public  spirit  and  the  democracy  of  a community. 
There  is,  perhaps,  no  better  sign  of  the  modernness  of  a city’s  admin- 
istration than  the  proportion  of  its  income  which  is  assigned  to  the 
protection  of  infancy  and  childhood,  though  it  is  fair  to  remind  our- 
selves that  a large  amount  of  invaluable  volunteer  work  is  going 


112 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


on  in  many  cities  whose  budgets  show  no  item  for  this  purpose. 
But,  whether  by  public  or  private  effort,  the  community  increasingly 
accepts  its  share  of  responsibility  for  the  healthfulness  of  individual 
dwelling  places  and  their  fitness  for  the  rearing  of  children.5 —Sec- 
ond annual  report,  U.  S.  Children’s  Bureau. 

The  instruction  of  mothers  through  infant-welfare  or  milk  sta- 
tions and  visiting  nurses  is  the  most  important  immediate  work  for 
the  prevention  of  infant  mortality. 

“ Infant-welfare  stations  afford  an  opportunity  to  give  poor 
mothers  the  benefit  of  personal  advice  by  experts  in  the  care  and 
feeding  of  infants.  Wherever  these  have  been  in  successful  opera- 
tion the  infant  mortality  has  been  materially  reduced.  At  these  cen- 
ters the  mother  receives  instruction  in  the  care  and  feeding  of  her 
child,  both  in  sickness  and  in  health.  The  necessity  for  breast  feed- 
ing is  emphasized,  and,  where  this  is  impossible,  the  nurse  on  her 
visits  to  the  home  teaches  the  mother  how  to  prepare  the  feedings. 
The  importance  of  clean  pasteurized  milk  is  demonstrated,  and  at 
many  stations  such  milk  is  furnished  at  a moderate  cost.  Germany 
now  has  555  infant-welfare  stations  in  345  different  localities;  Eng- 
land has  over  200,  and  before  the  war  there  were  77  in  Belgium. 
In  the  entire  State  of  New  York,  outside  of  the  city  of  New  York, 
there  were  in  1913  only  32  such  stations  in  12  different  localities. 
The  public-health  commission,  appointed  by  the  governor,  which 
drafted  the  present  public-health  law,  recommended  that  4 each  city 
with  a population  in  excess  of  10,000  and  having  an  industrial  popu- 
lation should  have  one  infant-welfare  station,  and  larger  cities  with 
an  industrial  population  should  have  one  such  station  for  approxi- 
mately each  20,000  inhabitants.’” — Circular  of  the  New  York  State 
Department  of  Health,  1915. 

2.  Public-health  or  visiting  nurses. — Where  communities  can  not 
afford  to  support  inf  ant- welfare  stations,  even  during  the  summer 
months,  help  given  to  the  mothers  in  their  homes  by  visiting  nurses 
under  the  direction  of  the  family  physician  does  much  good. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  are  associations  of  girls  in  the  upper 
grades  of  schools  to  whom  instruction  is  given  in  the  proper  care 
and  feeding  of  babies.  Much  good  has  been  accomplished  by  them. 

3.  Improvement  of  the  milk  supply . — Each  community  should 
make  certain  that  the  milk  provided  for  its  babies  is  pure.  This 
can  be  done  only  by  the  appropriation  of  sufficient  money  to  insure 
a proper  inspection  of  the  milk  supply. 

4.  Sanitary  conditions. — Overcrowding,  insanitary  houses  and 
streets,  bad  water,  and  bad  sewerage  are  potent  factors  in  causing 
a high  infant  mortality  rate.  The  community  is  responsible  for  the 
protection  of  its  babies  from  these  dangers. 

Baby  week. 

A baby  week  is  a campaign  with  a twofold  purpose:  (1)  To  give 
the  mothers  and  fathers  of  a community  the  opportunity  of  learn- 
ing the  most  important  facts  with  regard  to  the  care  of  the  baby: 
(2)  to  bring  home  to  the  community  a knowledge  of  the  facts 
regarding  the  needless  deaths  of  its  babies  and  a realization  of  the 
ways  in  which  it  must  protect  them. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


113 


A baby  week  should  be  a community  campaign  ; each  person  in  the 
community  should  feel  that  he  or  she  has  a part  in  it. 

A baby  week  should  not  be  a temporary  flurry  and  excitement,  but 
should  lead  to  permanent  work  for  the  babies. 

LETTER  PROM  THE  MAYOR  OF  NEW  YORK  CITY  TO 
THE  CLERGY  OF  THE  CITY. 

City  of  New  York, 

Office  of  Mayor. 

To  the  Clergy  of  New  York  City: 

The  week  of  June  20  to  26  has  been  set  apart  by  a committee  of  citizens 
cooperating  with  the  health  department  as  a week  for  considering  the  needs 
of  the  infants  of  this  city.  It  has  been  suggested  that  the  clergy  of  the  city 
call  to  the  attention  of  their  congregations  the  plans  of  the  committee  in  charge 
of  this  excellent  undertaking.  Their  purpose  is  to  fix  the  attention,  especially 
during  this  week,  of  the  whole  city  on  the  proper  care  of  babies,  particularly 
during  hot  weather,  in  order  to  further  reduce  infant  mortality. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  for  me  to  say  that  this  program  seems  particularly 
fitting  for  the  churches’  support.  Much  has  been  accomplished  within  the 
last  few  years  in  the  saving  and  protecting  of  child  life  in  New  York.  In 
order  that  we  may  progress  still  further  in  reducing  infant  mortality  and 
promoting  the  welfare  of  the  children  of  the  city,  we  must  have  the  active 
cooperation  of  all  citizens,  and  especially  of  the  religious  and  civic  organiza- 
tions, which  have  so  much  concern  for  the  city’s  welfare.  I ask,  therefore, 
that  you  bring  this  matter  to  the  attention  of  your  congregations,  urging  their 
cooperation  with  the  committee  in  charge. 

John  Purroy  Mitchel,  Mayor. 

June  17,  1914. 

A CIRCULAR  DISTRIBUTED  TO  TEACHERS  IN  WASH- 
INGTON, D.  C.,  AS  BASIS  FOR  TALKS  TO  PUPILS  ON 
LITTLE-MOTHERS’  DAY. 

1.  Bathing . — Baby  should  be  bathed  every  day  because  the  skin  of  a baby  is 
very  tender,  and  very  little  irritation  will  cause  trouble.  Have  everything 
ready  before  you  begin  the  bath.  Be  sure  the  room  is  warm  and  that  there 
are  clean,  dry,  warm  clothes  ready  to  put  on  baby  quickly  after  the  bath.  You 
will  need  a basin  of  warm  water,  soap,  wash  cloth,  towels,  powder,  solution  of 
boracic  acid,  and  absorbent  cotton. 

Before  undressing  the  baby  bathe  the  eyes  gently  with  boracic-acid  solution. 
Cleanse  each  nostril  with  a twist  of  absorbent  cotton  moistened  the  same  way. 
Next  wash  the  face  and  ears  with  a wash  cloth  wrung  out  of  the  water  and 
wipe  at  once  with  a thin  soft  towel.  Then  soap  the  head  carefully,  rinse  off 
well,  and  dry. 

Now  undress  the  baby  and  soap  it  all  over  quickly.  Then  put  baby  in  the 
tub,  rinse  all  the  soap  off  well,  ‘and  lift  baby  out  and  dry.  The  time  in  the 
water  should  not  be  more  than  2 minutes. 

2.  Feeding. — Every  baby  should  be  fed  on  mother’s  milk  for  the  first  few, 
months.  It  has  just  the  right  things  in  it  to  make  the  baby  strong  and  well. 
It  is  always  ready,  always  warm,  and  always  clean  and  free  from  germs.  Baby 
should  be  fed  regularly,  every  three  or  four  hours.  Baby  should  not  have 
anything  else  to  drink  except  cool  boiled  water.  If  baby  can  not  be  nursed  it 
should  be  fed  on  a modification  of  cows’  milk.  The  mother  should  be  sure  the 
milk  she  buys  for  the  baby  is  clean  and  cold  and  safe.  Dirty  milk  may  kill 
the  baby.  The  doctor  must  tell  the  mother  how  to  prepare  this  milk.  She 
must  have  everything  very  clean  that  she  uses  to  fix  the  milk  in,  and  as  soon 
as  it  is  fixed  it  should  be  put  in  the  ice  box  and  kept  there.  The  mother  should 
never  put  the  nipple  in  her  mouth.  The  bottles  must  be  kept  very  clean.  The 
greatest  care  must  be  taken  that  the  baby’s  food  does  not  stand  in  the  sun  or 
get  dirty  and  that  no  flies  come  near  it. 

77632°— 17 8 


114 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


3.  Sleeping. — A young  baby  should  sleep  practically  all  the  time,  except  when 
it  is  being  fed  or  bathed.  It  should  always  sleep  alone  in  a basket  or  crib ; 
never  in  the  bed  with  its  mother.  It  should  never  sleep  in  a room  with  the 
window  closed.  It  is  a very  good  plan  to  let  the  baby  sleep  out  of  doors  in  the 
daytime  if  it  is  well  wrapped  and  protected  from  the  wind.  When  the  baby 
gets  a little  older  it  should  sleep  straight  through  from  6 p.  m.  to  6 a.  m.,  and 
should  have  a long  nap  in  the  morning  and  again  in  the  afternoon.  The  more 
sleep  the  baby  and  growing  child  have,  the  stronger  they  will  be.  They  should 
never  be  kept  up  in  the  evening. 

Baby  will  be  well  and  happy  if  he — 

Has  the  right  food. 

Has  a bath  every  day. 

Is  kept  dry  and  clean. 

Has  his  meals  served  on  time. 

Sleeps  alone  in  a quiet,  cool  place. 

Breathes  fresh  air  day  and  night. 

Is  given  pure,  cool  water  to  drink. 

Is  dressed  according  to  the  weather. 

Is  protected  from  flies  and  mosquitoes. 

Is  kept  away  from  sick  folks  and  crowds. 

Does  not  have  to  be  shown  off  for  visitors. 

Is  not  kissed  on  the  mouth,  even  by  his  mother. 

Baby  will  be  unhappy  and  cross  if  he — 

Is  given  a pacifier. 

Is  allowed  to  go  thirsty. 

Is  taken  up  whenever  he  cries. 

Is  fed  at  the  family  table. 

Is  kept  up  late. 

Is  not  kept  dry  and  clean. 

Is  bounced  up  and  down. 

Is  taken  to  the  movies. 

Is  dosed  with  medicine. 

Is  teased  and  made  to  show  off. 

Is  bothered  by  flies  and  mosquitoes. 

Is  not  a fresh-air  baby. 

It  is  easier  to  keep  baby  well  than  to  cure  him  when  he  gets  sick. 


ARTICLES  IN  THE  CHILDREN'S  BUREAU  EXHIBIT  ON 
INFANT  CARE  AT  THE  PANAMA-PACIFIC  EXPO- 
SITION. 


Clothing  for  the  baby. 

Hot-weather  costume. — Cotton  band  and  diaper. 

Winter  costume. — Shirt,  diaper,  band,  stockings,  shoes,  skirt,  slip,  night- 
gown, and  wrapper. 

Two  dolls  dressed  in  these  costumes. 

Sleeping  arrangements. 

Homemade  crib  for  young  baby. — Clothes  basket,  mattress  of  silence  cloth, 
mattress  cover,  rubber  sheeting,  sheets,  blankets.  Such  a crib  is  described  and 
illustrated  in  Infant  Care,  United  States  Children’s  Bureau  publication  No.  8, 
page  12. 

Crib  for  older  baby. — Iron  crib  with  high  sides,  mattress,  bedding  as  above, 
mosquito  netting  to  cover  bed. 

Bathing  arrangements. 

A washable  “ hospital  ” doll,  which  may  be  used  by  the  nurse  in  demonstrating 
the  baby’s  bath,  low  table  and  chair,  bathtub,  pitcher  for  warm  water,  bath 
thermometer,  towels,  wash  cloths,  bath  apron,  bath  accessories — good  soap, 
vaseline,  talcum  powder,  boric  acid,  absorbent  cotton. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


115 


Objects  needed  for  preparation  of  modified  milk. 

Portable  gas  stove,  two  burners  (electric  plate  may  be  used),  nursing  bot- 
tles (8-ounce  cylindrical),  nipples,  covered  glass  for  nipples,  clean  corks, 
bottle  brush,  graduated  measuring  glass,  two  quart  pitchers,  one  funnel,  long- 
handled  spoon  fox  stirring,  pail  or  kettle  for  pasteurizing  milk,  and  sterilizing 
utensils  (for  home  pasteurizers  and  use,  see  Infant  Care,  pp.  40-46),  tablespoon, 
double  boiler  for  cooking  cereals. 

Scale  for  weighing*  baby. 

Scale  having  balance  beam  and  platform ; suitable  basket  or  pan  on  platform 
for  holding  baby. 

Playpen  for  older  babies. 

For  description,  see  Infant  Care,  Children’s  Bureau  publication  No.  8,  page  24. 

ARTICLES  WHICH  HAVE  BEEN  USED  IN  BABY- 
WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 


Homemade  ice  box.  (See  Infant  Care,  p.  41.) 

Homemade  fireless  cooker.  (See  Circular  776,  States  Relations  Service, 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.) 

Homemade  iceless  refrigerator.  (See  Circular  778,  States  Relations  Service, 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.) 


Good  and  bad  school  luncheons  shown  in  Corpus  Christi 
(Tex.)  baby-week  exhibit. 


GOOD  SCHOOL  LUNCHEONS. 

I. 

Egg  sandwich. 

Brown  bread  and  butter. 

Mold  of  apple  tapioca. 

Orange. 

II. 

Chicken-salad  sandwich. 

Crisp  finger  roll. 

Nut  and  date  sandwich. 

Apple. 


III. 

Cheese  sandwich. 

Apple  and  celery  sandwich. 
Sponge  cake. 

Orange. 

IV. 

Club  sandwich. 

Graham  bread  and  butter. 
Jelly  roll. 

Apple. 

V. 

Peanut-butter  sandwich. 
Raisin  and  apple  sandwich. 
Candy. 

Orange. 


BAD  SCHOOL  LUNCHEONS. 

I. 

Hard  fried  egg. 

Thick  soda  biscuit. 

Apple  pie. 

Banana. 

II. 

Sausages. 

Dill  pickles. 

Soggy  rolls. 

Raw  onions. 

Doughnuts. 


116 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNa 


Homes  of  Do  Care  and  Don’t  CaTe  families. 

An  interesting  feature  of  an  exhibit  is  the  display  of  good  and  bad  kitchens 
or  good  and  bad  nurseries,  which  reproduce  typical  rooms  to  be  found  in  the 
town  where  the  exhibit  is  held. 

Two  rooms,  approximately  8 to  10  feet  square,  are  constructed  and  furnished 
to  represent  two  contrasting  kitchens  or  nurseries.  The  furnishings  must  be 
similar,  but  while  that  belonging  to  Mrs.  Do  Care  is  shown  in  model  order,  the 
other,  belonging  to  Mrs.  Don’t  Care,  is  carelessly  or  ignorantly  cared  for.  It  is 
not  advisable,  however,  to  make  the  contrasts  so  extreme  that  both  seem  unreal. 

CONTRASTS. 


DO  CARE. 

Neat  and  clean  wall  paper. 
Windows  screened. 

No  flies. 

Milk  covered. 

Clean  stove. 

Dust  cloths,  etc. 


don't  care. 

Ugly  and  untidy  wall  paper. 
No  screens. 

Flies. 

Milk:  uncovered. 

Dirty  stove. 

Feather  duster,  etc. 


TITLES  OF  PANELS  IN  SEVERAL  BABY- WELFARE 

EXHIBITS. 

Children’s  Bureau. 

Baby’s  Rights. 

Care  Before  Birth. 

Nursing  the  Baby. 

Mother’s  Milk. 

What  Mother’s  Milk  Did  for  This  Baby. 

Artificial  Food. 

Baby  Needs  Air. 

Colds  and  Pneumonia. 

Baby’s  Foes. 

When  Mother  Works. 

Low  Wages. 

Mothers’  Pensions. 

In  the  Same  Town. 

New  York  State  Department  of  Health. 

The  Necessity  of  Healthy  Parents. 

Birth  Registration — Importance  of  birth  certificates. 

Birth  Registration — Proof  of  age  required  by  civil  service  and  some  em- 
ployers. 

Infant  Mortality — Electric  flash  light  going  out  every  time  a baby  dies  in 
the  civilized  world. 

Necessity  of  Breast  Feeding. 

Health  Creed  for  a Well  Baby. 

Pasteurized  Milk. 

Care  of  Milk  in  the  Home. 

Dangerous  Soothing  Sirups. 

Dangerous  Foods. 

Fresh  Air  for  the  Baby. 

AYhere  Babies  Die  (housing  conditions). 

The  Fly  Pest. 

Vaccination. 

Prevention  of  Blindness  in  Babies. 

Common  Colds — What  they  may  lead  to. 

How  Colds  are  “ Caught.” 

How  to  Handle  the  Baby. 

Bathing  the  Baby. 

Education  of  the  Mother  Will  Reduce  the  Infant  Death  Rate  in  Your  City. 
Infant-Welfare  Stations — Their  value. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


117 


Pittsburgh  baby-week  exhibit. 

Prenatal  care: 

How  to  Save  the  Babies. 

Care  Before  Birth. 

The  Working  Mother. 

Why  the  Baby  Died. 

Father  Pitt  Offers  the  Mothers  Advice  and  Help  in  Caring  for  the  Babies. 
Birth : 

Babies’  Sore  Eyes. 

Prevent  Sore  Eyes. 

Regulation  of  Mid  wives. 

Baby’s  Rights. 

Feeding : 

Why  Baby  Should  Be  Nursed. 

Mother’s  Milk. 

Nursing  the  Baby. 

What  a Patent  Food  Did  for  This  Baby. 

Artificial  Food. 

Milk : 

Dangerous  Milk. 

Dairy  and  Milk  Inspection. 

Certified  Milk — What  it  is. 

Certified  Milk — Method  of  supervision. 

Care  of  mother  and  baby : 

Causes  of  Baby  Deaths. 

Catching  Diseases. 

Measles  and  Whooping  Cough. 

Light  and  Air. 

Flies. 

Saving  babies: 

Baby- Welfare  Week. 

Little  Mothers. 

Work  of  Nurse. 

The  Nursing  Bottle. 

Happy  Babies. 

Russell  Sage  Foundation,  department  of  child  helping. 

All  Births  Should  be  Registered. 

Our  Country’s  Faulty  Records. 

A Baby  Dies  in  the  United  States  Every  Time  This  Star  Fades. 

Baby’s  Pilgrim’s  Progress  Through  the  Valley  of  the  Shadow  of  Death. 

How  to  Save  Babies. 

The  Beginning  of  Life. 

Mother’s  Milk. 

What  Mother’s  Milk  Did  for  These  Babies. 

What  a Patent  Food  Did  for  These  Babies. 

Artificial  Feeding. 

Feeding  the  Baby. 

Flies  are  Carriers  of  Disease. 

Colds. 

Whooping  Cough. 

Measles. 

TRAVELING  EXHIBITS,  LANTERN  SLIDES,  AND  EDU- 
CATIONAL LITERATURE  OBTAINABLE  FROM  VARI- 
OUS SOURCES. 

Exhibit  material  in  many  cases  is  lent  free,  if  transportation  is 
paid.  In  some  cases  a small  rental  fee  is  asked  in  addition.  Many 
of  the  small  poster  exhibits  may  be  purchased  at  a low  price.  In 
most  cases  the  condition  is  made  that  broken  lantern  slides  shall 
be  paid  for  by  the  borrower.  Further  information  may  be  ob- 
tained from  the  secretaries  of  the  organizations.  Applications  for 
exhibit  material  and  lantern  slides  should  be  made  as  long  as 
possible  in  advance. 


118 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


For  leaflets  and  pamphlets  write  to  the  publishing  agency  as  here 
indicated. 

The  Children’s  Bureau  can  supply  only  its  own  publications  and 
material. 

Childrens’  Bureau,  United  States  Department  of  Labor, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Exhibit  material. — Twelve  wall  charts  on  infant  welfare  mounted  on  linen,  20 
by  40  inches. 

Lantern  slides. — Set  of  50  lantern  slides  on  infant  care,  each  slide  having  an 
appropriate  label  of  explanation ; no  outline  for  lecture. 
Motion-picture  film. — A Day  in  Baby’s  Life.  A film  giving  details  of  the 
care  of  the  baby ; suitable  to  serve  as  accompaniment  to  a lecture 
to  women  or  young  girls  on  the  care  of  the  baby.  Film  can  not 
be  lent,  as  it  is  worn  out,  but  upon  request  permission  will  be  given 
to  departments  of  health  and  private  organizations  to  have  copies 
of  the  film  made  from  the  negative.  Length  of  film,  about  1,500  feet. 
Bulletins,  etc.: 

Prenatal  Care. — A 35-page  bulletin  dealing  with  the  care  of  the  mother 
during  pregnancy. 

Infant  Care. — An  81-page  bulletin  dealing  with  the  care  of  babies  up  to 
2 years  of  age. 

Child  Care. — (In  preparation.) 

Maternal  Mortality  from  all  Conditions  Connected  with  Childbirth. 

Baby-Week  Campaigns. 

Child-Welfare  Exhibits:  Types  and  preparation. 

Birth  Registration. 

A Tabular  Statement  of  Infant-Welfare  Work  in  the  United  States. 

How  to  Organize  a Children’s  Health  Conference.  (In  press.) 

For  a complete  list  of  all  Children’s  Bureau  publications,  see  pages  2 and  3 
of  cover. 

Other  forms  of  assistance  in  a baby-week  campaign: 

Press  material  on  baby  week. 

Press  material  on  birth  registration. 

Leaflet  of  directions  for  carrying  out  a birth-registratio  i test. 

Outline  of  suggestions  for  programs  on  The  Community  and  the  Child. 

Circular  of  information  about  motion-picture  films  on  child-welfare  sub- 
jects. 

Information  about  organizing  Little  Mothers’  Leagues. 

Information  about  equipment,  etc.,  of  infant-welfare  stations. 

United  States  Public  Health  Service,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Lantern  slides. — Two  thousand  views  dealing  with  various  public-health  prob- 
lems ; 80  slides  on  the  subject  of  milk. 

Bulletins , etc.: 

Care  of  the  Baby. — Public  Health  Reports,  Supplement  No.  10.  14  pp. 

Same,  printed  in  Slovak. 

Summer  Care  of  Infants. — Public  Health  Reports,  Supplement  No.  16. 
15  pp. 

A number  of  publications  on  such  subjects  as  children’s  diseases,  infantile 
paralysis,  malaria,  tuberculosis,  typhoid  fever,  open-air  schools,  milk,  water, 
etc.,  closely  related  to  baby  welfare,  are  also  available  for  distribution.  A com- 
plete list  will  be  furnished  on  request. 

Office  of  Home  Economics.  States  Relations  Service,  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Exhibit  material. — Food  and  diet  charts  in  colors ; useful  in  exhibits  on  the 
subject  of  food  for  young  children.  To  be  obtained  from  the  Superin- 
tendent of  Documents,  Washington,  D.  C.  The  set  of  15  charts,  $1 ; 
single  charts  not  sold  separately. 

Bulletins,  etc.: 

Food  for  Young  Children. — Farmers’  Bulletin  717. 

School  Lunches. — Farmers’  Bulletin  712. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


119 


American  Association  for  Study  and  Prevention  of  Infant 
Mortality,  1211  Cathedral  Street,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Exhibit  material. — ( a ) General  traveling  exhibit.  Scope — Illustrates  causes 
and  extent  of  baby  sickness  and  death ; how  to  keep  the  baby  well ; 
right  food  for  the  baby;  baby  life-saving  stations.  Contents — 35  pan- 
els ; 5 single  introductory  panels ; 6 cabinet  screens,  each  of  which  holds 
5 panels ; no  wall  attachments.  Space  required,  80  linear  feet ; 4 feet 
from  wall  to  exhibit;  walls  must  be  at  least  10  feet  high.  Weight, 
1,550  pounds;  packed  in  8 boxes;  usually  shipped  by  freight,  (b) 
Parcel-post  exhibit.  Photographic  reproduction  of  general  traveling 
exhibit ; 20  wall  panels,  unframed,  mounted  on  muslin ; size,  34  by  42 
inches;  weight,  15  pounds. 

Lantern  slides. — Collection  of  50  slides,  based  on  traveling  exhibit,  accompanied 
by  brief  descriptive  statement. 

Leaflets , etc.: 

Motherhood. — A 6-page  leaflet  on  prenatal  care. 

Care  of  the  Baby. — Educational  leaflet  No.  1.  4 pp. 

American  Medical  Association,  Council  on  Health,  and  Public 
Instruction,  535  North  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago,  111. 

Exhibit  material. — (a)  Fifteen  exhibit  panels,  25  by  38  inches,  printed  on 
durable  paper.  These  panels  are  reproductions  of  exhibit  panels  pre- 
pared by  the  Children’s  Bureau  and  the  American  Association  for 
Study  and  Prevention  of  Infant  Mortality.  Sent  by  parcel  post. 
Price  list  upon  application  to  the  secretary  of  the  council  on  health 
and  public  instruction.  ( b ) Cartoons  on  public  health,  available  for 
exhibits;  cuts  of  the  same. 

Pamphlets , score  cards,  record  sheets,  etc.: 

Save  the  Babies. — Pamphlet  No.  7.  Pamphlet  on  the  care  of  babies.  19  pp. 

Summer  Care  of  Babies. — Twenty-four  page  pamphlet. 

Score  cards  for  use  in  baby-health  conferences. 

Record  sheets  for  use  in  baby-health  conferences  in  which  score  cards  are 
not  used. 

Baby  Health  Conferences. — Pamphlet  No.  5.  Description  of  the  methods  of 
holding  baby-health  conferences  according  to  the  score  card  of  the 
American  Medical  Association. 

Anthropometric  Table. 

Sample  copies  and  price  list  are  furnished  on  application  to  the  secretary 
of  the  council  on  health  and  public  instruction ; also  price  list  of  packages 
made  up  with  the  number  of  each  of  the  publications  named  above  necessary 
for  baby-health  conferences  of  various  sizes.  Requests  for  material  should 
be  made  as  long  in  advance  as  possible. 

American  Bed  Cross  Town  and  Country  Nursing  Service, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Exhibit  No.  I. — Six  cabinets,  photographs  and  models  relating  to  public-health 
work  of  nurse ; each  cabinet  8 feet  6 inches  by  34  inches  by  10  inches ; 
includes  one  cabinet  on  infant-welfare  work;  weight,  ready  for  ship- 
ment, 1,200  pounds. 

Exhibit  No.  II. — Thirteen  panels  2 feet  by  2 feet  6 inches  on  activities  of  the 
visiting  nurse  in  rural  communities  and  small  towns.  Two  panels  on 
infant-welfare  work ; to  be  hung  in  tiers  of  three ; requires  13  by  6 
. feet  wall  space. 

Lantern  slides. — Forty-six  on  work  of  visiting  nurse  in  rural  districts  and 
small  towns. 

Motion-picture  film. — Two  copies  on  work  of  visiting  nurse  in  rural  districts 
and  small  towns. 

Pamphlets,  etc. — Circular  117.  Four-page  illustrated  circular  on  the  work  of 
the  Town  and  Country  Nursing  Service  of  the  American  Red  Cross. 


120 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


National  Association  for  the  Study  and  Prevention  of  Tuber- 
culosis, 105  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


Exhibit  material. — Exhibit  chart  for  use  in  schools. 

Lantern  slides. — One  hundred  and  eighty-three  lantern  slides  on  tuberculosis 
and  public  health. 

Circulars  with  regard  to  motion-picture  films  and  lantern  slides 
furnished  on  request. 

Motion  pictures. — Rental  service  of  five  motion-picture  films  on  tuberculosis  and 
public  health.  Of  these,  The  Temple  of  Moloch  and  The  Great  Truth 
especially  show  the  need  for  the  protection  of  children  from  tuber- 
culosis. 

Leaflets,  etc. — A number  of  health  plays  for  children  in  leaflet  form.  (See 
p.  134.) 

In  writing  for  information  a stamp  should  be  inclosed  for  reply. 


Bussell  Sag*e  Foundation,  Department  of  Child  Helping,  130 
East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City. 

Lantern  slides. — Sixteen  lantern  slides  on  visiting  nursing. 

Leaflets,  etc. — The  Care  of  the  Baby.  Six-page  leaflet. 

National  Committee  for  the  Prevention  of  Blindness,  Boom 
510,  130  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City. 

Exhibit  material. — Two  exhibits:  (1)  Ophthalmia  neonatorum  (babies’  sore 
eyes)  ; (2)  midwives.  Each  exhibit  five  panels;  bromide  photographs 
mounted  on  compo  board  and  framed ; approximately  18  inches  wide 
by  38  inches  high ; wall  space  required,  width  7 feet  6 inches ; height, 
3 feet  4 inches.  Publication  No.  4,  describing  and  illustrating  exhibits 
in  detail,  may  be  had  upon  application. 

Lantern  slides. — Seventy-seven  on  babies’  sore  eyes.  Synopsis  of  a lecture  or  a 
complete  lecture  supplied  on  request.  Write  for  Publication  No.  7 and 
inventory  of  slides. 

Leaflets,  etc.: 

Needlessly  Blind  for  Life. — Four-page  leaflet  on  prevention  of  blindness 
from  babies’  sore  eyes  (ophthalmia  neonatorum). 

Common  Causes  of  Blindness  in  Children  and  the  Means  and  Methods  of 
Prevention. — Sixteen-page  pamphlet,  illustrated. 

What  Women’s  Clubs  and  Nursing  Organizations  Can  Do  to  Prevent 
Blindness. — Four-page  leaflet. 

Saving  the  Sight  of  Babies. — A lecture  outline,  illustrated. 

Summary  of  State  Laws  and  Rulings  Relating  to  the  Prevention  of  Blind- 
ness from  Babies’  Sore  Eyes. 

Will  contribute  moderate  supply  of  first  three  mentioned  publications  free. 

Prices  of  quantity  lots  on  application.  Single  copies  of  last  two  on  request. 

Applications  for  large  quantities  should  be  made  at  least  two  months  in  advance 

of  date  when  needed. 

American  Social  Hygiene  Association,  105  West  Fortieth 
Street,  New  York  City. 

Exhibit  material. — (u)  Set  of  10  colored  panels  on  social  hygiene,  size  17  by 
24  inches,  (b)  Set  of  photographs  of  this  series  of  panels,  suitable 
for  small  exhibits,  (c)  Single  wall  panel,  40  by  28  inches. 

Lantern  slides. — Set  of  10,  reproducing  exhibit  panels.  Additional  lantern 
slides  on  social  hygiene. 

Pamphlets. — Eight  pamphlets  on  social  hygiene. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


121 


National  Child-Welfare  Exhibit  Association,  70  Eifth  Ave- 
nue, New  York  City. 

Exhibit  material. — Thirteen  colored  posters,  18  by  28  inches,  Care  Before 
Birth,  Care  at  Birth,  The  Best  Food,  The  Best  Substitute,  Feeding  the 
Baby,  Bathing  the  Baby,  Clothing  the  Baby,  Fresh  Air  and  Exercise, 
The  Baby  Asleep,  Things  to  Avoid,  Milk,  Midwives,  Birth  Registra- 
tion. Also,  12  posters  on  childhood  and  health,  what  to  eat  and  what 
not  to  eat,  care  of  the  eyes,  care  of  the  teeth,  correct  breathing,  and 
disease  prevention. 

Lantern  slides. — Set  of  13,  reproducing  posters  on  care  of  baby ; set  of  12, 
reproducing  posters  on  childhood  and  health. 

Educational  Exhibit  Co.,  26  Custom  House  Street,  Provi- 
dence, It.  I. 

Exhibit  material. — Parcel-post  exhibits  and  other  exhibits  for  sale  and  ren- 
tal ; models  and  devices ; pin-map  supplies ; materials  for  chart 
making. 

Lantern  slides. — Several  sets  on  baby  welfare,  milk,  flies,  child  hygiene,  etc. 

A baby-week  catalogue,  giving  details  as  to  exhibit  material  and  lantern 

slides,  is  sent  on  request. 

Public  Service  Exhibit  Bureau,  123  West  Madison  Street, 

Chicago,  111. 

Exhibit  material. — For  information  address  secretary. 

Public-Health  Nurse  Quarterly,  612  St.  Clair  Avenue  NE., 

Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Lantern  slides. — Fifty  lantern  slides  on  public-health  nursing.  Sixty  lantern 
slides  on  child  welfare,  which  include  maternity,  infant  welfare,  the 
child  from  2 to  6,  and  school  hygiene.  Lectures  accompany  slides. 

The  Child  Federation,  1014^-16  Witherspoon  Building, 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Exhibit  material. — Set  of  8 charts,  28£  by  22|  inches,  printed  on  cardboard. 
Subject,  baby  saving. 

ASSISTANCE  OFFERED  BY  STATE  AUTHORITIES 
THROUGHOUT  THE  COUNTRY. 

ALABAMA. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Montgomery. 

Bulletins. — On  the  Baby,  Diphtheria,  Care  of  the  Baby. 

Lantern  slides,  lecturers,  press  articles. 

ARIZONA. 

University  of  Arizona,  Department  of  Social  Science,  Tucson. 

Lecturers,  press  articles. 

ARKANSAS. 

University  of  Arkansas,  College  of  Agriculture,  Extension  Division,  Fayetteville. 

One,  possibly  two,  lecturers. 

Press  articles. 


122 


BABY-WBEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


CALIFORNIA. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Sacramento. 

Special  bulletin  on  child  welfare;  pamphlets  on  milk  production,  sanitation 
and  flies. 

Twenty-five  panels  on  infant  welfare. 

One  hundred  lantern  slides  on  public  health,  milk  sanitation,  tuberculosis. 

COLORADO. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Denver. 

Lantern  slides,  4 dozen  on  infant  hygiene. 

Two  motion-picture  films. — The  Man  Who  Learned,  The  Fly  Pest. 

Lecturers  supplied  to  a limited  extent. 

University  of  Colorado,  Extension  Bureau  of  Community  Welfare,  Boulder. 

Exhibit  materia],  including  13  child-welfare  charts.  Sent  for  transportation 
charges. 

Lecturers.  Traveling  expenses  to  be  paid  locally.  Arrangements  to  be  made 
one  month  in  advance. 

Programs  for  organization  and  management  of  baby-health  conferences  and  com- 
munity-welfare campaigns. 

Press  articles. 


CONNECTICUT. 


State  Board  of  Health,  Hartford. 

Leaflets. — Care  of  Baby,  etc. 

Two  exhibits,  posters,  wall  charts. 

Eighty  lantern  slides  on  infant  care,  the  fly,  housing,  milk. 

Lecturers,  press  articles. 

Connecticut  Agricultural  College,  Extension  Service,  Storrs. 
Press  articles. 

DELAWARE. 


Press  articles. 


State  Board  of  Health,  Wilmington. 


FLORIDA. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Jacksonville. 

Pamphlets. — Prevention  of  Ophthalmia  Neonatorum,  Vital  Statistics,  Baby  Wel- 
fare, Save  the  Babies. 

Exhibit  train,  3 cars ; much  material  upon  infant  and  child  welfare.  Itinerary 
must  be  arranged  in  advance  and  must  include  towns  in  same  general 
locality  or  upon  same  railroad. 

Small  exhibit,  wall  panels  on  infant  welfare,  tuberculosis,  and  flies. 

Parcel-post  exhibits,  8 on  tuberculosis,  7 on  typhoid. 

About  400  lantern  slides  on  general  health,  including  many  on  infant  welfare. 

Twelve  motion-picture  films. — The  Long  Versus  the  Short  Haul,  Tommy’s  Birth 
Certificate,  Cattle-Tick  Eradication,  Hope,  The  Temple  of  Moloch,  The  Price 
of  Human  Life,  Toothache,  The  Typhoid  Story,  The  Fly  Pest,  The  Fly 
Danger,  War  on  the  Mosquito,  The  Rat  Menace.  Films  in  use  with  exhibit 
trains. 

Twelve  district  public-health  nurses  and  eight  assistants  to  State  health  officer 
detailed  upon  request  to  assist  in  planning  and  carrying  out  programs 
through  lectures,  personal  talks,  assistance  at  baby-health  conferences. 

Programs,  press  articles. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


123 


GEORGIA. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Atlanta. 

Bulletins  and  circulars. — Mother  and  Child,  Keep  the  Baby  Healthy  During  the 
Summer,  Some  of  the  Causes  of  Infant  Mortality. 

Cartoons,  specimens,  models.  Sent  for  transportation  charges. 

Fifty  lantern  slides  on  dairying,  blindness,  diphtheria,  flies. 

Lecturers,  press  articles. 

University  of  Georgia,  School  of  Education,  Athens. 

Lecturers,  press  articles. 

IDAHO. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Boise. 

Leaflet. — If  You  Have  a Baby. 

University  of  Idaho,  Department  of  Home  Economics,  Moscow. 
Lecturers,  programs. 


ILLINOIS. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Springfield. 

Booklet,  Our  Babies:  How  to  Keep  Them  Well  and  Happy;  bulletin,  How  to 
Organize  and  Conduct  Baby-Health  Conferences;  circulars,  Helpful  Hints 
for  Baby  Week. 

Wall  exhibit,  illustrated  hand-colored  posters. 

One  hundred  and  fifty  lantern  slides  on  baby  welfare,  birth  registration,  general 
sanitation,  milk. 

Two  motion-picture  films. — Tommy’s  Birth  Certificate,  Summer  Babies. 
Lecturers,  press  articles. 

University  of  Illinois,  Department  of  Household  Science,  Extension  Service, 

Urbana. 

Charts,  used  by  lecturer  in  health  talks. 

Lantern  slides,  used  by  lecturer  in  health  talks. 

One  lecturer,  a graduate  nurse. 

Programs,  press  articles. 


INDIANA. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Indianapolis. 

Booklet,  Indiana’s  Mothers’  Baby  Book.  Pamphlets  and  circulars. — Care  of  the 
Baby  in  Hot  Weather,  Flies  and  the  Baby. 

Folding  exhibit  of  24  cards,  50  large  charts. 

Three  hundred  lantern  slides. — Milk,  flies,  sanitary  homes. 

Two  motion-picture  films. — The  Man  Who  Learned,  Flies  and  Babies. 

Four  lecturers ; also  available  for  examining  babies  at  health  conferences. 

Press  articles. 

Purdue  University,  Department  of  Agricultural  Extension,  Home  Economics 

Division,  Lafayette. 

A number  of  publications  sent  out  in  response  to  requests.  Not  available  for 
distribution  in  large  numbers. 

Exhibit  material  used  by  lecturers. 

Lecturers. 

Programs ; staff  will  confer  with  committees. 

Press  articles. 


124 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


IOWA. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Des  Moines. 

Bulletin. — Save  the  Babies. 

Thirty  charts. 

State  University  of  Iowa,  Extension  Division,  Bureau  of  Social  Welfare,  Iowa 

City. 

Bulletins. — Iowa  Handbook  on  Child  Welfare,  Child-Welfare  Survey,  and 
Bibliography.  Typed  instructions  for  conducting  baby-healtli  conference  or 
demonstration. 

One  hundred  wall  charts,  3 by  5 feet ; 25  placards.  Sent  for  transportation 
charges. 

A few  lantern  slides  used  by  lecturers. 

Lecturers.  Traveling  expenses  to  be  paid  locally. 

Programs,  press  articles. 

Iowa  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts,  Extension  Department, 
Home  Economics  Committee,  Ames. 

Pamphlets. — The  Child  and  Its  Care;  The  Child  Outline  for  Club  Study; 
Feeding  the  Child  from  Nine  Months  to  Two  Years;  Feeding  the  Child 
from  Two  to  Three  Years ; Feeding  the  Child  of  Six. 

Lecturers. 

Very  complete  set  of  suggestions  and  programs. 

Press  articles. 

KANSAS. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Division  of  Child  Hygiene,  Topeka. 

Bulletin  on  child  hygiene.  Pamphlets. — Breast  Feeding ; Bottle  Feeding ; 
Feeding  After  the  First  Year ; Clothing,  Bathing,  and  Care ; Fresh  Air 
and  Rest ; and  Habits,  Training,  and  Discipline. 

Large  panel  exhibit,  6 screens,  4 panels  each,  suitable  for  elaborate  campaigns. 
Transportation  expenses,  both  ways,  and  any  loss  due  to  carelessness  in 
packing  and  handling  to  be  paid  locally.  Portion  of  large  exhibit  material 
reproduced  in  12  illustrated  colored  posters.  Set  sent  free  to  any  resident 
of  State.  Limited  number  available  for  sending  outside  State  on  receipt 
of  postage  (3  cents  a set).  Infant’s  layette  exhibit,  life-size  doll,  entire 
set  correct  baby  clothes,  packed  in  suit  case.  Sent  for  transportation 
charges. 

Lantern  slides. — A Square  Deal  for  the  Baby ; Tuberculosis ; Clean  Milk  and 
Safe  Milk ; The  Filthy  Fly ; Fakes  and  Fakers ; Community  Sanitation ; 
Conservation  of  Vision ; Man  and  the  Microbe.  Memoranda  for  lectures 
accompany  slides.  Recipient  to  pay  transportation  charges  both  ways  and 
25  cents  for  each  broken  slide. 

Five  motion-picture  films. — The  Long  Versus  the  Short  Haul ; The  Man  Who 
Learned ; Tuberculosis ; Typhoid  Fever ; The  Fly.  Recipient  to  pay  trans- 
portation charges  and  guarantee  reimbursement  for  loss  or  damage  to 
films. 

Lecturers,  secretary  and  members  of  State  board  of  health,  and  the  directors 
of  six  divisions  of  the  State  board. 

Programs,  press  articles. 

Kansas  State  Agricultural  College,  Home  Economics  in  Extension  Division, 

Manhattan. 

Cooperates  with  State  board  of  health  in  supplying  leaflets,  etc. 

Lantern  slides  on  tuberculosis  and  milk  production. 

Three  motion-picture  films. — John  Brand ; An  Interrupted  Romance ; Develop- 
ment of  the  Fly. 

Lecturers,  programs,  press  articles. 

University  of  Kansas,  Child-Welfare  Department,  Lawrence. 


Lecturers. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


125 


KENTUCKY. 


State  Board  of  Health,  Bowling  Green. 

Pamphlets  on  public-health  subjects. 

Exhibit  material,  sent  for  transportation  charges ; deposit  required,  from 
which  deduction  is  made  for  damage. 

Lantern  slides. — Seven  thousand  lantern  slides  on  public-health  subjects. 

Lecturers,  outlines,  press  articles. 

State  University  of  Kentucky,  College  of  Agriculture,  Department  of  Home 

Economics,  Lexington. 

Exhibit  material,  lecturers,  programs,  press  articles. 

LOUISIANA. 

State  Board  of  Health,  New  Orleans. 

Bulletins. — The  Baby ; Flies  ; Milk.  Pamphlets. — How  to  Keep  the  Baby  Well ; 
Save  the  Babies. 

Exhibit  car  on  educational  hygiene ; one-third  space  to  infant  welfare.  Large 
colored  framed  posters. — Baby  Dont’s ; Baby  Needs ; Food,  Milk  ; Registra- 
tion; Patent  Medicine.  Models. 

One  hundred  lantern  slides  on  milk,  dairies,  sanitary  and  insanitary  homes, 
safety  first  for  the  baby. 

Three  motion-picture  films. — Summer  Babies ; The  Fly  ; Milk. 

Lecturers,  programs,  press  articles. 

MAINE. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Augusta. 

Bulletins. — The  Feeding  and  Care  of  the  Baby.  Series  of  leaflets. — Health  of 
Home  and  School. 

Charts. 

More  than  2,000  lantern  slides  on  20  topics,  many  on  child  •welfare.  Memoranda 
for  several  lectures  on  child  welfare  accompany  slides. 

Lecturers,  programs,  press  articles. 


University  of  Maine,  College  of  Agriculture,  Department  of  Home  Economics, 

Orono. 


Lecturers. 


MARYLAND. 


State  Department  of  Health,  Baltimore. 

Lantern  slides. 

Staff  of  State  board  available  for  consultation. 


Maryland  Agricultural  College,  Extension  Division,  College  Park. 
Lecturers,  programs,  press  articles. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

State  Department  of  Health,  Boston. 

Bulletin. — The  Baby  and  You.  Health  Creed.  Leaflets  in  foreign  languages. 
Child-welfare  exhibit. — Twenty  panels,  models. 

About  500  lantern  slides,  including  duplicate  sets  on  child  welfare,  public- 
health  nurse,  milk,  how  to  keep  well,  school  hygiene. 

Four  motion-picture  films. — The  Long  Versus  the  Short  Haul,  The  Price  of 
Thoughtlessness,  Toothache,  Fly  Danger 
Lecturers  supplied  to  a limited  extent. 

Programs,  press  articles. 

Massachusetts  Agricultural  College,  Extension  Service,  Home  Economics 

Division,  Amherst. 

Three  lecturers,  programs,  press  articles. 


126 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


MICHIGAN. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Lansing. 

Bulletins. — What  About  the  Babies,  Public  Health. 

Extensive  exhibit,  many  mechanical  devices,  wall  charts.  Photographs  of 
entire  exhibit  available. 

Two-hundred  lantern  slides  on  infant-welfare  topics. 

Four  motion-picture  films,  including  The  Man  Who  Learned,  The  Long  Versus 
the  Short  Haul,  The  Fly. 

Lecturers,  programs,  press  articles. 

Michigan  Agricultural  College,  Division  of  Home  Economics,  East  Lansing. 
Lecturers,  press  articles. 

MINNESOTA. 

State  Board  of  Health,  St.  Paul. 

Lecturers  supplied  to  a limited  extent. 

University  of  Minnesota,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Division  of  Home 
Economics,  St.  Paul. 

Pamphlet. — Care  of  the  Baby. 

Wall  charts. — Suggestions  on  clothing. 

Will  prepare  infant-feeding  exhibit  for  some  central  exhibition. 

Lecturers. 

MISSOURI. 

University  of  Missouri,  Extension  Division,  Department  of  Home  Economics, 

Columbia. 

Exhibit  consisting  of  baby  basket,  model  outfit  baby  clothing;  five  sets  avail- 
able. Sent  for  transportation  charges. 

Lecturers.  If  several  talks  arranged  for  same  trip  university  meets  traveling 
but  not  local  expenses. 

Programs,  press  articles. 

University  of  Missouri,  Department  of  Preventive  Medicine,  Columbia. 

One  hundred  and  fifty  lantern  slides  on  milk,  baby  clinic,  etc. 

Lecturers,  programs,  press  articles. 

MONTANA. 

State  Department  of  Health,  Helena. 

Special  bulletin  on  baby  welfare. 

Charts. 

One  hundred  lantern  slides  on  child  welfare. 

Lecturers,  programs,  press  articles. 

Montana  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts,  Extension  Service, 

Bozeman. 

Printed  material  for  distribution. 

Charts  and  panels. 

Lecturers.  College  pays  traveling  but  not  local  expenses. 

Press  articles. 

NEBRASKA. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Lincoln. 

Press  articles. 

University  of  Nebraska,  College  of  Agriculture,  Extension  Service,  University 

Farm,  Lincoln. 

Extension  service  circulars. — Mother  and  Baby,  Care  and  Feeding  of  Children, 
Feeding  of  Children,  Children's  Clothing.  College  of  Medicine  pamphlets. — • 
Hygiene  of  the  Child,  Home  Nursing  for  Babies,  Colds,  Whooping  Cough, 
Measles,  Scarlet  Fever,  Diphtheria. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


127 


Wall  charts,  printed  on  muslin,  large  type.  Sent  for  transportation  charges. 
Set  of  posters  made  at  cost  of  10  cents  each,  as  a suggestion  for  local 
clubs. 

Lantern  slides,  used  by  lecturers. 

One  motion-picture  film. — Better  Babies.  Sent  for  transportation  charges. 

Ten  lecturers,  programs,  press  articles. 

NEVADA. 

University  of  Nevada,  Agricultural  Extension  Division,  Department  of  Home 

Economics,  Reno. 

Charts,  sent  for  transportation  charges. 

Lecturers,  press  articles. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Concord. 

Infant-welfare  number  of  quarterly  bulletin. 

A few  lantern  slides  on  general  hygiene. 

New  Hampshire  College  of  Agriculture  and  the  Mechanic  Arts,  Extension 

Service,  Durham. 

A few  charts  on  handling  and  distribution  of  milk. 

Lecturers,  press  articles. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

State  Department  of  Health,  Division  of  Child  Hygiene,  Trenton. 

Leaflets. — Is  Your  Baby  Registered?  How  to  Grow  Prize  Babies,  A Community 
Problem.  Others  issued  when  occasion  requires. 

Large  traveling  exhibit  accompanied  by  demonstrators,  2 sets  of  panels;  sent 
for  transportation  charges. 

Large  number  of  lantern  slides  on  tuberculosis,  housing  conditions,  milk,  sewage 
disposal.  A few  on  infant  welfare. 

Seven  motion-picture  films.  (May  not  be  available  for  local  campaigns.) 

Lecturers,  program,  series  of  press  articles. 

NEW  YORK. 

State  Department  of  Health,  Division  of  Child  Hygiene,  Albany. 

Pamphlets. — Your  Baby — How  to  Keep  It  Well,  Before  the  Baby  Comes,  The 
New  Born  Baby,  The  Summer  Care  of  Babies,  Care  of  Milk  in  the  Home, 
Artificial  or  Bottle  Feeding,  From  the  Bottle  to  Table  Food,  Avoid  Infec- 
tion. Available  in  limited  numbers. 

Two  sets  of  19  panels,  3 by  5 feet,  on  infant  welfare,  available  only  for  use 
within  New  York  State.  Are  intended  to  form  part  of  intensive  campaign 
in  which  department  nurses,  lecturers,  and  others  participate. 

One  set  of  25  panels  on  infant  welfare,  available  for  small  communities  in  New 
York  State. 

Lantern  slides. — Three  sets  infant  welfare  proper ; one  oral  hygiene ; two  flies ; 
two  sanitary  conditions ; two  public-health  nursing ; large  number  on  other 
subjects.  Three  stereopticon  lanterns  adapted  for  use  of  electricity,  avail- 
able for  lending  with  slides.  Material  available  for  use  only  in  New  York 
State. 

Three  motion-picture  films. — Bringing  It  Home,  one  reel,  showing  necessity  for 
prenatal  instruction ; The  Trump  Card,  one  reel,  on  clean  milk  and  dairies ; 
Our  Baby,  one  reel,  humorous  recital  of  events  in  one  day  of  a baby’s  life; 
one  reel  on  oral  hygiene.  Portable  motion-picture  projector  available 
under  certain  conditions.  Material  only  for  use  in  New  York  State. 

Lecturers  on  all  phases  of  infant  welfare. 


128 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


Several  sets  of  press  articles.  Is  prepared  to  study  local  conditions  and  pre- 
pare special  publicity  material. 

Prepared  to  map  out  complete  campaign,  providing  programs,  exhibit  material, 
lecturers,  publicity,  etc. 

New  York  State  College  of  Agriculture  at  Cornell  University,  Department  of 

Home  Economics,  Ithaca. 

Bulletins. — Care  and  Feeding  of  Children  (limited  number  available),  Health 
of  Children,  School  Lunches. 

Lecturers  supplied  to  a limited  extent. 

Programs. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Raleigh. 

Pamphlets. — Care  and  Feeding  of  Babies,  How  to  Keep  Your  Baby  Well. 

Three  standard  cabinet  exhibits.  Recipient  to  pay  transportation  and  travel- 
ing expenses  of  demonstrator. 

Seventy  lantern  slides  on  care  and  feeding  of  children. 

Two  motion-picture  films. — Summer  Babies,  A Day  in  a Baby’s  Life. 

Lecturers,  programs,  series  of  press  articles. 

University  of  North  Carolina,  Department  of  Rural  Economics  and  Sociology, 

Chapel  Hill. 

Programs,  press  articles. 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Devils  Lake. 

One  motion-picture  film. — Error  of  Omission. 

North  Dakota  Agricultural  College,  Extension  Department,  Agricultural 

College. 

Bulletin.— The  Baby. 

One  trained  nurse,  to  lecture.  Staff  also  available  to  a certain  extent. 
Programs,  press  articles. 

OHIO. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Division  of  Child  Hygiene,  Columbus. 

Pamphlets  on  care  of  babies,  communicable  diseases,  tuberculosis,  etc. 

Twelve  wall  cards  30  by  40  inches ; 12  cards  20  by  30  inches.  Exhibit  of  proper 
clothing  for  babies. 

Five  motion-picture  films. — The  Long  Versus  the  Short  Haul,  Error  of  Omission, 
Summer  Babies,  The  Man  Who  Learned,  The  Visiting  Nurse. 

Lecturers,  programs. 

Ohio  State  University,  Extension  Service,  Department  of  Home  Economics, 

Columbus. 

Exhibit  material,  lecturers,  programs,  press  articles. 

OKLAHOMA. 

State  Department  of  Public  Health,  Guthrie. 

Booklet  addressed  to  mothers. 

Lecturers,  programs,  press  articles. 

OREGON. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Portland. 

Leaflets. — Are  Your  Baby’s  Eyes  Sore?  The  Expectant  Mother. 

Programs,  press  articles. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


129 


Oregon  Agricultural  College,  School  of  Home  Economics,  Domestic  Science 

Department,  Corvallis. 

Bulletins. — Boot!  for  the  Family,  The  School  Luncheon. 

Ten  charts  on  feeding  and  care  of  the  child,  growth  and  development. 

Twenty-five  lantern  slides  on  infant  care  and  feeding. 

Lecturers,  programs,  press  articles. 

University  of  Oregon,  Extension  Division,  Eugene. 

Will  issue  bulletins  to  meet  any  demands  on  specific  subjects. 

Exhibit  material,  lecturers,  press  articles. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

State  Department  of  Health,  Harrisburg. 

Pamphlets. — How  to  Organize  a Baby  Show,  Pennsylvania’s  Eugenic  Marriage 
Law,  Flies  as  a Factor  in  Infant  Mortality,  Diphtheria  and  Diphtheria 
Antitoxin,  Reproduction  and  Race  Betterment.  Leaflets  and  circulars. — 
Cleanse  the  Teeth,  Flies.  In  foreign  languages. — Save  the  Baby,  Blindness 
in  Infants,  Home  Milk  Supply,  Birth  Registration. 

Exhibit  material.  Gives  help  to  committees  in  constructing  local  exhibits. 

Lecturers,  programs,  press  articles. 

RHODE  ISLAND. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Providence. 

Pamphlet. — Care  of  Babies.  Leaflet. — How  to  Take  Care  of  Babies.  Little 
Mothers’  Leagues  Handbook  (prepared  by  Rhode  Island  State  Federation 
of  Women’s  Clubs). 

Exhibit  material  on  milk  and  on  mouth  hygiene. 

Fifty  lantern  slides  on  milk ; 50  on  care  of  babies. 

Three  motion-picture  films. — The  Man  Who  Learned,  Summer  Babies,  Boil  Your 
Water. 

One  lecturer,  press  articles. 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Columbia. 

Literature  on  baby  welfare,  clean  milk  in  home. 

Fifty  lantern  slides  on  sanitation  of  the  home,  the  house  fly. 
Lecturers,  programs. 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

State  Department  of  Health,  Waubay. 


The  Mother’s  Book. 

University  of  South  Dakota,  Extension  Department,  Vermilion. 

Three  lecturers,  programs. 

TENNESSEE. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Lebanon. 

Literature  on  diseases  of  infancy. 

Three  lecturers,  programs,  press  articles. 

University  of  Tennessee,  College  of  Agriculture,  Division  of  Extension,  Home 
Economics  Department,  Knoxville. 


Lecturers,  press  articles. 
77632°— 17 9 


130 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


TEXAS. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Austin. 

Exhibit  on  public  health ; 40  charts  on  baby  care,  accompanied  by  memoranda 
for  lectures. 

Lantern  slides. 

Twq  motion-picture  films. — Teeth,  The  Fly. 

Lecturers,  programs,  press  articles. 

Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  of  Texas,  Department  of  Home  Economics, 

College  Station. 

Give  suggestions  to  committees  for  preparation  of  local  exhibits  in  rural  com- 
munities. 

One  member  available  for  lectures  in  rural  communities. 

Programs,  press  articles. 

University  of  Texas,  Department  of  Extension,  Austin. 

Pamphlets. — How  to  Conduct  a Baby-Health  Conference,  Instructions  to  Ex- 
aminers, What  the  Baby  Conferences  Teach,  Pure  Milk  and  How  to  Get  It, 
Why  Register  Births  and  Report  Cases  of  Sickness,  Suggestions  for  Infant 
Feeding,  Food  for  Growing  Children.  Leaflet. — Things  Worth  While  for 
the  Baby. 

Three  sets  of  charts,  12  panels  each,  on  care  and  feeding  of  children.  Sent 
for  transportation  charges. 

Lecturers  supplied  to  a limited  number  ’of  places.  Application  must  be  made 
several  weeks  in  advance. 

Programs,  press  articles. 

UTAH. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Salt  Lake  City. 

Circular. — Save  the  Baby. 

Forty  lantern  slides  on  care  of  infant,  milk  supply,  and  general  subjects. 
Lecturers,  programs,  press  articles. 

Utah  Agricultural  College,  Extension  Division,  Home  Economics  Department, 

Logan. 

Leaflet. — The  House  Fly. 

Charts  on  Flies. 

Lantern  slides. — Flies. 

Lecturers,  programs,  press  articles. 

VERMONT. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Burlington. 

Literature  suitable  for  parents,  teachers,  and  others. 

Lantern  slides  on  clean  milk,  oral  hygiene,  communicable  diseases. 
Motion-picture  films  on  tuberculosis,  clean  milk,  flies,  toothache. 

Four  lecturers,  press  articles. 


VIRGINIA. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Richmond. 

Pamphlet. — The  Mother  and  Child.  Reprints  of  health  bulletins. — The  Slaugh- 
ter of  the  Innocents,  Why  a Physician  Should  Be  Employed  in  Childbirth ; 
several  bulletin  reprints  on  birth  registration. 

Exhibit  on  infant  welfare,  numerous  charts. 

Five  hundred  lantern  slides. 

One  motion-picture  film. — The  Fly. 

Lecturers,  programs,  press  articles. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


131 


University  of  Virginia,  Bureau  of  Extension,  University. 

Lecturers,  programs,  press  articles. 

Virginia  Agricultural  College  ancl  Polytechnic  Institute,  Extension  Depart- 
ment, Blacksburg. 

Distributes  publications  of  United  States  Government. 

Programs. 

WASHINGTON. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Seattle. 

The  Babies  Bulletin.  Leaflet  on  children’s  diseases. 

Set  of  handmade  cards  helpful  in  preparing  local  exhibits. 

Lantern  slides. 

State  College  of  Washington,  Department  of  Extension,  Pullman. 

Circular. — Better  Babies,  containing  suggestions  upon  the  organization  of  a 
campaign. 

Charts  on  milk,  etc. 

Twelve  lecturers.  Traveling  expenses  and  entertainment  to  be  paid  locally. 
Programs,  press  articles. 

University  of  Washington,  Department  of  Home  Economics,  Seattle. 

Bulletin  on  infant  feeding  and  care. 

Lecturers,  press  articles. 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Charleston. 

Exhibit,  25  panels. 

One  hundred  and  fifty  lantern  slides,  12  on  child  hygiene. 

Two  lecturers,  programs,  press  .articles. 

West  Virginia  University,  Extension  Service,  Department  of  Home  Economics, 

Morgantown. 

Lecturers,  press  articles. 

WISCONSIN. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Madison. 

Pamphlet. — Save  Your  Baby.  Other  public-health  literature.  Statistical  sum- 
maries. 

One  set  wall  charts,  placards,  photographs. 

Eleven  lecturers,  press  articles. 

University  of  Wisconsin,  University  Extension  Division,  Department  of  Gen- 
eral Information  and  Welfare,  Madison. 

Package  libraries  on  child-welfare  topics.  Special  bulletin  on  baby-week  cam- 
paigns in  preparation. 

Twenty-five  wall  charts,  34  by  44  inches. 

Two  hundred  and  ten  lantern  slides  on  infant  welfare,  the  fly  and  disease, 
clean  milk,  home  and  community  sanitation. 

Three  motion-picture  films. — Public  and  Private  Care  of  Infants,  The  Street 
Beautiful,  The  Man  Who  Learned. 

Lecturers,  traveling  expenses  to  be  met  locally. 

Programs,  press  articles. 

WYOMING. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Cheyenne. 

Secretary  State  board  of  health  will  assist  personally  in  any  way  which  is 
practicable. 

University  of  Wyoming,  Department  of  Home  Economics,  Laramie. 
Programs. 


132 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


BEOOBBS  OF  CHELDKEN’S  HEALTH  CONFEBENCE. 

The  record  blank  used  by  the  Children’s  Health  Conference  conducted  by  the 
Children’s  Bureau  in  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  is  not  a score  card,  with 
grades  on  a percentage  basis,  but  a much  simpler  statement,  being  intended 
not  to  grade  children  for  purposes  of  comparison  but  to  be  of  service  to  the 
individual  child.  Measurements  are  placed  where  indicated;  a check  is  placed 
to  indicate  a defect,  opposite  skin,  bones,  nutrition,  or  any  of  the  items  in  this 
column.  The  summary  is  used  for  suggestions  to  the  parent  for  the  improve- 
ment of  the  child. 

The  record  below  is  checked  to  indicate  a typical  case  of  adenoids : 


1.  Male;  Female  

X 

12.  General  nutrition:  Poor. 

2.  Age:  6 years. 

3.  Weight  at  birth:  <?£  'pounds . 

X 

13.  Fat:  Deficient. 

4.  How  long  breast-fed  exclu- 

X 

14.  Bones:  Not  well  formed. 

sively:  6 weeks. 

X 

15.  Muscles:  Soft. 

5.  4ge  when  weaned:  3 months. 

16.  Skin 

6.  Why  weaned:  Aro  milk. 

17.  Hair 

7.  What  foods: 

18.  Eyes - 

Mod.  cows’  milk. 

19.  Ears 

' 8.  Previous  illnesses  (with  age) : 

X 

20.  Nose:  Poorly  developed. 

x 

Whooping  rough 

21.  Mouth 

X 

Measles 

22.  Teeth 

"Respi  ratory  d i seases 

23.  Tonsils 

X 

24.  Adenoids:  Present. 

Digestive  diseases 

25  Glands 

26.  Heart 

Other  diseases 

27.  Lungs 

9 Weight:  39  pounds  10  ounces 

28.  Liver 

10.  Height:  40.5  inches. 

29.  Spleen 

11.  Dimensions  of  head:  20.6. 

30  Ext.  genitals 

Chest'  21  1 Abdomen:  21 

The  second  sheet  of  the  record  is  left  blank  for  a summary  which  forms  a 
written  resume  of  the  more  detailed  advice  given  by  word  of  mouth.  The  fol- 
lowing selected  summaries  will  give  a suggestion  of  the  type  of  children  com- 
ing to  the  conference  and  the  simple  language  in  which  advice  is  given.  All 
technical  terms  are  avoided  in  order  to  bring  the  suggestions  within  range  of 
the  understanding  of  a mother  of  average  intelligence. 

1.  (Summary  of  above  record.)  This  child  has  thin,  pinched  nostrils  and 
contracted  chest,  due,  probably,  to  presence  of  adenoids,  which  make  it  im- 
possible for  him  to  breathe  properly.  He  is  over  height  but  under  wTeight,  and 
is  not  as  well  developed  as  a child  of  his  age  ought  to  be,  because  he  can  not 
get  into  his  lungs  enough  oxygen  to  make  good  blood. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


133 


This  may  retard  his  mental  development,  making  it  hard  for  him  to  keep 
up  with  his  school  work. 

His  adenoids  ought  to  be  removed  and  he  be  kept  out  of  doors  day  and  night, 
if  possible.  Give  simple,  nourishing  food  as  per  accompanying  dietary. 

Don’t  send  him  to  school  this  year.  Build  him  up  first. 

2.  This  little  girl  is  a credit  to  an  intelligent  mother  and  shows  the  advan- 
tages of  breast  feeding.  She  is  well  developed,  in  good  proportions,  and  seems  in 
fine  condition. 

Keep  her  so  by  an  out-of-door  life,  regular  habits,  simple,  wholesome  food. 
No  eating  between  meals,  no  late  hours  nor  motion-picture  shows,  no  crowding 
in  school  work. 

Her  teeth  need  her  constant  care  and  the  oversight  of  a dentist.  Decaying 
teeth  mean  decomposing  food  and  indigestion. 

3.  This  baby  is  thin  and  poorly  nourished.  He  shows  that  he  is  not  getting 
the  right  kind  of  food.  Don’t  waste  your  time  and  his  strength  experimenting. 
Take  him  to  a good  children’s  specialist  and  follow  his  directions. 

He  is  also  overclothed.  The  band  is  no  longer  necessary ; it  is  full  of 
wrinkles  and  very  uncomfortable.  Pin  his  shirt  to  diaper;  also  his  stockings, 
which  should  be  long  enough  to  cover  entire  leg.  He  may  need  the  short 
sack  night  and  morning,  but  don’t  let  his  body  get  wet  with  perspiration,  as  it 
makes  him  susceptible  to  colds. 

Change  all  clothing  at  night  and  air  thoroughly.  Pie  ought  to  sleep  only  in 
shirt,  diaper,  and  gown  (flannelette  in  winter  and  muslin  in  summer).  If  lie 
can  sleep  in  a protected  corner  of  the  porch  he  will  become  less  susceptible  to 
colds.  In  that  case  make  sleeping  bags  by  accompanying  pattern,  only  draw- 
ing in  sleeves  with  draw  string  in  winter  to  keep  his  hands  warm. 

4.  This  is  a tiny  baby  and  needs  breast  milk.  Try  to  get  your  own  health 
in  better  condition  so  that  your  milk  will  not  give  out.  Drink  milk  and  cocoa 
instead  of  tea  and  coffee,  eat  only  simple,  nourishing  food,  have  a nap  on  the 
porch  every  day  while  the  baby  is  asleep,  and  make  up  your  mind  to  nurse 
him  six  months  anyway.  You  can  if  you  will. 

Four-hour  intervals  will  be  better  both  for  your  baby  and  yourself. 

Your  doctor  will  help  you  when  he  sees  that  neither  of  you  is  in  good  con- 
dition. 

5.  James  is  a big,  well-built  boy,  has  good  color,  and  seems  in  fine  condition, 
except  for  his  knees,  which  are  too  prominent,  and  his  ankles,  which  are  big 
and  bulging  on  the  inner  side.  He  may  have  walked  before  his  ankles  were 
strong  enough  to  bear  his  weight,  or  his  food  may  not  have  contained  enough 
bone-producing  elements. 

He  needs  careful  feeding  and  special  care  to  prevent  a permanent  malforma- 
tion of  the  ankle  and  a flattened  arch  of  the  foot.  Would  suggest  the  advice 
of  a good  orthopedist  in  selection  of  his  shoes  and  to  give  him  any  possible 
preventive  care. 

6.  Abram  is  suffering  from  faulty  feeding.  His  bow  legs  and  roughened,  flar- 
ing ribs  show  that  his  bones  are  not  developing  well,  and  his  teeth  are  slow 
in  coming,  because  he  needs  a food  with  more  bone-producing  material.  'Cows’ 
milk  is  more  like  mother’s  milk  than  the  manufactured  food  you  are  using. 
He  needs  a little  orange  juice  every  day.  Take  him  to  a milk  station,  and  they 
will  help  you  secure  the  best  possible  food  for  your  baby. 

7.  Baby  Blank  seems  to  be  a happy,  well-nourished  baby.  She  weighs  more 
than  the  average  child  of  her  age,  but  has  rather  more  fat  than  muscle.  Her 
abdominal  measurement  is  greater  in  proportion  to  her  chest  and  head  than  is 
considered  normal.  This  is  probably  due  to  distention  of  the  intestines. 

Cream  of  wheat,  bread,  and  potatoes  are  more  starch  than  she  needs.  Don’t 
give  potato  under  14  to  16  months.  Try  strained  oatmeal,  cooked  slowly  for 
two  hours,  instead  of  cream  of  wheat,  for  her  constipation.  Give  also  pulp 
of  stewed  apples,  peaches,  or  prunes  every  day  in  addition  to  the  orange  juice. 
A tablespoonful  of  beef  juice  squeezed  from  a bit  of  lightly  broiled  round  steak 
is  better  for  a child  of  her  age  than  so  much  starchy  food. 

Teach  her  habits  of  regularity  in  order  to  overcome  her  constipation. 


134 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


PLAYS  EOH  CHILDREN, 

A large  number  of  these  plays  have  been  published  in  leaflet  form  by  the 

National  Association  for  the  Study  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis,  105  East 

Twenty-second  Street,  New  York,  and  may  be  purchased  from  that  association. 

Plays  on  baby  welfare. 

The  Better  Way,  by  Lonnie  B.  Arthur  and  Helen  V.  B.  Elliott.  Published  in 
The  Journal  of  the  Outdoor  Life,  July,  1918.  Copies  of  this  number  can 
be  purchased  from  the  magazine,  289  Fourth  Avenue,  New  York  City. 
Short  two-act  play ; 12  characters ; everyday  clothes  and  simple  stage 
setting.  A visiting  nurse  shows  the  family  of  a working  man  how  to  care 
for  a baby  and  helps  them  to  solve  the  problems  of  ill  health,  drunkenness, 
and  unemployment. 

The  Theft  of  Thistledown  and  The  Narrow  Door,  by  G.  W.  P.  Baird,  written 
for  the  Pittsburgh  Baby  Week  of  1915.  Published  by  the  National  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Study  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis.  The  plays  may  be 
produced  if  the  author  is  notified  in  advance  and  is  sent  a copy  of  the 
program. 

Two  one-act  plays.  The  first  has  17  characters  and  simple  costuming 
and  stage  setting.  A kind  but  mischievous  pixie  steals  an  earth  baby  and 
carries  it  to  the  court  of  the  fairy  queen,  where  he  describes  the  horrors 
of  the  tenement  in  which  he  found  it.  As  punishment  he  is  condemned 
to  live  as  an  earth  baby  until  mortals  leam  how  to  treat  their  children 
properly. 

The  second  play  has  20  or  more  characters  and  simple  costuming  and 
stage  setting.  It  is  an  allegory  in  which  Life  and  Health  sit  spinning 
while  from  among  the  children  playing  some  are  summoned  through  the 
narrow  door  guarded  by  Death. 

Both  plays  close  with  appeals  to  the  audience  to  see  that  children  are 
properly  cared  for. 

The  Passing  of  the  Littlest  Pageant.  A fantasy  by  Elise  Williamson  Phifer. 
Published  by  the  National  Association  for  the  Study  and  Prevention  of 
Tuberculosis. 

A short  one-act  allegorical  play.  Eleven  principal  characters  and  a large 
number  of  less  important  characters.  Fairy  costumes  and  simple  stage 
setting  necessary.  The  blind  Public  is  shown  the  passage  of  the  Littlest 
Pageant,  the  passage  from  fairyland  to  earth  of  a mortal  baby.  Mother 
Nature  and  the  Dawn  of  Light  take  away  the  Public’s  bandage  and  he 
sees  what  must  be  done  to  keep  the  baby  safe  and  well. 

Well  Babies,  by  Anna  M.  Liitkenhaus.  Published  in  Plays  for  School  Children, 
edited  by  Anna  M.  Liitkenhaus,  The  Century  Co.,  New  York,  1915. 

Short  one-act  play;  15  or  more  characters;  everyday  clothes  and  simple 
stage  setting.  Members  of  a Little  Mothers’  League  tell  of  their  work. 

Playing  Visit,  by  Constance  P.  Wardle.  Written  for  Baby  Week  in  Slaters- 
ville,  R.  I.,  1916.  Published  by  the  National  Association  for  the  Study 
and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis. 

Short  one-act  play ; three  characters ; everyday  clothes  and  simple  stage 
setting.  Two  little  mothers  play  with  their  dolls,  one  giving  proper  and 
the  other  improper  care,  reflecting,  according  to  an  onlooker,  what  their 
mothers  do  with  the  babies  at  home. 

Good  News  from  Babyland,  by  Alberta  Walker  and  Bernice  Randall.  Written 
for  Baby  Week  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  1916.  Published  by  the  National 
Association  for  the  Study  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis. 

Short  one-act  allegory ; 15  to  40  characters ; everyday  clothes  and  stage 
setting.  Mother  Dear  and  a troop  of  Better  Babies  explain  to  the  be- 
wildered Citizens  of  Our  City  what  is  needed  to  make  Poor  Little  Things 
happy  and  healthy. 

Don’t  Care,  by  Mary  Walseman.  Published  in  New  York  City  Babv  Week 
Manual,  1916.  (See  p.  77.) 

Short  one-act  play  in  three  parts;  10  characters;  everyday  clothes  and 
simple  costuming  and  stage  setting.  Eight  health  fairies  come  to  the 
tenement  home  of  Mrs.  Didn’t  Know  and  her  daughter,  Don’t  Care,  and 
show  them  how  to  care  for  the  baby. 


BABY- WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


135 


Plays  on  health,  prevention  of  tuberculosis,  medical  inspec- 
tion in  schools,  visiting  nurses,  etc. 

David  and  the  Good  Health  Elves,  by  Maynard  Downes.  Written  for  the 
Wisconsin  Anti-Tuberculosis  Association  and  dramatized  by  Eva  Showers 
and  Anna  Costello  for  Baby  Week  in  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  1916.  Published 
by  the  National  Association  for  the  Study  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis. 
Wisconsin  Anti-Tuberculosis  Association  must  be  notified  if  play  is  pro- 
duced. 

Short  one-act  play ; 25  to  30  characters ; simple  costuming  and  everyday 
stage  setting.  The  Good  Health  Elves  come  to  David  in  his  dream  and  tell 
him  how  to  live  in  order  to  grow  up  strong  and  well. 

Miss  Fresh  Air,  Visiting  Nurse,  by  Cora  M.  Holland  and  Hilda  W.  Smith,  Pub- 
lished by  the  National  Association  for  the  Study  and  Prevention  of  Tuber- 
culosis. 

One-act  play ; 12  characters ; simple  costuming  and  stage  setting.  Mary 
and  her  mother  are  shown  by  Dr.  Sunshine  and  Miss  Fresh  Air  how  they 
can  drive  out  germs  and  sickness. 

Five  playlets  by  Hester  Donaldson  Jenkins.  Copies  can  be  purchased  from 
Bureau  of  Charities,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  Titles  of  plays : Mother  Goose  Up-To- 
Date,  Judith  and  Ariel,  Our  Friends  the  Foods,  In  a Tenement,  Killing 
Giants. 

Short  plays  of  from  one  to  three  acts  each;  from  8 to  19  characters. 
The  first  three,  dealing  with  health,  fresh  air,  and  foods,  respectively,  re- 
quire the  costuming  appropriate  for  Mother  Goose  characters  and  allegorical 
figures  of  germs,  foods,  etc.  The  last  two  plays  are  on  the  subjects  of 
tenements  and  juvenile  courts,  respectively ; these  require  everyday  cos- 
tuming and  stage  setting. 

The  New  Child,  by  Hester  Donaldson  Jenkins.  Published  by  the  National 
Association  for  the  Study  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis. 

One-act  play ; 10  characters ; simple  costuming  and  stage  setting.  A 
new  child,  Katie,  comes  to  a tuberculosis  sanatorium  and  is  at  first  home- 
sick and  unhappy  but  is  reassured  by  the  joy  of  the  other  children  in  the 
outdoor  life. 

Judith  and  Ariel,  by  Hester  Donaldson  Jenkins.  Published  by  the  National 
Association  for  the  Study  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis. 

One-act  play ; 15  characters ; simple  costumes  and  stage  setting.  Germs 
of  tuberculosis,  helped  by  the  imps  of  headache,  cold,  and  weariness  attack 
poor  Judith.  A Boy  Scout,  a Camp  Fire  Girl,  and  a nurse  let  in  Ariel  and 
her  good  fairies  and  brownies  and  drive  the  germs  and  imps  away. 

In  the  Forest  of  Arden,  by  Hester  Donaldson  Jenkins.  Published  in  The  Journal 
of  the  Outdoor  Life,  October,  1916.  Copies  of  this  number  may  be  pur- 
chased from  the  magazine,  289  Fourth  Avenue,  New  York  City. 

“ Shakespeare  adapted  to  a health  playlet,”  suitable  for  acting  by  older 
children ; tw-o-act  play ; 15  principal  characters  and  a large  number  of 
others;  simple  costuming  and  stage  setting. 

A Pageant  of  Average  Town,  by  Nan  Oppenlander.  Published  by  the  National 
Association  for  the  Study  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis. 

One-act  play ; 20  to  40  or  more  characters ; simple  costuming.  The  chil- 
dren, encouraged  by  Play,  Wake-up,  and  Clean-up,  stir  sleepy  Average 
Town  to  get  rid  of  some  of  the  bad  fairies  that  infest  it. 

The  Imps  and  the  Children,  by  Mary  Swain  Routzahn  and  Hilda  Smith.  Pub- 
lished by  the  National  Association  for  the  Study  and  Prevention  of  Tuber- 
culosis. 

Short  play  in  three  seenes ; 23  characters ; everyday  clothes  and  stage  set- 
ting. Eight  imps  represent  the  ills  which  can  be  prevented  by  medical  in- 
spection of  sehool  children.  A group  of  parents  beg  the  school  board  to 
protect  their  children  from  the  imps,  who  are  finally  driven  away. 

Health  and  His  Enemies,  by  Dr.  Murray  Stone.  Published  by  the  National 
Association  for  the  Study  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis. 

Play  in  one  scene ; 7 characters ; simple  costuming  and  stage  setting.  The 
fairies  of  fresh  air  and  sunshine  conquer  the  imps  of  darkness,  foul  air,  and 
germs  in  the  home  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Health. 


136 


BABY-WEEIv  CAMPAIGNS. 


The  Friends  of  Health,  by  Elizabeth  Sumner.  Published  by  the  National  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Study  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis. 

Short  play  in  one  act  with  prologue ; large  number  of  characters ; simple 
costuming.  The  play  teaches  how  to  prevent  tuberculosis. 

Wee  Davie,  by  Claude  Merton  Wise.  Published  by  the  National  Association 
for  the  Study  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis. 

Three  scenes ; 6 characters ; everyday  costuming  and  stage  setting. 
Suitable  for  acting  by  older  children.  Little  David  has  tuberculosis. 
His  mother  and  his  friends  are  hoping  that  an  operation  at  the  new 
hospital  will  cure  him,  but  they  find  that  this  help  comes  too  late. 

EXAMPLES  OF  NEWSPAPER  ARTICLES  ON  BABY  WEEK. 

New  York  City  better-baby  week  of  1914. 

THIS  IS  OUTING  DAY  FOR  MOTHERS  AND  BABIES  OF  THE  CITY BABY  WEEK 

ENDS  OFFICIALLY  TO-DAY,  BUT  THE  GOOD  THAT  HAS  BEEN  DONE  IS 

EXPECTED  TO  LAST  FOR  MANY  WEEKS A SPONTANEOUS  INTEREST  AND 

DESIRE  TO  HELP  THINGS  ALONG  HAS  BEEN  SHOWN  BY  HUNDREDS  OF 
PERSONS. 

This  is  the  last  clay  of  baby  week,  but  it  is  not  the  last  day  of  the 
importance  of  the  baby.  Baby  week  has  done  to  New  York’s  atti- 
tude toward  babies  what  a large,  active  firecracker  placed  under  the 
chair  of  a dozing  grandfather  might  be  expected  to  do.  Not  that 
New  York  has  not  been  alive  right  along  to  the  rights  of  the  baby, 
but  the  poignancy  of  the  realization  has  heretofore  been  centered 
among  certain  organizations  and  individuals.  Baby  week  has  given 
every  individual  in  New  York  a baby  consciousness  that  is  not  likely 
to  slumber  again  in  a hurry. 

This  last  day  is  outing  day  for  mothers  and  children,  and  pretty 
nearly  every  steamship  company  in  the  city  volunteered  craft  which 
will  steam  over  river,  bay,  and  ocean  all  day  long  with  burdens  of 
babies. 

This  afternoon  at  -3  o’clock  Mayor  Mitchel  is  to  receive  the  better- 
babies  committee  at  the  city  hall,  and  will  tender  them  the  thanks 
of  the  city  for  the  work  accomplished  during  baby  week. 

No  request  for  money  has  been  made  during  the  entire  week  of 
the  baby  campaign,  but  members  of  the  committee  say  that  a little 
money  has  come  in,  nevertheless,  and,  better  than  money,  a spon- 
taneous interest  and  desire  to  help  things  along  has  been  shown  by 
hundreds  of  people.  The  telephone  in  the  better  babies’  office  in  the 
Municipal  Building  has  been  busied  all  week  by  men  and  women  who 
wanted  to  know  “ How  can  I help  ? ” 

Now  that  New  York  has  awakened  to  a realization  of  its  babies 
there  are  many  plans  on  foot  for  additional  baby  work.  It  is  hoped 
that  the  city  will  appropriate  needed  money  for  activities  which  have 
heretofore  been  held  up  for  lack  of  funds.  Only  56  milk  stations  are 
maintained  by  the  health  board,  and  a survey  of  the  birth  and  death 
rate,  block  by  block,  shows  that  at  least  75  are  needed.  Workers 
among  the  mothers  of  children  have  found  that  many  babies  die 
because  of  ignorance  of  the  mother  in  regard  to  proper  care  of  her- 
self, and  nurses  regard  the  prenatal  work  as  one  of  the  strongest  and 
most  necessary  factors  in  a better  baby  campaign.  There  are  at 
present,  however,  only  6 nurses  doing  the  prenatal  work ; 40,  accord- 
ing to  health  board  workers,  would  be  none  too  many. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


137 


We  want  every  mother  in  New  York  City  to  feel  that  she  can  come 
to  the  health  board  for  help  just  as  freely  as  her  children  go  to  the 
New  York  City  better  baby  week. 

To-day  is  Little  Mothers’  day,  and  in  every  school  in  the  city  the 
mayor’s  proclamation  to  the  school  children  will  be  read  and  the 
kindergarten  and  first-grade  classes  will  take  the  pledge  to  the  baby : 

I pledge  to  be  a baby’s  friend  „ 

And  everybody  tell ; 

Clean  air,  clean  clothing,  and  clean  food 
He  needs  to  keep  him  well. 

It  is  a particularly  proud  day,  too,  for  the  Little  Mothers,  for  they 
are  to  have  special  exercises  in  a score  or  more  of  public  schools. 
Of  course  you  know  who  the  Little  Mothers  are.  At  least  you  would 
if  you  had  ever  tried  walking  down  the  street  with  your  baby  dressed 
all  wrong  or  if  you  had  carelessly  let  him  have  a lollipop  to  suck,  or 
perhaps  a baby  pacifier.  I guarantee  that  you  would  not  go  5 steps 
before  a little  fury  wTould  stand  in  your  path  and  with  blazing  eyes 
and  imperious  mien  demand  that  you  take  off  those  tight  wrappings 
or  throw  away  that  pacifier. 

Special  lectures  are  given  each  year  near  the  close  of  the  school  to 
these  Little  Mothers  by  board  of  health  physicians,  who  tell  them 
just  how  to  dress  the  baby,  how  to  bathe  baby,  howT  to  feed  him,  and 
all  the  many  other  “ hows  ” which  mean  a better  baby. 

An  article  sent  out  by  the  Department  of  Health  of  the  State 

of  New  Jersey. 

BABY  WEEK  AND  AFTER. 

The  State  department  of  health  desires  that  the  interest  aroused 
by  the  celebration  of  baby  week  shall  not  be  in  vain.  An  article  en- 
titled u Baby  week  and  after,”  in  the  March  number  of  its  monthly 
bulletin,  Public  Health  News,  which  has  just  been  issued,  points  out 
the  method  by  which  this  interest  may  be  utilized  for  the  benefit  of 
the  community.  The  article  reads  as  follows : 

Now  that  great  interest  has  been  aroused  in  babies  through  the 
celebration  of  baby  week  in  more  than  2,000  communities  throughout 
the  country,  what  is  to  be  the  outcome  ? Unless  this  interest  becomes 
crystallized  into  definite  measures  for  the  better  care  of  babies,  much 
of  the  value  of  the  celebration  will  be  lost.  With  lessons  taught  dur- 
ing baby  week  fresh  in  mind  and  while  the  baby  is  still  in  the  lime- 
light, immediate  steps  should  be  taken  to  insure  permanent  results. 

The  first  step  for  the  protection  of  babies  in  a community  is  to 
secure  accurate  knowledge  of  the  present  situation.  The  inquiry  to 
gain  this  knowledge  should  include  the  number  of  babies  born  each 
year,  the  number  dying  prematurely,  the  causes  of  death,  the  living 
conditions  of  the  people,  and  other  factors  that  contribute  toward 
causing  death  or  the  impairment  of  health  in  those  that  survive.  The 
subjects  of  inquiry  should  also  include  the  facilities  for  remedying 
these  conditions,  such  as  the  number  of  visiting  nurses  to  be  em- 
ployed, consultation  stations  and  their  location,  the  milk  supply,  and 
other  agencies  or  factors  that  affect  infant  health  and  welfare. 

The  best  results  may  be  expected  to  follow  where  the  week’s  cam- 
paign has  led  to  the  formation  of  a committee  to  take  stock  of  the 


138 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


community’s  equipment  for  the  conservation  of  infant  life  and  to 
determine  the  additional  equipment  necessary  to  fulfill  the  commu- 
nity’s obligation  to  its  helpless  infants.  A community  has  a respon- 
sibility to  prevent  disease,  defectiveness,  and  deformity,  as  well  as 
death  among  its  babies. 

A committee  to  conduct  this  study  should  not  be  so  large  as  to  be 
unwieldy,  yet  it  should  be  large  enough  to  represent  the  various  vital 
interests  of  the  community.  The  board  of  health  should  be  repre- 
sented, because  it  is  the  power  charged  with  the  protection  of  the 
people’s  health — the  health  of  infants  as  well  as  of  adults.  The  board 
of  education  should  be  represented,  because  it  is  particularly  charged 
by  the  laws  of  New  Jersey  with  the  protection  of  the  health  of  school 
children,  and  no  program  of  infant  conservation  is  complete  unless  it 
includes  or  is  coordinated  with  the  conservation  of  older  children. 
The  chamber  of  commerce  or  board  of  trade  should  be  represented, 
because  the  conservation  of  infant  and  child  life  is  of  great  economic 
significance.  The  philanthropic  Organizations  should  be  represented, 
because  through  them  are  expressed  the  higher  and  more  benevolent 
impulses  and  aspirations  of  the  community.  The  women’s  organiza- 
tions should  be  represented,  because  the  care  of  babies  is  largely  a 
woman’s  problem. 

A committee  thus  constituted  will  command  the  respect  and  con- 
fidence of  the  people  and,  if  its  investigations  and  deliberations  are 
given  wide  and  extended  publicity,  its  recommendations  will  most 
surely  be  adopted  as  a community  program  sooner  or  later.  Such  a 
committee,  if  persistent  and  insistent  in  its  wrork,  can  put  squarely  up 
to  the  municipality  the  responsibility  for  discharging  its  obligations 
toward  the  people  in  the  care  of  infants  in  such  a way  that  there  can 
be  no  side-stepping  or  dodging  the  proposition. 

Under  the  stress  of  war,  facing  the  necessity  of  conserving  infant 
life  to  make  up  for  a lower  birth  rate  and  to  replenish  the  waste  of 
battle,  the  European  Governments  are  now  taking  active  measures 
for  the  protection  of  infants  and  children.  It  is  the  part  of'  wisdom 
to  give  heed  to  vital  questions  before  stern  necessities  force  them  upon 
public  attention.  In  America  there  should  be  no  waiting  for  war  to 
devastate  the  land  before  adequate  measures  are  adopted  for  the  con- 
servation of  infant  and  child  life.  If  such  a peaceful  campaign  as 
the  baby-week  celebration  leads  to  the  development  throughout  the 
country  of  the  kind  of  care  and  nurture  a community  should  give  to 
its  children,  this  may  be  taken  as  a measure  of  the  strength  of  the 
American  Nation  and  as  evidence  of  the  permanence  of  American 
institutions. 

MESSAGE  TO  EATHEBS. 

Letter  adapted  from  message  sent  out  during  Pittsburgh’s 

first  baby  week. 

Tradition  has  in  the  past  left  all  the  care  of  the  baby  to  the 
mother'  The  conditions  of  our  present-day  society  require  that, 
in  addition  to  providing  food,  shelter,  and  other  material  things, 
the  father  must  share  with  the  mother  the  responsibility  for  the 
health  of  his  baby. 


BABY- WEEK  CAMPAIGNS.  139 

The  following  are  some  of  the  things  that  he  should  understand 
or  do: 

He  should  understand  the  importance  of  prospective  mothers 
having  good  care  and  advice  at  as  early  a period  as  possible  so  as 
to  insure  the  health  of  the  mother  and  protect  the  coming  baby. 

He  should  see  that  the  mother  has  adequate  care  during  and  after 
the  birth  of  the  baby,  so  that  the  mother’s  health  may  be  continued 
or  restored  as  quickly  as  possible,  both  for  her  own  sake  and  that 
she  may  be  able  to  give  proper  care  to  the  baby. 

He  should  know  the  importance  of  the  mother  nursing  her  baby. 
Breast-fed  babies  have  a much  greater  chance  of  living  and  becom- 
ing strong,  healthy  children  than  have  bottle-fed  babies.  This  is 
so  important  that  anything  that  would  alter  or  lessen  the  mother’s 
milk  supply,  such  as  overwork,  excitement,  shock,  or  worry,  should 
be  avoided. 

If,  after  every  effort  is  made,  the  mother’s  milk  supply  is  not 
adequate,  the  father  should  know  that  clean,  fresh  cows’  milk  is 
the  best  substitute,  and  should  see  that  the  baby  gets  such  milk  and 
that  the  mother  has  the  advice  of  the  doctor  on  its  preparation. 

He  should  know  that  nearly  one-third  of  all  infant  deaths  occfir 
as  the  result  of  digestive  disturbance  brought  on  chiefly  by  faulty 
feeding. 

He  should  know  that  soothing  sirups  are  dangerous,  that  pacifiers 
are  both  needless  and  injurious,  that  the  bttby  needs  rest  and  regular 
hours  of  sleeping,  and  should  not  be  kept  up  late  nor  handled  too 
much. 

He  should  know  the  importance  of  good  surroundings  to  the  baby. 
The  baby  needs  fresh  air  and  sunlight  as  much  as  any  plant.  Like 
a plant,  the  baby  will  droop  and  die  if  kept  in  a dark,  close  room, 
deprived  of  nature’s  best  health  tonics — fresh  air  and  sunlight. 

Cleanliness  in  and  about  the  home  is  even  more  important  to  the 
baby  than  to  the  adult.  Baby  can  not  protect  itself  against  dust, 
dirt,  and  flies.  Flies  bred  in  the  open  garbage  can  or  in  the  rubbish 
heap  in  the  yard  may  carry  germs  to  the  baby’s  mouth  or  milk  and 
cause  diarrhea  or  other  diseases. 

The  father  should  not  fail  to  have  his  baby’s  birth  registered  at 
the  health  department.  A certificate  of  birth  will  be  necessary  for 
school  attendance,  going  to  work,  inheritance,  and  citizenship. 

Lastly,  every  father  should  know  of  and  take  an  active  part  in 
promoting  conditions  in  our  city  which  will  give  every  baby  a better 
chance.  Some  of  these  things  are  better  industrial  conditions,  better 
housing,  improved  municipal  sanitation,  improved  milk  supply,  milk 
stations,  and  visiting  nurses,  settlements,  nurseries,  and  other  agen- 
cies for  the  protection  and  conservation  of  infant  life.  He  should 
know  what  his  own  health  department  is  doing. 

Message  to  fathers,  published  by  Bhode  Island  State  Board 
of  Health  for  baby  week,  1916. 

As  to  that  baby  of  yours.  Whatever  you  may  think  about  it,  it 
is  a good  baby  if  you  will  give  it  a chance  to  be.  It  is  your  baby, 
and  you  want  it  to  be  strong  and  healthy.  If  it  is  cross  or  cries  and 
it  is  sickly,  there  is  a reason  for  it,  and  it  is  a part  of  your  duty  to 


140 


BABY- WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


see  why.  Don’t  leave  it  all  to  the  little  wife.  It  is  “ up  to  you  ” 
to  see  that  the  kiddy  gets  ail  that  nature  intended  for  it,  iust  enough 
and  no  more. 

First,  good  food.  What  is  that?  Why,  the  mother’s  own  milk 
that  belongs  to  it — the  breast  milk.  But  for  her  to  give  good  milk 
to  the  baby  she  must  be  kept  strong  with  proper  food  for  herself, 
not  worked  so  hard  that  she  is  tired  all  the  time.  Bemember  she 
has  the  care  of  the  house,  the  laundry,  the  sewing,  to  say  nothing 
of  the  baby,  and  he  has  to  be  fed  pretty  often,  and  it  keeps  her  at 
home  a good  deal.  Yes;  and  she  has  to  see  that  your  meals  are 
properly  prepared,  and  ready  on  time.  Perhaps  she  does  get  tired 
sometimes,  and  fretty.  Perhaps  you  would.  All  day  you  have  had  a 
change  from  the  monotony  of  the  house,  even  if  you  did  work  hard. 
If  the  wife  is  tired  and  cross,  give  her  half  a chance  to  get  rested  and 
happy.  Help  a bit.  Forget  you  own  grouch;  leave  your  worries  at 
the  shop  or  office.  Just  notice  that  if  she  is  cheerful  it  helps  you  a lot. 
If  you  try  to  be  cheerful  wouldn’t  it  help  her?  Yes;  and  that  means 
the  baby.  Excessive  excitement,  shock,  or  worry  worries  the  milk,  and 
that  worries  the  child ; and  then  it  cries,  you  lose  your  sleep,  and  that 
worries  you. 

If  the  mother  has  not  enough  of  her  own  milk  to  keep  the  child 
well  and  have  it  gain  a little  in  weight  each  week,  see  that  it  gets 
the  cleanest  milk  that  you  can  find.  You  will  not  usually  get  such 
milk  in  stores.  If  you  want  to  get  good  milk,  ask  the  milk  inspector 
in  the  city  or  town  or  ask  the  health  officer  or  the  president  of  the 
town  council.  Help  the  wife  to  keep  the  milk  bottles  clean,  also  the 
bottles,  pitchers,  or  cans  that  you  buy  the  milk  in,  and  also  the 
bottles  and  rubber  nipples  that  the  baby  uses.  A little  sour  milk  will 
spoil  fresh  milk.  Find  a cool,  clean  place  to  keep  the  milk  and 
make  a little  refrigerator  out  of  a grocery  box,  a tin  pail,  and  some 
sawdust.  The  board  of  health  will  tell  you  how.  A small  piece  of 
ice  will  keep  the  milk  sweet  and  perhaps  save  the  baby’s  life  in  the 
summer.  You  don't  w^ant  the  baby  to  have  bowel  trouble,  colic,  or 
pains,  and  to  be  crying  all  the  time  because  you  give  it  dirty  or  sour 
milk.  How  would  you  like  it  yourself?  Bemember  that  milk  is  the 
only  food,  except  some  of  the  prepared  baby  foods  ordered  by  the 
doctor,  that  the  little  chap  is  allowed  to  eat. 

Bemember  that  nature  does  not  give  the  baby  any  teeth  at  first.  Its 
stomach  can  not  digest  or  take  care  of  solid  food.  When  the  body 
is  ready  to  use  solid  food  nature  will  supply  the  teeth;  so  don’t  you 
feed  it  on  sausage,  cabbage,  candy,  and  everything  or  anything  that 
it  sees  on  the  table.  If  you  do,  it  will  cost  you  money  for  the  doctor 
and  perhaps  the  baby’s  life. 

Do  you  know  that  nearly  one-third  of  infant  deaths  occur  because 
the  baby  is  not  properly  fed  ? In  Bhode  Island  one  out  of  every  eight 
babies  born  dies  before  it  is  1 year  old.  Why  ? Some  die  because  the 
mother  was  not  strong  before  the  baby  was  born,  was  overworked 
perhaps,  did  not  have  sufficient  proper  food  and  plenty  of  change  and 
fresh  air,  but  most  of  the  babies  die  so  young  because  they  are  not 
properly  fed.  Many  pine  away  for  the  want  of  sunlight  and  fresh 
air.  Did  you  ever  see  a young  plant  grow7  in  a dark  room  and  with- 
out plenty  of  air?  Bemember  that  babies  are  tender,  and  it  takes 
very  little  to  change  them  for  better  or  for  worse.  Some  pine  away 
and  die  because  they  are  given  soothing  sirups  to  keep  them  from 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


141 


crying.  If  the  baby  cries  continually,  find  out  the  reason.  See  the 
family  doctor  or  go  to  the  clinic  at  the  hospital  between  9 and  10 
o’clock.  Don’t  jounce  him  up  and  down  like  a milk  churn,  and  don’t 
pull  him  out  of  a sound  sleep  to  show  the  callers  what  a likely  chap 
he  is.  If  he  does  not  get  sleep  enough,  he  may  not  continue  to  look 
so  much  like  father’s  family. 

Keep  the  flies  away  from  him  and  from  his  food.  They  have  just 
come  from  the  garbage  heap  and  may  give  the  baby  diarrhea  and 
bowel  trouble.  Mosquito  netting  does  not  cost  much.  It  keeps  the 
mosquitoes  away,  too,  and  gives  the  baby  a chance  to  sleep. 

Don’t  let  him  crawl  around  on  the  dirty  floor  and  beat  up  the 
carpet  and  fill  his  throat  full  of  dust  which  you  have  brought  in  from 
the  street  on  your  shoes. 

There  is  one  thing  you  can  do  all  by  yourself.  Make  it  your  duty 
right  away  after  the  baby  has  arrived  to  see  that  the  birth  has  been 
reported  by  the  doctor  to  the  city  registrar  or  town  clerk.  Why? 
Because  you  or  the  child  may  have  to  prove  his  age  in  order  to  get 
work  when  he  is  14  years  of  age ; or  it  may  be  necessary  to  prove  his 
age  to  vote,  or  to  get  married,  or  to  show  that  he  is  a citizen  of  the 
United  States  and  can  not  be  drafted  into  a foreign  army ; or  there 
may  be  money  or  property  coming  to  him.  u Nothing  doing.”  Can 
not  prove  that  such  a person  was  ever  born.  Father  and  mother  and 
relatives  are  all  gone,  hut  the  record  will  show  who  was  born  and 
when  and  where.  Go  yourself  to  the  record  office  and  see  that  the 
doctor  has  reported  the  birth.  Although  the  law  requires  this,  yet 
many  doctors  forget  to  do  it.  Is  not  the  little  chap  worth  that 
small  trouble?  Yes;  there  are  a lot  of  don’ts,  but  give  the  baby 
a chance  before  it  is  born,  and  then  a “ square  deal  ” afterwards,  good 
food,  plenty  of  sleep,  and  plenty  of  air. 

“ Save  the  kiddies.” 

Think  it  over,  then  do  it. 

STORIES  PUBLISHED  IN  A BABY- WEEK  LEAFLET  AT 
GRAND  RAPIDS,  MICH. 

A Moribund  Baby. 

It  was  a shocking  little  skeleton  of  a body  that  Mrs.  Brown  un- 
dressed and  laid  across  her  knees  at  the  city  clinic.  Too  weak  to  hold 
up  its  head  and  too  lifeless  to  notice  anything  or  anybody,  its  body  lay 
there  limp,  every  tiny  bone  pitifully  distinct,  the  little  legs  bowed  and 
curved.  Mrs.  Brown  seemed  pathetically  hopeless  herself,  but  she 
answered  straightforwardly  all  the  questions  put  to  her  by  the  busi- 
nesslike but  kindly  nurse.  Yes;  she  had  weaned  him  a few  weeks 
after  birth.  That  was  a dangerous  thing  to  do  ? Why,  she  knew  lots 
of  girls  who  brought  their  babies  up  on  bottles;  and  it  was  such  a nui- 
sance to  nurse  him.  No ; she  hadn’t  given  him  modified  cows’  milk ; 
he  seemed  to  like  condensed  milk  better,  so  she  let  him  have  that. 
She  wished  she’d  known  cows’  milk  was  better  for  him;  but  no  one 
told  her,  and  how  was  she  to  know  ? When  he  began  to  have  solid 
food  he  sat  at  the  family  table.  Oh,  most  anything.  Coffee,  some- 
times, and  a little  tea,  fried  eggs,  ham — anything  he  liked.  No ; he 
wasn’t  outdoors  much,  hardly  at  all;  in  fact,  just  when  she  went 
visiting  twice  a week  or  so.  My,  no ! They  didn’t  have  a separate 


142 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


bed  for  him ; he  slept  with  them,  and  her  husband  would  have  40  fits 
if  she  opened  the  window  at  night. 

A commonplace  recital — how  commonplace  only  nurses  know.  How 
Mrs.  Brown’s  face  lighted  up  when  told  that  with  careful  nursing 
there  was  a chance  for  her  baby,  and  how  eagerly  she  promised  to 
follow  faithfully  each  one  of  the  simple  directions  which  the  nurse 
gave  her.  F or  her  ignorance  Mrs.  Browrn  had  almost  paid,  and  many 
mothers  do  pay,  with  the  baby’s  life.  But  was  she  entirely  to  blame  ? 

Prepared  for  Business,  not  for  Motherhood. 

All  the  girls  in  the  building  took  an  interest  in  Anna  S.’s  marriage. 
Anna  had  been  an  office  girl  for  six  years,  and  besides  being  valued  by 
her  employers  for  her  intelligence  and  efficiency  was  a general  favor- 
ite with  the  other  girls.  So,  when  Romance  and  a F airy  Prince  came 
to  Anna  the  girls  were  ungrudgingly  glad  that  the  Prince  held  a good 
business  position,  and  that  Anna  could  have  many  little  luxuries  that 
she  had  never  allowed  herself  before.  Their  interest  in  her  simple 
trousseau  was  unbounded  and  kindly,  and  when  they  finally  waved 
her  good-by  after  the  ceremony  at  her  aunt’s  house  no  one  of  them, 
least  of  all  Anna  herself,  suspected  that  she  was  lacking  in  the  most 
essential  preparation  of  all. 

The  prospect  of  a baby  brought  only  happiness  to  Anna,  and  she  set 
about  making  the  little  outfit  with  all  a young  mother’s  delight.  The 
materials  she  purchased  were  dainty  and  expensive,  but  not  one  prac- 
tical or  useful  article  was  to  be  found  when  the  layette  was  finished. 
The  baby  came,  fat  and  wTell  nourished.  She  tried  nursing  him,  but 
it  was  painful,  and,  ignorant  of  the  proper  care  of  herself  and  of  the 
danger  to  her  baby,  she  weaned  him  after  a couple  of  weeks.  The 
new  food,  adopted  at  the  suggestion  of  interested  neighbors,  did  not 
agree  with  the  baby;  she  changed  to  another,  then  another,  and  in 
desperation  to  still  another.  Gradually  the  baby  lost  weight,  grew 
paler  and  weaker,  and  finally  fell  dangerously  ill.  A physician  was 
called,  and  when  instead  of  medicine  he  prescribed  only  a wet  nurse, 
Anna’s  one  cry  was:  “Nothing  would  have  made  me  wean  my  baby 
if  I’d  known  how  dangerous  it  was.  Why  was  I never  taught?” 
Why  wasn’t  she  ? 

Criminal  Ignorance. 

“ No  wonder  your  baby  doesn’t  retain  her  food,  or  sleep,  or  gain  in 
weight;  you  wouldn’t  either  if  you  were  bounced  and  jiggled  as  you 
bounce  and  jiggle  her.”  And  the  nurse  proceeded  to  instruct  Mrs. 

T in  the  simple  fact  that  babies,  even  more  than  kittens  and 

puppies,  must  not  be  handled  but  allowed  to  sleep  and  eat  with  per- 
fect regularity.  But  nobody  had  told  Mra  T this,  and  in  hope 

of  making  her  w smart  ” the  baby  was  played  with  and  talked  to  con- 
tinually and  wakened  and  shown  to  admiring  relatives  and  friends 
until  her  delicate  nerves  were  all  aquiver  and  she  became  a very  sick 
baby  indeed.  There  are  thousands  of  young  women  in  the  country 

who  are  just  like  Mrs.  T , and  for  the  sake  of  themselves,  their 

children,  the  citizens  of  to-morrow,  and  society,  they  must  be  edu- 
cated in  motherhood  before  motherhood  catches  them  unawares  and 
unprepared. 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


143 


A LIST  OF  CRADLE  SONGS,  ETC.,  PUBLISHED  BY  THE 
NEW  YORK  CITY  BABY-WEEK  COMMITTEE. 

SONGS  FOR  HIGH  OR  LOW  VOICE. 


Cradle  song,  Rockaby  Baby Norris. 

Sleep,  Little  Baby  of  Mine Dennes. 

Mighty  Lak  a Rose Nevin. 

Baby’s  Boat’s  the  Silver  Moon Gaynor. 

His  Lullaby Carrie  Jacobs  Bond. 

“ Des’  Hoi’  My  Hands  To-night  ” Carrie  Jacobs  Bond. 

Cradle  song Kate  Vannah. 

Sing,  Smile,  Slumber Gounod. 

Go  to  Sleep Fisher. 

Cradle  song Franz  Ries. 

Mammy’s  Song Sydney  Homer. 

Curly  Headed  Baby Hudson. 

Cradle  song Schubert. 

Sweet  and  Low Barnby. 

Hindu  lullaby Harriet  Ware. 


PIANO  SOLOS. 


Brahms  Slumber  Song,  opus  117. 

Chopin  Slumber  Song. 

VIOLIN  SELECTIONS. 

Jocelyn. 

Arranged  by  Kreisler. 

TWO  OPERETTAS. 

Boy  Blue. 

Whole  Year  Round. 

SONG  COLLECTION  ABOUT  CHILDREN. 

Cradle  Song  of  Many  Nations Katharine  Wallace  Davis. 

Kittie  Cheatham — Her  Book. 

Cradle  songs — 16  vocal  and  11  piano John  Church  Co. 

Stevenson,  Child  Garden  of  Verses Music  by  Nevin  (Scribner’s). 

Songs  of  Childhood,  Eugene  Field Music  by  De  Koven  (Scribner’s). 

Kindergarten  Chimes Kate  Douglas  Wiggin. 

Songs  of  a Little  Child’s  Day Eleanor  Smith. 

Song  Echoes  from  Child  Land  (contains 
two  mothers’  hymns) Harriet  Jenks  and  Mabel  Rust. 

CHORUSES,  WOMEN’S  VOICES. 

Brahms  Cradle  Song. 

Jakobowski  Lullaby  from  Erminie. 

Gaelic  lullaby,  Victor  Harris;  quartet  mixed  voices. 

Lohr  Slumber  Song;  mixed  voices. 

Sweet  and  Low,  Barnby ; mixed  voices. 

NEW  YORK  CITY  BABY  WEEK,  BABY  SABBATH,  MAY 
6;  BABY  SUNDAY,  MAY  7. 

A Prayer  for  the  Babies. 

[By  Walter  Rauschenbusch.] 

O,  God,  since  Thou  hast  laid  the  little  children  into  our  arms  in  utter  help- 
lessness, with  no  protection  save  our  love,  we  pray  that  the  sweet  appeal  of 
their  baby  hands  may  not  be  in  vain.  Let  no  innocent  life  in  our  city  be 
quenched  again  in  useless  pain  through  our  ignorance  and  sin.  May  we  who 
are  mothers  or  fathers  seek  eagerly  to  join  wisdom  to  our  love  lest  love  itself 
be  deadly  when  unguided  by  knowledge.  Bless  the  doctors  and  nurses  and  all 
the  friends  of  men  who  are  giving  of  their  skill  and  devotion  to  the  care  of  our 
children.  If  there  are  any  who  were  kissed  by  love  in  their  own  infancy  but 


Berceuse 

Slumber  Song. 


144 


BABY-WEEK  CAMPAIGNS. 


who  have  no  child  to  whom  they  may  give  as  they  have  received,  grant  them 
such  largeness  of  sympathy  that  they  may  rejoice  to  pay  their  debt  in  full  to 
all  children  who  have  need  of  them. 

Forgive  us,  our  Father,  for  the  heartlessness  of  the  past.  Grant  us  great 
tenderness  for  all  babies  who  suffer  and  a growing  sense  of  the  divine  mystery 
that  is  brooding  in  the  soul  of  every  child.  Amen. 

LETTER  DESCRIBING  ARTICLES  FOR  CARE  AND 
AMUSEMENT  OF  YOUNG  CHILDREN  SHOWN  IN  THE 
BOONTON  (N.  J.)  BABY -WEEK  EXHIBIT. 

My  “ Grandmother’s  Nursery  ” is  original,  and  was  planned  for  the  care  and 
instruction  of  my  seven  grandchildren  from  materials  which  come  into  every 
home  daily  and  are  usually  thrown  away.  This  nursery  was  exhibited  during 
baby  wTeek  at  Boonton,  N.  J.,  as  an  incentive  to  the  older  children. 

My  grandchildren  are  from  1 to  7 years  old  and  spend  some  time  each  year 
with  me,  so  that  I felt  the  need  of  occupation  and  instruction  for  them  while 
here.  The  things  are  made  from  flour,  sugar,  salt,  and  feed  bags,  packing  cases, 
and  glass  containers.  All  the  little  toilet  jars  and  soap  dish  on  the  baby  stand 
which  holds  the  conveniences  for  daily  bath  are  bottles  with  screw  tops, 
enameled,  and  hand  decorated.  The  mantel  ornaments  and  desk  fittings  are 
tin  cans,  cocoa  boxes,  and  sardine  boxes  enameled  and  decorated  with  hand 
decorations  or  with  Greek  figures  cut  from  the  magazines. 

The  rugs  are  from  partially  worn  underwear,  dyed,  then  braided  or  crocheted. 
The  dolls  are  made  from  the  tops  of  stockings  and  the  tops  of  long  kid  gloves. 
The  box  of  wooden  sticks  is  made  from  the  wooden  handles  given  out  by  many 
stores  to  carry  packages  with ; the  wire  has  been  removed  and  they  have  been 
dyed  the  primary  colors  and  are  used  to  teach  color  and  to  string  like  beads. 
The  needle  used  for  this  and  for  weaving*  on  the  little  frame  is  made  from  the 
key  which  comes  with  the  sardine  can. 

The  pictures  are  from  the  Sunday  supplement  and  magazines  and  are  all 
copies  of  good  pictures.  The  tether  ball  and  punching  bag  combined  (this  is 
for  small  people)  is  made  from  dyed  canton  flannel  with  a netted  covering  and 
tassel.  The  square  with  the  Dutch  figures  is  a table  cover  made  from  a flour 
bag;  the  figures,  which  are  cut  from  blue  merino  and  hemmed  on,  show  some 
of  the  industries  of  Holland. 

The  little  pair  of  curtains  on  the  screen  are  made  from  two  flour  bags,  with 
crocheted  edges  of  the  wrapping  cord  that  comes  around  groceries.  The  little 
figures  on  them  are  traced  with  colored  crayons  from  toy  books.  The  little 
spread  has  the  animals  and  children’s  stories  done  in  oil  crayon  and  pressed 
with  a warm  iron  on  the  wrong  side,  which  makes  them  indelible.  It  is  made 
from  sugar  bags  and  joined  with  cord  the  same  as  the  curtains. 

The  waste-paper  basket  is  a small-size  peach  basket,  enameled  and  deco- 
rated. The  baby  stand  is  a cheese  box  and  its  lid.  The  desk  drawers  are  all 
cocoa  boxes.  The  mattress  was  stuffed  with  the  excelsior  which  came  in  the 
crates  and  boxes  and  the  shavings  from  the  carpentering,  with  a thick  cotton 
pad  on  top. 

Every  clipping  from  the  sewing  went  into  the  stuffing  of  the  dolls.  All  ends 
sawed  from  the  lumber  were  planed  and  sandpapered  for  building  blocks.  The 
children  like  my  blocks  best ; they  call  them  real  wood. 

The  books  are  made  from  heavy  wrapping  paper,  with  pictures  cut  from  the 
advertisements  of  magazines.  The  bedtime  stories  are  clipped  from  the  evening 
paper.  The  children  hunt  and  cut  out  their  own  pictures  to  suit  the  story.  The 
grocery  order  book  which  they  use  in  playing  store  is  from  the  pictures  and 
labels  that  come  on  canned  goods,  biscuits,  etc.,  with  their  market  price  written 
below.  They  tell  me  from  the  pictures  what  they  have  in  stock.  I write  my 
order  and  price  on  a pad  which  they  copy.  In  this  way  they  learn  to  read 
writing,  write,  spell,  make  figures,  and  add,  and  learn  the  market  price  of  each 
commodity. 

I did  most  of  this  work  when  I had  one  or  more  of  my  grandchildren  with 
me,  and  worked  on  their  clothes  at  the  same  time.  I am  50,  keep  no  help,  do 
the  work  for  a family  of  three.  I argue  that  an  interested  child  is  a busy  child, 
and  a busy  child  is  a good  child.  The  description  of  the  pad  on  the  desk  is  for 
my  grandson  of  7,  and  is  decorated  in  this  manner:  Uncle  Sam  looking  at  the 
signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  a picture  of  the  evacuation  of 
Boston,  the  American  eagle,  the  Stars  and  Stripes,  Washington,  and  Grant. 


ILLUSTRATION  NO.  1.— BABY  WEEK  WAS  CELEBRATED  ON 
INDIAN  RESERVATIONS. 

Reproduced  from  “ Indian  Babies,  How  to  Keep  them  Well,”  published 
by  the  Office  of  I ndian  Affairs,  Department  of  the  I nterior. 


ILLUSTRATION  NO.  2.— "THE  BABY  SPECIAL”  RUN  BY  THE  CAPLEVILLE  COOPERATIVE  CLUB  TO  THE  EXHIBIT  AT  MEMPHIS. 

A practical  example  of  cooperation  between  city  and  country. 


ILLUSTRATION  NO.  4.— EXAMPLES  OF  BABY-WEEK  PRINTED  MATTER  USED  IN  DIFFERENT  TOWNS. 


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Reproduced  by  courtesy  of  Baltimore  Evening  Sun. 


ILLUSTRATION  NO.  7.— ONE  METHOD  OF  ADVERTISING  BABY  WEEK  USED  IN  HELENA,  ARK. 


ILLUSTRATION  NO.  8.— ATTRACTIVE  LESSONS  ON  AN  UNPLEASANT  SUBJECT. 

Designs  used  for  posters  and  pasters  issued  by  the  New  York  Association  for  Improving  the 
Condition  of  the  Poor.  Design  shown  atthe  right  won  first  prizeamong  public-school  children 
of  New  York  City. 


ILLUSTRATION  NO.  9.— SUGGESTION  FOR 
A FATHERS’  DAY  LEAFLET. 


From  The  Chautauquan,  Valley  City,  N.  Dak. 


ILLUSTRATION  NO.  10.— THIS  CERTIFICATE,  PRESENTED  TO  THE  PARENTS  OF  EVERY  NEWLY  REGISTERED 
BABY  IN  CLEVELAND,  STIMULATES  INTEREST  IN  BIRTH  REGISTRATION  AND  THE  REPORTING  BY 
PARENTS  OF  UNREGISTERED  BABIES. 


ONE  YEAR  OF  PENNSYLVANIA'S  DEATHS  FROM  DIARRHEA  AND  ENTERITIS  UNDER  2 YEARS  OF  AGE,  GROUPED  BY  MONTHS. 


ILLUSTRATION  NO.  1 2.— EVERYTH  I NG  PREPARED  FOR  A DEMONSTRATION  OF  BABY  CARE  (STAMFORD,  CONN.). 


ILLUSTRATION  NO.  1 3— WELL-ARRANGED  EXHIBIT  OF  FOOD  FOR  YOUNG  CHILDREN,  AT  ERIE,  PA. 


ILLUSTRATION  NO.  14.— A PUBLIC-HEALTH  EXHIBIT  FROM  LAWRENCE,  MASS. 


ILLUSTRATION  NO  15.— CLOTHING  FOR  A LITTLE  GIRL  AT  MINIMUM  COST,  EXHIBITED  AT  BOONTON, 


ILLUSTRATION  NO.  16.— HOMEMADE  ARTICLES  FOR  THE  CARE  AND  AMUSEMENT  OF  YOUNG  CHILDREN,  EXHIBITED  IN  BOONTON, 


INDEX, 


Addresses.  See  Meetings ; Subjects.  Page. 
Advertising,  committee.  See  Public- 
ity, committee  on. 

dangers  of  promiscuous 64 

day 35 

how  to  secure  free 14, 

19,  20,  25,  26,  29,  54,  56,  72 

of  exhibits 14,  15,  26,  85 

of  meetings 45,  46,  54,  90 

paid 90 

through  local  stores 15,  63,  94 

through  milk  dealers 60 

See  also  Newspapers  ; Publicity. 
Agricultural  colleges  and  universities, 

circulars  sent  out  by 31,  32 

cooperation  of 10,  16,  27,  30,  31 

exhibit  material  prepared  by 31,  82 

lantern  slides  prepared  by_  31,  121-131 

lecturers  supplied  by 121-131 

material  supplied  by 17,  121-131 

programs  supplied  by 31,  121-131 

American,  Association  for  Study  and 
Prevention  of  Infant  Mortal- 
ity   119 

Medical  Association,  baby-health 

conferences  and 88 

cooperation  of 28 

material  supplied  by 88,  119 

Red  Cross  Town  and  Country 

Nursing  Service 96,  119 

Social  Hygiene  Association 120 

Appointments  for  baby-health  con- 
ference  50,  51,  87 

Appropriations  from  public  funds  for 

baby-week  campaigns 14 

for  infant-welfare  work 64, 

65,  66,  96,  99 

Assistance  in  local  compaigns.  See 
Campaigns  (local),  outside 
assistance  for ; Cooperation. 

Audience  for  lectures,  etc.,  methods  of 

securing.  24,  25,  38,  39,  53,  54,  89,  90 

non-English  speaking 23,  54 

size  of 20,  23,  26 

See  also  Meetings  ; Publicity. 
Automobiles,  use  of 20,  22,  37,  76,  77 

“ Babies’  Friends  ” 62 

Babies,  sick,  provisions  for 80 

“ Baby  ” 1 60 

Baby-button  day 35 

Baby  care 21, 

26,  41,  46,  77,  80,  95,  96,  98,  111,  113 
See  also  Exhibits ; Pamphlets. 

77632°— 17 10 


Baby-clinic  day.  See  Baby-health  Page, 
conference. 

established  after  baby  week 66 

Baby  contest,  for  improvement 53,  88,  89 

replaced  by  health  conference-  49,50,87 

Baby  day,  program  for 20-21,  74 

Baby  death  rates.  See  Infant  mor- 
tality. 

Baby-health  conference 11, 

15,  16,  21,  24,  29,  48,  49-51, 
86-89,  94,  98,  132-133 

advance  appointments  for 50,  51,  87 

competitive 50,  86,  88,  119 

noncompetitive-  16,  49,  50,  87,  132-133 

organizing 72,  86-89 

publicity  about 14,  16,  21,  75 

Baby  Sabbath 24,  76,  143-144 

See  also  Baby  Sunday. 

Baby  Sunday-  22,  24,  29,  36,  76,  109,113,  143 

“ Baby,  The  ” 61 

Baby-Week  Manual,  New  York 77 

Baby-week,  nation-wide.  See  Nation- 
wide baby  week. 

Baby  welfare,  committee  on,  infor- 
mation  72 

exhibit 45-49,  81-85 

information — : — , — 30,  43-45,  56,  78-80 

local  conditions  affecting 56,78-80 

station.  See  Infant-welfare  sta- 
tions. 

Baptismal  records  in  birth-registra- 
tion survey 42 

Bathing  baby,  demonstrations  of 47, 

113,  114 

Birth-registration,  area 109 

certificate  of,  sent  to  parents.  42,  78,  99 

day 42,  77,  78 

flag  day  and 74,  75 

means  of  improving 34, 

38,  42,  64,  70,  78,  94,  98 
methods  of  studying.  42-44,  77,  78,  98 
Boards  of  heaPth.  See  Departments 
or  boards  of  health. 

Bookmark,  better  babies. 38 

Boy  Scouts,  help  given  by_  21,  25,  36,  37,  71 

Bulletins,  State  health 33,  56, 121-131 

Bureau  of  Education 16 

Bureaus  of  child  hygiene,  coopera- 
tion of 31,34,99 

establishment  of 64,  70,  98,  99 

Business  men,  cooperation  of 14, 

20,  23,  25,  30,  48,  54,  60,  63,  84,  94 

leaflets  to 59 

•Buttons 23,  25,  35,  37 

145 


146 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Campaigns  (local),  cooperation  in. 


See  Cooperation. 

how  to  begin 25,  29,  69-73 

number  of 11, 108 

obstacles  overcome 12 

outside  assistance  for 15-17, 


24,  27-34,  48,  49,  55, 
80,  82,  89-93,  117-131 

reports 10,  31, 100 

time  desirable  for  preparation 

for 73,82 

(national),  history  of 9-13 

Camp  Fire  Girls,  help  given  by — 16,  17,  71 

Camps  for  babies 37,  76,  80 

Cards,  advertising 59,  60 

Causes  of  baby  deaths  in  communi- 
ties, survey  of 78-80,  110 

Celebrations.  See  Campaigns,  local. 

Center  for  maternal  and  child  wel- 
fare  70,97,  98 

Certificate  of  birth  registration 42,  78,  99 

Chamber  of  commerce.  See  Men’s 
organizations. 

Charts.  See  Exhibits. 

Child  Federation,  The 85,  89,  98, 121 

Child  hygiene,  divisions  of.  See 
Bureaus  of  child  hygiene. 

Children’s  Bureau 9, 15, 

16,  56,  78,  88,  91-93, 
98-100,  114,  116,  118 
Children’s  health  conference.  See 
Baby-health  conference. 

Children  under  school  age,  baby 

weeks  including 12, 

15—18,  20,  23,  38,  44, 
48,  49,  53,  56,  70,  84 

“ Child’s  Declaration  of  Rights  ” 62 

Child-welfare,  exhibits.  See  Exhibits, 
societies.  See  Cooperation,  ad- 
vantages of. 

Choruses 90,  143 

Churches.  See  Cooperation  of  relig- 
ious bodies. 

Cities,  baby- week  reports  from 11, 

23,  25-27,  101-108 

City  celebrations,  centralized 25,  26,  81 

decentralized 23, 24,  54,  81,  91 

shared  by  neighboring  coun- 
try  19,23,71,90 

See  also  Committees. 

City  officials.  See  Cooperation  of 
city  officials. 

Clerical  help,  by  volunteer  workers-  26,  72 

by  paid  workers 73 

Clothing,  exhibit  of 15,  46,  48,  84,  114 

Clubs,  announcements  of  programs 

made  at 90 

study,  of  infant  welfare  by 91,  99 

of  local  conditions  by 43, 

44,  78,  80,  99 

topics  for  discussion  in 18, 

20,  23,  78,  91 

See  also  Cooperation. 

Committees,  duties  of 15, 16,  25,  72,  73 

follow-up 65,94,137-138 

list  of  25,  28,  72 

organization  of 25,  71 


Pago. 

Communities,  cooperation  among 12, 

19,  21,  49,  71 

list  of,  celebrating  baby  week 

in  1916 101-108 

total  number  of,  in  United 

States 13 

Community,  conditions,  improvement 

in,  as  a result  of  baby  week-  64-67, 


• 99 

study  of 29, 

43,  44,  51,  52,  66,  78,  80,  91,  94,  99 

Community,  day 35 

needs,  study  of 29, 

44,  80,  83,  91,  94,  99,  111-112 

Competition,  better-mothers 52-53,  89 

county 51 

essay 40 

poster 40,  46,  51,  59 

slogan 30,  57 


Conference.  See  Baby-health  confer- 
ence. 

Contest.  See  Baby  contest ; compe- 
tition. 

Continuation  schools,  instruction  in 

infant  care  by 41 

Contrast  exhibits—  17,  45-47,  84,  115,  116 

Contributions  by  cities  and  States 14 

Cooperation,  advantages  of 13, 

14,  20,  23,  25,  70,  71 

in  State  campaigns 27-34 

of  boards  and  departments  of 

health 14,  71 

See  also  Campaigns,  local,  out- 
side assistance  for. 

of  Boy  Scouts 21,  25,  36,  37,  71 

of  business  men 14, 

20,  23,  25,  30,  36,  48,  54,  60,  63,  84,  94 

of  Camp  Fire  Girls 16,  17,  71 

of  city  officials 14, 

25,  26,  30,  36,  37,  45,  60,  75,  76,  78 

of  infant-welfare  societies 13,  71 

See  also  Infant-welfare  socie- 
ties. 

of  men’s  organizations 20,48,  71,91 

of  merchants 14, 

15,  19,  23,  24,  63,  81,  84,  94 

of  motion-picture  houses 23-25,  63 

of  newspapers.  See  Newspapers. 

of  physicians 13, 

15,  16,  19,  20,  21,  23, 
26,  36,  37,  71,  88,  89 

of  playground  workers 71 

of  public-health  nurse 71 

See  also  Public-health  nurse. 

of  religious  bodies 14, 

15,  18,  19,  21,  22,  24,  25,  36,  71,  76,  90 

of  schools 14-17, 

21,  22,  25,  31,  36,  38,  39,  43-45, 
49.  51,  53,  54,  71,  74,  77,  81, 
85,  89,  92,  113-114 

of  settlement  houses 24,  54,  91 

of  universities  and  agricultural 

colleges 10,  16,  27,  31 

See  also  Campaigns,  local,  out- 
side assistance  for. 

of  women’s  organizations 9,  13, 

17,  19,  20,  23,  25-28,  36,  45,  58,  66,  71 


INDEX. 


147 


Page. 

Cost.  See  Expenses  of  local  cam- 
paigns ; Exhibits. 

Council  on  health  and  public  instruc- 
tion. See  American  Medical 
Association. 

Counties,  campaigns  in 19-23,  65,  71 

County  center  for  maternal  and  in- 
fant welfare 70,  97-98 

County  nurse,  employed  as  a result 

of  baby  week 66,  98 

County  school  officers,  cooperation  of.  71 
Coupons  in  newspapers,  appointment 

for  health  conference 51 

birth  registration 42 

Courthouse,  use  of 20,  54 

Cradle  roll  used  as  means  of  locating 

babies 43 

Cradle  songs,  list  of 143 


Daddy’s  day * 35 

See  also  Father’s  day. 

Dairies,  distribution  of  tags  by. 60 

inspection  of,  improved 26, 

45,  64,  67,  70,  79,  94 

models  of 45 

Daughters  of  American  Revolution.  36,  66 
Day  (special),  during  baby  week 15, 


24,  25,  27,  29,  35,  41,  53,  73 

programs  for 25,  26,  29,  35—43,  74—78 

Death  rates,  infant.  See  Infant  mor- 


tality. 

Demonstration  day 29 

Demonstrations,  advantage  of 84 

suitable 15, 

17,  21,  22,  39,  41,  45-48,  84-86 

Department,  of  Agriculture 10,  16, 118 

of  Interior 16,  16 


Departments  or  boards  of  health, 

and  baby  week.  14,  25,  26,  45,  60,  70 
permanent  work  for  infant  wel- 
fare  37,  64-66,  70,  76,  94-99 

See  also  Registrars  of  vital  sta- 
tistics ; State  health  officers. 
Departments  (special),  in  news- 
papers   51,  53,  56,  93 

Department  stores,  cooperation  of__  23, 

24,  63,  81,  94 

Difficulties  overcome 12 

Director,  paid 72,  73 

Discussions,  subjects  for.  18,  20,  23,  78,  91 

Distribution  of  literature 12, 

16,  17,  22-25,  36,  47,  55,  63,  92 
of  flags.  See  Flag,  distribution. 
Divisions  of  child  hygiene.  See  Bu- 
reaus of  child  hygiene. 

Doctors.  See  Cooperation  of  physi- 
cians. 

Dressing  baby,  demonstrations  of.  15, 

22,  39,  48,  84 


Editors,  cooperation  of 14, 30 

See  also  Newspapers. 

Educational  Exhibit  Co 121 

Employers  of  women,  letter  to 59 

Epidemics,  affecting  baby-week  plans.  69, 

77,  81,  86 


Page. 

Essays  by  school  children 39,  40 

Examination  of  children 18,  19,  66,  95 

See  also  Baby-health  conferences. 

Executive,  committee 72 

secretary,  employment  of 72 

Exhibits,  articles  or  models 21, 

26,  45-47,  49,  63,  84,  114-116,  144 

changing 49 

children’s.  17,  18,  46,  48,  49,  70,  84,  114 

clothing 15,  46,  48,  84,  114 

contrast 17,  45-47,  84, 115,  116 

description  of 33, 

45-47,  81,  84,  114-117,  144 

explainers 23,  46,  48,  54,  85 

food 17,  22,  47,  63,  81,  84,  94,  115 

for  non-English  speaking  audi- 
ence   46,  48,  54 

hostesses  at 20,  26,  45,  58 

in  shop  windows.  49,63-64,74,81,94 

living  features 86 

methods  of  making — 17,  18,  33,  82-84 

moved  about 12,  19,  31,  49,  84 

panels  for.  See  Panels. 

publicity  about 45,  54,  58,  75,  85,  90 

See  also  Publicity, 
securing  material  for — 14,  24,  32,  33, 
48,  49,  63,  82,  84,  94,  117-131 
sources  of  information  about — 85 

subject  matter  of.  17,  21,  26,  32,  45,  46, 
63,  69,  78,  81,  84,  85,  92,  96,  114-116 
supplied  by  organizations  and 

public  agencies . 118-131 

toys 17,  18,  46,  144 

unsupervised,  to  be  avoided.  63,  6.4,  94 

where  held 12-13, 15,  18,  23,  24, 

26,  36,  39,  49,  67,  74,  81 
See  also  Demonstrations. 

Expenses  of  local  campaigns 14, 

18,  20-22,  24,  26,  72,  73,  93 
See  also  Exhibits. 

Extension  departments.  See  Agri- 
cultural colleges  and  universi- 
ties. 


Farm  women,  meetings  of 14,  21 

Fathers,  day 23,  35,  36 

meetings  of 38 

message  to 37,  91, 138-141 

Federal  agencies 10, 16,  118 

See  also  Children’s  Bureau. 

Federations  of  women’s  clubs 7,  9. 

13,  19,  23,  27,  28,  64 
Feeding  baby,  demonstration  of.  22,  47,  84 

directions  for 113 

Films.  See  Motion-picture. 

Finance  committee 14,  25,  72 

“ Flag  Day  ” 61 

Flag,  day 24,  25,  35,  53,  74,  75 

distribution 21,  25,  35,  75 

kind  of,  used 25,  35,  75 

Follow-up  work,  after  baby-health 

conference 24,  89 

committees 65,  94 

development  of  existing  work 24, 

65,  94 

importance  of 56,  64,  70,  94-99 


importance  of 


148 


INDEX, 


Page. 

Follow-up  work  in  rural  districts 21 

kinds  of 25,  26,  64-67,  80,  94-99 

State-wide 64 

Sec  also  Results. 

Food 17, 

22,  39,  47,  63,  67,  81,  84,  94,  115,  118 
Foreign  countries,  infant  mortality 

statistics  of 109 

Foreign  languages,  addresses  in 54 

announcements  of  baby  week  in_  75 

exhibit  guides  speaking 23,  48,  54 

instruction  of  mothers  speaking-  46,  55 
newspapers  in,  to  publish  an- 
nouncements about  baby 

week 24,  25,  75 

pamphlets  in 24—26,  33,  55 

posters  in 46 


General  Federation  of  Women’s 

clubs 7,  9 

Sec  also  Federation  of  women’s 
clubs. 

Girls,  instruction  of,  in  infant 

care 21,  41,  64,  66,  77,  96,  98 

Government  publications 10,  16,  55,  118 

Governor's  proclamation 9,  27,  30,  36 

Hall  for  meetings,  choosing 89 

Health  officer.  See  Departments  or 
boards  of  health  ; State  health 
officer. 

Health  officers,  bulletins  issued 

by ■ 33,  56,  121-131 

cooperation  of.  See  Coopera- 
tion ; State  health  officers. 

lectures  by : 33,  34,  90,  121-131 

to  be  consulted  before  confer- 
ence is  held 81 

statistics  on  infant  mortality 

compiled  by  — 34,  80 

History  of  baby  week 9-13 

Home  day 35 

Home  Economics,  Office  of 10,  118 

Home  economics,  divisions  or  depart- 
ments of,  at  State  colleges  or 

universities 30,  32, 123-131 

Homemade  articles,  exhibit  of 46,  144 

Homes  of  babies  decollated  with 

flags 24,  35,  75 

Hostesses  for  exhibits 20,  26,  45,  58 

How  to  organize  conferences.  See 
Baby-health  conference. 


**  I am  the  Baby  ” 62 

Improvement  contest,  baby 53,  8S-89 

Inauguration  day 35 

Indian  reservations,  baby  weeks  at — , 11 

Indian  Service 10 

Industrial  conditions,  follow-up  work 

and 94 

Infant  blindness 29,  80,  120 

Infant  care 21, 

26,  41,  46,  77,  80,  95,  96,  98,  111,  113 
See  also  Exhibits ; Pamphlets. 

Infant  deaths,  causes  of,  in  com- 
munity  29,  78-80 

See  also  Infant  mortality. 


Page. 

Infantile  paralysis,  affecting  baby- 

week  plans 69,  77,  81,  86 

after-care 69,  70 

exhibits  of  muscle  training  for 

patients 69,  92 

Infant  mortality,  causes  of 79,  110 

club  study  of 66,  99 

rates  of,  in  different  countries 109 

securing  data  concerning 43, 

44,  66,  78,  99 

shown  on  map 80 

statistics  of 29, 

30,  34,  43-45,  56,  78-80,  109 


Infant-welfare  societies 10 

13,  23-24,  64,  65,  71,  95,  97,  111-112 
Infant-welfare  stations,  demonstra- 
tion of 76,  85 

equipment  of 84,  98 

opened  after  baby  week 26, 

65,  70,  86,  97,  98 

rural 70,  97,  98 

sale  of  milk  at 97 

work  of 79,  80,  94,  97,  98,  112 

Informal  meetings.  See  Meetings. 
Information  on  baby  welfare.  See 
Baby-welfare  information. 

Instruction  in  baby  care 21, 

26,  41,  64,  66,  77,  80,  95-98,  111 
See  also  Baby-health  conference ; 
Exhibits ; Pamphlets. 


Invitations  issued,  general 54,  90 

on  flag  day 25,  53,  75 

through  school  children-  38,  39,  53,  85 

Labor  unions,  cooperation  of 71 

Lantern  slides-  23,31,33,34,54,91,118-131 
Large  cities.  See  Cities ; City  cele- 
brations. 

Layettes,  exhibits  of 15,  46,  48,  84 

Leaflets,  cards,  tags,  etc 20, 

23,  25,  33,  37,  44,  59,  92,  93,  138,  142 

Lecturers,  how  secured 18, 

33,  34,  90,  121-131 

Lectures,  lantern  slides  for 54,  118-131 

subjects  for 78,  90 

Letter  from  mayor  to  clergy 113 

Letter  of  transmittal 7 

Literature  on  baby  care,  bureau  sup- 
plying   118-131 

original,  for  baby  week 60-62 

examples  of_ 56,  57,  113—114 

in  foreign  languages 24-26,  33,  55 

means  of  distributing 12, 

16,  17,  22,  24,  25,  36,  47,  55,  63,  92 

Little  brother  and  sister  day 15,  41 

Little  Mothers’  day 35,  113,  137 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues 37, 

46,  64,  66,  77,  98,  112 
Living  features.  See  Baby-health  con- 
ference ; Demonstrations  ; Ex- 
hibits ; Parades ; School  chil- 
dren, help  given  by ; School 
day. 

Local  organizations  cooperating.  See 
Cooperation. 

Luncheons,  school 63,  67,  115 


INDEX, 


149 


Page. 

Manual-training  classes,  etc.,  coop- 
eration of 17,  21,  39,  45 

Map,  local,  to  show  where  babies  die.  80 

of  baby-week  celebrations 2 

Market  baskets,  contents  of,  good 

and  bad 17 

Mass  meeting 89-90 

See  also  Meetings. 

Material  for  exhibits.  See  Exhibits. 

Mayor,  letter  of 113 

proclamation  of 9,  30,  36 

Medical  inspection  of  school  chil- 
dren  19,  56,  66 

Meetings,  advertising  of 45,  46,  54,  90 

See  also  Publicity. 

for  non-English-speaking  moth- 
ers   54 

informal  ^ 22,  53,  76,  91 

invitations  for 38,  39,  53,  54 

mass 89-90 

popular  features  for 15, 

22,  24,  31,  33,  34,  45,  54,  55,  90-92 

speakers  at 18,  33,  34,  90,  121-131 

subjects  for 18,  20,  23,  78,  90,  91 

where  held 14, 

21-23,  38,  54,  63,  81,  89,  91,  94 
Men's  organizations,  assistance  of — 20, 

71,  90 

See  also  Cooperation. 

discussions  at  meetings  of 91 

Merchants’  baby  booster  day 35 

Merchants  (cooperation  of),  in  ad- 
vertising   15,  63,  94 

in  exhibits 23,  24,  63,  81,  84,  94 

general 14,  19 

Message  to  fathers.  See  Fathers. 

Midwives,  regulation  of,  as  result  of 

baby  week 26,  64 

Milk,  distribution  of  tags  with 60 

modification  of 22,  39,  47,  84,  115 

sale  of,  at  infant-welfare  sta- 
tions   97 

study  of  local  supply 26, 

45,  64,  70,  79,  94 

Milkmen,  letter  sent  to 60 

Milk  stations,  attendance  at 53 

founded 65,  136 

study  of 80 

visited  on  parade  day 37,  76 

See  also  Infant-welfare  stations. 

Models.  See  Exhibits,  articles  or 
models. 

Modification  of  milk,  exhibit  of 22, 

47,  84,  115 

Money,  methods  of  raising-  14,  21,  25,  72,  73 

Monthly  health  bulletin,  State 33, 

56,  121-131 

Mortality,  infant.  See  Infant  mor- 
tality. 

Mothers,  competitions.  See  Competi- 
tion, better  mothers. 

day 35 

instruction  of 26, 

66,  80,  95,  97-98,  111 
See  also  Baby-health  confer- 
ence ; Exhibits  ; Pamphlets. 


Page. 

Mothers,  obstetrical  care  of 70,  80 

prenatal  care  of 23,  47,  05,  66, 

70,  79,  80,  82,  95,  111,  130, 139 
Motion-picture,  films.  24,  33,  54,  92,  118-131 
houses,  baby-week  films  ex- 
hibited by 23,25 

cooperation  of 63 

publicity  through 23-25 

Musical  numbers,  on  programs 15,  90 

at  exhibit 45 

Music,  list  of  suitable . 143 

Karnes  and  addresses  of  babies,  how 

secured 42,  43,  75 

National,  Association  for  the  Study 
and  Prevention  of  Tubercu- 
losis  120,  134 

Child-Welfare  Exhibit  Associa- 
tion   121 

Committee  for  the  Prevention  of 

Blindness 120 

Congress  of  Mothers  and  Parent- 

Teacher  Associations 10 

Organization  for  Public-Health 

Nursing 96,  9*7 

Organizations.  See  Campaigns, 
local,  outside  assistance  for ; 
History  of  baby  week. 

Nation-wide  baby  week,  agencies  co- 
operating  9,  10 

communities  celebrating 11, 101-108 

extent  of 10, 11 

plans  for  1917 13,69,70 

results  of : 64-67 

Newspapers,  assistance  before  cam- 
paign   ; 14,  25,  30,  93 

competitions  carried  on  by 51,  53,  89 

coupons,  for  birth  registration.  42 
for  appointments  at  health 

conference 51 

foreign,  notices  in 24,  25,  75 

See  also  Press  material ; Publicity. 
Newspaper  syndicates,  material  sup- 
plied by 93 

Noncompetitive  baby-health  confer- 
ence  16,  49-50',  87-88,  132-133 

Non-English  speaking  mothers,  dis- 
tribution oi;  literature  to 24-26, 

33,  55 

exhibits  for 23,  46,  48,  54 

meetings  for 54 

notices  to,  in  newspapers 24,  25,  75 

Number  of  local  campaigns 11,  108 

Numbers  attending  meetings.  20,  23,  26,  89 
Nurse,  duty  of,  at  baby-health  con- 
ference  87 

See  also  Public-health  nurse. 

Nursery,  model,  exhibit  of 32 

Object  of  campaign,  advantages  of 

specific 56,  70,  94 

Objects  for  exhibits.  See  Exhibits, 
articles  or  models. 

Obstetrical  care.  See  Mothers,  ob- 
stetrical care  of. 

Office  of  Home  Economics 10,  118 


150 


INDEX, 


Page, 

Operettas,  suitable 143 

Ophthalmia  neonatorum.  See  In- 

fant blindness. 

Organization  of  local  baby  week 12,  14, 

15,  16,  20,  21,  23,  25,  29,  70-72 
Organizations,  cooperating.  See  Cam- 
paigns (local),  outside  assist- 
ance for ; Cooperation, 
furnishing  exhibits  and  litera- 
ture, Federal 118 

private 119-121 

State 121-131 

Outing  day 37,  69,  76,  136 

Pageants.  See  Plays,  tableaux,  and 
pageants. 

Paid,  director 72,  73 

press  agent 93 

Pamphlets  on  baby  care,  distribution 

of 12, 

16,  17,  22,  24,  25,  36,  47,  55,  63,  92 

in  foreign  languages 24-26,  33,  55 

sources  for  obtaining 117-131 

Panama-Pacific  Exposition,  list  of 
articles  in  Children’s  Bureau 

at  exhibit  on  infant  care 114-115 

Panels,  making  of 17-18, 

26,  33,  82,  83,  116,  117 

subjects  for 116, 117 

See  also  Exhibits. 

Parade  day 37,  69,  76 

Parades 22,  36,  37,  38,  69,  76,  77 

precautions  for  safety  of 36,  77 

Pennants.  See  Flag. 

Permanent  organization  day 35 

Personal  invitations  to  meetings 53 

See  also  Invitations. 

Photographs,  used  on  panels 83 

of  speakers 90 

Physical  examinations 18,  19,  66,  95 

See  also  Baby-health  conference. 
Physicians.  See  Cooperation  of  phy- 
sicians. 

Piano  solos,  suitable 143 

Plans  for  1917 13,  69,  70 

Playgrounds,  developed  as  result  of 

baby  week 56,  67 

model  of,  in  exhibit 45,  63 

workers,  cooperation  of 71 

Plays,  tableaux,  and  pageants,  audi- 
ence attracted  by 55,  90 

popularity  of 22-24,  54,  92 

suitable 134-136 

Poems 60-62 

Policing  of  streets  arranged  for  pa- 
rades   36,  77 

Posters 17,  25,  39,  46,  51,  58,  59 

Prayer  for  babies 143 

Preliminary  work.  See  Campaigns, 
local. 

Trenatal  care.  See  Mothers,  prena- 
tal care  of. 

President  of  the  United  States  in- 
dorsed campaign 9 

Press,  agent,  paid 93 

assistance  of.  See  Newspapers. 


Page. 

Press,  material 33, 

34,  37,  56,  57,  74,  78,  86, 
90,  93,  118-131,  136-138 
Private  organizations,  matei’ial  ob- 
tainable from 119-121 

Prizes, 

for  improvement  in  babies 53,  88 

indifference  of  mothers  to 49 

organizations  donating 40,  89 

See  also  Competitions. 

Proclamation,  governor’s 9,  27,  30,  36 

mayor’s 9,  30,  36 

Program,  committees 72 

for  a baby  day 21-22,  74 

of  days  for  baby  week 15, 

24,  25,  27,  29,35,  41,  53,  73 

Programs,  distribution  of 24,  35,  57 

for  special  days 25, 

26,  29,  35-43,  74-78 

suggestions  for  baby  week 73-74 

See  also  Meetings. 

Publications 10, 

16,  33,  43,  44,  55,  56,  118-131 
See  also  Pamphlets  on  baby  care. 
Public-health  nurse—  19,22,41,56,64-66, 
70,  71,  79,  80,  91,  94, 
98,  112,  119,  121.  137 

Public  Health  Nurse  Quarterly 97,  121 

Public  Health  Service 10, 118 

Publicity,  committee  on — 28,  72 

follow-up 24,  66,  95 

for  meetings 2“ 38,  39,  45, 

46,  53,54,90,93 

how  secured 16,  24,  25,  28,  35,  45, 

51,  54,  57-60,  75,  85,  90,  93 
on  sources  of  information  for 

parents 55,  92 

State-wide 28-30,  33,  57 

subcommittees  on 72 

See  also  Advertising ; Baby-wel- 
fare information ; News- 
papers ; Press  material. 

Public  Service  Exhibit  Bureau 121 

Purpose  of  baby  week-  9,  64,  69,  70,  94,  112 

Questions,  used  in  better-mothers 

competition 52,  53,  89 

about  celebrations  answered  by 
organizations  and  public 
agencies 69,  119-131 


Reclamation  Service 

Recognition  day 

Record  sheet  used  at 
conferences 


10 

35 

baby-health 
88,  132-133 


Records,  of  births 38,  42- 

44,  64,  77,  78,  94,  98 
of  deaths 43,  44,  75,  78-80 

Registrars  of  vital  statistics 10, 

42,  43,  75,  78,  98 

Registration  of  births.  See  Birth 
registration. 

Religious  bodies.  See  Cooperation 
of  religious  bodies. 

Reports  of  local  campaigns,  how  se- 
cured — 10,  11,  31,  100,  101 


INDEX, 


151 


Page. 

Results—  15,  19,  21,  26,  41,  45,  56,  84-67,  70 
See  also  Follow-up  work. 

Rural  campaigns 11,  14,  16,  23,  65,  71 

See  also  City  celebrations  shared 
by  neighboring  country. 

Rural  children’s  needs 16, 18,  52,  97-98 

Rural  infant-welfare  station.  See 
Infant-welfare  stations. 

Rural  mother’s  day 35 

Russell  Sage  Foundation 85, 117, 120 


Sabbath,  Baby 24,  76,  143-144 

See  also  Baby  Sunday. 

School,  centers  opened 15,  19,  65 

children  help  given  by — 16, 17,  21,  27, 
38,  39,  41,  43,  45,  51,  53,  54,  85 

day 35,  38—41,  77, 113 

girls  instructed  in  infant  care — 21, 

41,  64,  66,  77,  96,  98 
houses,  use  of 14. 

15,  19,  22,  38,  49,  54,  81,  89 

luncheons 63,  67,  115 

nurse.  See  Public-health  nurse. 

teachers,  cooperation  of 22, 

31,  39,  71, 113-114 

Schools,  cooperation  of.  See  Coop- 
eration. 

pledge  to  baby  in 62, 137 

sanitation  of,  studied 66 

See  also  Plays,  tableaux,  and 
pageants. 

Score  card,  use  of,  at  baby-health 

conference 88 

where  to  obtain 119 

Secretarial  services,  volunteer 26, 72 

Secretary  of  Labor,  indorsement  by  9 
Settlement  houses,  cooperation  of_24,  54,  91 

Shop  meetings 36,  54 

Slogans,  examples  of 20,  21,  35,  37,  58 

means  of  securing 30,  57 

uses  of 59 

Societies.  See  Infant-welfare  socie- 
ties ; Men’s  organizations ; 
Women’s  organizations. 

Songs,  list  of  suitable 143 

Speakers  for  meetings,  how  to  se- 
cure   18,  33,  34,  90,  121-131 

State,  agencies,  assistance  of 17, 

27,  30-34,  48,  55,  80,  90,  92,  121-131 


agricultural  colleges.  See  Agri- 
cultural colleges  and  univer- 
sities. 

bureaus  of  child  hygiene 31,  34,  99 

campaigns 11,  27-30,  33,  64 

exhibits,  inexpensive 33 

federations  of  women’s  clubs 9, 

, 19,  27,  28,  64 

governor’s  proclamation 9,  27,  30,  36 

health  officers 24, 

27,  32-34,  40,  43,  45,  48,  50,  56, 
57,  66,  69,  81,  85,  86,  90,  91,  98, 
99,  116,  121-131,  137,  139 
See  also  Registrars  of  vital 
statistics. 


Page. 

State  organizations,  cooperation 

among 27-34 

universities.  See  Agricultural 
colleges  and  universities. 

States  Relations  Service 10,  118 

Stationery 59 

Statistics  of  infant  mortality 29, 

30,  34,  43-45,  56,  78-80,  109 
Stenographers.  See  Clerical  help. 

Stereopticon  slides 33,  91,  11?  1-131 

Study  and  conference  day 29 

See  also  Community  needs,  study 
of. 

Study  clubs  suggestions  for 99 

See  also  Community  conditions ; 
Community  needs. 

Subjects,  suitable  for  informal  dis- 
cussions  18,  20,  23,  53,  78,  91,  96 

suitable  for  public  lectures-  78,  90,  96 


See  also  Exhibits. 

Sunday  schools,  baby-week  exercises 

in 36 

Superintendent  of  schools,  coopera- 
tion of : 38,  71 

Supervision  of  exhibits  necessity 

for 63,  64,  94 


Survey  of  birth  registration- _ 16,  29,  43,  78 
See  , also  Community  conditions ; 
Community  needs. 

Synagogues.  See  Cooperation  of  re- 
ligious bodies. 

Syndicates,  newspaper 93 


Tableaux,  See  Plays,  tableaux,  and 
pageants. 

Tag  day 35 

Tags 59-60 

Topics,  suitable  for  informal  discus- 
sions  18,  20,  23,  53,  78,  91,  96 

suitable  for  public  lectures 78,  90,  96 

See  also  Exhibits. 

Towns,  campaigns  in 14-16 

See  also  Cities ; City  celebrations. 

Toys 17,  18,  46,  144 


United  States,  Bureau  of  Education-  16 

Children’s  Bureau.  See  Chil- 
dren’s Bureau. 

Department  of,  Agriculture-  10,  16,  118 

Interior 10,  16 

Government  publications.  10, 16, 55, 118 

Indian  Service 10 

Public  Health  Service 10,  118 

Reclamation  Service 10 

Universities,  State.  See  Agricultural 
colleges  and  universities. 

Violin  selections,  suitable 143 

Visiting  day 35,  37,  73,  76 

precautions  to  be  taken  for 77 

See  also  Parades. 

Visiting  nurse.  See  Public-health 
nurse. 


152 


INDEX, 


Page. 

Volunteer  workers 26,  72 

Sec  also  Cooperation ; Women’s  or- 
ganizations. 

Wall  panels.  See  Panels. 


Welfare  day 35 

Windows  in  stores,  use  of 15, 


19,  20,  2*5,  28,  31,  49, 
58,  63-64,  74,  81,  94 


Page. 

Women’s  Christian  Temperance  Un- 
ion   26,  42 

Women’s  organizations,  committees 

to  include  members  of 71,  138 

cooperation  of 9, 13, 

17,  19,  20,  23,  25-28,  36,  45,  58,  66,  71 

follow-up  work  by 64-66,  99 

initiative  taken  by 13,  19,  25,  71 

study  of  local  conditions  by 43, 

44,  78,  80,  99 


ADDITIONAL  COPIES 

OF  THIS  PUBLICATION  MAY  BE  PROCURED  FROM 
THE  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  DOCUMENTS 
GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

AT 

25  CENTS  PER  COPY 
V 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR 

CHILDREN’S  BUREAU 


JULIA  C.  LATHROP.  Chief 


A TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF 
INFANT  - WELFARE  WORK  BY  PUBLIC 
AND  PRIVATE  AGENCIES  IN  THE 
UNITED  STATES 


ETTA  R.  GOODWIN 


INFANT  MORTALITY  SERIES  No.  5 
Bureau  Publication  No.  16 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1916 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  CHILDREN’S  BUREAU. 


Annual  Reports:  „ _ . 

First  Annual  Report  of  the  Chief,  Children’s  Bureau,  to  the  Secretary  of  Labor, 
for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1913.  20  pp.  1914. 

Second  Annual  Report  of  the  Chief,  Children’s  Bureau,  to  the  Secretary  of  Labor, 
for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1914.  19  pp.  1914. 

Third  Annual  Report  of  the  Chief,  Children’s  Bureau,  to  the  Secretary  of  Labor, 
for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1915.  26  pp.  1915. 

Care  of  Children  Series : ^ 

No.  1.  Prenatal  Care,  by  Mrs.  Max  West.  41  pp.  3d  ed.  1913.  Bureau  pub- 
lication No.  4.  . - -.  AT  o 

No.  2.  Infant  Care,  by  Mrs.  Max  West.  87  pp.  1914.  Bureau  publication  No.  8. 

Dependent,  Defective,  and  Delinquent  Classes  Series: 

No.  1.  Laws  Relating  to  Mothers’  Pensions  in  the  United  States,  Denmark,  and 
New  Zealand.  102  pp.  1914.  Bureau  publication  No.  7. 

No.  2.  Mental  Defectives  in  the  District  of  Columbia:  A brief  description  of  local 
conditions  and  the  need  for  custodial  care  and  training.  39  pp.  1915.  Bureau 
publication  No.  13. 

Infant  Mortality  Series: 

No.  1.  Baby-saving  Campaigns:  A preliminary  report  on  what  American  cities 
are  doing  to  prevent  infant  mortality.  93  pp.  4th  ed.  1914.  Bureau  pub- 
lication No.  3.  " , , 

c-No.  2.  New  Zealand  Society  for  the  Health  of  Women  and  Children:  An  example 
of  the  methods  of  baby-saving  work  in  small  towns  and  rural  districts.  19  pp. 
1914.  Bureau  publication  No.  6.  _ , 

No.  3.  Infant  Mortality:  Results  of  a field  study  m Johnstown,  Pa.,  based  on 
births  in  one  calendar  year,  by  Emma  Duke.  93  pp.  and  9 pp.  illus.  1915. 
Bureau  publication  No.  9.  , . . J . ... 

©No.  4.  Infant  Mortality  in  Montclair,  N.  J.:  A study  of  infant  mortality  m a 
suburban  communitv.  36  pp.  1915.  BureaupublicationNo.il. 

No  5 A Tabular  Statement  of  Infant-Welfare  Work  by  Public  and  Private 
Agencies  in  the  United  States.  114  pp.  1916.  Bureau  publication  No.  16. 

Industrial  Series:  . , „ . TT  . T « a 

No  1 Child  Labor  Legislation  in  the  United  States,  by  Helen  L.  Sumner  and 
Ella  A.  Merritt.  2 charts.  1131  pp.  1915.  Bureau  publication  No.  10. 

Analytical  tables  of  laws  of  all  States  and  text  of  laws  of  each  State. 

No.  2.  Administration  of  Child  Labor  Laws: 

Part  1.  Employment  Certificate  System,  in  Connecticut.  69  pp.  2 charts. 

1915.  Bureau  publication  No.  12. 

Miscellaneous  Series:  . . , A u 

No  1 The  Children’s  Bureau:  A circular  containing  the  text  of  the  law  estab- 
lishing the  bureau  and  a brief  outline  of  the  plans  for  immediate  work.  5 pp. 
1912.  Bureau  publication  No.  1.  . . , 

No.  2.  Birth  Registration:  An  aid  in  preserving  the  lives  and  rights  of  children. 
20  pp.  3d  ed.  1914.  Bureau  publication  No.  2.  1 A > . ■ . , v 

'<  No  3 Handbook  of  Federal  Statistics  of  Children:  Number  of  children  m the 
United  States,  with  their  sex,  age,  race,  nativity,  parentage,  and  geographic 
distribution.  106  pp.  2d  ed.  1914.  Bureau  publication  No.  5. 

^ No.  4.-  Child-Welfare  Exhibits:  Types  and  preparation,  by  Anna  Louise  Strong, 
Ph  D.  58  pp.,  16  illus.  1915.  Bureau  publication  No.  14. 

No.  5.  Baby  Week  Campaigns.  Suggestions  for  communities  of  various  sizes. 
64  pp.  1915.  Bureau  publication  No.  15. 


CONTENTS. 


V[ 

> 

-<5 

U) 

V' 

£ 


Page. 

Letter  of  transmittal 5 

Introductory 7 

State  boards  or  departments  of  health 7 

Extension  divisions  of  State  universities 18-20 

Work  by  State  universities  to  promote  infant  welfare 18 

Cities  of  10,000  population  and  over 21-33 

City  bureaus  or  divisions  of  child  hygiene 21 

Directory  of  infant-welfare  agencies 22-33 

Infant-welfare  stations 26 

Instruction  by  nurses  not  connected  with  infant-welfare  stations 27 

Prenatal  work ; 28 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes  for  instructing  young  girls  in  infant 

hygiene 28 

Work  for  prevention  of  infant  blindness 32 

Milk  inspection 32 

Hospitals  and  dispensaries 33 

Cooperation  between  agencies 33 

Cities  in  different  classes 33 

Comparison  of  work  by  municipal  and  private  agencies 36 

GENERAL  TABLES. 

Table  1.  Inf  ant- welfare  work  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in  cities  and 

towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 40 

Table  2.  Examples  of  infant-welfare  work  in  cities  and  towns  having  a popula- 
tion in  1910  of  less  than  10,000,  1915 96 

Table  3.  Milk  inspection  in  certain  cities  and  towns  having  a population  in 

1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 100 

Table  4.  Summary  of  State  laws  and  rulings  relating  to  the  prevention  of  blind- 
ness from  babies’  sore  eyes  (no  county  or  city  acts,  ordinances,  or 
rulings  included) 106' 


z* 

Details  of  the  State  requirements  for  reporting  babies’  sore  eyes 112 

3 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Labor, 

Children’s  Bureau, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  April  6,  1916. 

Sir:  I transmit  herewith  a tabular  statement  of  infant-welfare 
work  by  public  and  private  agencies  in  the  United  States.  In  pre- 
paring a discussion  of  this  subject  it  was  found  necessary  to  divide 
the  material  into  two  reports.  The  first  consists  of  the  tabular 
statement  presented  herewith  and  the  second  will  give  a detailed 
description  of  the  most  significant  instances  of  public  and  private 
infant-welfare  work.  The  tabular  statement  is  published  in  advance 
because  of  its  general  interest  as  a comparative  presentation  of 
State,  municipal,  and  volunteer  agencies  throughout  the  United 
States.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  activities  listed  in  this  tabulation 
are  concerned  chiefly  with  safeguarding  the  health  of  well  children; 
not  with  the  treatment  of  sick  children. 

The  tabulation  indicates  the  nation-wide  extent  of  the  movement 
to  protect  infant  life.  Nothing  short  of  a revolution  is  taking  place 
in  the  attitude  of  physicians  and  social  students.  They  increasingly 
urge  constructive  measures  for  preserving  health  and  for  stimulating 
and  improving  home  care.  Emphasis  is  placed  upon  the  absolute 
necessity  of  providing  sound  instruction  in  the  hygiene  of  infancy 
and  childhood  and  of  making  it  convenient  for  parents  to  secure 
information  as  to  the  healthful  regimen  for  the  individual  child. 
Systems  are  in  course  of  development  for  providing  such  examinations 
and  tests  of  well  children  as  will  enable  parents  to  forestall  disease. 
As  will  be  seen,  public  authorities  and  private  agencies  are  working 
out  practical  methods  in  various  phases  of  the  whole  problem. 

The  work  of  collecting  and  tabulating  the  information  has  been 
done  by  Mrs.  Etta  R.  Goodwin,  assisted  by  Miss  Dorothy  Hender- 
son, under  the  general  direction  of  Dr.  Grace  L.  Meigs,  head  of  the 
division  of  hygiene. 

Very  respectfully, 

Julia  C.  Lathrop,  Chief. 

Hon.  William  B.  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Labor. 


5 


A TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE 
WORK  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


INTRODUCTORY. 

The  report  which  follows  represents  an  effort  to  outline  the  extent 
of  the  work  carried  on  in  the  United  States  for  the  reduction  of  infant 
mortality.  It  presents,  for  each  State  and  for  each  city  of  10,000 
population  and  over  according  to  the  census  of  1910,  a statement  of 
the  civic  measures  adopted  for  the  reduction  of  the  infant  death  rate, 
and  indicates  the  infant-welfare  work  by  private  agencies  in  these 
cities  and  characteristic  work  in  some  smaller  communities.  Full 
descriptions  of  the  methods  used  by  both  public  and  private  agencies 
will  be  furnished  in  another  report  now  in  preparation. 

In  collecting  the  information,  schedules  or  inquiries  were  sent  out 
early  in  1915.  These  were  addressed  to  the  State  health  officers  in 
all  States,  to  the  secretaries  of  all  State  colleges  and  universities,  to 
health  officers  in  cities  of  10,000  population  and  over,  and  to  private 
agencies  on  lists  courteously  supplied  by  Miss  Ysabella  Waters, 
chairman  of  the  membership  committee  of  the  National  Organiza- 
tion for  Public  Health  Nursing,  and  author  of  “ Visiting  Nursing  in 
the  United  States”;  by  the  American  Association  for  the  Study  and 
Prevention  of  Infant  Mortality;  and  by  the  American  National  Red 
Cross  Town  and  Country  Nursing  Service.  In  this  initial  report  a 
complete  and  original  census  of  all  phases  of  infant-welfare  work  by 
private  agencies  was  not  regarded  as  practicable.  The  choice  of 
agencies  addressed  is  the  result  of  the  investigations  of  individuals 
and  agencies  in  close  touch  with  infant-welfare  activities  in  all  sec- 
tions of  the  country. 

STATE  BOARDS  OR  DEPARTMENTS  OF  HEALTH. 

Four  States — Kansas,1  New  Jersey,1  New  York,  and  Ohio  1 — re- 
ported distinct  divisions  of  their  State  departments  of  health  dealing 
specifically  with  problems  of  infant  and  child  hygiene.  In  Massa- 
chusetts infant-welfare  work  is  a well-defined  feature  of  the  work  of 
the  division  of  hygiene. 

1 Division  organized  subsequent  to  January,  1915.  Infant-welfare  work  developed  since  that  date  not 
shown  in  this  report. 


7 


8 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK. 


Infant-welfare  work  by  State 


Educational  work  on  the  subject  of  infant  hygiene. 

State. 

Work  for  promotion  of 
birth  registration. 

Pamphlets,  leaflets,  etc. 

Exhibits,  lantern  slides, 
motion  pictures,  etc. 

Alabama 

Space  given  in  bulletins 
to  discussion  of  impor- 
tance. 

1 number  monthly  bulle- 
tin (July,  1914)  devoted 
to  question. 

Pamphlet,  On  the  Baby. . 

Lantern  slides  on  infant 
hygiene. 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

Cooperation  with  child- 
welfare  associations  in 
such  effort. 

Efforts  directed  toward 

California 

General  health  car;  lan- 
tern slides. 

passage  of  good  law  re- 
cently enacted. 

Colorado 

Lantern  slides;  motion- 

picture  films. 

Connecticut 

Interest  stimulated  by 
constant  reference  to 
subject  in  bulletins. 

Delaware . 

Florida 

Active  campaign;  exten- 
sive space  in  bulletins; 
cartoons;  letters  to  coun- 
ty and  city  officers, 
women’s  clubs,  etc. 

No  appropriation  for  put- 
ting in  operation  good 
registration  law  recently 
passed. 

Pamphlet,  Baby  Welfare. . 

Pamphlets  distributed 
through  a mailing  list. 

Traveling  exhibit  on  pub- 
lic health;  panels,  mod- 
els, special  section  relat- 
ing to  infant  hygiene; 
lantern  slides. 

Exhibits  at  various 

Georgia 

county  fairs;  lantern 
slides. 

Idaho 

Literature  sent  to  mother 

Leaflets,  If  You  Have  a 

Lantern  slides  on  general 
health. 

upon  registration  of  a 
birth. 

Baby,  distributed  to 
mother  upon  registra- 
tion of  a birth. 

Illinois 

Motion  picture,  Tommy’s 
Birth  Certificate,  or  The 
Sin  of  Omission,  offered 
to  picture-theater  man- 
agers gratis;  effort  to- 
ward putting  in  opera- 
tion good  registration 
law  recently  passed. 

Pamphlet  on  the  care  of 
the  baby. 

Traveling  exhibit,  me- 
chanical and  still  mod- 
els, wall  cartoons,  100 
lantern  slides,  motion- 
picture  films;  sections 
on  infant  mortality, 
flies,  etc.,  booked  for 
months  in  advance. 

Indiana 

Continual  agitation  to  im- 
prove birth  registration; 
search  for  unreported 
births  and  prosecution 
of  delinquent  phy- 
sicians; letter  to  mother 
upon  registration  of 
a birth. 

Agitation  for  passage  of 
good  registration  law. 

The  Baby  Book  sent  to 
mother  upon  registra- 
tion of  a birth;  pam- 
phlets and  circulars, 
Summer  Care  of  Babies, 
Indiana  Child  Creed. 

Reprint  of  specjal  bulle- 
tin, Save  the  Babies. 

General  h ealth  exhibit  em- 

Iowa  

phasizing  infant  hy- 
giene; wall  panels,  mod- 
els, 6 motion-picture 
films,  800  lantern  slides. 

Child  hygiene  exhibit 
shown  at  State  and 
county  fairs,  etc.;  elec- 
tric devices. 

TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 


9 


departments  of  health,  1915. 


Educational  work  on  the  subject  of  infant  hygiene — Continued. 


Bulletins. 


Newspaper  articles. 


Lectures,  by 
whom  given. 


How  often 
issued. 


Class. 


How  often 
issued. 


Class. 


Lecturers  sup- 
plied by  State 
hoard  of  health. 


Quarterly.. 


General  health 


do 


General  health; 
reference  to  in- 
fant hygiene;  1 
number  on  birth 
registration. 


Other  work 
touching  on 
infant  hygiene 
or  welfare. 


Health  laws  only 
2 years  old. 


Lectures  by  mem- 
bers of  State 
board  of  health 
on  infant  hy- 
giene. 

do 


Mbnthly . . 


General  health 


. From  time 
to  time. 


Summaries  of  birth 
statistics. 


Monthly . 


Give  space  to 
warnings  against 
patent  medi- 
cines, etc.;  occa- 
sional reference 
to  seriousness  of 
infant  mortality 
problem. 


Lecturers  supplied 
by  health  de- 
partment. 


Monthly . . . 


General  health; 
special  birth- 
registration  car- 
toons. 


From  time 
to  time. 


Articles  on  gen- 
eral health  and 
vital  statistics. 


Campaign  against 
irregular  lying- 
in  hospitals. 


Illustrated  1 e c - 
tures  given  by 
State  board  of 
health. 


Quarterly . . 


General  health . 


No  regu- 
lartime. 


Articles  on  infant 
hygiene  in  city 
and  county  pa- 
pers. 


Lecturers  s upplied 
by  board  of 
health. 


Frequent  lectures 
by  members  of 
State  board  of 
health  with  ref- 
erence to  infant 
hygiene. 


Monthly. . . 


General  health 


Lecture  force  of  4 
members  of 
State  board  of 
health;  special 
reference  to  sub- 
jects related  to 
infant  hygiene. 


..do 


Frequent  refer- 
ence to  the  wel- 
fare of  infants. 


Weekly. . . 


Biweekly . 


Weekly.. . 


Literature  on  gen- 
eral health  sub- 
jects sent  to 
newspapers; 
stereotype  cuts 
and  plates  sup- 
plied. 

Plainly  written 
health  stories 
sent  to  newspa- 

§ers;  • definite 
ate  of  release. 
Practically  ev- 
ery paper  in 
State  takes  ma- 
terial and  pub- 
lishes in  promi- 
nent place. 
Letter  sent  out 
through  press 
service;  general 
health  subjects, 
frequent  men- 
tion of  infant 
hygiene. 


Cooperation  with 
w o m e n ’ s or- 
ganizations in 
arr angin  g 
better-babies 
contests. 


Child-welfare  ex- 
position held 
in  Indianapo- 
lis, February, 
1915. 


Quarterly. . 


Profusely  illus- 
trated; occa- 
sional mfant  hy- 
giene article. 


Physicians  sup- 
plied for  or- 
ganizing and 
conducting 
baby  health 
contests  and 
conferences. 


10 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


Infant-welfare  work  by  State 


Educational  work  on  the  subject  of  infant  hygiene. 

State. 

Work  for  promotion  of 
birth  registration. 

Pamphlets,  leaflets,  etc. 

Exhibits,  lantern  slides, 
motion  pictures,  etc. 

Checking  system  and  pros- 
ecutions. 

Bulletins,  Care  of  Infants, 

General  health  exhibit,  in- 

(Division of  Child 
Hygiene,  July 
1, 1915.) 

Save  the  Babies. 

cluding  reference  to  in- 
fant hygiene;  motion 
pictures;  lantern  slides. 

General  health  traveling 
exhibit. 

Propaganda  through  cir- 

Pamphlet  on  How  to 

Educational  hygiene  ex- 
hibit train,  more  than 
one-sixth  of  space  given 
to  subject  of  infant  wel- 
fare; 2 motion-picture 
films;  stereopticon  out- 
fit. 

culars  and  personal 
letters  toward  passage 
of  model  law;  pamphlet 
sent  and  letter  written 
to  mother  upon  regis- 
tration of  a birth. 

Keep  the  Baby  Well 
and  leaflets  distributed 
from  health  exhibit  car. 

Check  by  clippings  from 
newspapers;  leaflets  and 
posters  explaining  im- 
portance. 

Series  of  leaflets  on  child 

Traveling  exhibit  on  child 
welfare  is  combined  with 
exhibit  on  school  hy- 
giene. 

welfare  widely  distrib- 
uted. 

Maryland 

Prosecution  of  physicians 
and  midwives  failing  to 
report  births;  educa- 
tional pamphlets,  leaf- 
lets, etc. 

Pamphlets,  leaflets,  etc., 
on  birth  registration. 

General  health  car;  lan- 

tern slides. 

Massachusetts 

Canvassers  sent  from  house 
to  house  checking  up 
births;  collection  of  vital 
statistics  under  secretary 
of  the  Commonwealth. 

Educational  leaflets,  For 
Mothers  with  Little 
Babies,  in  3 languages. 

Lantern  slides;  motion- 
picture  films. 

Michigan 

Under  secretary  of  state; 
system  of  checking  by 
supervisors  of  townships 
or  by  assessors  of  cities. 

Cartoons  and  mechanical 

devices  on  infant  hy- 
giene; lantern  slides; 
general  health  car. 

Minnesota 

Constant  reminders  to  local 

Have  had  traveling  gen- 
eral health  exhibitions 
on  the  road  at  various 
times  since  1907;  not 
sent  out  during  past 
year. 

Lantern  slides  on  general 
health. 

Mississippi 

registrars;  check  births 
by  deaths  of  infants  un- 
der 1 year  and  investi- 
gate failure  to  report; 
weatherproof  notice  for 
tacking  on  trees,  show- 
ing importance  of  birth 
registration. 

Reference  in  bulletins 

Reprint  of  special  bulle- 
tins, Protectthe  Babies, 
Save  the  Babies,  etc. 

TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK. 


11 


departments  of  health,  1915 — Continued. 


Educational  work  on  the  subject  of  infant  hygiene— Continued. 


Lectures,  by 
whom  given. 


How  often 
issued. 


Bulletins. 


Newspaper  articles. 


Class. 


How  often 
issued. 


Class. 


Other  work 
touching  on 
infant  hygiene 
or  welfare. 


Lectures  by  mem- 
bers State  board 
of  health;  gen- 
eral health  with 
reference  to  in- 
fant hygiene. 


4 sanitary  inspec- 
tors in  the  field, 
visiting  every 
precinct  in 
many  counties, 
accompanied  by 
health  exhibit; 
no  separation  of 
work  for  chil- 
dren and  adults. 

Members  State 
board  of  health 
accompany 
health  car  sent 
to  rural  dis- 
tricts; empha- 
size importance 
of  infant  hy- 
giene. 

Lecturers  from 
State  board  of 
health,  accom- 
panied by  stere- 
opticon,  give 
talks  on  child 
welfare  before 
the  granges,  at 
State  fairs,  etc. 


Monthly. . . 


.do. 


General  health; 
special  numbers 
on  child  hygiene. 


General  health;  is- 
sued in  editions 
of  25,000. 


Weekly...  Articles  on  gen- 
eral health  sub- 
jects, reaching 
about  500  week- 
ly newspapers; 
weekly  press  let- 
ter on  child  hy- 
giene. 

Biweekly 


Monthly 
and  quar- 
terly. 


1 issue  of  monthly 
bulletin  devoted 
to  subject  of 
child  hygiene; 
section  in  quar- 
terly once  year- 
ly on  infant  hy- 
giene. 


Bimonthly. 


General  health; 
special  reference 
to  child  hygiene. 


Monthly 
(for  health 
officers). 


No  printed  bulle- 
tins; typewrit- 
ten statements. 


Monthly . . . 


General  health 


Lectures  by  mem- 
bers of  State 
board  of  health 
on  subject  of  in- 
fant hygiene. 


General  health; 
cartoons  refer- 
ring  to  infant 
mortality;  spe- 
cial number  de- 
voted to  infant 
welfare. 


Plans  for  imme- 
diate future  in- 
clude rural  sur- 
veys; efforts  to 
encourage  cit- 
ies to  establish 
visiting-nurse 
system. 


Special  study  of 
antenatal  mor- 
tality; cam- 
paign for  bet- 
ter report  of 
stillbirths. 

Plans  being 
made  for  a cam- 
paign for  edu- 
cational work 
in  infant  hy- 
giene through 
exhibits,  lec- 
tures, bulletins, 
pamphlets, 
and  newspaper 
articles;  plan  to 
take  up  ques- 
tion of  public- 
health  nursing. 


Formerly  sent 
articles  to  200 
papers  through- 
out State;  serv- 
ice temporarily 
discontinued. 


Lectures  by 
county  health 
officers  in  schools 
etc.,  on  infant 
hygiene. 


Monthly . . . 


General  health; 
special  numbers, 
Protect  the 
Babies,  Save  the 
Babies. 


12 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK. 


Infant-welfare  work  by  State 


Educational  work  on  the  subject  of  infant  hygiene. 


State. 


Work  for  promotion  of 
birth  registration. 


Pamphlets,  leaflets,  etc. 


Exhibits,  lantern  slides, 
motion  pictures,  etc. 


Missouri . Constant  communication 

with  local  registrars  ;per- 
sonal  letters  written  in 
case  of  neglect  to  report 
births. 

Montana Prosecution  of  physicians 

and  midwives  failing  to 
report  births. 


Lantern  and  slides. 


Nebraska 


Occasional  reference  in 
bulletins. 


Nevada 


New  Hampshire. . . 


New  Jersey 

(Division  of  Child 
Hygiene  and 
Nursing,  Nov. 
1,1915). 


Prosecution  of  physicians 
and  midwives  failing  to 
report  births. 

State  board  of  health  has 
power  to  compel  local 
boards  to  prosecute  de- 
linquent physicians  or 
mid  wives. 


Leaflet,  Save  the  Babies’ 
Eyes. 


Lantern  slides  on  milk. . . 


Traveling  exhibit  on  tu- 
berculosis, with  some 
reference  to  care  of 
babies;  motion-picture 
machine. 


New  Mexico. 


New  York 

(Division  of  Child 
Hygiene,  Jan. 
2, 1914). 


Posters,  etc.;  panels  in 
traveling  exhibit;  notifi- 
cation card  and  pam- 
phlet,Your  Baby — How 
to  Keep  It  Well,  sent  to 
mother  upon  registra- 
tion of  a birth;  numer- 
ous devices  for  making 
it  convenient  for  physi- 
cians to  comply  with  re- 
quirement. 


Pamphlet,  How  to  Save 
the  Babies;  circulars  of 
information.  Before  the 
Baby  Comes,  The  New- 
born Baby,  The  Food  of 
a Baby,  The  Summer 
Care  of  Baby,  Care  of 
Milk  in  the  Home , From 
the  Bottle  to  Table  Food, 
Avoiding  Infection , Y our 
Baby— How  to  Keep  It 
Well  (3  languages);  In- 
fant-welfare Campaigns 
and  Infant-welfare  Sta- 
tions (pamphlet  giving 
information  helpful  to 
communities  wishing  to 
establish  infant-welfare 
stations). 


traveling  exhibit  units 
(20  panels,  infant-wel- 
fare station,  etc.),  each 
in  charge  exhibit  mana- 
ger, trained  nurse,  and 
mechanician,  in  special 
campaign  in  1914  visited 
45  cities  and  villages  and 
55  county  fairs,  with  ob- 
ject of  encouraging  es- 
tablishment of  infant- 
welfare  stations  in  the 
smaller  communities. 


North  Carolina. 


Booklet,  Why  Register 
Births  and  Deaths,  dis- 
tributed; frequent  men- 
tion in  bulletins;  letters 
to  mother  from  governor 
and  State  health  officer 
upon  registration  of  a 
birth. 


Pamphlet,  The  Baby;  leaf- 
let on  How  to  Keep 
Your  Baby  Well. 


Exhibit  with  1 section  on 
Care  and  Feeding  of  In- 
fants ; health  exhibit  con- 
nected with  baby  con- 
test at  State  fair;  lan- 
tern slides  on  infant  hy- 
giene. 


North  Dakota. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


13 


departments  of  health,  1915 — Continued. 


Educational  work  on  the  subject  of  infant  hygiene— Continued. 


Lectures,  by 
whom  given. 


How  often 
issued. 


Bulletins. 


Class. 


Newspaper  articles. 


How  often 
issued. 


Other  work 
touching  on 
infant  hygiene 
or  welfare. 


Quarterly.. 


General  health; 
occasional  arti- 
cle on  infant 
hygiene. 


Monthly. . . 


General  health 


Child-welfare  de- 
partment organ- 
ized tempora- 
rily with  trained 
nurse  in  charge, 
for  work  with 
women’s  clubs. 


Quarterly.. 


General  health ; 
occasional  arti- 
cles on  infant 
hygiene. 


Lecturers  sup- 
plied by  board 
of  health. 

Department  o f 
health  lecturers 
in  tuberculosis 
campaign  inci- 
dentally empha- 
size principles 
involved  in  care 
of  babies. 


Quarterly. . 


General  health 


Monthly 


do 


Weekly... 


General  health 


Director  division 
child  hygiene, 
during  infant- 
welfare  cam- 
paign, delivered 
several  addresses 
a week;  3 lectur- 
ers from  division 
of  publicity  and 
education  ac- 
company ex- 
hibit. 


Monthly. 


Sections  in  bulle- 
tins on  infant- 
welfare  c a m - 
paigns,  manage- 
ment of  infant- 
welfare  stations. 
Little  Mothers’ 
Leagues,  care  of 
baby,  etc. 


News  bureau;  copy 
and  special  cuts 
supplied  for 
newspapers  dur- 
ing tour  of  trav- 
eling exhibit; 
press  service,  500- 
word  health 
hints  on  such 
topics  as  “Infant 
feeding ’’mailed 
in  “boilerplate” 
stereotyped  and 
ready  to  be 
placed  in  forms. 


Weekly 

press 

service. 


.do. 


Section  on  infant 
hygiene ; car- 
toons and  illus- 
trations. 


Weekly... 


Newspapers  o f 
State  supplied 
with  regular  un- 
technical  articles 
on  health  sub- 
jects. 


Better  - babies 
contest  at 
State  fair. 


State  campaign 
with  object  of 
organizing  in- 
fant - welfare 
stations  in 
cities  and  rural 
districts;  trav- 
eling exhibits 
viewed  by 
1,300,000  peo- 
ple in  45  cities 
and  small  vil- 
lages and  at  55 
county  fairs; 
baby-health 
conferences;  2 
motion-picture 
films,  Care  of 
Babies  and  Im- 
provement of 
Milk  Supply; 
special  meet- 
ings for  moth- 
ers; homes 
visited;  nurses 
address  school 
children,  estab- 
lish Little 
Moth  e r s ’ 
Leagues. 

100,000  pieces  of 
literature  on 
general  health 
distributed. 


Occasional  lec- 
tures by  health 
officer. 


Quarterly.. 


Sections  on  care  of 
children. 


14 


TABULAE  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK, 


Infant-welfare  wort  by  State 


Educational  work  on  the  subject  of  infant  hygiene. 


State. 


Work  for  promotion  of 
birth  registration. 


Pamphlets,  leaflets,  etc. 


Exhibits,  lantern  slides, 
motion  pictures,  etc. 


Ohio 

(Division  of  Child 
Hygiene,  Oct. 
1, 1915.) 


Through  public-health  ex- 
hibit, motion  pictures, 
etc. 


Pamphlet  on  infant  hy- 
giene. 


Oklahoma 


Booklet  addressed  to 
mothers. 


Traveling  exhibit,  includ- 
ing motion  pictures,  sec- 
tions devoted  to  sub- 
ject of  infant  hygiene, 
and  1,500  lantern  slides 
taken  to  smaller  cities 
and  towns  and  county 
fairs*  large  portion  of 
rural  communities  of  the 
State  have  been  reached . 

Lantern  slides 


Oregon. 


Effort  directed  toward 
putting  in  operation 
good  law  recently 
passed. 


do. 


Pennsylvania 


Checking-up  system  and 
prosecutions. 


Pamphlet,  Save  the  Baby  . 


Rhode  Island 


Pamphlet,  Care  of  Babies; 
leaflet.  How  to  Take 
Care  of  Babies. 


Infant  - welfare  exhibit, 
portion  of  general-wel- 
fare exhibit;  statistical 
material,  mottoes,  mo- 
tion pictures;  help  given 
to  mmunities  wishing 
to  establish  exhibits. 

Milk  and  mouth  hygiene 
exhibit;  lantern  slides; 
motion-picture  films. 


South  Carolina. 


Effort  directed  toward 
putting  in  operation 
good  law  recently 


South  Dakota. 
Tennessee 


The  Mother’s  Book  pub- 
lished and  distributed. 


Lantern  slides 


General  health  exhibit, 
charts,  motion  pictures, 
lantern  slides. 


Texas. 


Utah. 


Importance  emphasized 
in  the  monthly  bulletin, 
also  by  efforts  at  prose- 
cution of  physicians  and 
midwives  failing  to  re- 
port births. 

Circulars  sent  to  mother 
upon  registration  of  a 
birth. 


Circular  teaching  infant 
hygiene. 


Public  health  exhibit  car, 
of  which  infant  hygiene 
is  special  feature. 


General  health  exhibit; 
lantern  slides. 


Vermont 


Motion  - picture  films; 
electrical  generator  for 
use  in  operating  motion- 
picture  apparatus;  lan- 
tern slides. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK, 


15 


departments  of  health,  1915 — Continued. 


Educational  work  on  the  subject  of  infant  hygiene — Continued. 


Lectures,  by 
whom  given. 


Bulletins. 


How  often 
issued. 


Class. 


Newspaper  articles. 


How  often 
issued. 


Class. 


Other  work 
touching  on 
infant  hygiene 
or  welfare. 


Lectures  given  in 
connection  with 
traveling  health 
exhibit;  certain 
part  devoted  to 
subject  of  infant 
mortality. 


Lecturers  supplied 
by  department 
of  public  health. 


Lectures  by  mem- 
bers of  State 
board  of  health, 
with  some  ref- 
erence to  infant 
hygiene. 


Lecturers  from  de- 
partment  of 
health  accom- 
pany infant-wel- 
fare exhibit. 


Members  of  State 
board  of  health 
give  lectures  to 
mothers’  clubs; 
4 weeks’ series  of 
lectures  to  the 
foreign  popula- 
tion, 1 lecture 
each  week  on 
care  of  infant. 

Lectures  by  mem- 
bers of  State 
board  of  health. 


Members  of  State 
board  of  health 
give  lectures  on 
general  health 
subjects. 

Field  workers  in 
hookworm  work 
touch  upon  mat- 
ter of  infant  mor- 
tality. 

Lectures  by  mem- 
bers of  State 
board  of  health; 
general  health 
subjects. 

Lectures  by  mem- 
bers of  State 
board  of  health 
at  baby  shows, 
parent  - teach- 
ers’ association 
meetings,  etc. 


Monthly . . . 


General  health . 


Weekly. 


Quarterly . . 


General  health. 


Monthly . 


Weekly. 


Letter  on  general 
health  matters; 
arrange  m e n t s 
being  perfected 
for  beginning 
this  service. 

Reporters  of  va- 
r i o u s papers 
visit  office  of 
State  health  offi- 
cer every  day 
and  obtain  ma- 
terial for  arti- 
cles. 


Quarterly . 


General  health. 


Quarterly. 

....do.... 


General  health. 
Food 


Monthly . . . 


.do. 


Quarterly. 


Frequent  refer- 
ence to  infant 
hygiene. 


Statistical  state- 
ments ; occa- 
sional bulletins 
to  health  officers. 

General  health 


From  time 
to  time. 


Educational  arti- 
cles on  general 
health  subjects. 


In  weekly  news- 
papers; general 
health  subjects. 


Occasion- 

ally. 


Articles  on  general 
or  specific  sub- 

I'ects  of  public 
lealth. 


Summer  cam- 
paigns by  de- 
partment of 
health  for  less- 
ening infant 
mortality. 


Infant  hygiene 
dwelt  upon  by 
field  workers  in 
h o o kworm 
work. 


16 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OE  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK. 


Infant-welfare  work  by  State 


State. 


Work  for  promotion  of 
birth  registration. 


Educational  work  on  the  subject  of  infant  hygiene. 


Pamphlets,  leaflets,  etc. 


Exhibits,  lantern  slides, 
motion  pictures,  etc. 


Virginia. 


Washington. 


West  Virginia . 
Wisconsin 


Wyoming. 


Notification  card  and  copy 
of  bulletin,  Care  of  In- 
fants, sent  to  mother 
upon  registration  of  a 
birth.  Numerous  car- 
toons in  bulletins. 


Frequent  mention  in 
bulletins;  sections  in  ex- 
hibit; lecturer  sent  to 
secure  cooperation  of 
club  women. 


Effort  toward  having  law 
amended. 


Notification  card  and  bul- 
letin, Save  Your  Baby, 
sent  to  parents  upon 
registration  of  a birth; 

fublicity  work  through 
deputy  State  health 
officers;  local  registrars 
instructed  to  report  fail- 
ures to  file  certificates. 


Reprint  bulletins,  The 
Care  of  Infants,  and 
Mother  and  Child; 
Health  Handbook  for 
Colored  People,  Cate- 
chism of  Public  Health, 
Virginia  Health  Alma- 
nac. 

Pamphlets  issued  by 
United  States  Public 
Health  Service,  etc., 
distributed. 


Special  bulletins  on  child 
hygiene. 


Pamphlet,  Save  Your 
Baby;  reprint  special 
bulletins. 


General  health  exhibit; 
section  on  infant  wel- 
fare; motion  pictures; 
lantern  slides. 


Exhibits  on  general  health 
subjects,  section  on  in- 
fant hygiene,  shown  at 
county  fairs,  etc.;  lan- 
tern slides. 


Models;  motion  - picture 
films,  slides;  125  charts 
on  health. 


As  shown  in  ‘this  statement,  of  the  48  State  boards  or  depart- 
ments of  health  from  which  replies  were  received,  all  except  4 
reported  that  they  had  been  able  to  give  some  attention  to  the 
question  of  infant  welfare  as  a distinct  feature  of  health  work.  The 
reports  show,  however,  that  several  States  are  obliged  to  limit  this 
work  to  references  in  their  monthly  bulletins. 

Birth  registration  is  now  recognized  as  an  indispensable  factor  in 
infant-welfare  work.  Growing  interest  in  effective  registration  is 
indicated  by  the  fact  that  six  States  have  been  added  within  the  last 
two  years  to  those  having  laws  founded  upon  the  so-called  “Model 
law 75  for  the  registration  of  births  and  deaths.  Work  for  the  improve- 
ment of  birth  registration  was  reported  by  36  States. 

Pamphlets,  leaflets,  etc.,  on  infant  care,  according  to  the  reports,  are 
distributed  by  State  departments  or  boards  of  health  in  26  States. 
The  importance  of  the  exhibit  as  an  aid  in  the  educational  work  of 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK. 


17 


departments  of  health,  1915 — Continued. 


Educational  work  on  the  subject  of  infant  hygiene— Continued. 


Lectures,  by 
whom  given. 


Bulletins. 


How  often 
issued. 


Class. 


Newspaper  articles. 

How  often 
issued. 

Class. 

Weekly... 

In  form  of  2 arti- 
cles on  general 
health  subjects, 
1 with  definite 
release  date, 
other  as  a “fill- 
er” to  be  used 
at  discretion. 

Other  work 
touching  on 
infant  hygiene 
or  welfare. 


Frequent  lectures 
on  care  of  in- 
fants by  State 
board  of  health 
officials. 


Series  of  lectures 
by  members  of 
State  board  of 
health;  commis- 
sioner has  given 
about  100  lec- 
tures; infant 
hygiene  empha- 
sized. 

Occasional  lec- 
tures by  mem- 
bers of  State 
board  of  health. 

Lectures  by  5 
deputy  State 
health  officers. 


Monthly . . 


.do. 


Quarterly.. 


.do. 


Special,  Care  of 
Infants;  Mother 
and  Child. 


General  health, 
special  on  Birth 
Registration, 
etc. 


Special  on  child 
hygiene;  car- 
toons. 

Special,  Save 
Your  Baby; 
frequent  refer- 
ence to  impor- 
tance of  breast 
feeding,  preven- 
tion of  infant 
blindness,  etc. 


Publish  Family 
Almanac  and 
by  means  of 
fables  and 
sketches  drive 
' home  some 
health  lesson 
applicable  to 
each  month. 


State  boards  of  health  is  generally  recognized,  as  is  made  evident  by 
the  fact  that  25  States  now  have  exhibits  with  special  panels,  models, 
or  contrivances  relating  to  infant  hygiene.  It  is  estimated  that  the 
traveling  exhibit  of  the  New  York  State  Department  of  Health,  which 
was  sent  out  as  a part  of  the  infant-welfare  campaign  in  1914  with 
the  special  purpose  of  stimulating  communities  to  organize  infant- 
welfare  stations  in  cities  and  in  rural  districts,  was  viewed  by 
1,300,000  people. 

The  State  boards  or  departments  of  health  in  32  States  reported 
that  lecturers  are  supplied  for  talks  on  general  health  subjects,  includ- 
ing infant  hygiene.  California,  Louisiana,  Maryland,  Michigan,  and 
Texas  have,  as  a development  of  general  health  work,  cars  with 
special  infant-welfare  features. 

36248°— 16 2 


18 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK. 


EXTENSION  DIVISIONS  OF  STATE  UNIVERSITIES. 

Inquiries  concerning  the  work  of  extension  divisions  of  State 
colleges  and  universities  in  teaching  infant  care  and  hygiene  were 
sent  to  72  State  institutions  enumerated  in  Table  13  of  the  report 
of  the  Commissioner  of  Education  for  the  year  ended  June  30,  1914. 
Of  these,  32  reported  no  infant-welfare  work  and  9 made  no  response 
to  the  inquiry.  A brief  summary  of  the  31  answers  received  from 
the  institutions  reporting  any  work  of  this  nature  is  presented  in  the 
following  statement: 

WORK  BY  STATE  UNIVERSITIES  TO  PROMOTE  INFANT  WELFARE. 


University  of  Arkansas,  Fayette- 
ville. 

University  of  California,  College  of 
Agriculture,  Berkeley. 

Florida  State  College  for  Women, 
Department  of  Home  Economics, 
Tallahassee. 

University  of  Idaho,  Department  of 
Home  Economics,  Moscow. 

Indiana  University,  Extension  Di- 
vision, Bloomington. 


Purdue  University,  Department  of 
Agricultural  Extension,  Home 
Economics  Department,  Lafay- 
ette, Ind. 


Iowa  State  College  of  Agriculture 
and  Mechanic  Arts,  Home  Eco- 
nomics Department,  Ames. 

State  University  of  Iowa,  Extension 
Division,  Iowa  City. 


Kansas  State  Agricultural  College, 
Cooperative  Extension  Work  in 
Agriculture  and  Home  Econom- 
ics, Manhattan.' 

University  of  Kansas,  Extension 
Division,  Lawrence. 


Some  work  in  small  towns  and  rural  communi- 
ties by  workers  in  domestic  science. 

Exhibit  and  lectures  on  flies.  Chapter  in  ex- 
tension course  in  Rural  Public  Health  on 
“The  farm  baby.” 

Lessons  in  infant  feeding  and  care  of  infants  in 
course  on  home  economics. 

One  or  two  lessons  on  infant  feeding  in  prize 
winners’  short  course  to  canning-club  girls. 

Lectures  on  infant  feeding. 

Traveling  exhibit  of  eight  screens  of  six  panels 
suggesting  what  any  community  can  do  for 
itself  and  its  children. 

Child  welfare  given  a place  in  suggested  pro- 
grams for  community  institutes. 

Lectures  before  women’s  clubs,  mothers’  club 
meetings,  and  farmers’  institutes  on  infant 
feeding,  hygiene  of  infancy,  clothing,  and 
general  health  subjects. 

Models  of  infants’  clothing,  pictures  dealing 
with  infant  feeding. 

Regular  lectures  on  feeding,  clothing,  and  gen- 
eral care  of  children. 

Charts  on  child  hygiene. 

Models  of  infants’  clothing. 

Lecturer  and  child-welfare  exhibit  sent  to  com- 
munities where  baby-health  contests  and  con- 
ferences are  held  and  to  meetings  of  child- 
welfare  associations. 

Physicians  recommended  for  conducting  baby 
health  conferences  and  contests. 

No  definite  infant-welfare  work.  Infant  hy- 
giene touched  upon  in  addresses  of  the  four 
women  lecturers  employed  by  department  of 
home  economics. 

Exhibits  showing  surveys  of  Lawrence  and 
Belleville;  200  square  feet  of  wall  space. 

Motion  pictures  and  slides. 

Lecturers. 

Literature. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 


19 


State  University  'of  Kentucky,  Col- 
lege of  Agriculture,  Department 
of  Home  Economics,  Lexington. 

Maryland  Agricultural  College,  Col- 
lege Park. 

University  of  Michigan,  Extension 
Service,  Ann  Arbor. 

University  of  Minnesota,  Depart- 
ment of  Home  Economics,  Min- 
neapolis. 

Mississippi  Agricultural  and  Me- 
chanical College,  Home  Econom- 
ics Department,  post  office  Agri- 
cultural College. 

University  of  Nebraska,  College  of 
Agriculture,  Home  Economics 
Division,  University  Farm,  Lin- 
coln. 


(Women’s  Club  Department). . 


University  of  North  Carolina,  De- 
partment of  Rural  Economics  and 
Sociology,  Chapel  Hill. 

North  Dakota  Agricultural  College, 
Extension  Division,1  post  office 
Agricultural  College. 

Ohio  State  University,  Home  Eco- 
nomics Department,  Columbus. 

Ohio  University,  Extension  Depart- 
ment, Athens. 

Oklahoma  Agricultural  and  Mechan- 
ical College,  School  of  Home  Eco- 


Extension  work  for  infant  and  child  welfare  in 
rural  communities  and  small  towns  through 
lectures  by  teaching  staff  of  department  of 
home  economics. 

Lectures  on  infant  hygiene  and  child  hygiene  at 
short  courses. 

Prenatal  care  made  the  subject  of  several  exten- 
sion lectures. 

Extension  courses  in  home  economics  which 
deal  with  questions  of  food  and  nutrition, 
home  management,  and  infant  feeding. 

Attention  given  to  infant  feeding  in  connection 
with  lectures  and  demonstrations. 


As  a feature  of  one  of  the  short  courses,  a part  of 
one  afternoon  devoted  to  the  care  and  feeding 
of  children.  Illustrative  material  and  a 
series  of  charts  used. 

Lectures  at  farmers’  institute  meetings  and 
short  courses  on  care  of  children. 

Outlines  on  care  and  feeding  of  children  (in- 
cluding that  of  infants)  sent  to  women’s  clubs 
as  a course  of  study. 

Prominence  given  to  problems  of  infant  hygiene 
in  suggestions  contained  in  syllabus  of 
county-club  home  studies. 

Lectures  on  infant  hygiene,  by  graduate  nurse, 
in  small  towns  and  rural  communities. 

Infant-welfare  work  carried  on  in  connection 
with  the  “one-week  movable  schools”  for 
village  and  farm  women.2 

Lectures,  many  of  them  illustrated,  on  the  sub- 
ject of  home  welfare,  nursing,  and  sanitation, 
with  special  reference  to  the  child. 

Arranges  baby  contests. 


Oregon  Agricultural  College,  School  ■ 
of  Home  Economics,  Corvallis. 


University  of  South  Carolina,  Home 
Economics  Department,  Colum- 
bia. 


Sessions  devoted  to  child  welfare  as  a feature  of 
farmers’  institutes  and  extension  service. 

Lectures  at  chautauquas  on  care  of  infants. 

Extended  articles  on  feeding  and  care  of  in- 
fants put  in  hands  of  country  mothers  through 
State  Grange. 

Assistance  in  the  establishment  of  local  chil- 
dren’ s clinics  given  through  lectures.  Practi- 
cal help  given  at  county-fair  baby  contests. 


1 Organized  September,  1915. 

2 Work  organized  subsequent  to  spring  of  1915. 


20 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 


Winthrop  Normal  and  Industrial 
College,  Home  Economics  Depart- 
ment, Rockhill,  S.  C. 


University  of  Texas,  Department 
of  Extension,  Division  of  Home 
Welfare,  Austin. 


Utah  Agricultural  College,  Exten- 
sion Division,  Social  and  Home 
Economics  Associations  Depart- 
ment, Logan. 

University  of  Utah,  Extension  Di- 
vision, Salt  Lake  City. 

University  of  Vermont,  College  of 
Agriculture,  Extension  Service, 
Burlington. 

West  Virginia  University,  College  of 
Agriculture,  Department  of  Home 
Economics,  Morgantown. 

University  of  Wisconsin,  Extension 
Division  and  Agricultural  College, 
Home  Economics  Department, 
Madison. 


University  of  Wyoming,  Agricultu- 
ral College,  Demonstration  in 
Home  Economics,  Laramie. 


Extension  work  includes  formation  of  home- 
keepers’  clubs  for  girls  and  of  mothers’  circles 
for  the  study  of  the  child.  Baby  contests  and 
conferences  arranged.  Demonstrations  given 
of  sleeping  quarters  for  the  child.  Equipment 
necessary  for  milk  modification  and  feeding 
charts  shown.  Literature  distributed. 

Supervision  of  State  baby  contest.  Organize 
contests  and  talks  at  county  fairs  on  care 
and  feeding  of  children. 

Talks  on  infant  welfare  in  connection  with  one- 
week  school,  county  rally,  health  train,  and 
home-improvement  car.  Outline  on  child 
feeding  and  care  arranged  for  mothers’ study 
clubs. 

Publicity  work  by  trained  newspaper  writer. 

Exhibit  consisting  of  40  panels  on  better  babies, 
10  on  child  labor.  Models  and  electrical  de- 
vices. Motion-picture  machines;  500  lantern 
slides;  30  bulletins  on  general  health  sub- 
jects. 

Conducted  a housekeepers’  conference  using  as 
a keynote  the  subject  of  child  welfare. 


Lectures  and  demonstrations  on  infant  hygiene. 

Lectures  to  farm  women  and  children  in  exten- 
sion schools  on  general  hygiene. 

Study  courses  for  farm  wives’  clubs. 


Bulletins  on  infant  feeding  and  hygiene  and  on 
diseases  of  the  infant. 

Extensive  publicity  work.  Health  articles 
printed  regularly  in  330  newspapers. 

Community,  child-welfare,  and  women’s  in- 
stitutes in  which  much  attention  is  paid  to 
prenatal  and  infant  care. 

Exhibit;  125  charts  on  health;  section  devoted 
to  children  requires  75  square  feet  of  wall 
space.  Models  and  electrical  devices.  Five 
motion-picture  films;  1,000  lantern  slides. 

The  home-economics  course  offers  instruction 
by  correspondence  upon  the  following  topics: 
' Care  of  the  prospective  mother;  disorders 
and  common  ailments  of  pregnancy,  and  how 
to  avoid  them;  miscarriage;  preparation  for 
confinement;  care  in  lying-in  period;  the 
newborn  infant;  the  nursing  mother  and  the 
hygiene  and  general  care  of  the  newborn, 
growth  and  development  of  the  infant. 

Illustrated  lectures  on  child  feeding.  Work 
with  women’s  clubs  in  arranging  better-babies 
contests. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INF  ANT- WELFARE  WORK.  21 

CITIES  OF  10,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER. 

Inquiries  were  sent  to  health  officers  in  the  599  cities  having  a 
population  of  10,000  and  over  according  to  the  census  of  1910.1  No 
response  was  received  from  44  cities.  Of  the  555  city  health  depart- 
ments replying,  134  reported  no  work  of  any  character  by  the  depart- 
ments having  a direct  bearing  on  the  problem  of  infant  welfare; 
255,  no  infant-welfare  work  with  the  exception  of  city  inspection  of 
the  milk  supply. 

The  private  agencies  addressed  numbered  448,  all  of  which,  with 
the  exception  of  a few  added  in  the  course  of  the  inquiry,  were 
included  in  the  lists  supplied  to  the  Children’s  Bureau.2  Repeated 
requests  failed  to  bring  responses  from  28  of  these  agencies. 

CITY  BUREAUS  OR  DIVISIONS  OF  CHILD  HYGIENE. 

Replies  from  20  cities  reported  distinct  divisions  or  bureaus  of  child 
hygiene  as  branches  of  the  city  health  departments  and  supplied  the 
information  shown  in  the  accompanying  table : 

Table  I. — Cities  having  divisions  or  bureaus  of  child  hygiene  as  branches  of  the  city 

health  departments. 


City. 


Popula- 
tion, 1910. 


Title  of  division. 


Year 

estab- 

lished. 


Boston,  Mass 

Buffalo,  N.  Y... 

Chicago,  111 

Cincinnati,  Ohio . 

Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Detroit,  Mich. . . 
Duluth,  Minn . . . 
Jersey  City,  N.  J. 
Kansas  City,  Mo . 
Los  Angeles,  Cal . 
Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Montclair,  N.  J . . 
Nashville,  Tenn. 
New  York,  N.  Y, 

Newark,  N.  J 

Philadelphia,  Pa 
Pittsburgh,  Pa. . 
Providence,  It.  I . 
Seattle,  Wash. . . 
Toledo,  Ohio. . . 


670,585 

423,715 

2,185,283 

363,591 

560,663 

465,766 
78,466 
267,779 
248,381 
319, 198 
373,857 
21,550 
110,364 
4,766, 883 
347, 469 
1,549,008 
533,905 
224,326 
237, 194 
168,497 


Division  of  Child  Hygiene 

Bureau  of  Child  Hygiene 

Division  of  Child  Hygiene 

Child  Hygiene  Division 1 

(Bureau  of  Child  Hygiene 

(Babies  Hospital  and  Dispensary 

Division  of  Infant  Welfare 

Division  of  Child  Welfare 

Division  of  Child  Hygiene 

do 

Division  of  Child  Welfare 

Child  Welfare  Division 

Department  of  Infant  Welfare2 . 

Bureau  of  Infant  Welfare 

Bureau  of  Child  Hygiene 

Division  of  Child  Hygiene 

do 

Bureau  of  Child  Welfare 

Division  of  Child  Hygiene 

Child  Welfare  Divisions 

Division  of  Child  Welfare 


1911 

1910 

1912 

1911 

} 1911 

J 1909 
1911 
1914 

1911 
1910 

1912 

1912 
1910 
1908 

1913 
1910 

1914 
1914 

1914 

1915 


1 A subdepartment  of  the  Division  of  Medical  Inspection  and  Relief. 

2 Work  outlined  by  the  infant-welfare  committee  of  the  board  of  health. 

s Chiefly  employed  in  regulation  and  improvement  of  boarding  homes  for  children. 

As  noted  in  the  table,  New  York  was  the  first  city  to  establish  a 
separate  division  of  child-welfare  work.  Detroit  was  the  second  city 
to  take  this  step.  Of  the  eight  largest  cities  in  the  United  States 
only  two — Baltimore  and  St.  Louis — have  failed  to  create  a division 


1 In  addition  the  inquiry  included  South  Orange,  N.  J.,  with  less  than  10,000  population,  on  account 
of  its  relation  to  the  general  infant-welfare  work  of  the  Oranges. 

2 See  p.  7. 


22 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK. 


specializing  in  this  work.  Of  the  42  cities  in  the  100,000  to  500,000 
class,  12  have  divisions  or  bureaus  of  child  hygiene;  of  the  59  cities 
in  the  50,000  to  100,000  class  only  1 has  such  a division;  of  the  120 
cities  in  the  25,000  to  50,000  class  no  city  has  such  a division;  and 
of  the  372  cities  in  the  10,000  to  25,000  class  only  1 has  a division. 

DIRECTORY  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  AGENCIES. 

The  information  secured  from  cities  of  10,000  population  and  over 
is  summarized  in  General  Table  1,  as  a directory  of  municipal  and 
private  agencies,  under  the  following  headings : Infant-welfare  sta- 
tions; instruction  by  nurses  not  connected  with  inf  ant-welfare  stations 
who  visit  mothers  in  their  own  homes  and  give  advice  on  the  care 
of  the  baby,  home  modification  of  milk,  etc.;  prenatal  work;  Little 
Mothers'  Leagues  or  classes  for  instructing  young  girls  in  infant 
hygiene;  work  by  nurses  for  prevention  of  infant  blindness;  and 
city  inspection  of  milk  supply.  A summary  of  this  table,  showing 
the  distribution  of  certain  phases  of  the  work  in  different  parts  of 
the  country,  is  presented  in  Table  II. 


Table  II. — Infant-welfare  work  carried  on  through  stations  and  through  nurses  not  connected  with  stations,  and  prenatal  work,  distributed  according  to 

divisions  and  States,  1915. 


TABULAE  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK.  23 


Prenatal  work. 

Nurses. 

•erap  D'Bd 

893 

108 

<N  eo 

■^LO^  P-  I CO  CO  00  o 

CO  rH  CM  ^ CM  P-  05 

CO  (N  CM 

NCMO^OlO 
CO  rH  00  LO 

•orat^  iinj 

45 

CM 

81 

01 

• -*i  oo 

i rH  .CO 

•Sui^jodej  sotoueSy 

286 

lO 

<NCO 

rH  I>  GO  TJ4 
CO 

P-  CO  P- 

lOH^  LO 

ONOCON 
CM  rH  rH 

•Smjjodei  sei^to 

186 

43 

rH  CO 

LO  COOO  CM 
CM  LO 

23 

14 

15 

40 

LO  LO  CO  05  LO 

Instruction  in  infant  hygiene  in 
homes  by  nurses  not  cjnnected 
with  infant- welfare  stations. 

Nurses. 

Winter. 

•eunj  IJed 

491 

LO 

rH  05  rH  LOLO 

^ i-H  t- 

CM  O 05  CO 

rf  HH  LO 

50  OHH 

•graii  nnj 

122 

00 

CO 

^ 05 

CO  | H 

8 

iJ 

49 

00  rH  ^ CO  CO 
CO 

Summer. 

•9rap  jxBcj; 

460 

74 

HLOHOOlO^  LO 

^ r-H  LO 

125 

11 

19 

153 

i#NOlOOO 
50  50  tH 

•9ran  IPJ 

466  1 

LO 

LO 

oo  ’n 

80  S3 

00  CO  co 

H iH  CO 

CM  rH 

00  O CO  05  CO 
rH  05 

•3ut;jod9j  seioueSy 

05 

lO 

(M 

62 

HlOHdCOO  CO 

^ rH  00 

00  CO  » 0 CM 

^ rH  CM  LO 

LO  P—  ^ CO  CO 

•Sni^jodei  seijtO 

198 

CM 

LO 

l 

31 

3 

11 

53 

27 

11 

15 

41 

HtOWOH 

Infant- welfare  stations. 

Dispensing  of  milk— agencies. 

•Smsuedsip  ^ojs[ 

95 

£ 

•H^lOH  rH 

• LO 

ON^  P- 
CO  TH  rH 

LO  CH  LO  LO  • 

Dispensing. 

•Jlirra  pgptpom 
pue  9pqM.’qroa 

05 

CO 

rH  rH 

91 

f 

01 

LOt--«i<  oo 

CONN  • iH 

•iCpio 

5pim  p9ijipoj\[ 

: : : ^ 

: ; 

•^lU02[nm9piiA\. 

09 

CO  • CO  lo 
• CM 

18 

l 

6 

11 

>OCOrH(M 

o 

23 

iH  <N 

13 

7 

42 

CO  00  iH  05 

CM  rH  rH 

oo  »o  ooimih 

Nurses. 

Winter. 

•9raii  JXej 

CO 

05 

rH  r*  LO 

LO 

NOOC  05 

hhcm  CM 

rH  ^4  CO  tH  ! 
CM  • 

•eunjipki 

1 00 
oo 
•>*< 

LO 

HIOMHHCO  00 
00  1-1  o 

<N 

coi>oooolo 

50  CO  iH  rH 

Summer. 

•erarj  Jjej 

152 

23 

rH 

15 

4 

3 

57 

O CO  ^ CO 

CM  CM  tH  CO 

^ 05  CM  rH  •’ 
CM  • 

•eraij  nnA 

714 

05 

HQ0N>ON^  00 
«hh  CJ 
CO 

CO  LO  CM  rH 

COHN  00 

CM  tH 

LO  CM  P-  CM  LO 
OOH^CMH 

Stations. 

•I91UJA1 

397 

lo 

HHHNOJN 

CO  P- 

rH  00LO  O 

CM  rH  CO  05 

CM  050LO  ^ 
CO  CO  TH 

•jgmrang 

539 

CO 

1 

4 

1 

50 

9 

11 

252 

OHIO  t- 

IN  LO  rH 

XCOHLON 

•Snpiodei  saioneSy 

205 

CO 

HINHNIOOO  CO 
tH  05 

CO  lo  LO  CO 

LO  rH  CM  CO 

CO  P**  00  P*»  rH 

•Sm^iodej  saijiQ 

142 

29 

CO 

rH  lO 

CO  CO  P-  P* 

CO  rH  CM 

O COLO  LO  H 

Division  and  State. 

United  States 

New  England 

Maine 

New  Hampshire 

Vftrmont 

Massachusetts 

Rhode  Island 

Connecticut 

Middle  Atlantic 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

East  North  Central 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

Table  II. — Infant-welfare  work  carried  on  through  stations  and  through  nurses  not  connected  with  stations , and  prenatal  work,  distributed  according  to  t© 

divisions  and  States,  1915 — Continued.  ^ 

Prenatal  work.  1-3 

> 
W 

c. 

Nurses.  ^ 

bd 

STATEMENT  OF 
•eun^ 

’ IN 

CO 

»o 

FANT^ 

00  C©  05  <N 

iVELFA] 

05  N IN 

50 

Eli 

1 WORK. 

40  40  40  H (MH(MH 
rH 

•auin  nnj 

1-4 

: :rH 

CO 

IN  H 

•Sui^jodej  saiouaSy 

CO 

<M 

CO  CO  05  IN 

IN  — 1 00 

■cf  CC  50  i-l  IN  rH  rH  rH 

•2ui;jod9i  saiuo 

00 

COOTji^ 

2 

1 

13 

NHilHNHHH 

Instruction  in  infant  hygiene  in 
homes  by  nurses  not  connected 
with  infant-welfare  stations. 

Nurses. 

Winter. 

’9UII^ 

<M 

CO  >0  IN 

05  rH  00 

CO 

(NOOrH^(M^H(N 

<N 

•9rar^  nnj 

- 

• 05  ■ 

IN  -*< 

rH  • rH 

(N 

Summer. 

•gmi; 

>o 

coco 

HH  00 
CO 

<NOOrH^(N^H(N 

<M 

■otoiq.  irn  j 

40 

i LQ  • 

rH  jrH 

<N 

•Sui^aodQj  saiouaSy 

o 

<N 

eo  oo  in  co 

NIN  rH 

CO  IN  50  rH  ^MINrH 

•Sui^jodaj  sex^iQ 

- 

CO  CO  IN  IN 

IN  IN  00 

C^rH^rH^COCQrH 

Infant-welfare  stations. 

Dispensing  of  milk — agencies. 

•2ursu9dsip  'fO^ 

H rH  CO 

tub 

.a 

1 

s 

•j[|iui  peijipoui 
puc  eioipAiftog; 

40 

HH  CO 

CO 

HHH 

*A[uo 

^ITtn  pepxpoH 

• Apio  2[itin  9TOUM 

NHii 

CO 

i’-1  : 

•IWi 

<N 

conn 

CD 

rt«H 

£ 

m 

a 

& 

Winter. 

•erapj. 

IN  T»<  rH 

rH 

• 40  40 

*9un^  nn  £ 

CO 

<N 

11 

1 

11 

40 

<N 

rH  N-  -41 

NH 

j Summer. 

•ouiip 

00 

<N»OCO 

oo 

CO  50  50 

•gun;  nntf 

<N 

CO 

<N  40  CO 

IN  CD 

<N 

HN-^ 

IN  IN 

Stations. 

•J9}UIA\. 

o 

CO 

n<nn 

40 

(M 

CO  tXN 

^rH 

•jgrarang 

CO 

05  CO  <N 
<N 

JO 

CO 

rHrH 

-2ni^jod9J  S9iou92y 

05 

-9H  CO  O 

rH  rH 

HNH 

rH 

iH  rH 

•2m^jod9i  sax^tQ 

<N 

co  co  ^ 

rH  rH  CO 

HHH 

HH 

Division  and  State. 

West  North  Central 

Minnesota.. . 

Iowa 

Missouri 

North  Dakota 

South  Dakota 

Nebraska 

| 

South  Atlantic 

Delaware 

Maryland 

District  of  Columbia 

Virginia 

West  Virginia 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida 

TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 


25 


26 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK. 


INFANT -WELFARE  STATIONS. 

The  establishments  included  under  inf  ant- welfare  stations  may  be 
described  under  four  headings:  (1)  Inf  ant- welfare  stations,  which  do 
not  dispense  milk  but  to  which  mothers  may  bring  their  babies  for 
examination  by  doctors  or  nurses  and  which  send  nurses  into  the 
homes  to  instruct  mothers  in  the  care  of  the  baby,  home  modification 
of  milk,  etc.  (2)  Milk  stations,  where  a good  quality  of  milk  is  dis- 
pensed, either  free  or  at  the  prevailing  price,  for  the  use  of  mothers 
who  are  unable  to  nurse  their  babies.  Other  activities  usually  cor- 
respond with  those  of  the  inf ant-welf are  station.  (3)  Feeding  clinics, 
established  by  certain  hospitals.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  hospital 
clinics  for  sick  babies  are  not  included.  (4)  Health  centers,  which 
carry  on  educational  work  in  a prescribed  neighborhood  and  which 
deal  with  health  and  other  problems  affecting  not  only  the  baby  but 
the  entire  family. 

Number  of  cities  represented. — The  total  number  of  cities  repre- 
sented in  the  reports  received  from  agencies  maintaining  infant-wel- 
fare or  milk  stations  is  142;  the  number  of  agencies,  205.  Of  the 
cities  53,  with  93  agencies,  are  situated  in  the  Middle  Atlantic  division, 
33  of  the  cities  and  53  of  the  agencies  being  in  New  York  State. 
The  New  England  division  is  represented  by  29  cities  and  34  agen- 
cies, with  14  cities  and  17  agencies  in  Massachusetts,  and  the  East 
North  Central  division  by  27  cities  and  36  agencies,  with  10  cities  and 
13  agencies  in  Ohio. 

Number  of  stations. — Reports  were  received  from  205  agencies, 
maintaining  539  inf  ant- welfare  stations  in  142  cities  of  10,000  popula- 
tion and  over.  Of  these  stations  only  397  were  reported  as  operated 
in  the  winter.  According  to  the  inquiry  the  Middle  Atlantic  is  far 
ahead  of  other  divisions  in  the  total  number  of  stations  maintained 
(252),  and,  as  shown  in  Table  V,  in  the  number  of  stations  reported 
by  municipal  agencies  or  by  municipal  in  cooperation  with  private 
agencies  (134)  and  by  private  agencies  (118).  Even  if  the  stations 
maintained  in  New  York  City  are  eliminated,  the  statements  still 
give  the  first  place  to  the  Middle  Atlantic  division. 

Milk  dispensed. — Replies  received  from  the  205  agencies  main- 
taining inf  ant- welfare  stations  in  142  cities  indicate  that  milk  is  dis- 
pensed by  slightly  more  than  one-half  (110)  of  the  agencies.  Of  these 
agencies  49  dispense  both  whole  and  modified  milk,  60  whole  milk 
only,  and  1 modified  milk  only.  In  the  stations  of  95  agencies  no 
milk  is  dispensed. 

Nurses  attached  to  stations. — Nurses  who  work  with  infant- 
welfare  stations  as  headquarters,  giving  all  or  a portion  of  their  time, 
number  866  in  summer  but  only  604  in  winter.  Of  the  nurses 
employed  in  summer  nearly  one-half  (404)  are  employed  in  stations 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK.  27 

maintained  by  cities  or  by  cities  in  cooperation  with  private  agencies. 
The  work  is  concentrated  in  the  Middle  Atlantic  division  with  380 
nurses,  of  whom  256  are  in  New  York  State,  including  165  in  New 
York  City. 

INSTRUCTION  BY  NURSES  NOT  CONNECTED  WITH  INFANT -WELFARE  STATIONS. 

The  figures  in  the  preceding  paragraph  taken  by  themselves  do  not 
present  a complete  statement  of  inf  ant- welfare  nursing  work.  To 
obtain  this  it  is  necessary  to  add  the  nurses  who  are  not  connected 
with  the  work  of  a station  but  who  visit  mothers  in  their  own  homes 
and  instruct  them  in  the  care  of  babies,  in  the  modification  of  milk, 
etc.  The  figures  shown  in  the  tables  for  the  number  of  nurses  who 
give  a portion  of  their  time  to  such  work  are  doubtless  too  small. 
At  the  present  time  a complete  report  would  probably  include  work- 
ers in  nearly  every  visiting-nurse  association  in  the  country.  No 
attempt  was  made  to  carry  on  an  exhaustive  inquiry  to  bring  out 
this  information.  The  bureau  addressed  only  those  agencies  which 
there  was  some  reason  to  believe  specialized  in  inf  ant- welfare  work.1 

Agencies  reporting  nurses  not  connected  with  .inf  ant- welfare  or 
milk  stations  doing  educational  work  among  mothers  in  their  own 
homes  were  found  in  198  cities.  This  number  should  not  be  added 
to  the  cities  reporting  stations  in  order  to  get  the  total  number  of 
cities  having  infant-welfare  work,  because  many  cities  have  both 
classes  of  work.  The  total  number  of  cities  reported  as  carrying  on 
infant-welfare  work,  by  municipal  or  private  agency,  either  through 
stations  or  through  nurses  not  connected  with  stations  who  visit 
mothers  in  their  homes,  is  287. 

Of  these  nurses  not  connected  with  stations,  466  are  reported  as 
giving  their  entire  time  in  summer  to  inf  ant- welfare  work,  but  only 
122  as  giving  their  entire  time  in  winter.  In  addition,  460  visiting 
nurses,  according  to  the  table,  do  a certain  amount  of  educational 
work  in  summer  among  mothers  as  a distinct  branch  of  their  routine, 
and  491  do  similar  work  in  winter.  Thus  altogether  926  infant- 
welfare  nurses  are  employed  in  summer  and  613  in  winter.  That  the 
number  of  part-time  nurses  is  greater  in  winter  than  in  summer  is 
accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  many  nurses  are  attached  to  stations 
operated  only  during  the  summer.  In  winter  their  work  may  be 
described  under  the  other  heading,  and  this  of  course  swells  the  total 
for  the  winter  part-time  nurses. 


1 Seep. 7. 


28  TABULAE  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 

PRENATAL  WORK. 

The  term  “prenatal  work”  as  used  in  this  report  refers  to  the  care 
and  instruction  of  prospective  mothers  in  the  hygiene  of  pregnancy 
by  doctors  and  nurses  attached  to  infant-welfare  stations  and  obstetri- 
cal clinics  and  by  nurses  not  attached  to  stations  who  visit  mothers 
in  their  own  homes.  In  collecting  the  information  presented  no 
attempt  was  made  to  address  all  hospitals  and  obstetrical  clinics; 
the  inquiry  included  only  those  institutions  to  which  reference  was 
made  in  the  original  sources  of  information.1 

Cities  and  agencies  reporting. — The  number  of  cities  reporting 
prenatal  work  as  carried  on  by  departments  of  health  or  by  private 
agencies  is  186.  All  sections  of  the  country  are  represented.  The 
Middle  Atlantic  division  shows  52  cities  reporting  prenatal  work,  23 
of  them  being  in  New  York  State;  the  New  England  division  reports 
43,  with  25  in  Massachusetts;  the  East  North  Central  division,  40; 
the  West  North  Central,  18;  and  each  of  the  other  divisions  less 
than  15. 

Of  the  286  agencies  reporting  this  work,  114  are  in  the  Middle 
Atlantic  division,  57  in  the  East  North  Central,  51  in  New  England, 
23  in  the  West  North  Central,  and  less  than  20  in  each  of  the  other 
divisions. 

Nurses. — According  to  the  table,  45  nurses  give  their  entire  time 
to  prenatal  work,  13  being  employed  by  boards  of  health.2  Among 
the  States,  New  York  reports  14,  Massachusetts  10.  Although  com- 
paratively few  nurses  give  their  entire  time  to  prenatal  work,  the 
fact  that  893  give  a portion  of  their  time  to  this  work  is  significant 
and  indicates  a growing  disposition  to  include  systematic  prenatal 
work  as  a feature  of  the  activities  of  the  stations  and  of  the  agencies 
sending  nurses  into  the  homes. 

Obstetrical  clinics. — In  some  cases  an  obstetrical  clinic  employs 
nurses  to  do  prenatal  work;  in  others,  agencies  carrying  on  prenatal 
work  establish  clinics  for  the  medical  care  of  pregnant  women;  in 
others,  again,  such  agencies  work  in  cooperation  with  clinics.  Of  the’ 
286  agencies  reporting  prenatal  work  by  nurses,  59  report  that  they 
support  obstetrical  clinics. 

LITTLE  MOTHERS’  LEAGUES  OR  CLASSES  FOR  INSTRUCTING  YOUNG  GIRLS  IN 

INFANT  HYGIENE. 

Under  this  title  are  included  classes  in  infant  hygiene  for  girls  of 
school  age  either  as  a feature  of  the  school  curriculum  or  as  an  activity 
carried  on  outside  school  hours  by  the  health  authorities  or  by  some 
private  agency.  In  response  to  this  inquiry  44  cities  of  10,000  popu- 
lation and  over  reported  that  classes  for  Little  Mothers  had  been 
organized  by  municipal  agencies.  The  information  is  presented  in 
Table  III. 


1 See  p.  7. 


2 Table  V,  p.  37. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK. 


29 


Table  III. — Little  Mothers ’ Leagues  or  classes  for  instructing  young  girls  in  infant 
hygiene , conducted  hy  municipal  agencies  in  cities  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000 
and  over,  1915. 

[Sign  (X)  signifies  that  some  work  is  being  done  in  the  field  indicated.] 


Instruction 
given  by — 

Classes. 

Num- 

State  and  city. 

ber  of 
girls  in- 

Badges 

In  schools. 

struct- 
ed  an- 
nually. 

Lec- 

tures. 

Demon- 

stra- 

tions. 

worn. 

During 

school 

hours. 

Out- 
side of 
school 
hours. 

Elsewhere. 

California: 

100 

x 

X 

X 

Connecticut: 

Bridgeport 1 

500 

x 

X 

Playgrounds. 
Model  flats. 

District  of  Columbia: 

120 

x 

X 

Illinois: 

4,000 

x 

x 

x 

X 

La  Salle,  Peru,  and  Oglesby, 
Hygienic  Institute,  Depart- 
ment of  Health. 

Indiana: 

Gary 1 

180 

x 

x 

X 

X 

Kansas: 

Topeka2  

Massachusetts: 

Holyoke 3 

Northampton 

(4) 

100 

>c< 

x 

X 

Springfield 

x 

x 

X 

Michigan: 

Detroit 

472 

x 

X 

x 

X 

Minnesota: 

Duluth 

20 

x 

x 

X 

Missouri: 

Kansas  City 

(4) 

X 

x 

X 

New  Jersey: 

Hackensack  5 6 

Newark 

100 

X 

x 

X 

Orange 

35 

x 

Weighing  station 
and  health  de- 
partment labo- 
ratory. 

Playgrounds. 

Passaic 

1,500 

(4) 

6 200 

X 

x 

x 

x 

X 

X 

New  York: 

Buffalo 

x 

x 

X 

Dunkirk 

X 

x 

Jamestown 1 

New  York 

17,638 

x 

x 

x 

X 

Playgrounds,  in- 
fant-welfare sta- 
tions, and  settle- 
ment houses. 

Ogdensburg 1 

Olean7..... 

Poughkeepsie 

126 

x 

x 

x 

Child-welfare  star 

Rochester 

450 

x 

X 

x 

x 

x 

x 

tion. 

Schenectady 

50 

x 

x 

x 

Utica 1 

Yonkers8 . . 

997 

X 

X 

x 

x 

Ohio: 

Alliance 1 

Cincinnati 

1,110 

XX 

XX 

x 

x 

x 

Cleveland 9 

2, 500 

x 

Elyria 1 

Oklahoma: 

Enid1 

1 Details  not  supplied. 

2 Details  not  supplied;  cooperates  with  Topeka  Public  Health  Nursing  Assn. 

8 Details  not  supplied;  cooperates  with  Holyoke  Infant  Hygiene  Assn. 

4 Number  not  supplied. 

5 Details  not  supplied;  cooperates  with  Children’s  Relief  and  General  Welfare  Society. 

6 Approximately. 

7 Details  not  supplied;  cooperates  with  Olean  Visiting  Nurse  Assn. 

8 Cooperates  with  Milk  Committee. 

9 Cooperates  with  Babies’  Dispensary  and  Hospital. 


30 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK. 


Table  III. — Little  Mothers'  Leagues  or  classes  for  instructing  young  girls  in  infant 
hygiene , conducted  hy  municipal  agencies  in  cities  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000 
and  over,  1915 — Continued. 

[Sign  (X)  signifies  that  some  work  is  being  done  in  the  field  indicated.] 


State  and  city. 

Num- 
ber of 
girls  in- 
struct- 
ed an- 
nually. 

Instruction 
given  by— 

Badges 

worn. 

Classes. 

In  schools. 

Elsewhere. 

Lec- 

tures. 

Demon- 

stra- 

tions. 

During 

school 

hours. 

Out- 
side of 
school 
hours. 

Pennsylvania: 

Philadelphia 

9,906 

3,000 

93 

36 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Milk  stations. 

Pittsburgh 

Reading 

X 

X 

Rhode  Island: 

Providence 

South  Dakota: 

Aberdeen 1 

Tennessee: 

Nashville 1 

Utah: 

Salt  Lake  City 1 

Virginia: 

Norfolk  2 

Wisconsin: 

La  Crosse 3 

Milwaukee 

5,242 

X 

X 

1 Details  not  supplied. 

2 Details  not  supplied;  cooperates  with  King’s  Daughters  Visiting  Nurse  Assn. 

3 Details  not  supplied;  cooperates  with  Associated  Charities  of  La  Crosse. 


The  number  of  young  girls  instructed  annually  is  given  as  48,475. 
Chicago  reports  4,000  of  these;  New  York,  17,638;  Philadelphia, 
9,906;  Pittsburgh,  3,000;  Milwaukee,  5,242.  In  12  cities  a distinc- 
tive badge  is  supplied,  either  free  or  for  a small  sum,  to  the  girls 
in  these  classes  or  clubs. 

In  addition,  the  following  private  agencies  reported  some  work 
under  the  heading  of  Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes : 


State  and  city.  Agency. 

Alabama: 

Clanton Chilton  County  Health  Committee.1 

California: 

Oakland Baby  Hospital  of  Alameda  County. 

Connecticut: 

Hartford Visiting  Nurse  Association. 

Litchfield * District  Nursing  Association.1 

, [District  Nurse  Association. 

[Social  Service  League. 

New  Haven Visiting  Nurse  Association. 

District  of  Columbia: 

Washington Washington  Diet  Kitchen  Association. 

Florida: 

Jacksonville Infant  Welfare  Society. 

Illinois: 

Chicago Mary  Crane  Day  Nursery. 

Moline King’s  Daughters,  visiting  nurse  department. 


Affiliated  with  American  Red  Cross  Town  and  Country  Nursing  Service. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 


31 


State  and  city.  Agency. 

Indiana: 

South  Bend Children’s  Free  Dispensary  and  Hospital. 

Kansas: 

Lawrence Social  Service  League. 

Kentucky: 

Paducah Settlement  House.1 

Louisiana: 

New  Orleans Child  Welfare  Association. 

Maine: 

Portland Edward  Mason  Dispensary,  milk  station. 

Massachusetts: 

Boston Denison  House,  Boston  College  Settlement. 

Lincoln  House. 

Milk  and  Baby  Hygiene  Association. 

Fall  River District  Nursing  Association. 

Gloucester Gloucester  District  Nursing  Association. 

Leicester Leicester  Samaritan  Association. 

Lowell Lowell  Guild. 

Lynn Day  Nursery  Association  (baby  clinic). 

North  Adams Visiting  Nurse  Aid  Association. 

Swampscott Swampscott  Visiting  Nurse  Association. 

Waltham Waltham  District  Nursing  Association. 

Minnesota: 

Duluth Scottish  Rite  Masons,  infant- welfare  department. 

St.  Paul St.  Paul  Baby  Welfare  Association. 

Missouri: 

St.  Joseph Baby  Welfare  Association. 

Nebraska: 

Lincoln • Charity  Organization  Society. 

New  Jersey: 

Camden Visiting  Nurse  Society. 

Jersey  City Child  Welfare  Association. 

Long  Branch Long  Branch  Visiting  Nurse  Association. 

Madison Town  Improvement  Settlement  Hduse. 

Morristown Central  Bureau  of  Social  Service. 

Neighborhood  House  Association. 

Orange Diet  Kitchen  of  the  Oranges. 

Visiting  Nurses’ Association  of  Orange  and  West  Orange. 

South  Orange Society  for  Lending  Comforts  to  the  Sick. 

New  York: 

Albany Central  Christian  Mothers  Union. 

Buffalo District  Nursing  Association. 

Cohoes State  Charities  Aid  Association,  Cohoes  Committee  on 

Prevention  of  Tuberculosis. 

Glens  Falls Child  Welfare  Committee. 

Ithaca Visiting  Nurse  Association. 

Ithaca  Tuberculosis  Committee. 

New  York New  York  Association  for  Improving  the  Condition 

of  the  Poor. 

Sunnyside  Day  Nursery. 

Purchase Purchase  Visiting  Nurse  Association.1 

Syracuse Infant  Welfare  Association. 

Utica Baby  Welfare  Committee  of  Utica. 

(Bureau  of  Charities  and  Society  for  Prevention  of 
Cruelty  to  Children. 

Visiting  Nurse  Association. 

1 Affiliated  with  American  Red  Cross  Town  and  Country  Nursing  Service. 


32 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 


State  and  city.  Agency. 

Ohio: 

Akron George  T.  Perkins  Visiting  Nurse  Association. 

Cincinnati Union  Bethel  Settlement. 

Columbus Instructive  District  Nursing  Association. 

Pennsylvania: 

Butler Women’s  Industrial  Club. 

Easton St.  John’s  Lutheran  Church. 

Erie Visiting  Nurse  Association. 

Johnstown Associated  Charities  of  Greater  Johnstown. 

Lebanon Visiting  Nurse  Association. 

Meadville Visiting  Nurse  Association. 

Palmerton New  Jersey  Zinc  Co.  (of  Pennsylvania).1 

Philadelphia Baptist  Settlement  House. 


Child  Federation. 

Children’s  Homeopathic  Hospital. 

Cohocksink  Mothers’  Club. 

Mt.  Sinai  Hospital. 

Osteopathic  Society. 

Wilkes-Barre Visiting  Nurse  Association. 

Texas: 

Houston Houston  Settlement  Association. 

Social  Service  Federation. 

Virginia: 

Hot  Springs Hot  Springs  Valley  Nursing  Association.1 

Leesburg Lena  Morton  Memorial  Nurse. 

Washington : 

Mount  Vernon Skagit  County  public  health  nurse. 

Wisconsin: 

Neenah  and  Menasha Visiting  Nurse  Association  of  Neenahand  Menasha. 

Two  Rivers Ladies  Charitable  Association. 


WORK  FOR  PREVENTION  OF  INFANT  BLINDNESS. 

• 

The  statements  shown  in  General  Table  1 concerning  the  prevention 
of  infant  blindness  relate  solely*  to  work  by  nurses.  Such  work  was 
reported  by  181  cities  as  carried  on  by  251  agencies. 

General  Table  4,  on  page  106,  is  a Summary  of  State  Laws  and  Rul- 
ings Relating  to  the  Prevention  of  Blindness  from  Babies’  Sore  Eyes, 
founded  on  a statement  published  by  the  National  Committee  for 
the  Prevention  of  Blindness  and  revised  to  include  the  laws  of  1915. 


MILK  INSPECTION. 

Inquiries  covering  country  milk  inspection,  the  scoring  of  dairies 
and  stores  selling  milk,  score  cards  employed,  enforcement  of  bacteri- 
ological standards,  and  pasteurization  ordinances  were  sent  to  all 
cities  and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over. 
Of  the  599  cities,  410  replied  that  milk  inspection  was  carried  on. 
Only  298  of  these,  however,  supplemented  this  statement  by  return- 
ing the  special  schedule  calling  for  detailed  information.  The  tabu- 
lation of  the  information  from  these  special  schedules  is  presented  in 
General  Table  3,  page  100. 


1 Affiliated  with  American  Red  Cross  Town  and  Country  Nursing  Service. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK.  33 

Of  the  298  cities  represented,  all  except  58  reported  country  milk 
inspection.  Dairies  are  scored  in  228  cities  and  stores  selling  milk 
in  98.  The  card  used  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  or  a modi- 
fication of  that  card,  has  been  adopted  in  146  cities;  a bacteriological 
standard  is  enforced  in  176  cities;  a pasteurization  ordinance  is  re- 
ported by  only  43  cities. 

HOSPITALS  AND  DISPENSARIES. 

As  explained  elsewhere,  this  report  deals  with  the  infant-welfare 
and  prenatal  work  of  hospitals  and  dispensaries  only  so  far  as  such 
work  relates  to  the  instruction  of  mothers  and  expectant  mothers  in 
infant  hygiene  and  in  the  hygiene  of  pregnancy  and  to  follow-up  work 
by  hospital  nurses  in  keeping  under  observation  babies  who  have  left 
the  hospital.  No  attempt  was  made  to  address  all  hospitals  in  the 
United  States  in  order  to  bring  out  this  information;  the  inquiry 
included,  as  in  other  cases,  only  those  institutions  to  which  reference 
was  made  in  the  original  sources  of  information,1  with  a few  institu- 
tions added  in  the  course  of  correspondence. 

COOPERATION  BETWEEN  AGENCIES. 

It  has  been  found  impossible  to  present  information  in  such  a way 
as  to. show  the  minute  points  of  cooperation  between  the  different 
private  agencies  engaged  in  infant-welfare  work  and  between  such 
agencies  and  city  health  departments.  In  the  larger  cities  and  in 
many  of  the  smaller  ones  the  health  departments  cooperate  freely 
with  all  organizations  having  work  in  any  way  touching  on  the  prob- 
lem of  infant  mortality.  Obviously  in  a statistical  statement  an 
attempt  to  describe  such  cooperation  would  not  be  practicable.  But 
where  the  information  available  has  pointed  to  definite  phases  of 
cooperation,  such  phases,  as  far  as  possible,  have  been  indicated. 

\ 

CITIES  IN  DIFFERENT  CLASSES. 

Table  IV  shows  the  distribution  of  certain  phases  of  infant-welfare 
work  in  cities  of  different  population  groups.  It  includes,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  cities  represented  in  other  tables,  a group  of  places  having 
a population  in  1910  of  less  than  10,000 2 and  thus  gives  some  idea 
of  the  growth  of  the  work  in  smaller  communities.  The  information 
concerning  this  last  group  has  been  gained  more  or  less  incidentally 
rather  than  by  an  exhaustive  inquiry  and  does  not  by  any  means 
cover  all  infant-welfare  work  in  the  smaller  places.  It  has  a certain 
significance,  however,  as  showing  the  tendency  to  include  the  in- 
struction of  mothers  and  prospective  mothers  in  infant  hygiene  as  a 
part  of  general  nursing  work. 


1 See  p.  7. 

36248°— 16 3 


2 For  list  of  cities  see  General  Table  2,  p.  96. 


34  TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 


Table  IV. — Infant-welfare  work  carried  on  through  stations  and  through  nurses,  giving  part  or  full  time,  not  connected  with  stations , by  municipal 
and  private  agencies,  distributed  according  to  population  groups  and  divisions,  1915} 

Prenatal  work. 

jNurses  employed  by — 

Private 

agency. 

747 

oo  oo  oo  co  cm  oo  co 

<£>  OOCDIOOOOO  CM 

CM  H tH 

MoaooNto  to 

H CO  H C4C4  1C 

04 

NNh-lOrt®  05 
rH  CO  04  04  04  04  04 
i-H  04 

Municipal 
agency 
alone  or  co- 
operating 
with 
private 
agency. 

281 

CO 

Tfl  t--.  T-t  tH  CO  C4 

KO  • I-H  04  1C 

139  1 

55  S'*  “’S’*  g 

38 

30 

Tt<  oo 

Cities 

reporting. 

266 

OO  CO  O CD  CO  O 05 
CO  CO  COI>  00  o 

tH  CO  05  00  05  CO  CM 
1—t  CM 

^aso^  s 

«^Sg2 

Instruction  in  infant  hygiene  in 
homes  by  nurses  not  connected 
with  infant-welfare  stations. 

Nurses  employed  by — 

Private 

agency. 

590 

tOHOCONrJf  O 
HOJTfiiOOOO  CM 
CM  i-H  ?-H 

OMOOHO  CM 
tH  HCMCO^t  05 

S5222S3  g 

05^0  05 

Municipal 
agency 
alone  or  co- 
operating 
with 
private 
agency. 

472 

OO  cm  iO  05  rH 
o r-  h co  co  io 

CO 

HH^H^ 

236 

g eo  to  04  j 

88 

3*° 

Cities 

reporting. 

00 

CM 

6 

19 

25 

45 

103 

90 

87 

NMNif)  eo 
hnm  r- 

"•"SSSS  S 

2 

4 

1 

11 

23 

9 

Infant-welfare  stations. 

Nurses  employed  by— 

Private 

agency. 

471 

r-t  i-H  t>.  CM  CM  OO  00 

lOTfOSCO^  o 

g 

CO  H O 00  05  CO  00 
00  CM  CO  1-1  05 

f''-  r-l  CM  00  00  CM 
CM  Tji  rH 

Municipal 
agency 
alone  or  co- 
operating 
with 
private 
agency. 

406 

^ H 05  O O CM  CO 
05  T*  CM  CM  CM  H 

• OSCC'C  • 

221  1 

t-  eo  CO  04  04  I-H 

'f  -J*  Hrl  04 

47 

64 

• 

r-l  05 

Stations  operated  by — 

Private 

agency. 

305 

05  OO  CO  05  CO  O 
CM  L*  ^ H CM  H CO 

^f04U3eOiOC4  Tf< 
HNH  04 

§ S 2 J§ 

C0£40^04 

Municipal 
agency 
alone  or  co- 
operating 
with 
private 
agency. 

246 

05  rf  O 00  CO  CM  U- 

OOOCMHH  -H 

■ O lO  04  • 

136  1 

0040.H0004  S 

28 

04  U0 

Cities 

reporting. 

154 

00  CO  rfi  O CM  i-H 
CO  CO  CM  i-l  CO 

T-l  05  lO  04  1-1 

CD 

04  00  ^ ^ 05  IN 

V 

Population  group  and  division. 

United  States 

Cities  having  a population  of— 

500.000  and  over 

100.000  to  500,000 

50.000  to  100,000 

25.000  to  50,000 

10.000  to  25,000 

Under  10,000 

New  England 

500.000  and  over 

100.000  to  500,000 

50.000  to  100,000 

25.000  to  50, 000 

10.000  to  25, 000 

Under  10.000 

Middle  Atlantic 

500.000  and  over 

100.000  to  500,000 

50.000  to  100,000 

25.000  to  50,000 

10.000  to  25,000 

Under  10,000 

East  North  Central 

500.000  and  over 

100.000  to  500,000 

50.000  to  ion. non 

25.000  to  50,000 

10.000  to  25, 000 

Under  10,000 

North  C 


TABULAE  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


35 


i Totals  in  this  table  do  not  check  with  those  in  Tables  II  and  V,  i n which  only  cities  of  10,000  population  and  over  are  included. 


36 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK. 


In  spite  of  the  spread  of  baby-saving  activities  in  the  past  few 
years,  238  or  43  per  cent  of  the  551  infant-welfare  stations,  together 
with  345  or  39  per  cent  of  the  877  station  nurses,  and  523  or  49  per 
cent  of  the  1,062  nurses  not  connected  with  station  work,  are  found 
to  be  concentrated  in  the  eight  cities  of  over  500,000,  representing  a 
total  population  of  11,511,841.  Of  the  nurses  who  devote  at  least  a 
portion  of  their  time  to  prenatal  work,  40  per  cent  are  working  in 
these  eight  large  cities;  but  the  figures  show  that  agencies  in  other 
groups  of  cities  as  well  are  not  neglecting  this  important  phase  of 
infant-welfare  work. 

COMPARISON  OF  WORK  BY  MUNICIPAL  AND  PRIVATE 

AGENCIES. 

The  agency  by  which  the  work  is  carried  on  may  he  the  munici- 
pality, either  alone  or  in  cooperation  with  a private  agency,  or 
an  exclusively  private  agency.  According  to  the  reports,  infant- 
welfare  work  is  carried  on  by  municipalities  or  private  agencies 
through  infant-welfare  stations  or  through  instruction  of  mothers  in 
their  homes  by  nurses  in  287  cities  of  over  10,000  population.  The 
number  of  cities  in  which  some  work  of  this  character  is  done  by 
the  municipality  or  by  the  municipality  in  cooperation  with  some 
private  agency  is  149.  Infant-welfare  stations  are  operated  by  the 
municipalities  in  60  cities;  instruction  of  mothers  in  their  homes  is 
carried  on  by  the  municipal  nurses  in  100  cities;  prenatal  work  is 
carried  on  by  the  municipal  nurses  in  63  cities.  The  total  number 
of  cities  in  which  work  is  carried  on  by  private  agencies  is  254. 

It  is  found  that  for  the  country  as  a whole  only  in  one  group — cities 
having  a population  of  between  100,000  and  500,000 — does  the  num- 
ber of  stations  maintained  by  cities  or  by  cities  in  cooperation  with  pri- 
vate agencies  exceed  the  number  maintained  by  private  agencies  alone. 
The  city  stations,  however,  in  two  groups — the  500,000  and  over 
and  the  100,000  to  500,000 — maintain  as  large  a staff  of  nurses  as  the 
private  agencies.  Of  the  nurses  not  connected  with  station  work 
who  visit  mothers  in  their  homes,  the  number  maintained  by  munici- 
pal or  by  municipal  in  cooperation  with  private  agencies  in  the  eight 
cities  of  500,000  population  and  over  is  found  to  be  much  larger  than 
that  employed  by  private  agencies.  This  is  partly  due  to  the  em- 
ployment of  school  nurses  in  summer  in  infant-welfare  work. 

With  the  exceptions  noted,  private  agencies  in  all  the  different 
population  - groups  outclass  municipal  agencies  in  the  number  of 
stations  and  in  the  number  of  nurses  in  station  work  and  of  those 
not  connected  with  stations.  The  same  thing  is  true  in  nearly  all 
sections  of  the  country  and  in  nearly  all  population  groups,  with  the 
exception  of  some  of  the  groups  in  the  Middle  Atlantic  division,  the 
East  North  Central,  and  one  group  in  the  Pacific  division. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INF  ANT- WELFARE  WORK.  37 

A comparison  in  detail  of  infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  by 
private  agencies,  and  by  municipal  cooperating  with  private  agencies, 
in  cities  of  10,000  population  and  over  is  shown  in  Table  V. 

Table  V. — Infant-welfare  work  carried  on  through  stations  and  through  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  stations,  and  'prenatal  work,  distributed  according  to  character  of  agencies  and 
divisions,  1915. 


Character  of  agency  and 
division. 

Infant-welfare  stations. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes  by 
nurses  not  connected 
with  infant-welfare 
stations — Number  of 
nurses. 

Prenatal 
work — 
Number 
of  nurses. 

Number. 

Nurses. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Full 

time. 

Part 

time. 

Sum- 

mer. 

Win- 

ter. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Full 

time. 

Part 

time. 

Full 

time. 

Part 

time. 

Full 

time. 

Part 

time. 

Full 

time. 

Part 

time. 

United  States 

539 

397 

714 

152 

488 

116 

466 

460 

122 

491 

45 

893 

Municipal 

181 

117 

283 

20 

140 

27 

371 

56 

39 

63 

13 

179 

Private 

295 

235 

342 

120 

277 

79 

74 

391 

70 

408 

31 

628 

Cooperating 

63 

45 

89 

12 

71 

10 

21 

13 

13 

20 

1 

86 

New  England 

76 

51 

97 

23 

57 

9 

55 

74 

38 

75 

12 

108 

Municipal 

6 

8 

3 

2 

35 

10 

22 

6 

17 

Private 

59 

43 

84 

20 

53 

9 

17 

59 

13 

63 

11 

86 

Cooperating 

11 

8 

5 

2 

3 

5 

3 

6 

1 

5 

Middle  Atlantic 

252 

174 

323 

57 

203 

55 

234 

155 

19 

171 

18 

347 

Municipal 

124 

84 

190 

14 

95 

24 

216 

13 

2 

23 

11 

124 

Private 

118 

84 

121 

40 

102 

30 

18 

141 

15 

143 

7 

220 

Cooperating 

10 

6 

12 

3 

6 

1 

1 

2 

5 

3 

East  North  Central 

117 

90 

181 

36 

144 

29 

166 

153 

49 

158 

8 

290 

Municipal 

27 

15 

51 

1 

28 

117 

7 

11 

8 

2 

16 

Private 

53 

47 

65 

31 

58 

25 

34 

144 

35 

145 

6 

212 

Cooperating 

37 

28 

65 

4 

58 

4 

15 

2 

3 

5 

62 

West  North  Central 

37 

30 

32 

18 

23 

7 

5 

15 

11 

24 

1 

56 

Municipal 

8 

6 

4 

2 

3 

2 

5 

5 

4 

Private 

27 

24 

26 

16 

20 

5 

2 

9 

6 

19 

1 

47 

Cooperating 

2 

2 

3 

1 

5 

5 

South  Atlantic 

25 

25 

26 

14 

25 

11 

4 

38 

4 

38 

3 

52 

Municipal 

2 

14 

3 

14 

6 

Private 

23 

23 

22 

9 

21 

6 

2 

21 

1 

21 

3 

37 

Cooperating 

2 

2 

4 

5 

4 

5 

3 

3 

9 

East  South  Central 

12 

11 

25 

1& 

1 

1 

1 

2 

9 

Municipal 

5 

5 

15 

9 

7 

Private 

7 

6 

10 

9 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

Cooperating 

West  South  Central 

4 

4 

11 

1 

11 

1 

1 

5 

1 

5 

13 

Municipal 

1 

2 

1 

2 

Private 

3 

3 

10 

10 

1 

3 

3 

12 

Cooperating 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Mountain 

5 

1 

6 

1 

7 

7 

7 

Municipal 

5 

1 

6 

1 

Private 

7 

7 

7 

Cooperating 

Pacific 

11 

11 

13 

3 

7 

3 

12 

12 

1 

11 

Municipal 

6 

6 

9 

3 

5 

5 

5 

Private 

5 

5 

4 

3 

4 

3 

6 

6 

1 

5 

Cooperating 

1 

1 

1 

GENERAL  TABLES 


Explanatory  Note. — Absence  of  entry  in  any  of  the  columns  indicates  that  a 
positive  statement  has  been  received  that  at  the  time  of  the  inquiry  no  inf  ant- welfare 
work  was  being  carried  on. 

Reference  to  a footnote  “No  information  supplied,  ” indicates  that  no  response  has 
been  received  to  the  Children’s  Bureau  inquiries. 

Reference  to  a footnote  “Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available,” 
indicates  that  the  agency  stated  upon  the  preliminary  schedule  that  some  work  was 
carried  on  but  did  not  fill  out  the  supplemental  schedules  asking  for  detailed 
information. 


39 


40 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK. 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in 

[Sign  (X)  signifies  that  some  work  is 


Infant- welfare  stations. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 


9 

10 


11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 


19 

20 
21 
22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 


State  and  city. 

Agency. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infants  under  1 year  cared 
for  previous  year. 

Doctors  on  staff. 

Nurses. 

Summer. 

| Winter. 

Sum- 

mer. 

Winter. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

ALABAMA. 

Anniston 

Municipal 

do.1 

Birmingham 

do 

Gadsden 

Infant  Welfare  Assn.,  1622  S.  Thir- 
teenth St. 

Municipal 

doT. 

do 

Selma ! 

do.1 

ARIZONA. 

Phoenix 

Municipal 

Tucson 

ARKANSAS. 
Argenta 

Municipal 

Fort  Smith 

Hot  Springs 

do.1 

Little  Rock.  . 

do 

1 

286 

5 

1 

1 

Pine  Bluff 

United  Charities  Assn.,  City  Hall 

Metropolitan  Life  Insurance  Co.,  State 
Bank  Building. 

Municipal 

Texarkana 2 3 

do 

CALIFORNIA. 
Alameda 

Municipal 

Bakersfield! 

Berkeley 

Eureka 

Berkeley  Dispensary,2  954  University 
St. 

Municipal 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Fresno. . 

do 

Long  Beach 

do 

Los  Angeles 

Municipal  (division  of  child  welfare) . . 
Municipal 

6 

6 

<400 

6 

9 

3 

Oakland 

Pasadena 

Baby  Hospital  of  Alameda  County, 
5105  Dover  St. 

Municipal 

2 

2 

450 

20 

2 

2 

Pomona 

do 

Redlands 

do 

\ 

Riverside 

Associated  Charities,  room  5,  City  Hall . 
Municipal 

/*" 

Ra,  era,  merit,  r> 

. . do 

San  Bernardino... 

San  Diego 

do.1 

San  Francisco 

do 

University  of  California  Hospital  Dis- 
pensary, Second  and  Parnassus  Aves. 

Certified  Milk  and  Baby  Hygiene  Com- 
mittee (Assn,  of  Collegiate  Alum- 
nae).1 

1 No  information  supplied. 

2 Under  10,000  population.  Joint  population  of  Texarkana,  Ark.,  and  Texarkana,  Tex.,  15,445. 

3 Overhead  expenses  included  in  city  tax  budget.  City  health  department  and  Certified  Milk  and 
Baby  Hygiene  Committee,  Association  of  Collegiate  Alumnae,  cooperate. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


41 


cities  and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915. 


being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant-welfare  stations— Continued. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations— 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

Work  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers.  . 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors,  mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

' 

1 ! 

"v:: 

1 l 

X 

1 1 

1 

1 

X 

1 

X 

X 

1 





X 

X 

i 

X 

X 

X 

X 

1 

X 

X 

X 

1 

1 

X 

1 I 

1 I 

X 

X | 

X I 

X 

1 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

1 j 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

XX 

.*..1 

X 

X 

X 

(4 5) 

X 

2 

2 

X 

X 

X 

X 

1 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

(6) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

X 

X 

1 

(7) 

(7) 

X 

X 

! 

1 

4 For  period  of  approximately  6 months. 

5 City  furnishes  supplies  for  clinic  of  Dispensary  of  University  of  Southern  California. 

8 Limited. 

7 All  nurses  in  training  school  have  6 weeks  prenatal  nursing. 


<L 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

.15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

r30 

31 

1 32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in  cities 

[Sign  (X)  signifies  that  some  work  is 


State  and  city. 

Agency. 

Infant-welfare  stations. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infants  under  1 year  cared 
for  previous  year. 

Doctors  on  staff. 

Nurses. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Sum- 

mer. 

Winter. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

CALIFORNIA — COntd . 
San  Jose 

Municipal 

f 

do.t 

Santa  Cruz 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  133  E.  Haley  St. 
Municipal 

U 

il 

102 

(i 2) 

3 

3 

Vallejo 

COLORADO. 

Colorado  Springs . . . 
Denver 

Municipal 

do 

Pueblo 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  536  Temple  Court 
Building. 

Municipal 

Trinidad 

do 

CONNECTICUT. 
An  sort  if). 

Municipal 

Bridgeport 

Nurse  Assn.,  Ansonia,  Derby,  and 
Shelton. 

Municipal 

Bristol 

Bridgeport  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  475 
State  St. 

Municipal 

1 

1 

175 

2 

1 

1 

D anbury 

Bristol  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,2  343  N. 
Main  St. 

Municipal 3 4 * * 

Greenwich _ 

do 

Hartford  . 

__  do 

Manchester 

Babies  Hospital,2  243  Market  St 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  34  Charter  Oak 
Ave. 

Municipal . 

Meriden  town 

Cheney  Brothers,  South  Manchester. . . 
Municipal.  . 

1 

1 

6 18 

2 

2 

Middletown 

Young  Women’s  Christian  Associa- 
tion, 32  Crown  St. 

Municipal-  

1 

(7) 

1 

1 

Nan  gat, nek 

District  Nurse  Assn.,  181  High  St 

Social  Service  League,  165  Broad  St. . . 
Municipal 2 

1 

94 

1 

1 

New  Britain 

)■ 

104 

6 

2 

New  "FT even 

Milk  Supply  Station 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  65  S.  High  St. . . 
Municipal 

New  London 

Infant  Welfare  Assn.,  200  Orange  St. . . 
Visiting  Nurse  Assn.  900  Orange  St. 

4 

2 

165 

4 

4 

»1 

Municipal 

\ 

Norwalk 

Associated  Charities 

Municipal 1 

f 

| 

i Baby  conference  once  a week;  general  dispensary  2 afternoons  a week. 

3 No  information  supplied. 

3 Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

4 To  certam  extent  by  school  nurse. 

3 For  period  of  2 months. 

3 Between  mothers  and  nurses;  family  physicians  consulted  when  necessary. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


43 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued, 
being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant-welfare  stations— Continued. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations— 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

W ork  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors,  mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

X 

1 

X 

1 

3 

3 

2 

i 

i 

X 

i 

X 

X 

X 

7 

7 

7 

x 

X 

X 

J 

1 

1 

6 

X 

X 

X 

x 

x 

x 

1 

X 

(*) 

(3) 

f3) 

(3) 

3 X 

W1 

W1 

x 

x 

X 

x 

7 

7 

x 

X 

(4) 

(4) 

x 

(6) 

x 

2 

x 

X 

X 

x 

* 

X 

(6) 

X 

x 

x 

4 

4 

4 

X 

x 

x 

X 

X 

3 

3 

3 X 

8 7 

x 

x 

x 

x 

X 

X 

10 

i°  x 

u x 

12  X 

12  X 

2 

2 

1 

1 

x 

1 

X 

7 General  cooperation  by  physicians. 

8 School  nurses. 

9 Heli>  from  Visiting  Nurse  Assn,  in  care  of  sick  babies. 

10  Available  for  students  of  Yale  Medical  School. 

11  Financed  by  Civic  Federation. 

12  Milk  dispensed,  but  no  regular  station  maintained. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 


7 

8 

9 

10 
11 


12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 
21 
22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 
(31 
<32 
133 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 


44 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK, 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in  cities 

[Sign  (X)  signifies  that  some  work  is 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 


10 

11 


12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 


18 

19 

20 
21 
22 


23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 


33 


State  and  city. 

Agency. 

Infant-welfare  stations' 

Num- 

ber. 

Infants  under  1 year  cared 
for  previous  year. 

Doctors  on  staff. 

Nurses. 

j Summer. 

Winter, 

Sum- 

mer. 

Winter. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time.  | 

Fulltime. 

Part  time,  j 

CONNECTICUT— COn. 
Norwich 

Orange 

Stamford 

Torrington 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  Richmond  House 

1 

1 

100 

1 

3 

3 

.... 

Wallingford 

Waterbury 

do 

Willimantic 

Waterbury  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  37 
Central  Ave. 

Municipal 

1 

1 

.597 

2 

2 

DELAWARE. 

Wilmington 

Municipal 

DIST.  OF  COLUMBIA. 
Washington 

West  End  Reading  Co.  Milk  Depot 2. . 

Municipal 4 

FLORIDA. 

Jacksonville 

Friendship  House,  324  Virginia  Ave. 
SE. 

Instructive  Visiting  Nurse  Society, 
2506  K St. 

Noel  House,  1663  Kramer  PI.  NE 

1 

«1 

1 

1 

(2) 

1 

(5) 

7 5 

(5) 

75 

Washington  Diet  Kitchen  Assn.,  1322 
Twenty-eighth  St. 

Woman’s  Clinic  Auxiliary,  716  Thir- 
teenth St. 

Municipal. 

5 

5 

813 

20 

7 

7 

Key  West 

Infant  Welfare  Society,10  Engineer 
Bldg. 

Municipal. 

1 

1 

365 

1 

2 

1 

Pensacola 

do 

Tampa 

do 

GEORGIA. 

Athens 

Municipal 2 

Atlanta 

do 

Augusta.  . 

do 

Brunswick 

do 

Columbus 

do 

Macon 

do.2 

Rome 

do 

Savannah 

do.  . 

W ay cross 

Mary  MacLean  Circle  of  King’s  Daugh- 
ters, 343  Drayton  St. 

Municipal 

1 

1 

(2) 

(u) 

2 

2 

IDAHO. 

Boise 

Municipal1 

1 Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

2 No  information  supplied. 

3 Limited. 

4 Supplies  literature  for  distribution  by  infant-welfare  agencies. 

5 Nurse  supplied  by  Instructive  Visiting  Nurse  Society. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


45 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued, 

being  done  in  the  field  designated.! 


Infant-welfare  stations— Continued. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations — 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

Work  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors,  mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

0) 

0) 

C1) 

C1) 

• 

1 X 

1 

X 

2 

X 

3 

X 

X 

X 

3 

X 

4 

5 

6 

X 

7 

X 

x 

x 

X 

2 

8 

- 

8 X 

9 

X 

10 

11 

X 

X 

12 

x 

x 

x 

x 

13 

x 

X 

x 

X 

5 

5 

5 

X 

X 

14 

1 

15 

x 

X 

x 

x 

X 

X 

X 

16 

- 

(8) 

X 

X 

17 

92 

92 

X 

x 

18 

x 

x 

1 

X 

X 

19 

20 

21 

x 

22 

23 

2 

2 

1 X 

24 

x 

25 

x 

26 

1 X 

27 

28 

1 

l 

x 

29 

1 X 

30 

x 

x 

2 

x 

31 

x 

32 

(0 

0) 

0) 

0) 

0) 

C1) 

0) 

X 

1 X 

33 

6 Diet  kitchen  cooperates  in  maintaining  station. 

7 Part  time  given  to  follow-up  work  of  Washington  Diet  Kitchen  Assn,  stations. 

8 Instruction  by  physicians  on  staff. 

9 1 school  nurse  who  cooperates  with  Infant  Welfare  Society;  1 nurse  for  work  among  colored  population. 

10  Specific  cooperation  by  board  of  health. 

11  General  cooperation  by  physicians. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK, 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in  cities 


[Sign  (X)  signifies  that  some  work  is 


Infant-welfare  stations. 


State  and  city. 

Agency. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infants  under  1 year  cared 
for  previous  year. 

| Doctors  on  staff. 

Nurses. 

Summer. 

| Winter. 

Sum- 

mer. 

Winter. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

IELINOIS. 

Municipal 

do.* 

. . .do 

do.1 

do 

do 

PhqmpAiVn 

do.1 

China, go 

Municipal  (division  of  child  hygiene)2. 

Infant  Welfare  Society  of  Chicago, 2 
104  S.  Michigan  Ave. 

Jewish  Aid  Society,  West  Side  Dis- 
pensary, 1012  Maxwell  St. 

Lying-in  Hospital  and  Dispensary, 
1336  Newberry  Ave. 

Mary  Crane  Day  Nursery,5  818  Gilpin 
Place. 

Olivet  Dispensary,  1500  Hudson  St 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn,  of  Chicago,2 104 
S.  Michigan  Ave. 

Municipal 

3 

21 

1 

3 

21 

1 

1,089 
5, 492 

928 

3 

23 

<3 

9 

24 

2 

3 

24 

2 

Chicago  TTeights  

1 

1 

285 

2 

1 

1 

Cicero 

do 

Danville 

do 

Decatur 

do 

East  St.  Louis 

Woman’s  Club  1 

Municipal 

"Elgin  

do 

Eva.nst.nn 

do 

Freeport.  .. 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  732  Emerson  St. 

Municipal 1 

Cfdeshnrg 

do 

Jacksonville 

Galesburg  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  City 
Hall. 

Municipal 

(9) 

19 

(i°) 

1 

.Tnliet  

do 

Kankakee 

do 

La  Salle  (associated 
with  Peru  and 
Oglesby). 

Lincoln 

Hygienic  Institute,  Department  of 
Health  for  La  Salle,  Peru,  and 
Oglesby.11 

Municipal 

2 

2 

140 

(12) 

2 

1 

Mattnon 

do 

Moline  

do 

Oa,k  Park 

King’s  Daughters,  visiting  nurse  de- 
partment, 1539£  Third  Ave. 
Municipal 1 

1 

1 

165 

1 

3 

1 

3 

1 

Peoria  

do 

Quincy 1 

Visiting  Nurse  Committee,  Associated 
Charities,1  301  City  Hall. 

Child’s  Welfare  League 1 

Pure  milk  dispensary 1 

Municipal 

To  information  supplied. 

lealth  department,  Visiting  Nurse  Assn,  of  Chicago,  and  other  agencies  cooperate  with  Infant  Wei- 
Society  of  Chicago,  under  which  all  infant-welfare  work  is  centralized. 

School  nurses  employed  in  summer.  Cooperate  with  Infant  Welfare  Society  of  Chicago, 
additional  physicians  in  summer. 

i'urnishes  headquarters  for  1 station,  maintained  by  Infant  Welfare  Society  of  Chicago. 

Staff  of  day  nursery  available  for  this  work. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


47 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued, 

being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant-welfare  stations— Continued. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations— 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

W ork  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

• 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors,  mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

* 

Modified. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

X 

X 

X 

1 

| 

1 1 

1 

| 

1 

X 

1 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

3 93 

3 

X 

X 

X 

2 

X 

X 

X 

1 

(i * * * * 6) 

1 

68 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X ' 

X 

68 

68 

XX 

00  00 
XXX 

1 

1 

1 

X 

X 

X 

1 

1 

X 

XXX 

00  t- 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

3 

X 

X 

8 X 

i Limited. 

8 Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

9 A course  of  baby  conferences  held  in  summer  of  1914. 

i°  General  cooperation  by  physicians. 

11  Largely  supported  by  private  gifts. 

12  Health  department  physicians. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 


TABULAE  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work  by 


municipal  and  privat 

[Sign  (X)  signii 


State  and  city. 


Agency. 


Infant-we) 


Num- 

ber. 


® >> 

3 
u O 

<%"> 
g£ 
3 p< 

tn  u, 


Illinois — continued. 


Rockford. 


Rock  Island. 


Springfield. 

Streator 

Waukegan. 


Anderson 

East  Chicago. 


Elkhart 

Elwood 

Evansville. 


Fort  Wayne. 


Gary 

Hammond . . 
Huntington. 


Indianapolis . 


Jeffersonville. 

Kokomo 

Lafayette 


Laporte 

Logansport . 


Marion 

Michigan  City. 
Mishawaka... 

Muncie 

New  Albany.. 

Peru 

Richmond 


South  Bend. 


Terre  Haute. 
Vincennes... 


Municipal 

Visiting  nurse  department,  Public 
Welfare  Assn.,  116  S.  Wyman  St. 

Municipal 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  West  End  Set- 
tlement House. 

Municipal 

do2 

— do 


Municipal 

— do 

Welfare  Association 

Municipal 

— do 

....do 

Babies’  Milk  Fund  Assn,  of  Evansville. 

Municipal 

First  Presbyterian  Church 

Municipal 

do 

do. 1 

Local  Council  of  Women,1 335  W.  Ma- 
tilda St. 

Municipal 

Children’s  Aid  Assn..  City  Hall 

Bethany  Social  Center  and  Flanner 
House. 

Municipal 1 

do 


(2) 


.do. 1 . 


Flower  Mission 2 

Municipal 

do 

Red  Cross  Assn,  of  Cass  County,  Ma- 
sonic Temple. 

Municipal 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do.2 

do 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  Commercial 
Club  rooms. 

Municipal 

Children’s  Free  Dispensary  and  Hos- 
pital, 1031  W.  Division  St. 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn,  of  South  Bend,2 
219  Jefferson  Bldg. 

Municipal 

Terre  Haute  Social  Settlement,2  29 
N.  First  St. 

Municipal 


532 

"85 


31,352 


129 


1 Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

2 No  information  supplied. 

3 Under  5 years  of  age. 

* Delivered  by  milk  committee  to  home,  upon  orders. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


49 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued. 


being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant-welfare  stations— Continued. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations — 

Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

W ork  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

1 

2 

i; 

6 

7 

8 
r 9 

{i? 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

{2 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors,  mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

1 X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

2 

2 

X 

X 

X X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

(2) 

(2) 

1 

1 

X 

1 X 

X 

X 

X . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

XXX 

X 

X 

X 

2 

0) 

0) 

6 

2 

X 

0) 

0) 

5 10 

0) 

0) 

0) 

0) 

0) 

0) 

0) 

0) 

X X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X X 

X 

C1) 

0) 

0) 

0) 

XX 

i 

XX 

1 

1 

i 

XX 

X 

1 

1 

1 

X 

1 X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

x 

5 School  nurses. 

6 Limited. 

7 Services  of  two  untrained  workers. 

36248°— 16 4 


o 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

2 

4 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  worlc  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in  cities 

[Sign  (X)  signifies  that  some  work  is 


State  and  city. 

Agency. 

Infant- welfare  stations. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infants  under  1 year  cared 
for  previous  year. 

Doctors  on  staff. 

Nurses. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Sum- 

mer. 

Winter. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

IOWA. 

Municipal .. 

do." 

Cedar  Rapids 

Child  Welfare  Committee  of  the  Red 
Cross. 

Visiting  Nurses  Assn,  of  Burlington, 
416  Columbia  St. 

Municipal 

h 

1 

(3) 

9 

1 

1 

Clinton 

do 

Council  Bluffs 

do.3 

Davenport 

do 

Des  Moines 

Davenport  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  1216 
W.  Third  St. 

Municipal 

i 

1 

98 

4 1 

4 

4 

Dubuque 

Des  Moines  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  418 
Century  Bldg. 

Municipal 

61 

85 

2 

4 

1 

Fort  Dodge 

Dubuque  Visiting  Nurse  Assn 

Municipal 

Iowa  City 

do 

Keokuk. . . 

. do. 3 

Marshalltown 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  425  Blondeau  St. 

Municipal 3 

Mason  City 

do 

Muscatine 

Cerro  Gordo  County  visiting  nurse, 
215  N.  Madison  Ave. 

Municipal 

Ottumwa 

do 

Sioux  City 

do 

Waterloo 

Child  Welfare  Assn. 3 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn 

Municipal 

1... 

KANSAS. 

Atchison 

Associated  Charities  and  Corrections, 
City  Hall. 

Municipal 

1 

Coffey  ville 

do 

Fort  Scott 

do 

Hutchinson 

do 

Independence 

do 

Kansas  City 

do 

Lawrence 

do 

Leavenworth 

Social  Service  League 

Municipal 

Parsons 

do 

Pittsburg 

do 

Topeka 

do 

1- 

20 

2 

Wichita 

Topeka  Public  Health  Nursing  Assn. , 
City  Bldg. 

Municipal 

Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

Work  discontinued  November,  1914.  To  be  resumed  under  newly  organized  Social  Service  League. 
No  information  supplied. 

61  physicians  cooperated  during  the  year. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK, 


51 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued. 


being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Iniant- welfare  stations — Continued. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations — 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes.  * 

Work  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors,  mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

1 X 

1 

X 

2 

\ 3 

x 

X 

\ 4 

x 

5 

X 

6 

7 

x 

8 

x 

x 

X 

X 

4 

X 

9 

5 1 

X 

10 

x 

x 

X 

X 

3 

3 

x 

11 

7 1 

7 1 

1 X 

12 

1 

1 

13 

1 X 

14 

15 

16 

2 

3 

3 

X 

17 

18 

X 

19 

1 

1 

1 

X 

20 

1 X 

21 

22 

8 X 

23 

24 

2 

2 

2 

x 

25 

f 26 

3 

3 

3 

X 

X 

J 27 

1 27 
28 

x 

29 

x 

30 

x 

31 

i x 

32 

x 

33 

84 

1 

1 

x 

35 

36 

37 

38 

(39 

X 

x 

X 

2 

2 

X 

X 
1 X 

\ 40 
41 

6 Under  supervision  of  Des  Moines  Visiting  Nurse  Assn. 
8 Situated  in  “model  cottage”  of  Roadside  Settlement. 

7 School  nurse. 

8 With  State  assistance  in  salary  of  inspector. 


52 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 

11 


12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 


19 

20 
21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 


29 

30 

31 

32 

33 


34 

35 

36 

37 


38 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in  cities 

[Sign  (X)  signifies  that  some  work  is 


State  and  city. 

Agency. 

Infant-welfare  stations. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infants  under  1 year  cared 
for  previous  year. 

| Doctors  on  staff. 

Nurses. 

| Summer. 

| Winter. 

Sum- 

mer. 

Winter. 

| Fulltime. 

| Part  time.  | 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

KENTUCKY. 

..do 

Fayette  Tuberculosis  Assn,  and  Visit- 
ing Nurses’  Assn.,  614  W.  Main  St. 

1 

22 

2 

1 

XT  nYirnnrt 

Babies’  Milk  Fund  Assn,  of  Louis- 
ville, 215  E.  Walnut  St. 

Municipal 

5 

5 

628 

7 

8 

8 

Owensboro. ......... 

do  2 

Paducah 

do 

LOUISIANA. 

Settlement  House,4  1405  S.  Third  St. . . 

Municipal 

iiltJAdilUl  Id 

Baton  Bon£A 

do 

Lake  Charles 

do 

MntirnA  • 

. . do 

XTaw  Or1pan<* 

.QVirmrATinTt. 

Child  Welfare  Assn.,&  419  Gravier  St. . 
Municipal 

(6) 

(6) 

716 

4 

6 

6 

ijUlcVcpOl  b-. 

MAINE. 

A nhiim 

Municipal 

A 14.  KJ  LAI  AA  . ............ 

do  

Tt  o ri  ctot 

do 

..  do 

T ,owi  ofon 

Trull  Hospital  Aid  Assn.2 

Municipal 

PArt  lorifl 

do.7 

WntoTvillft 

District  Nursing  Assn,  of  Portland 

Edward  Mason  Dispensary,  milk  sta- 
tion, 7 65  India  St. 

Municipal 

1 

1 

297 

2 

7 1 

7 1 

MARYLAND. 
Polti  m nr  A 

Municipal 

1)  cXL  \D  . .......... 

Pnmliftrlfrrwl 

Instructive  Visiting  Nurse  Assn,  of 
Baltimore,  1123  Madison  Ave. 
Mothers’  Relief  Society,  1123  Madison 
Ave. 

Johns  Hopkins  Hospital 

L 

I 

Maryland  Assn,  for  Study  and  Preven- 
tion of  Infant  Mortality  (Babies’ 
Milk  Fund  Assn.),  10  E.  Fayette  St. 
Thomas  Wilson  Sanitarium 

I13 

13 

4,803 

8 

11 

3 

11 

Municipal  

TTrpH  priplr 

do  

Hagerstown 

Frederick  County  Branch  of  the 
Maryland  Assn,  for  the  Prevention 
and  Relief  of  Tuberculosis,  133  S. 
Market  St. 

1 Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

2 No  information  supplied. 

3 Clinic  supported  by  medical  department  of  the  University  of  Louisville. 

4 Affiliated  with  American  Red  Cross  Town  and  Country  Nursing  Service. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 
and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued. 


being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant-welfare  stations— Continued. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations — 

N umber  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

W ork  by  muses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors, mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

1 X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X* 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

1 

3X 

X 

X 

1 

1 

1 

X 

XXXXX 

.X 

X 

X 

X 

6 

X 

x x: 

‘X 

- 

1 

XX 

1 

1 

1 

1 

7 1 

| 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

1 

1 

1 

1 

X 

X 

X 

X 

1 

1 

X 

- 

X 

» 

X 

X 

X 

14. 

X 

X 

■ 1 

1 

1 

X 

5 Appropriation  made  by  city  toward  support  of  Child  Welfare  Association, 
s Number  not  supplied. 

7 City  furnishes  salary  of  nurse  for  Edward  Mason  Dispensary,  milk  station. 


53 

i 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

{30 

SI 

32 

(33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK, 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in  cities 

[Sign  (X)  signifies  that  some  work  is 


State  and  city. 

Agency. 

Infant-welfare  stations. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infants  under  1 year  cared 
for  previous  year. 

| Doctors  on  staff. 

Nurses. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Sum- 

mer. 

Winter. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Municipal 1 

do 

Attleboro  Anti-Tuberculosis  Society, 
124  Pleasant  St. 

Municipal 

Beverly  Hospital,3  Herrick  St 

Municipal  (division  of  child  hygiene) . . 

Brockton 

Boston  Lying-in  Hospital,  24  “McLean 
St. 

Children’s  Hospital,1  Huntington  Ave. 

Denison  House,  Boston  College  Settle- 
ment,5 93  Tyler  St. 

Cottage  Place  Day  Nursery,5  1049  Co- 
lumbus Ave.,  Roxbury. 

Dorchester  House,5  7 Gordon  Place 

Elizabeth  Peabody  House,5  357  Charles 

Infants’  Hospital,  social  service  de- 
partment, 55  Van  Dyke  St. 

Instructive  District  Nursing  Assn.,6 
561  Massachusetts  Ave. 

Lincoln  House,5  80  Emerald  St 

(6) 

(5) 

(6) 

(5) 

(6) 

(6) 

(5) 

(6) 

(6) 

1 1 

1 

(6) 

7 1 

1 

Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  social 
service  department,  Blossom  St. 

Massachusetts  Homeopathic  Hospital, 
82  E.  Concord  St. 

Maverick  Dispensary,  18  Chelsea  St., 
East  Boston. 

Milk  and  Baby  Hygiene  Assn.,  26  Ben- 
net  St. 

Milk  Fund,  55  Van  Dyke  St 

8 143 
134 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

12 

12 

4,097 

13 

17 

14 

Neighborhood  House,5  62  Hale  St 

(B) 

(5) 

(5) 

(5) 

North  End  Union,5  20  Parmenter  St . .. 
Peter  Brent  Brigham  Hospital,  26 
Charter  St. 

Roxbury  Neighborhood  House,5  858 
Albany  St. 

South  Bay  Union,5  640  Harrison  Ave. . 
South  End  House,11 43  East  Canton  St. 

(6) 

(5) 

(5) 

(5) 

Woman’s  Municipal  League,  209  Bea- 
con St. 

Municipal 13 

}2 

200 

4 

1 

Brookline 

Brockton  Visiting  Nurse  Assn 

Municipal 

Cambridge 

Brookline  Friendly  Society,  Union 
Building. 

Municipal 

5 

}‘ 

1 

135 

66 

3 

1 

Neighborhood  House,  Moore  St 

1 

i 

Cambridge  Visiting  Nursing  Assn.,  35 
Bigelow  St. 

No  information  supplied. 

Nurses  employed  when  necessary. 

Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

Out-patient  nursing  work  done  by  Instructive  District  Nursing  Assn. 

Give  quarters  for  infant-welfare  station  maintained  by  Milk  and  Baby  Hygiene  Assn. 

Supply  nurses  for  pregnancy  clinic  of  Boston  Lying-in  Hospital. 

Feeding  clinic. 

Number  visited  by  social  service  worker. 

In  cooperation  with  Woman’s  Municipal  League.  Nurses  supplied  by  Instructive  District  Nursing 


TABULAR  STATEMENT'  OF  INF  ANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


55 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued. 


being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant-welfare  stations— Continued. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations — 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

W ork  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 
— 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors,  mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

2 X 

X 

X 

3 

3 

3 

x 

3 X 

m 

(3) 

(3) 

(3) 

(3) 

(3) 

x 

15 

15 

15 

X 

X 

(4) 

(4) 

1 

1 

X 

x 

1 

X 

2 

1 

(6) 

(6) 

8 

x 

1 

X 

X 

x 

x 

x 

x 

X 

X 

2 

2 

1 

x 

x 

4 

3 

9X 

x 

x 

X 

x 

X 

(10) 

(10) 

X 

2 

1 

9X 

x 

(12) 

(12) 

(i2) 

(12) 

(12) 

x 

x 

x 

X 

x 

x 

V / 

1 

(14) 

(14) 

x 

x 

x 

2 

2 

2 

x 

ux 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

X 

X 

X 

1 

16X 

x 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 


25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 
J34 
\35 


10  Formerly  carried  on  in  cooperation  with  Peter  Brent  Brigham  Hospital  and  Instructive  District 
Nursing  Assn.  Work  transferred  to  management  of  Woman’s  Municipal  League. 

11  Organizes  classes  for  instruction  of  mothers  in  baby  hygiene. 

12  Maintains  3 pregnancy  clinics  in  cooperation  with  the  Boston  Lying-in  Hospital,  the  Maverick  Dis- 
pensary, the  Peter  Brent  Brigham  Hospital,  and  the  Neighborhood  House,  Cambridge.  Nurses  supplied 
by  Instructive  District  Nursing  Assn. 

13  Work  of  Brockton  Milk  and  Baby  Hygiene  Assn,  taken  over  by  health  department. 

14  Work  recently  organized. 

15  Between  mothers  and  nurses. 

18  In  cooperation  with  Woman’s  Municipal  League,  Boston. 


56 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK, 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in  cities 

[Sign  (X)  signifies  that  some  work  is 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 


13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 
21 
22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 


State  and  city. 

Agency. 

Infant-welfare  stations. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infants  under  1 year  cared 
for  previous  year. 

Doctors  on  staff. 

Nurses. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Sum- 

mer. 

Winter. 

Fulltime.  1 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

MASSACHUSETTS — 
continued. 

Chelsea 

Municipal 

[. 

Chicopee 

do 

Clinton 

do 

Everett 

do 

Fall  River 

Instructive  District  Nursing  Assn., 
8 Forest  Ave. 

Municipal 

Fitchburg 

District  Nursing  Assn. , 374  Anawan  St . 
Union  Hospital,  social  service  depart- 
ment, 538  Prospect  St. 

Municipal 

8 

8 

788 

6 

8 

8 

Framingham 

Visiting  Nursing  Assn.,  336  Main  St. . . 

Municipal 

Gardner 

The  Framingham  Nursing,  Relief,  and 
Anti-Tuberculosis  Assn.,  South 
Framingham. 

Municipal 

}... 

Gloucester 

Associated  Charities . .................. 

Municipal 

/ 

Greenfield  . 

Gloucester  DistrictNursing  Assn.,  City 
Municipal 

Haverhill 

Mothers’  Club 1  2 * 4 * 

(2) 

(2) 

Greenfield  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  17 
Federal  St. 

Municipal 

Holyoltfl 

do 

}°3 

8 3 

343 

2 

7 2 

7 2 

Lawrence  

Holyoke  Infant  Hygiene  Assn.,  34 
Sargeant  St. 

Municipal 

Leominster  

Sanitary  Milk  Committee,  31  Jackson 
St. 

Lawrence  City  Mission 

l‘ 

1 

125 

82 

2 

1 

1 

Municipal 10 

Lowell 

do 

Lynn 

Lowell  Guild,  17  Dutton  St 

1 

1 

200 

2 

3 

2 

.... 

Municipal 

Malden 

Day  Nursery  Assn,  (baby  clinic),  73 
Blossom  St. 

Municipal 

3 

3 

141 

1 

2 

2 

Marlborough  . 

Milk  and  Baby  Hygiene  Society,  84 
Linden  Ave. 

Municipal 

1 

1 

(10). 

(!3) 

1 

Mori  forrl 

do 

M p.lrosp 

Medford  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  14 
Salem  St. 

Municipal 

l... 

Methuen  . . 

Melrose  Hospital 

Municipal 

/ 

Milford 

1 Supplied  by  R.  B.  Frost  General  Hospital. 

2 Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

8 City  employs  nurse  of  Instructive  District  Nursing  Assn,  for  care  of  eyes  of  newborn  infants. 

4 In  cooperation  with  District  Nursing  Assn. 

8 Services  of  district  nurse  secured  when  necessary. 

6 5 drug-store  substations  to  which  milk  is  sent  for  distribution. 

7 1 assistant  and  1 helper,  with  salary. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


57 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued. 


being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant-welfare  stations— Continued. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations— 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

W ork  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors,  mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

2 

1 1 

2 

1 1 

1 1 

x 

X 

2 X 

1 

1 

X 

X 

3 X 

X 

2 

2 

2 

X 

2 

2 

X 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

2 

2 

X 

x 

4 10 

x 

1 

1 

x 

x 

2 

2 

(5) 

X 

1 

x 

1 

1 

x 

x 

X 

3 

3 

3 

X 

1 

x 

(2) 

(2) 

x 

1 

1 

1 

x 

1 

1 

x 

x 

X 

x 

x 

x 

x 

1 

x 

x 

X 

X 

x 

9 X 

x 

X 

11  X 

x 

X 

x 

X 

X 

X 

x 

X 

X 

x 

X 

2 

X 

12  X 

x 

x 

x 

X 

2X 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

x 

x 

1 

8 4 in  summer. 

9 Sent  out  by  board  of  health. 

10  No  information  supplied. 

11  Cases  are  reported  to  Lowell  Guild  nurses. 

12  Services  of  tuberculosis  nurse  available  for  this  work  when  necessary. 

13  Cooperation  with  family  physician. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

/ 13 

v 14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

/21 

\22 

23 

I" 

% 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

/36 

\37 

38 

39 


58 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in  cities 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 


41 

42 

43 

1 No  information  supplied. 

2 Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available, 
s Under  2 years  of  age. 

4 General  cooperation  by  physicians. 


[Sign  (X ) signifies  that  some  work  is 


State  and  city. 

Agency. . 

/ 

Infant-welfare  stations. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infants  under  1 year  cared 
for  previous  year. 

Doctors  on  staff. 

Nurses. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Sum- 

mer. 

Winter. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

MASSACHUSETTS — 
continued. 

Municipal 

Instructive  Nursing  Assn.,  202  Coffin 
Bldg. 

3 

357 

3 

11 

9 

do." 

North  Adams 

Newton  District  Nursing  Assn.,1  New- 
ton Hospital. 

Municipal 

Northampton 

Visiting  Nurse  Aid  Assn.,  8 Spring  St. 
Municipal. 

Peabody 

District  Nurse  Assn 

Municipal2 

Pittsfield 

do 

Plymouth 

do 

Quincy J 

Revere 

do 

Salem 

do 

1 

3 553 

(4) 

2 

Somerville 

District  Nurse  Committee  of  Woman’s 
Friend  Society,  12  Elm  St. 

Municipal 

Southbridge 

Somerville  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  1 
Webster  St. 

Municipal 

Springfield '. 

Southbridge  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  18 
Marcy  St. 

Municipal 

(2) 

(2) 

* 

Taunton  

Baby  Feeding  Assn.,2  613  Main  St 

District  Nurse  Assn.,2  613^  Main  St... 

Municipal 

Wakefield 

do 

Waltham  

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  5 Avon  St 

Municipal 

Watertown 

Waltham  District  Nursing  Assn., 
Main  St. 

Municipal 1 

Webster 

do 

Westfield 

District  nurse,  S.  Slater  & Sons,  Inc.1. . . 

Municipal 

Weymouth  ... 

Westfield  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  13 
Broad  St. 

Municipal 

Winthrop  . . 

Weymouth  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  178 
Pleasant  St.  SW. 

Municipal 

Woburn. 

. . .do 

W orcester 

do 

MICHIGAN. 

Adrian 

Clean  Milk  Stations  Committee 6 

7 

477 

14 

i 4 

Worcester  Society  for  District  Nursing, 
27  Elm  St. 

Municipal 

Alpena 

Associated  Charities,  Lenawee  County 
Bank  Bldg. 

Municipal 

TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


59 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued. 


being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant-welfare  stations— Continued. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations — 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

W ork  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors,  mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

*2 

'o 

£ 

Modified. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

, 

1 

1 

X 

X 

x 

x 

X 

X 

9 

8 

8 

X 

X 

1 

1 

1 

X 

X 

X 

2 

1 

1 

x 

X 

x 

X 

2 

2 

x 

(2) 

(2) 

(2) 

(5 2 7) 

(2) 

(2) 

x 

2X 

x 

X 

2X 

X 

x 

x 

x 

x 

1 

x 

X , 

1 

1 

1 

X 

2 

2 

2 

X 

1 

1 

1 

3 

X 

x 

X 

X 

X 

1 

1 

1 

x 

5 X 

X 

3 

3 

x 

x 

X 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

X 

2 X 

2 

i 

x 

X 

x 

x 

x 

X 

x 

1 

(8) 

1 

(8) 

1 

(8) 

x 

1 

1 

1 

X 

X 

5 Nurses  furnished  by  Waltham  District  Nursing  Assn. 

8 Executive  officer  of  board  of  health  acts  as  chairman. 

7 4 helpers. 

8 Services  of  10  general  visiting  nurses  available  when  necessary. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work 


municipal  and  privt 


[Sign  (X)sigr 


State  and  city. 


Agency. 


Num- 

ber. 


all 


rH  * 

H *-> 
S ft 

P 


MICHIGAN— COntd. 


Ann  Arbor. . 

Battle  Creek 
Bay  City.... 

Detroit 


Escanaba 

Flint 

Grand  Rapids. 


Holland . . . 
Ironwood . 

Ishpeming 

Jackson... 


Kalamazoo. 


Lansing. . . 
Manistee . . 
Marquette. 


Menominee. 
Muskegon. . 


Pontiac 

Port  Huron 


Saginaw 

Sault  Ste.  Marie. 
Traverse  City . . . 


Municipal 

University  of  Michigan  Hospital,  Circle 
of  King’s  Daughters. 

Municipal 

do 

Civic  League  Free  Dispensary  and 
Visiting  Nurse  Committee*,  1009 
Washington  St. 

Municipal  (division  of  infant  welfare). 

Babies’  Milk  Fund,  924  Brush  St 

Children’s  Free  Hospital,  St.  Antoine 
St.  and  Farnsworth  Ave. 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  924  Brush  St 

Municipal 

do 

Child  Welfare  Society 

Municipal 

Clinic  for  Infant  Feeding,  D.  A.  Blod- 

fett  Home  for  Children,  Louis  and 
larket  Sts. 

Municipal 

do 

Oliver  Mining  Co.  visiting  nurse 4 

Municipal 

do 

Associated  Charities,  Wesley  and  Me- 
chanic Sts. 

Municipal 

Kalamazoo  Civic  Improvement 
League,  223  N.  Park  St. 

Municipal 

do 

do 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  Room  26,  Har- 
low Block. 

Municipal 

do 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  101  Houston  Ave . 

Hackley  Hospital 

Municipal 

do 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  of  St.  Clair 
County,  1416  Military  St. 

Municipal 

do 

do.4 


4 4 1,413 

4 4 1,523 

1 1 1,395 


2 2 190 


2 2 921 


1 1 (5) 


} 1 1 20 


MINNESOTA. 


Duluth 


Mankato 

Minneapolis. 


Municipal  (division  of  child  welfare).  3 1 

Scottish  Rite  Masons,  infant-welfare  1 1 

department,  Masonic  Temple. 

Municipal 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  129  S.  Broad  St 

Municipal 

Infant  Welfare  Society,  923  Plymouth  4 4 

Bldg. 


300 

325 


(5) 


1 15  school  nurses;  5 baby  nurses.  3 1 nurse;  1 assistant;  employed  by  b< 
s Use  board  of  health  clinics.  4 Work  reported.  Detailed  informati 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


61 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  Of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued, 

being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant- welfare  stations— Continued . 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations— 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

Work  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors, mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

♦ 

1 

1 

1 

x 

X 

1 

2 

2 

4 

X 

X 

2 

X 

3 

[ i 

2 

2 

2 

x 

x 

J 5 

x 

x 

* 

X 

i 20 

5 

10 

X 

X 

X 

x 

1 

6 

X 

x 

5 

(2) 

7 

x 

2 

x 

8 

25 

25 

25 

x 

9 

10 

x 

x 

x 

I11 

\ 12 

f 13 

x 

x 

x 

X 

x 

x 

x 

1 14 

15 

x 

16 

17 

4 X 

18 

2 

2 

x 

x 

19 

x 

x 

x 

1 

x 

20 

1 

1 

x 

X 

21 

2 

2 

2 

x 

22 

x 

23 

X 

24 

x 

25 

1 

1 

1 

x 

26 

1 

1 

x 

27 

28 

X 

X 

x 

1 

X 

/ 29 

x 

\30 

31 

7 X 

32 

1 

1 

1 

X 

33 

4X 

34 

35 

(4) 

(4) 

(4) 

(4) 

x 

36 

X 

x 

X 

x 

x 

3 

X 

x 

X 

37 

X 

x 

x 

X* 

38 

39 

1 

1 

1 

40 

1 

4 X 

41 

X 

X 

X 

X 

x 

4 

42 

1 *'* 

5 Number  not  supplied. 

8 Those  on  staff  of  Hackley  Hospital. 


Limited. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in  cities 

[Sign  (X)  signifies  that  some  work  is 


Infant- welfare  stations. 


State  and  city. 


Agency. 


Num- 

ber. 


& 1 
>>>> 
. 05 

■§  & 


Nurses. 


Sum- 

mer. 


Winter. 


MINNESOTA — COntd. 

St.  Cloud 

St.  Paul 


Stillwater. 

Virginia... 

Winona... 


MISSISSIPPI. 

Hattiesburg 

Jackson 

Meridian 

Natchez 

Vicksburg 


MISSOURI. 

Hannibal 

Jefferson  City. 

Joplin 

Kansas  City. . 


Moberly . . 
St.  Joseph. 


St.  Louis. 


Sedalia 

Springfield. 


Webb  City 

MONTANA. 

Anaconda 

Billings 

Butte ?. 


Municipal 

do 

St.  Paul  Baby  Welfare  Assn.,  Wilder 
Bldg. 

Municipal 

— do 

— do 

Margaret  Simpson  Home 


675 


Municipal. 

— do 

— do 

— do 

— do 


Municipal 

do.2 

do 

Municipal  (division  of  child  hygiene). . 
Institutional  Church  of  North  End, 
milk  station,  1115  Charlotte  St. 

Minute  Circle,  1518  Spruce  Ave 

St.  Luke’s  Hospital  Club 

Swope  Settlement 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,6 115  Charlotte  St. 

Municipal 

do.7 8 9 r 

Baby  Welfare  Assn.,7  2307  S.  Sixth  St. . 
St.  Joseph  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,70  220 
N.  Ninth  St. 

Municipal 

Baby  Welfare  Assn.,72  Vanol  Bldg 

Kingdom  House,  1033  S.  Eighth  St 

St.  Louis  Pure  Milk  Commission,72 
1726  N.  Thirteenth  St. 

Social  service  department,  Washing- 
ton University  Hospital  and  the  St. 
Louis  Children’s  Hospital,  Euclid 
and  Kingshighway. 

St.  Louis  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,72  3908 
Olive  St. 

Municipal 

do 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  Court  House 

Municipal 


(4) 

130 

150 

(4) 

(4) 


311 


3 1 


(4) 

140 

151,026 

(4) 


16  5 


77 


(4) 


Municipal. 

— do 

do 


7  Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

2 No  information  supplied. 

3 3 for  white  babies;  2 for  colored  babies. 

« Number  not  supplied. 

6 Special  herd  kept  to  supply  milk  to  clinic  babies. 

6 Supervise  the  nurses  of  North  End  and  Minute  Circle  milk  stations  and  clinics. 

7 City  appropriated  $500  toward  expenses  of  Baby  Welfare  Assn. 

8 Employ  nurses  of  St.  Joseph  Visiting  Nurse  Assn,  for  this  work. 

9 In  addition,  3 specialists. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 


63 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued. 


being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant- welfare  stations— Continued . 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations — 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

j Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

Work  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors,  mpthers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

1 

1 

1 

X 

2 

x 

X 

X 

X 

3 

4 

5 

1 X 

6 

1 

1 

1 

7 



8 

X 

9 

1 X 

10 

11 

12 

x 

13 

14 

x 

15 

x 

X 

x 

x 

16 

x 

X 

X 

5 X 

1 

X 

17 

x 

X 

X 

1 

X 

18 

x 

X 

19 

x 

x 

X 

1 

20 

21 

22 

8 X 

x 

23 

x 

x 

X 

X 

X 

X 

1 

X 

x 

24 

(») 

(") 

(“) 

(u) 

2 

X 

25 

X 

26 

x 

x 

X 

27 

x 

x 

x 

X 

X 

X 

1 

x 

28 

x 

x 

X 

X 

29 

1 

X 

X 

30 

10 

31 

32 

-1  x 

33 

X 

x 

X 

2 

2 

x 

34 

35 

1 X 

36 

x 

37 

X 

38 

10  In  cooperation  with  Baby  Welfare  Assn. 

11  Number  of  nurses  not  available. 

12  St.  Louis  Visiting  Nurse  Assn,  supplies  nurses  for  Baby  Welfare  Assn,  and  St.  Louis  Pure  Milk  Com- 
mission. 

13  Operated  by  St.  Louis  Pure  Milk  Commission. 

14  In  addition,  1 infant  feeding  and  instructive  clinic  at  Kingdom  House  and  9 pure*milk  distributing 
stations. 

15  Number  receiving  milk  at  stations;  number  enrolled,  1,897. 

16  Total  number,  including  physicians  from  hospitals,  25. 

17  In  addition,  1 social  worker  and  many  volunteers. 


64 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in  cities 

[Sign  (X)  signifies  that  some  work  is 


1 

2 

3 


4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 


10 


11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 


25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 


State  and  city. 

Agency. 

Infant-welfare  stations. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infants  under  1 year  cared 
for  previous  year. 

Doctors  on  staff. 

Nurses. 

| Summer. 

Winter. 

Sum- 

mer. 

Winter. 

• 

| Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

M ONTAN  A— contd . 
Great  Falls 

Municipal 

do* 

do 

NEBRASKA. 

Municipal 

Lincoln 

Omaha  

Charity  Organization  Society,2  228 
S.  Tenth  St. 

Municipal 

Smith  Omaha 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  408  City  Hall 

Municipal 

1 

35 

2 

8 

NEVADA. 

‘R.ano  

Municipal 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 
Berlin  

Municipal 

r, on  cord 

Berlin  Instructive  District  Nursing 
Fund. 

Municipal 

Dover 

Concord  District  Nursing  Assn.,  Room 
5,  City  Hall. 

Municipal 

Keene  

District  Nurse  Assn.,  171  Central  Ave. 

Municipal 

Laconia 

do.4 

Manchester  

do.5 

Nashua  

Manchester  District  Nursing  Assn., 
Beech  and  Merrimac  Sts. 

Infant  Aid  Assn.,5 118  Central  St 

Municipal 

3 

1 

300 

266 

4 

4 

4 

1 

5 

Portsmouth 

do 

NEW  JERSEY. 
A chnry  Park 

Portsmouth  District  Nursing  Assn., 
29  Burkitt  St. 

Municipal 

Atlantic  City 

Day  Nursery  of  Child  Welfare  Assn., 
907  Sewall  Ave. 

Municipal 

Bayonne 

Organized  Charities,  223  Guarantee 
Trust  Bldg. 

Municipal 

Bionmfieid 

do  

Bridgeton 

League  for  Friendly  Service,7  36  Broad 
St. 

Municipal 

1 

1 

(8) 

1 

2 

2 

City  Nurse  Committee,7  106  E.  Com- 
merce St. 

........ 

1 

' ' 1 

1 Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

2 City  makes  appropriation  toward  maintenance  of  nurse. 

3 Classes  held  in  Northside  Neighborhood  House. 

* No  information  supplied. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


65 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued, 

being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


7 Affiliated  with  American  Red  Cross  Town  and  Country  Nursing  Service, 

8 Number  not  supplied. 

36248°— 16 5 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 


2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

i 

2 

3 

1915 

4 

6 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 


STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 


1. — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in  cities 

[Sign  (x)  signifies  that  some  work  is 


Infant-welfare  stations. 


Agency. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infants  under  1 year  cared 
for  previous  year. 

Doctors  on  staff. 

Nurses. 

j 

Winter. 

Sum- 

mer. 

Winter. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

Municipal  1 

Visiting  Nurse  Society,^  Broadway.. 
Municipal 3 

1 

2 

1 

2 

212 

124 

(2) 

1 

5 

1 

5 

1 

East  Orange  Aid  to  the  Sick,3  11  N. 
Munn  Ave. 

Municipal 

Milk  stations,  St.  Elizabeth’s  Hos- 
pital,6 S.  Broad  St. 

V isiting  N urse  Assn. , 122  Magnolia  Ave . 

2 

133 

(7) 

(7) 

(7) 

(7) 

(7) 

Municipal 

do 

L. 

Children’s  Relief  and  General  Welfare 
Society,  Summit  Ave. 

Municipal 

I 

do.5 

(5) 

do.8 

Municipal  (division  of  child  hygiene). . 
Child  Welfare  Assn.11 

1 

1 

9 442 

1 

1 

16 10 

1 

Municipal 

do 

Long  Branch  Visiting  Nurse  Assn., 
City  Hall. 

Municipal 

do 

1 

1 

115 

1 

.... 

1 

1 

do 

Central  Bureau  of  Social  Service,  27 
South  St. 

Maternitv  Fund  Assn.,  42  Elm  St 

Neighborhood  House  Assn.,5  Flagler  St. 

Municipal 

3 

3 

1,729 

1 

3 

.... 

3 

Babies  Hospital,5  427  High  St 

Municipal 

Visiting  Nurses’  Assn.,  147  Bayard  St- 
Municipal  12 

1 

1 

"T 

10 

208 

7 

1 

.... 

3 

1 

.... 

Baby  Welfare  Assn.13 

Diet  Kitchen  of  the  Oranges,12  124 
Essex  Ave. 

Visiting  Nurses’  Assn,  of  Orange  and 
West  Orange,  15  24  Valley  St. 
Municipal 5 

2 

2 

2 

2 

14  255 
150 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

Passaic  Diet  Kitchen  Assn.,8 115  Pas- 
saic St. 

Municipal 

do 

do 

do 

appropriation  toward  expenses  of  Visiting  Nurse  Society. 
r physicians. 

the  East  Orange  Aid  to  the  Sick  assumed  by  the  health  department  Apr.  16, 
ration  with  that  of  the  Baby  Welfare  Assn,  of  the  Oranges, 
of  the  Oranges. 

iled  information  not  available, 
ty  funds. 


>,  1914,  to  Feb.  15, 1915. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


67 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued. 


being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant- welfare  stations— 

Continued. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations — 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

Work  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

Instruction  given  to 
* mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

1 Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors,  mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

1 

x 

V 

X 

4 

X 

X 

2 

x 

x 

Y 

X 

x 

1 

4 X 

3 

4 

2 

X 

5X 

5 

X 

x 

6 

3 

3 

3 

7 

1 

x 

SX 

8 

f 9 

1 

1 

X 

X 

x 

no 

l 

(5) 

(5) 

x 

5X 

12 

13 

x 

x 

X 

x 

1 

x 

x 

14 

X 

15 

x 

16 

x 

17 

1 

1 

x 

18 

19 

x 

X 

x 

x 

20 

x 

21 

1 

1 

1 

X 

22 

1 

1 

1 

x 

23 

x 

24 

x 

x 

X 

3 

x 

x 

x 

25 

26 

5 X 

27 

x 

X 

x 

x 

X 

28 

x 

X 

X 

1 

X 

4 X 

29 

30 

x 

X 

x 

x 

1 

x 

31 

x 

x 

x 

X 

x 

X 

2 

x 

x 

32 

(5) 

(5) 

(5) 

x 

X 

33 

34 

18  X 

35 

18  X 

36 

37 

X 

38 

11  Cooperates  with  division  of  child  hygiene. 

12  Affiliated  with  Baby  Welfare  Assn,  of  the  Oranges. 

]3  Centralizing  agency  with  which  the  following  agencies  are  affiliated:  Orange  health  department,  Diet 
Kitchen  of  the  Oranges,  Visiting  Nurses’  Association  of  Orange  and  West  Orange,  the  East  Orange  Aid 
to  the  Sick,  the  South  Orange  Society  for  Lending  Comforts  to  the  Sick,  Civic  Committee  of  the 
Woman’s  Club. 

14  Under  2 years  of  age. 

15  Figures  for  work  in  West  Orange  included  with  those  for  Orange.  Work  done  in  cooperation  with 
that  of  the  Baby  Welfare  Assn,  of  the  Oranges. 

16  Aid  of  State  department  of  health. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

20 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

i 

WO] 

2 

4 

5 

tha 

6 


STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 


1. — Infant-welfare  worlc  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in  cities 

[Sign  (X)  signifies  that  some  work  is 


Infant- welfare  stations. 


Agency. 

Num- 

ber. 

03 

° h* 

b os 

Nurses. 

- 

C3  OJ 
•§  > 

d 

03 

CO 

Sum- 

mer: 

Winter. 

a 

a 

3 

go 

o> 

a 

£ 

a £ 
0 & 
CO  Fh 

p 

o 

O 

o 

o 

ft 

6 

a 

3 

Pm 

s 

a 

o3 

Ph 

CD 

a 

3 

Pm 

© 

a 

5 

03 

Ph 

Baby  Clinic  and  Day  Nursery 

Charity  Organization  Society  "of  Plain- 
field  and  North  Plainfield,  323  Bab- 
cock Bldg. 

City  Union  of  King’s  Daughters 

• 1 

i 

29 

2 

4 

4 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  324  Babcock 
Bldg. 

Society  for  Lending  Comforts  to  the 
Sick,2  361  Vose  Ave. 

Municipal 

. 

1 

i 

49 

1 

1 

l 

Phi  Gamma  Epsilon  Society,  138  Al- 
len St. 

Municipal 

2 

2 

114 

2 

2 

do 

do 

do 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.5 

Municipal 

Municipal 

Central  Christian  Mothers  Union,  2 
Ash  Grove  Place. 

Municipal 

2 

209 

3 

3 

I1 

85 

Child  Welfare  Assn.,  222  E.  Main  St. . . 
Municipal 6 

3 

2 

Child  Welfare  Assn 

2 

2 

i 82 

(6) 

1 

1 

Municipal 

Rest  Room  Club,  107  Collier  St 

»1 

9 1 

(6) 

329 

1 

1 

Municipal 

2 

2 

3i’ 

7 

7 

Babies’ Milk  Dispensary  of  Buffalo, 
181  Franklin  St. 

District  Nursing  Assn.,  181  Frank- 
lin St. 

Municipal 

7 

7 

1,589 

7 

io  6 

106* 

State  Charities  Aid  Assn.,  Cohoes 

1 

. 51 
29 

(6) 

(6) 

2 

Committee  on  Prevention  of  Tuber- 
culosis, City  Hall. 

Municipal 

12  1 

Social  Service  Society. . 

> 1 

/ 

Municipal 

do 

do 

}’ 

Elmira  Federation  for  Social  Service. . 
Municipal  6 

16 

2 

2 

W omen’s  Auxiliary 

Women’s  Civic  League 

}} 

1 

(6) 

(«) 

i 

1 

Municipal 6 

).  Included  in  this  table  as  haying  a part  in  the  general  plan  of  infant-welfare 


Welfare  Assn,  of  the  Oranges. 


ff  the  Oranges. 

rest  Orange  included  with  those  for  Orange. 
A.ssn.  of  the  Oranges. 


Work  done  in  cooperation  with 


TABULAR  STATEMENT'  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK.  69 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1 910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued, 

being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant-welfare  stations— Continued . 


Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 


Milk  dis- 
pensed. 


Instruction  in  infant- 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
w el  fare  stations — 
Number  of  nurses. 


Summer. 


By  conferences  of 
doctors, mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

gS 

o 

g 

Modified. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Supporting  an  obs 
clinic. 

o> 

3 

r& 

O 

3 

,2 

3 

0 

1 
CQ 

g 

>> 

& 

M 

o 

a 

o 

a 

o 

o 

® 

a 

S 

>» 

o 

x 

x 

X 

x 

2 

x 

X 

x 

x 

1 

X 

x 

1 

1 

1 

X 

3 X 

x 

X 

X 

x 

x 

"1 

i 

x 

4 X 

x 

X 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

3 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

X 

2 

1 

X 

x 

x 

x 

x 

1 

1 

X 

8 X 

(9) 

x 

1 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

13 

13 

3 

12 

X 

x 

x 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

10  X 

ii  11 

11 11 

17 

X 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

1 

x 

1 

1 

x 

1 

X 

x 

1 

x 

8X 

1 

X 

X 

Winter. 


Prenatal 

work. 


Nurses. 


13 


/ 28 
\ 29 

30 

31 
132 
\33 

34 
/ 35 
\ 36 

37 

38 


7 Number  for  1 station;  second  station  not  opened  until  June,  1915. 

8 Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

9 Room  where  mothers  can  rest  and  feed  their  babies.  President  of  club  weighs  and  examines  babies 
and  gives  advice  to  mothers  and  to  expectant  mothers.  General  cooperation  by  physicians. 

10  Nurses  provided  by  District  Nursing  Assn. 

11  In  addition  to  nurses  attached  to  milk  station  maintained  by  Babies'  Milk  Dispensary  of  Buffalo. 

12  In  addition,  1 social-service  worker  and  2 volunteer  nurses. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

l 

Ins 

2 

4 

& 

Nu 

6 

7 

8 

9 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK, 


Table  1— Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in  cities 

[Sign  (X)  signifies  that  some  work  is 


Infant-welfare  stations. 


State  and  city. 

Agency. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infants  under  1 year  cared 
for  previous  year. 

Doctors  on  staff. 

Nurses. 

| Summer. 

| Winter. 

Sum- 

mer. 

Winter. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Fulltime. 

; | Part  time. 

NEW  YORK— COntd. 

Glens  Falls  (contd). 
Glo  vers  vi  lie 

Child  Welfare  Committee, 1 City  Hall. 
Municipal 

1 

1 

108 

2 

1 

1 

Hornell 

Day  Nursery 

}> 

175 

1 

2 

Municipal 

Hudson 

do ! 

i: 

44 

19 

11 

1 

1 

3 1 * 

Ithaca 

Civic  Improvement  League,  602  Gif- 
ford PI. 

Jamestown 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  512  Edgewood  PI. 

Ithaca  Tuberculosis  Committee,  222 
E.  State  St. 

Municipal 

(5) 

(5) 

8 

Johnstown 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  New  Market 
Bldg. 

Municipal 

61 

61 

28 

1 

Kingston 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  20  N.  Melcher  St . 
Municipal 

Lackawanna 

do 

(2) 

Little  Falls 

do 

Lockport 

Fortnightly  Club 

1 

49 

i 

Municipal 

Middletown 

do 

Mount  Vernon 

do 

1 

35 

1 

1 

New  Rochelle 

do 

New  York 

Municipal  (bureau  of  child  hygiene) 8. . 

Babies’  Welfare  Assn,  of  New  York 
City,13  Center  and  Walker  Sts. 

After  Care  Circle  of  Jewish  Maternity 
Hospital,  133  Clinton  St. 

Babies  Dairy,  511  W.  Forty-first  St 

Babies  Hospital  of  the  City  of  New 
York,  135  E.  Fifty-fifth  St. 

Bellevue  and  Allied  Hospitals,  social 
service  department,1*  E.  Twenty- 
sixth  St.  and  First  Ave. 

Beth  Israel  Hospital,  social  service 
department,  Monroe,  Jefferson,  and 
Cherry  Sts. 

Bethany  Mission  of  Broadway  Taber- 
nacle,* 455  Tenth  Ave. 

Bryson  Day  Nursery,2 149  Avenue  B . . 

66 

59 

938,427 

1066 

114 

59 

( Bronx  and  Manhat- 
tan Boroughs.) 

1 

3 

1 

3 

624 

636 

1 

2 

2 

5 

2 

5 

1 

1 

468 

2 

6 

6 

Children’s  Aid  Society,  105  E . Twenty- 
second  St. 

Church  of  the  Sea  and  Land,  61  Henry 
St. 

Emanuel  Chapel,  737  E.  Sixth  St . . . . 

7 

1 

(15) 

16  7 

7 

7 

Fordham  Hospital,  social  service  de- 
partment, Crotona  Ave.  and  South- 
ern Blvd. 

Free  Out-Door  Maternity  Clinic,  216 
E . Seventy-sixth  St. 

(18) 

1 

(18) 

1 

1,300 

14 

8 

8 

fork  now  carried  on  by  Child  Welfare  Committee  formerly  distributed  between  Metropolitan  Life 
ranee  nurse,  visiting  nurse  employed  by  Women’s  Club,  and  the  tuberculosis  nurse, 
fork  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

ime  in  station  paid  by  board  of  health;  nurses  supplied  by  Ithaca  Tuberculosis  Committee, 
ortion  of  nurse’s  time  given  to  service  in  municipal  milk  station  in  summer. 

ppropriation  made  by  common  council  of  the  city  board  paying  salary  of  1 nurse  employed  by  Visiting 
;e  Assn.  Nurse  gives  part  time  to  station,  which  is  open  2 afternoons  a week, 
illy,  1914,  to  February,  1915. 
school  nurse;  1 social  worker. 

he  bureau  of  child  hygiene  cooperates  with  every  private  agency  whose  work  it  in  any  way  touches. 
rnder  2 years  of  age. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


71 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued, 

being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


II  • 

gis 

0,2^ 

"81 

03 

M 


Infant-welfare  stations — Continued. 


Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 


ti 

:a 

<2,0 

H 

c o 


42  o 


P<o 

>> 

M 


Milk  dis- 
pensed. 


Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations — 

Number  of  nurses. 


Summer. 


Winter. 


Prenatal 

work. 


Nurses. 


2c 


"X 


(2) 


ii  200 


1 

* 1 

(5) 

s>3 

1 

1 

7 2 

(2) 


(2) 


(2) 


(2) 


50 


2X 


(12) 


2X 

X 

X 


X 

2X 

X 

2 x’ 

2 X 
X 
X 
X 


29 


30 


33 


10  In  summer;  number  in  winter,  18. 
u School  nurses. 

i2  Nurses  follow  up  all  cases  reported  by  midwives. 

is  Composed  of  80  organizations  whose  work  touches  directly  or  indirectly  upon  the  welfare  of  babies. 
Acts  as  a clearing  house  in  facilitating  cooperation  among  all  infant-welfare  agencies. 

M Work  carried  on  by  Fordham  Hospital. 

15  Not  available  for  infants  under  1 year  of  age. 
i®  In  summer;  in  winter,  1. 

17  Between  mothers  and  nurses, 
i®  See  Bellevue  and  Allied  Hospitals. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

G 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in  cities 

[Sign  (X)  signifies  that  some  work  is 


Infant-welfare  stations. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infants  under  1 year  cared 
for  previous  year. 

Doctors  on  stkflf. 

Nurses. 

| Summer. 

Winter. 

Sum- 

mer. 

Winter. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

^ j Fulltime. 

: | Part  time. 

1 

1 

680 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 518 
573 

3 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

6 17 

1 

68 

3 349 

1 

2 

2 

8 

1 

1 

8 

1 

1 

34,900 

0)  - 
C1) 

20 

1 

C1) 

8 9 

1 

1 

89 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0) 
0)  . 

1 

0) 

3 

0) 

0) 

3 

(l) 

0) 

1 ! 

1 1 

Stato  and  city. 


NEW  YORK— COntd. 

New  York— Contd. 
(Bronxand  Manhat- 
tan B oroughs— 
Continued). 


Agency. 


Good  Samaritan  Dispensary,  Essex 
and  Broome  Sts. 

Gouverneur  Hospital,  social  service 
department,  foot  of  Gouverneur  St. 

Harlem  Hospital,  visiting  nurse  de- 
partment,2 One  hundred  and  thirty- 
sixth  St.  and  Lenox  Ave. 

Henry  Street  Settlement,  265  Henry  St. 

Lebanon  Hospital,  social  service  de- 
partment, Westchester  and  Caldwell 
Aves. 

Little  Missionaries’  Day  Nursery,2  93 
St.  Mark’s  Place. 

Madison  Square  Church  House,2  432 
Third  Ave. 

Manhattan  Maternity  and  Dispensary, 

327  E . Sixtieth  St. 

Manhattanville  Nursery  Assn.,2  401 
W.  One  hundred  and  twenty- 
seventh  St. 

Metropolitan  Hospital,  Blackwell’s 
Island. 

Mount  Sinai  Hospital,  social  service 
department,  One  hundredth  St.  and 
Fifth  Ave. 

Nathan  Straus  Pasteurized  Milk  Lab- 
oratories, 348  E.  Thirty-second  St. 

New  York  Assn,  for  Improving  the 
Condition  of  the  Poor,  105  E. 
Twenty-second  St. 

New  York  City  Mission  Society, 

Woman’s  Branch,  105  E.  Twenty- 
second  St. 

New  York  Diet  Kitchen  Assn.,  1 West 
Thirty-fourth  St. 

New  York  Dispensary,  34  Spring  St.  . 

New  York  Hospital,9  8 W.  Six- 
teenth St. 

New  York  Medical  College  and  Hos- 
pital for  Women,  social  service  de- 
partment, 191  W.  One  hundred 
and  first  St. 

New  York  Milk  .Committee  Health 
Center,  119  Washington  St. 

New  York  Nursery  and  Child’s  Hos- 
pital, 161  W.  Sixty-first  St. 

New  York  Post  Graduate  Hospital, 

Twentieth  St.  and  Second  Ave. 

The  Presbyterian  Hospital,  visiting 
nurse  department,2  Seventieth  St. 
and  Madison  Ave. 

Recreation  Room  and  Settlement, 

186  Chrystie  St. 

1 Number  not  supplied. 

2 Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

3 Under  2 years  of  age. 

4 Includes  1 social  worker. 

9 Services  of  student  nurses  available. 

6 Pasteurized  milk  laboratories. 


73 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued, 

being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant- welfare  stations — Continued. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
wellare  stations — 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

W ork  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors,  mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

x 

x 

x 

x 

X 

0) 

(i) 

X 

X 

x 

x 

X 

1 

X 

X 

X 

x 

f 

4 2 

(5) 

4 2, 

(6) 

4 2 

X 

X 

6 

X 

X 

x 

X 

7 X 

x 

X 

X 

X 

13 

13 

13 

X 

x 

12 

12 

12 

x 

X 

X 

x 

x 

x 

8 

x 

X 

x 

X 

x 

x 

10  i 

X 

X 

x 

3 

X 

X 

G) 

X 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 


5 

6 
7 


9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 


19 

20 
21 
22 

23 


7 Between  physicians  and  mothers  only. 

8 In  addition,  9 matrons  and  7 assistant  matrons.  Some  assistance  by  health-department  nurses  in 
summer. 

8 Work  with  children  is  simply  in  connection  with  wards  and  clinics  of  the  hospital  and  is  one  branch 
of  the  social  service  department. 

10  Woman  physician  who  cooperates  with  New  York  Diet  Kitchen  Assn. 


74 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK, 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in  cities 

[Sign  (x)  signifies  that  some  work  is 


Infant- welfare  stations. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 


7 

8 


9 


10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 


16 

17 

18 

19 

20 
21 
22 

23 

24 


30 

31 

32 

33 

34 


State  and  city. 

Agency. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infants  under  1 year  cared 
for  previous  year. 

Doctors  on  staff. 

Nurses. 

Summer. 

| Winter. 

Sum- 

mer. 

Winter. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

NEW  YORK— contd. 

New  York— Contd. 
(Bronx  and  Manhat- 
tan Boroughs— 
Continued).! 

(Brooklyn  Borough) 
Newburgh 

Riverdale  Health  League,  254  River- 
dale  Ave.,  Riverdale. 

St.  Luke’s  Hospital,  social  service 
department,  One  hundred  and 
thirteenth  St. 

St.  Thomas’  Chapel,1 *  230  E.  Six- 
tieth St. 

Sloane  Hospital  for  Women,  social 
service  department,  Fifty-ninth  St. 
and  Tenth  Ave. 

Sunnyside  Day  Nursery,  221  E.  One 
hundred  and  fourth  St. 

Washington  Heights  Hospital,  social 
service  department,1  554  W.  One 
hundred  and  sixty-fifth  St. 

Brooklyn  Children’s  Aid  Society,1 
72  Schermerhorn  St. 

Brooklyn  Hospital,  social  service  de- 
partment, De  Kalb  Ave.  and  Ray- 
mond St. 

Brooklyn  Bureau  of  Charities,  district 
nursing  committee,  80  Schermer- 
horn St. 

Greenpoint  Settlement,  85  Java  St 

Lincoln  Settlement,1 105  Fleet  St 

2 1 

2 1 

Little  Italy  Neighborhood  House,1 
146  Union  St. 

Long  Island  College  Hospital,1  Henry 
St. 

St.  Christopher’s  Hospital  for  Babies, 
283  Hicks  St. 

Williamsburg  Hospital,  social  service 
department,  Bedford  Ave.  and 
S.  Third  St. 

Willow  Chapel  House,  27  Columbia  PL 

Municipal 

1 

1 

1 

1 

'T 

205 

146 

160 

1 

(3) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Niagara  Falls  

do  ....  

1 

North  Tona  wanda 

..do  . . 

Ogdensburg 

Infant  Welfare  Society 

Municipal  i 

1 

0) 

l; 

cV 

0) 

(4) 

(4) 

1 

Olean 

. .Ho  . 

5 101 

(3) 

2 

<*) 

3. 

0) 

Ossining  

Olean  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  457  N. 
Union  St. 

Municipal  

Oswego 

District  Nursing  Assn.,  25  Ann  St. . . . 

Municipal 

Peekskill 

Metropolitan  Life  Insurance  Co.,  visit- 
ing nurse,  100  E.  First  St. 
Municipal 

i: 

i 

i 

8 97 

00 

(3) 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

Plattsburg  . . 

Associated  Charities,  infant-welfare 
committee. 

Municipal 

Port  Chester  _ . 

. . .do  

Poughkeepsie  

Woman’s  Club,1  38  Broad  St 

Municipal 

a 

i 

(4) 

4 

3 

l 

Rensselaer 

do 

........ 

1 Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

* Assists  nurses  in  health  department  station  in  Greenpoint  in  work  among  Polish  mothers. 

8 General  cooperation  by  physicians. 


'TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  IKFANL- WELFARE  WORK, 


75 


and  towrib  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued, 

being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant-welfare  stations— Continued. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations — 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

Work  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors,  mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

3 

X 

X 

1 

X 

2 

2 

2 

33 

33 

28 

x 

x 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

x 

x 

x 

x 

1 

x 

x 

X 

X 

x 

x 

X 

X 

X 

x 

(i) 

(i) 

1 X 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

1 

1 

x 

1 

1 

x 

x 

x 

1 

1 

x 

x 

X 

x 

x 

0) 

0) 

x 

x 

x 

x 

X 

X 

x 

1 * 

1 

i 

X 

4 Number  not  supplied. 

& From  Oct.  1, 1914,  to  Apr.  27,  1915. 

« From  July  27, 1914,  to  Apr.  27,  1915. 


1$ 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 


16 

17 

18 

19 

20 
21 
22 


23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 


36 

37 

38 

39 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in  cities 

[Sign  (X)  signifies  that  some  work  is 


State  and  city. 

Agency. 

Infant-welfare  stations. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infants  under  1 year  cared 
for  previous  year. 

| Doctors  on  staff. 

Nurses. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Sum- 

mer. 

Winter. 

| Fulltime. 

| Part  time. 

| Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

NEW  YORK— COntd. 

13 

1 

”i" 

2,351 

C1) 

3 

0) 

17 

8 

1 

Rochester  General  Hospital,  social 
service  department. 

1 

Saratoga  Springs 

Schenectady 

do 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

i 

200 

0) 

850 

83 

2 

(2) 

8 

(2) 

2 

5 

8 

1 

2 

Syracuse. . 

do 

Troy 

Infant  W elfare  Assn. , 600  E . Genesee  St . 
Solvay  Infant  Welfare  Assn.,  600  E. 
Genesee  St. 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn,  of  Syracuse,  511 
S.  Warren  St. 

Municipal 

3 

1 

Utica 

Instructive  District  Nursing  Assn., 
1600  Seventh  Ave. 

Municipal 

Watertown 

Baby  Welfare  Committee  of  Utica, 
511  Varick  St. 

Municipal 

3 

3 

434 

8 

3 

2 

W atervliet 

Bureau  of  Charities  and  Society  for 
Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Children, 
224  Massey  Ave. 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  113  Park  PI 

Municipal  2 

1 

1 

White  Plains 

do 

1 

45 

1 

1 

Y onkers 

White  Plains  Nursing  Assn.,3 4 *  53  Ham- 
ilton Ave. 

Municipal 

4 

7 1, 097 

14 

4 

4 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Asheville . . . 

Milk  Committee  6 

Yonkers  Homeopathic  and  Maternity 
Hospital.2 

Municipal 

Charlotte 

Flower  Mission  and  Associated  Chari- 
ties and  Free  Medical  Dispensary. 
Municipal 

1 

1 

24 

3 

1 

1 

Durham 

do 

Greensboro 

do 

I 

Raleigh 

Associated  Charities 

Proximity  Manufacturing  Co.,  welfare 
department,  White  Oak  Mills. 
Municipal 

r 

W ilmington 

do 

i 

Winston 

King’s  Daughters 

Red  Cross  Society  8 

Municipal 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

Fargo 

Wayside  Workers 

Municipal 

Orsmrl  Enrlrs 

Associated  Charities  of  Fargo,  City 

Hall. 

Municipal 

Associated  Charities,2  City  Hall 

1 Number  not  supplied. 

2 No  information  supplied. 

3 In  summer;  1 in  winter. 

4 Board  of  Education  in  cooperation  with  Baby  Welfare  Committee  of  Utica. 

6 Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK, 


77 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over , 1915 — Continued, 

being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant-welfare  stations— 

-Continued. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations — 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

W ork  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness . 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors,  mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

x 

x 

X 

8 

X 

X 

X 

X 

x 

x 

1 

x 

x 

V 

x 

V 

X 

2 

X 

X 

x 

x 

x 

x 

5 

x 

x 

x 

x 

X 

X 

3 8 

X 

x 

X 

x 

1 

7 

7 

7 

x 

x 

4 

4 

4 

4 X 

5 X 

x 

X 

X 

X 

3 

4 X 

x 

x 

12 

12 

12 

x 

x 

x 

x 

X 

x 

x 

x 

1 

1 

1 

X 

(5) 

(5) 

C5) 

(5) 

C5) 

x 

X 

X 

x 

X 

x 

5 X 

X 

x 

X 

X 

x 

1 

x 

x 

1 

1 

x 

x 

1 

1 

X 

x 

5 X 

1 

1 

X 

5 X 

1 

1 

2 

2 

X 

X 

1 

1 

1 

. 

1 

1 

1 

X 

5 X 

16 

17 

18 
19 

/ 20 
121 
22 


# Supplies  milk  for  municipal  stations,  furnishes  physicians  for  clinics,  organizes  Little  Mothers’  Leagues. 
7 Under  2 years  of  age. 

* Affiliated  with  American  Red  Cross  Town  and  Country  Nursing  Service.  Work  reported.  Detailed 
information  not  available. 


78 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in  cities 

[Sign  (X)  signifies  t hat  some  work  is 


State  and  city. 

Agency. 

Infant- welfare  stations. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infants  under  1 year  cared 
for  previous  year. 

Doctors  on  staff. 

Nurses. 

I Summer. 

| Winter. 

Sum- 

mer. 

Winter. 

Fulltime.  1 

Part  time. 

Fulltime.  1 

Part  time. 

OHIO. 

Akron 

Municipal 

George"  T.  Perkins  Visiting  Nurse 
Assn.,  269  South  High  St. 

Mary  Day  Nursery, 2 Central  Office 
Bldg. 

Municipal1  2 3 

1 

1 

0) 

0) 

4 

4 

(2) 

(2) 

do." 

Bellaire 

do 

Cambridge 

do 

Canton 

Public  Health  League,  Room  8, 1.  0. 

0.  F.  Bldg. 

Municipal 

Chillicothe 

do 

Cincinnati  . . 

Associated  Charities 

1... 

Ross  County  Anti-Tuberculosis  So- 
ciety, 121  W.  Main  St. 

Municipal  (child  hygiene  division)  — 

Children’s  Clinic  of  the  Ohio-Miami 
Medical  College, 4 McMicken  and  Elm 
Sts. 

Hospital  Social  Service  Assn.,  Cincin- 
nati Hospital. 

Jewish  Settlement 6 7 

J 

9 

2 

"2 

758 

557 

11 

14 

3 14 

4 

Cleveland 

3 

(8) 

(6) 

Maternity  Society  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church,7  220  W.  Seventh 
St. 

Union  Bethel  Settlement,  501 E . Third 
St. 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn,  of  Cincinnati, 
220  W.  Seventh  St. 

Municipal  (bureau  of  child  hygiene), 
2500  E.  Thirty-fifth  St. 

Babies’  Dispensary  and  Hospital 

Maternity  Hospital,1 3735  Cedar  Ave 

1 

1 

(8) 

92 

2 

* 

I16 

16 

6,525 

i»22 

u38 

38 

.... 

Cnlnmhiis 

St.  Luke’s  Hospital,  6606  Carnegie 
Ave.  SE. 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn,  of  Cleveland,  612 
St.  Clair  Ave.  NE. 

Western  Reserve  Maternity  Dispen- 
sary (Lakeside  Hospital),  3509  E. 
Thirty-fifth  St.  SE. 

Municipal 

Dayton 

Instructive  District  Nursing  Assn 

West  Side  Social  Center, 13  511  W. 
Broad  St. 

Municipal 

6 

6 

1,105 

5 

11 

.... 

11 

I5- 

1 

ifi,526 

6 

1612 

1510 

Fa^t  T .lVprpnnl 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  127  S.  Ludlow 
St. 

Municipal 

Elyria 

<io 

.... 

Findlay 

1 

1 

15 


1 No  information  supplied. 

2 Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

3 School  nurses. 

4 Cooperates  closely  with  Maternity  Society  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church;  supplies  nursing 

service  for  out-patient  department,  Cincinnati  Hospital. 

6 Nursing  service  supplied  by  Children’s  Clinic  of  the  Ohio-Miami  Medical  College. 

8 Furnishes  room  for  one  of  municipal  stations.  . ... 

7 Nurses  under  supervision  of  Visiting  Nurse  Assn,  of  Cincinnati;  cooperates  closely  with  Children’s 

Clinic  of  the  Ohio-Miami  Medical  College. 


tabular  statement  of  infant-welfare  work, 


79 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued. 


being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant- welfare  stations— 

-Continued. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations— 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

i 

in 

C/D 

& 

i 

€ 

a 

3 

I 

3 

jx 

"ft 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

13 

c> 

O 

8 

3 

1 

fc 

ft 

3 

w 

M 

S’ 

a 

1 

0 

g 

1 
ft 

1 

jx 

6 

By  conferences  of 
doctors, mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

t 

Part  time. 

Supporting  an  obs 
clinic. 

a> 

*c/d 

<3 

■g 

o 

a 

a> 

-4-9 

3 

0 

m 

g 

1 
tx 
& 
M 
o 
* 

X 

1 

X 

x 

x 

X 

x 

2 

3 

x 

X 

2 X 

4 

5 

6 

2 X 

7 

1 

1 

x 

8 

X 

9 

10 

2 

2 

2 

x 

IS 

x 

X 

X 

X 

x 

X 

X 

x 

x 

x 

X 

14 

(5> 

(5) 

x 

X 

15 

16 

17 

x 

X 

x 

1 

X 

X 

x 

18 

11 

11 

11 

x 

19 

x 

x 

X 

X 

X 

x 

38 

x 

X 

X 

r 

(12) 

35 

(12) 

35 

1 

x 

x 

23 

35 

x 

24 

7 

7 

1 

2 

X 

x 

25 

X 

26 

x 

X 

x 

X 

11 

x 

x 

27 

28 

x 

X 

x 

x 

X 

12 

X 

X 

f 29 
•I  30 

x 

31 

x 

x 

32 

2X 

33 

8 Number  not  supplied. 

9 Resident;  including  nonresident,  9. 

10  2 additional  during  3 months. 

11  7 additional  during  3 months. 

11  By  internes  and  student  nurses. 

18  Provides  a room  for  one  of  the  babies’  clinics  of  the  Instructive  District  Nursing  Assn. 

14  Under  2 years  of  age. 

15  In  addition,  a visiting  housekeeper  is  employed. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  privo 

[Sign  (X)  sign 


State  and  city. 


ohio— continued. 
Hamilton 


Ironton . . . 
Lakewood. 


Lancaster . 
Lima 


Lorain 

Mansfield . 


Marietta. 

Marion... 


Massillon 

Middletown. 


Newark 

Norwood — 

Piqua 

Portsmouth. 
Sandusky. . . 
Springfield . . 


Steubenville . 

Tiffin 

Toledo 


Warren 

Youngstown. 


Zanesville. 


OKLAHOMA. 


Chickasha. 

Enid 

Guthrie . . . 
McAlester. 


Agency. 


Municipal 

Federated  Charities,1  327  S.  Second 
St. 

Municipal 

do 

Visiting  Nurse  Assil.2 

Municipal 

Anti-Tuberculosis  Society,  140  Kirn 
Bldg. 

Municipal 

Instructive  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  817 
E.  Elm  St. 

Municipal 

do 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn 

Municipal 

do 

City  Federation  of  Women’s  Clubs,  301 
S.  State  St. 

King’s  Daughters 

Municipal 

do 

Social  Service  Bureau,  512  E.  Third  St. 

Municipal 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Babies’  Milk  Dispensary  and  Fresh  Air 
Camp,  353  E . High  St. 

Municipal 

do 

do 

Toledo  District  Nurse  Assn.,  1517  Mon- 
roe St. 

Municipal. 

. ..  .do 

Youngstown  Sheet  & Tube  Co.,  East 
Youngstown. 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  102  E.  Front  St. . 
Youngstown  Hospital  Dispensary, 
Francis  St. 

Municipal 


Infant-W' 


Num- 

ber. 


si 


28 


58 


110 


7 244 
300 


Municipal 

do 

do 

do 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.1 

1 No  information  supplied. 

s Work  conducted  by  Visiting  Nurse  Assn,  of  Cleveland. 

3 Between  mothers  and  nurses. 

a Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


81 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  cf  10,000  and  over , 1915 — Continued, 

being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant- welfare  stations — Continued . 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations — 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

Work  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors, mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

X 

X 

X 

;;  ; 

(3) 

X 

X 

.... 

1 

X 

4 x 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

X X 

X 

x ( 

1 

1 

X 

X 

X 

1 

X 

{ 

( 

1 

X 

1 

1 

1 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

XX 

X 

X 

X 

XX 

X 

X 

XX 

i 

X i X 

12 

X 

XX 

1 

8 

1 

8 

X 

• 7 

1 

X 

X 

X 

5 From  Apr.  1 to  June  30, 1915. 

6 Number  not  supplied. 

7 From  Jan.  1 to  Apr.  1,  1915. 


36248°— 16- 


82 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK, 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in  cities 

[Sign  (X)  signifies  that  some  work  is 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 


6 

7 


8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 
21 
22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 


State  and  city. 

Agency. 

Infant-welfare  stations. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infants  under  1 year  cared 
for  previous  year. 

Doctors  on  staff. 

Nurses. 

| Summer. 

Winter. 

Sum- 

mer. 

Winter. 

Full  time. 

Part  time,  j 

Full  time. 

Part  time.  | 

OKLAHOMA— contd. 

Muskogee 

Municipal 

Oklahoma  City 

do.  

Shawnee 

Provident  Assn.1 

Municipal 

Tulsa 

OREGON. 

Portland 

Municipal 

Salem 

do 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
Allentown 

Municipal 

Altoona 

Beaver  Falls 

East  Side  Sunshine  Society,  507  Second 
Municipal 

Bethlehem 

do 

* 

Braddock 

do 

Bradford 

do 

Butler . . 

do 

Carbondale 

Women’s  Industrial  Club 

Municipal 

Carlisle 

do 

Carnegie . . . 

do 

Chambersburg 

Chester 

Coatesville 

do 

Columbia 

do.1 3 

Connellsville 

Dubois. . . 

do 

Dunmore 

do 

Duquesne 

Easton 

Erie... 

St.  John’s  Lutheran  Church,  330  Ferry 
St. 

Municipal 

Farrell5. . 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  522  German  St.. 
Municipal 

1 

1 

.240 

(4) 

5 

4 

Greenshurg 

do 

Harrisburg 

do 

Hazleton 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  1109  Green  St. .. 
Municipal 

1 

(4) 

2 

1 

Homestead 

United  Charities  of  Hazleton,  17  S. 
Wyoming  St. 

Municipal 

Johnstown 

do 

Lancaster . 

Associated  Charities  of  Greater  Johns- 
town. 3 Hannan  Bldg. 

Cambria  County  Civic  Club 

2 

40 

3 

1 

1 

Municipal 

Lebanon  . . 

.do 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  City  Hall 

1 

1 No  information  supplied. 

2 Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

3 Additional  nurses  employed  from  time  to  time. 

< Number  not  supplied. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


83 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over , 1915 — Continued, 

being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant-w.elfare  stations— Continued. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations— 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

W ork  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors,  mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

1 

1 

X 

X 

XX  XX  XX 

1 

1 

(2) 

(2) 

X 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

X 

X 

X 

• 

x • 

3 1 

31 

1 

1 

4 

X 

XX  X 

1 

1 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 X 
(5 6) 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

1 

1 

X 

1 

1 

X 

X 



i 

1 

i 

X 

X 

5 Formerly  South  Sharon. 

8 Upon  the  invitation  of  the  city  a study  of  the  milk  supply  was  made  by  the  Dairy  Division,  U. 
Department  of  Agriculture,  May,  1913, 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

S. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

2 

3 

4 

e 

6 

for 

bat 

7 


TABULAE  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFAKE  WORK. 


Table  1, — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  'private  agencies  in  cities 


[Sign  (x)  signifies  that  some  work  is 


State  and  city. 

Agency. 

Infant-welfare  stations. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infants  under  1 year  cared 
for  previous  year. 

Doctors  on  staff. 

Nurses. 

Sum- 

mer. 

Winter. 

| Summer. 

Winter. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

| Fulltime. 

J Part  time. 

PENNSYLVANIA — 
continued. 

do" 

Mahanoy  City 

do 

Meadville 

do 

Monessen 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  691  Highland 
Ave. 

Municipal 

Mount  Carmel 

Board  of  Charities 1 

Municipal 

Nanticoke 

do 

New  Castle 

do 

Norristown 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,3  319  Minter  Ave. 
Municipal 

North  Braddock 

Oil  City 

Associated  Charities,  325  Swede  St 

1 

Municipal 

do 

I 

Old  Forge 

do 

1 

Philadelphia 

Municipal  (division  of  child  hygiene). . 
Babies’  Wei  fare  Assn., 3 City  Hall 

4 4 

4 4 

(3) 

(3) 

18 

18 

Child  Federation,7  Weightman  Bldg.. 

Babies’  Hospital,  609  Addison  St 

Henry  Phipps  Institute,12  Seventh  and 
Lombard  Sts. 

Baptist  Settlement  House,  1156  Pass- 
yunk  Ave. 

Children’s  Homeopathic  Hospital, 
Franklin  and  Thompson  Sts. 

Children’s  Hospital,  social  service  de- 
partment, 210  S.  Van  Pelt  St. 

Cohocksink  Mothers’  Club,  school- 
house,  Fourth  St.  and  Montgomery 
Ave. 

Community  House,15  1530  S.  Second 
St. 

Douglas  Hospital,  social  service  de- 
partment, 1530  Lombard  St. 

Episcopal  Hospital,  social  service  de- 
partment, Front  St.  and  Lehigh  Ave. 

Frankford  Hospital,  social  service  de- 
partment, Frankford  and  Wakeling 
Sts. 

Friends’  Neighborhood  Guild,15  Fourth 
and  Green  Sts. 

Hahnemann  Hospital,  social  service 
department,  Fifteenth  and  Race  Sts. 

Howard  Hospital,  social  service  de- 
partment, Broad  and  Catherine  Sts. 

3 1 
u2 

8 1 
11 2 

235 

289 

2 

2 

92 

3 

.... 

9 2 

3 

i 

1 

1 

13 1 
1 

1 

1 

13  1 
1 

(3) 

500 

100 

1 

31  > 
7 
2 

1 

6 

(14) 

(14) 

1 

6 

(14) 

(!4) 

(15) 

(15) 

1 

N ork  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available, 
limited.  By  volunteer  inspectors. 
vTo  information  supplied. 

Tophylactic  clinics.  Held  once  a week  in  winter;  every  day  in  summer. 

)riginally  conducted  as  an  experiment  by  the  Child  Federation;  now  part  of  the  school  curriculum. 
Centralizing  agency,  composed  of  organizations  interested  in  the  care  of  babies  and  children,  and  having 
ts  purpose  the  avoidance  of  duplication  of  work  and  the  formulation  of  a comprehensive  program  of 
y work. 

formerly  the  Child  Hygiene  Committee.  As  reorganized,  its  purpose  is  actively  to  advance,  by  original 
constructive  methods,  the  best  interests  of  babies  and  children  in  Philadelphia. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK. 


85 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued, 

being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant- welfare  stations— 

-Continued. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations— 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

Work  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors,  mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

1 

2 

3 

x 

4 

3 

2 

X 

5 

6 

7 

X 

8 

x 

9 

2 X 

10 

11 

12 

1 

1 

1 

x 

13 

14 

x 

15 

16 

X 

X 

X 

X 

18 

5X 

X 

17 

18 

x 

x 

x 

x 

(10) 

(10) 

1 

X 

x 

19 

x 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

20 

} 1 

X 

21 

X 

x 

X 

22 

X 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

2 

x 

X 

x 

23 

x 

x 

(14) 

x 

x 

24 

x 

X 

x 

X 

(H) 

X 

x 

25 

26 

(!4) 

x 

27 

1 

1 

1 

x 

28 

16  1 

16  1 

16  1 

X 

X 

29 

30 

1 

1 

1 

X 

31 

1 

6 

3 

3 

X 

1 

32 

1 

1 

8 Experimental  health  center. 

* Designated  as  field  workers;  in  addition,  1 stenographer,  1 interpreter,  and  1 caretaker. 

10  Milk  not  dispensed,  but  sanitary  inspection  made  of  all  milk  shops  in  25  city  blocks  surrounding  the 
center. 

11 1 prophylactic,  1 “sick”  clinic. 

12  Cooperates  with  Babies’  Hospital  in  prenatal  work. 

13  Health  clinic. 

14  General  nursing  staff. 

15  Work  in  charge  of  city  nurses. 

16  Social  worker  with  medical  training. 


£88 


86 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in  cities 

[Sign  (X)  signifies  that  some  work  is 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 


10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 
21 


25 


I 


State  and  city. 


Agency. 


PENNSYLVANIA— 

continued. 


Philadelphia  (con.).. 


Phoenixville 

Pittsburgh.. 


Jefferson  Hospital,  social  service  de- 
partment, Tenth  and  Sansom  Sts. 

Medico-Chirurgical  Hospital,  social 
service  department,  Eighteenth  and 
Cherry  Sts. 

Methodist  Episcopal  Deaconesses’ 
Home,  611  Vine  St. 

Mothers’  Community  House,  1401 
S.  Front  St. 

Mt.  Sinai  Hospital,  Fifth  and  Reed  Sts. 

Osteopathic  Society,  410  S.  Ninth  St. 

Pennsylvania  Hospital,  social  service 
department,4  Eighth  and  Spruce 
Sts. 

Philadelphia  General  Hospital,  social 
service  department,  Thirty-fourth 
and  Pine  Sts. 

Polyclinic  Hospital,  social  service  de- 
partment,4 Eighteenth  and  Lom- 
bard Sts. 

Presbyterian  Hospital,  social  service 
department,  Thirty-ninth  and  Fil- 
bert Sts. 

Roosevelt  Hospital,  social  service  de- 
partment, 710  N.  Fifth  St. 

Samaritan  Hospital,  social  service  de- 
partment, 3403  N.  Broad  St. 

St.  Christopher’s  Hospital  for  Chil- 
dren, social  service  department, 
Lawrence  and  Huntington  Sts. 

Southwark  Neighborhood  House,4 
101  Ellsworth  St. 

Starr  Center  Assn.,  725  Lombard  St . . . 

University  of  Pennsylvania  Settle- 
ment House,  Twenty-sixth  and 
Lombard  Sts. 

University  of  Pennsylvania  Hospital, 
social  service  department,  Thirty- 
fourth  and  Spruce  Sts. 

Visiting  Nurse  Society  of  Philadel- 
phia, 1340  Lombard  St. 

West  Philadelphia  Hospital  for 
Women,  social  service  department, 
4035  Parrish  St. 

Woman’s  Hospital,  social  service  de- 
partment, 2137  N.  College  Ave. 

W Oman’s  Southern  Homeopathic  Hos- 
pital, social  service  department,  739 
S.  Broad  St. 

Municipal 1 

Municipal  (bureau  of  child  welfare)... 

Babies  Dispensary  of  the  Tuberculo- 
sis League,  2857  Bedford  Ave. 

Pittsburgh  Maternity  Dispensary,9 
3406  Fifth  Ave. 


Infant- welfare  stations. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infants  under  1 year  cared 
for  previous  year. 

Doctors  on  staff. 

Nurses. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Sum- 

mer. 

Winter. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time.  J 

Fulltime. 

Part  time.  | 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

0 

0 

145 

50 

0 

2 

3 

1 

2 

1 

0 

1 

2 

i 

0 

1 

1 

1 

5 263 
0 

1 

4 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

400 

4 

3 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

5 805 
25 

2 

3 

3 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

0 

6 

1 

1 

20 

2 

7 

2 

2, 771 
3,000 

10 

2 

15 

4 

15 

4 

1 No  information  supplied. 

2 Between  mothers  and  nurses. 

3 General  nursing  staff. 

4 Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 
- Under  2 years  of  age. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


87 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued, 

being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant-welfare  stations — Continued. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations — 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

Work  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors,  mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

1 

1 

1 

X 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

X 

x 

X 

1 

x 

2 X 

x 

- | , 

2 

x 

x 

x 

• 

| 

(3) 

x 

x 

X 

x 

| 

(4) 

(4) 

(4) 

(4) 

x 

X 

x 

X 

0) 

(i) 

x 

X 

l 

1 

1 

x 

x 

X 

x 

x 

1 

x 

x 

X 

x 

1 

x 

X 

x 

x 

1 

x 

l 

1 

1 

(6) 

(6) 

(8) 

(6) 

(6) 

(®) 

(3) 

x 

x 

x 

X 

x 

X 

(7) 

(7) 

x 

x 

' 

8 1 

8 1 

81 

X 

x 

X 

X 

x 

15 

x 

x 

x 

X 

x 

X 

x 

X 

1 

4 

9 X 

x 

6 Work  incidental  to  general  nursing  work. 

7 Number  not  supplied. 

8 Social  worker. 

8 Maintains  prenatal  clinic  in  8 different  sections  of  the  city. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  privc 

[Sign  (X)  sign 


State  and  city. 


Agency. 


Infant-w 


Num- 

ber. 


PENNSYLVANIA — 

continued. 


Pittston 


Plymouth. 
Pottstown 
Pottsville . 
Reading. . . 


Scranton.. 

Shamokin. 


Sharon 

Shenandoah 

South  Bethlehem . 
Steelton 


Sunbury 

Uniontown... 

Warren 

Washington.. 
West  Chester. 
Wilkes-Barre. 


Wilkinsburg. 
Williamsport. 
Y ork 


Municipal 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn,  of  Pittston  and 
West  Pittston,  59£  S.  Main  St. 

Municipal 

do 

do 

do 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  4291  Walnut  St. 

Municipal 

do 

Shamokin  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  800 
E.  Sunbury  St. 

Municipal 3 

do 

do 

do 

Civic  Club 

Municipal 

Organized  Charity  Committee  4 

Municipal 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  40  N.  Washing- 
ton St. 

Municipal 

do 

do 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  800  E.  Market  St. 


24 


2 1 


202 


194 


RHODE  ISLAND. 


Central  Falls 

Cranston  (post- 
office,  Providence). 


Municipal. 
do 


49 


Cumberland 

East  Providence. 


Newport... 

Pawtucket. 


Providence. 


Warwick. 


Cranston  Anti-Tuberculosis  Assn 
Nichols  St. 

Municipal 

do 

District  Nursing  and  Anti-Tubercu- 
losis Assn.,  18  Taunton  Ave. 

Municipal 

Newport  Hospital,  visiting  nurse  de- 
partment. 

Municipal 

Associated  Charities,  209  Oak  Hall 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  209  Oak  Hall 

Municipal  (division  of  child  hygiene). . 
Providence  District  Nursing  Assn.,  109  1 r 
Washington  St.  A 0 

Baby  Welfare  Committee9 1 

Municipal 3 1 

Warwick  Health  League,  Apponaug. . 


(5) 


301 
6 217 

3 2, 980 


1 Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

2 Station  open  one  afternoon  each  week. 

3 No  information  supplied. 

4 Provides  milk  for  poor  and  sick  babies.  Mothers  given  instruction. 
6 Number  not  supplied. 

6 For  period  of  8 months. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK 


89 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued. 


7 Includes  2 school  nurses. 

8 Age  not  specified. 

9 Composed  of  representatives  from  the  health  department,  Providence  District  Nursing  Assn.,  Provi- 
dence branch,  Congress  of  Mothers,  Council  of  Jewish  Women,  Immigration  Education  Assn..,  and  Fed- 
eral Hill  Assn. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  worlc,  by  municipal  and  private  a 

[Sign  (X)  signifies 


State  and  city. 


RHODE  ISLAND— cod. 
Woonsocket 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


Charleston. 
Columbia . . 


Greenville. 


Spartanburg 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 


Aberdeen. . 
Sioux  Falls. 


TENNESSEE. 


Chattanooga . 

Jackson. 

Knoxville. . . 


Memphis. 

Nashville. 


TEXAS. 


Austin 

Beaumont. . 
Brownsville. 

Cleburne 

Dallas 


Denison. 
El  Paso. 


Fort  Worth. 


Galveston. 
Houston. . 


Laredo... 

Marshall. 


Palestine. 
Paris 


Agency. 


Municipal 

Woonsocket  Anti-Tuberculosis  Assn, 
and  District  Nursing  Assn.,  194  Main 
St. 


Municipal 

do 

Columbia  Children’s  Clinic1 

Municipal 

Children’s  Charity  Circle,2 * *  406  Arling- 
ton Ave. 

Municipal 

Health  League, 


Municipal. 
do 


Municipal 

— do 

....do 

Child's  Free  Clinic5 

Municipal 

Associated  Charities 

Municipal  (bureau  of  infant  welfare).. 


Municipal 

do 

do 

do.  s 

...do 

Infants’  Welfare  and  Milk  Assn,  of 
Dallas,  1307  Southerstone  Life  Bldg. 

Municipal8 

do 

Woman’s  Charity  Assn.,8  405  S.  Camp- 
bell St. 

Municipal 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.8 

Municipal 

do 

Houston  Settlement  Assn. ; 61  Gabel  St. 
Social  Service  Federation,  Court- 
house. 

Municipal 

do 

Civic  Club  8 

Municipal 

do 


Infant-welfar 


Num- 

ber. 


'O  > 

§1 


<*) 

2,309 


(6) 


1,130 


»250 


1 Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

* Affiliated  with  American  Red  Cross  Town  and  Country  Nursing  Servii 

* Services  discontinued. 

* By  school  nurse. 

8 Children  under  12  years  of  age  loceived. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK, 


91 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued, 

being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant-welfare  stations — Continued. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations— 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

W ork  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors,  mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

X 

1 

1 

* 

XX 

0) 

0) 

1 

1 

1 

X 
1 X 

3 1 

a 1 

* X 

1 X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

XX 

X 

3 

X X 

f 

X 

X 

X 

X 

1 

{ . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

4 

X 

X XX 

1 X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

2 

X 

X 

X 

1 

1 

1 X 

XX 

X 

X 

2 

2 

X 

XX 

XX 

2 

2 

XX 

6 Number  not  supplied. 

7 1ncludes  6 school  nurses. 

8 No  information  supplied. 

9 Age  not  specified. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

!! 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  priva 

[Sign  (X)  signi 


State  and  city 


Agency. 


Infant-w< 


Num- 

ber. 


(H  O 

■SI 


texas— continued. 

San  Angelo 

San  Antonio 

Municipal. 
do ... . 

Sherman 

do.1. . . 

Temple  

do ... . 

Texarkana 2 

do ... . 

Tyler 

do.1 

Waco 

do.1. . . 

UTAH. 

Ogden 

Municipal. 

Salt  Lake  City 

Neighborhood  House 1 . 


(3) 


VERMONT. 

Barre 

Burlington 

Rutland 

VIRGINIA. 


Municipal 

do 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  174  Pearl  St . 

Municipal 

Missionary  Assn.,  Mead  Bldg 


125 


Alexandria. 
Danville . . . 


Lynchburg 

Newport  News. 
Norfolk 


Petersburg. . 
Portsmouth. 
Richmond . . 


Roanoke . 
Staunton 


Municipal 

Instructive  Visiting  Nurse  Society 1 

Municipal “ 

The  Ministering  Circle  of  King’s  

Daughters,  101  Mount  Vernon  Ave. 

Wesley  House,1  Upper  St 

Municipal 

do 

do | 

King’s  Daughters  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  i 2 
314  W.  Freemason  St. 

Municipal 

do.1 

do 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  223  S.  Cherry  St 

Municipal 

do 

Community  Welfare  League. 


2 (3) 


WASHINGTON. 


Aberdeen. . 
Bellingham 
Everett 


North  Yakima 
Seattle 


Municipal 

do 

do 

Snohomish  County  public  health 
nurse,  county  commissioner’s  office. 

Municipal 

Municipal  (child  welfare  division) 7 

Deaconess  Settlement,  1519  Rainier 
Ave. 

Fruit  and  Flower  Mission,  52  Cobb 
Bldg. 

King  County  public  health  nurse,8 
510  Cobb  Bldg. 


1 No  information  supplied. 

2 See  Texarkana,  Ark. 

3 Number  not  supplied. 

4 1 regular;  2 additional  when  needed. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


93 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued, 

being  done  in  the  field  designated.] 


Infant-welfare  stations — Continued. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  inlant- 
welfare  stations— 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

Work  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of  i 
doctors,  mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

XX 

X 

X 

X 

X 

1 

1 

5X 

X 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

X 

XX  X X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

8 



X 

X 

7 

10 

7 

10 

5 

10 

XX 

5X 

XX 

1 

1 

1 

X 

X 

1 

1 

X 

X 

X 

X 

1 

X 

1 

1 

5 Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

6 School  nurses. 

7 Chiefly  employed  in  regulation  and  improvement  of  boarding  homes  for  children. 

8 Association  supports  a mothers’  training  school. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

(23 

f 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

[38 

139 

40 


94 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


Table  1. — Infant-welfare  work  by  municipal  and  private  agencies  in  cities 

[Sign  ( x ) signifies  that  some  work  is 


State  and  city. 

Agency. 

Infant-welfare  stations. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infants  under  1 year  cared 
for  previous  year. 

Doctors  on  staff. 

Nurses. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Sum- 

mer. 

Winter. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

6 

| 

i 

Ph 

Part  time. 

WASHINGTON — COntd. 

Municipal 

✓ 

Social  "Service  Bureau,  415  Lindelle 
Bldg. 

Municipal 

Walla  Walla 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

Bluefield 

Municipal 

do." 

Huntington 

do 

Martinsburg 

do 

Parkersburg 

do.3 

Wheeling 

do 

WISCONSIN. 
Appleton 

Municipal 

Ashland 

Beloit 

do 

Eau  Claire  

Beloit  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  1400 
Fourth  St. 

Municipal 

Fond  du  Lac 

Eau  Claire  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  308| 
S.  Barstow  St. 

Municipal 

Green  Bay 

Janesville 

\ 

Kenosha 

Civic  League 

Municipal 

/— 

La  Crosse 

do 

1 

Madison 

Associated  Charities  of  La  Crosse, 
Courthouse. 

Municipal 

J 

Manitowoc 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  322  S.  Hamil- 
ton St. 

Municipal 

Marinette  

do 

Milwaukee  

Municipal  (child  welfare  division) 

7 

4 

2,220 

25 

4 15 

15 

Oshkosh 

Infant  Home  and  Hospital 1 2 

Milwaukee  Maternity  Hospital  and 
Free  Dispensary  Assn.,  1529  Grand 
Ave. 

Municipal 

Racine 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  81  Main  St 

Municipal *. 

Sheboygan 

do 

Superior 

Associated  Charities,  721  Ontario  Ave. . 

Woman’s  Club,  civics  committee  1 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn 

Municipal 

W ausau 

do 

WYOMING. 

Cheyenne 

Municipal 3 

40 


1 Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

2 Nurse  partly  supported  by  private  organizations.  Names  of  organizations  not  supplied, 

I No  information  supplied. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK, 


95 


and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of  10,000  and  over , 1915 — Continued, 

being  dono  in  the  field  designated.] 


/ 

Infant- welfare  stations— 

Continued. 

Instruction  in  infant 
hygiene  in  homes 
by  nurses  not  con- 
nected with  infant- 
welfare  stations— 
Number  of  nurses. 

Prenatal 

work. 

Little  Mothers’  Leagues  or  classes. 

Work  by  nurses  to  prevent  infant  blindness. 

City  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

Instruction  given  to 
mothers. 

Milk  dis- 
pensed. 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Nurses. 

Supporting  an  obstetrical 
clinic. 

By  conferences  of 
doctors,  mothers, 
and  nurses. 

In  their  own 
homes  by  nurses. 

By  classes  and 
clubs. 

By  pamphlets,  cir- 
culars, etc. 

Whole. 

Modified. 

Full  time. 

Part  time 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

1 

x 

X 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

x 

3 

4 

5 

1 X 

6 

7 

2 1 

2 1 

2 1 

X 

1 X 

g 

9 

1 

x 

10 

x 

11 

x 

12 

I 

x 

13 

1 

1 

1 

2 

, 

X 

14 

1 

x 

15 

1 

l 

1 

16 

17 

18 

1 

x 

I19 

\20 

0) 

(l) 

X 

x x 

21 

r 22 

3 

3 

X 

X 

1 X 

1 23 

x 

24 

l 

i 

1 

X 

25 

X 

26 

27 

X 

X 

X 

x 

X 

x 

2 

x 

x 

x 

X 

28 

29 

0) 

(!) 

0) 

(1) 

1 

x 

x 

30 

5 1 

5 1 

X 

X 

31 

1 

1 

1 

32 

1 

l 

x 

X 

33 

x 

34 

1 

1 

35 

36 

- 

1 

1 

1 

37 

1 

1 

i x 

38 

x 

39 

40 

4 4 school  nurses  in  addition, 
6 School  nurse, 


96 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK. 


Table  2. — Examples  of  infant-welfare  wort  in  cities  and  towns  having  a population  in 
1910  of  less  than  10,000,  1915. 


Infant-welfare 

stations. 

Instruction 

in 

homes1 — 
Number  of 
nurses. 

k 

<x> 

co 

3 

a 

o 

CO 

CD 

a 

© 

Hp  CO 
^ © 

§1 

© 

> 

© . 
si  co 

ft£ 
o a 

■^‘ra 

CO  rt 

© .y 

COi ( 

3-° 

State  and  city. 

Agency. 

Num- 

ber. 

Nurses. 

.a  ® 

S| 

<3 

a 

a 

3 

M 

t-H 

<D 

d 

6 

a 

6 

a 

c3 

Ph 

6 

a 

6 

a 

Fh 

c3 

Pm 

^ C3 

_ & 

c3 

3 

a 

® 

Si 

Ph 

O 

a 

<D 

3 

O 

£ 

Alabama: 

Clanton 

Chilton  County  Health  Committee 2.. . 

i 

i 

1 

v 

Arizona: 

Jerome 

Yavapai  County  nurse 2 

1 

A 

California: 

Monrovia 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn 

i 

1 

Connecticut: 

Branford.., 

Branford  Visiting  Nurse  Assn 

i 

Canaan 

North  Canaan  Visiting  Nurse  Assn2 . . 

i 

1 

Lime  Rock 3 * 

Lime  Rock  and  Falls  Village  Visiting 

i 

1 

1 

v 

Litchfield 

Nurses  Assn. 

District  Nursing  Assn.2 

1 

i 

1 

X 

A 

X 

Rockville 

Rockville  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  42  Elm 
St. 

Woman’s  Relief  Assn.,  218  Twelfth  St. 

i 

Florida: 

Miami 

i 

1 

v 

Georgia: 

La  Grange 

La  Grange  Settlement 

i 

1 1 

A 

v 

Illinois: 

Kewanee 

Civic  Nurse  Board  of  Kewanee 

1 

i 

1 

1 

A 

X 

Ottawa 

Woman’s  Club. 

Ottawa  Public  Health  nursing  organi- 
zation.2 

Relief  and  Aid  Society  of  Winnetka 

i 

1 

Wirmetka. 

i 

1 

V 

Kentucky: 

Benham 

Y.  M.  C.  A 

\ 

l 

1 

A 

Wisconsin  Steel  Co. ................... 

r - 

Fulton 

City  Health  and  Welfare  League  2 

J 

i 

Hazard 

Perry  County  Nursing  Assn.2 

i 

1 

1 

v 

Maysville 

Mason  County  Public  Health  League 2. 

i 

A 

Pine  Mountain. . 

Pine  Mountain  Settlement  School 

i 

1 

x 

Maine: 

Kennebunk 

Kennebunk  Visiting  Nurse  Assn 

2 

2 

X 

X 

x 

Rumford 

Rumford  District  Nursing  Assn., 
Bank  Bldg. 

Cambridge  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.2 

3 

Maryland: 

Cambridge 

1 

1 

Massachusetts: 

Danvers 

Danvers  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  post- 
office  box  144. 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn 

(5 6 7) 

(5L 

2 

x 

Great  Barring- 
ton. 

Hamilton  and 

61 

«1 

2 

Visiting  Nurse  Committee  of  Hamilton 
and  Wenham,  post-office  Union  St., 
Hamilton. 

Holden  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  post- 
office  box  107. 

Lancaster  Social  Service  Assn 

1 

1 

X 

X 

x 

Wenham. 
Holden 

1 

1 

Lancaster 

1 

1 

Leicester 

Leicester  Samaritan  Assn.,  post-office 
box  45. 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.2 

l 

1 

x 

x 

Manchester 

1 

Medfield  and 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn,  of  Medfield  and 
Dover,  post-office  box  7,  Medfield. 
Middleboro  District  Nursing  Assn 

1 

1 

Dover. 

Middleboro 

1 

1 

Milton 

Milton  Visiting  Nurse  Assn 

1 

1 

x 

Needham 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  101  PickeringSt. 

1 

1 

x 

Norwood 

Norwood  Civic  Assn.,  840  Washington 
St. 

Pepperell  District  Nurse  Assn. 

72 

X 

Pepperell 

1 

Rockland 

Rockland  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  65 
Vernon  St. 

District  Nurse  Assn 

1 

X ' 

Stoughton 

1 . 

1 

X 

1 By  nurses  not  connected  with  infant-welfare  stations. 

2 Affiliated  with  American  Red  Cross  Town  and  Country  Nursing  Service. 

3 Nurse’s  district  consists  of  2 small  villages  and  surrounding  farms. 

* Additional  help  by  students  in  training  in  general  hospital. 

6 W ork  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

6 Baby-feeding  clinic. 

7 1 additional  nurse  in  summer. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 


97 


Table  2. — Examples  of  infant-welfare  work  in  cities  and  towns  having  a population  in 
1910  of  less  than  10,000,  1915 — Continued. 


Infant-welfare 

stations. 

Instruction 

in 

homes1 — 
Number  of 
nurses. 

c/T 

g 

a 

a 

o 

<2 

3 

to 

a 

© 

© . 

State  and  city. 

Agency. 

-Num- 

ber. 

Nurses. 

o -g 

c3 

<x> 

"w  CO 

JJ 

\T  © 
° 0 

© a 

y.  si 

Summer. 

Winter. 

Fulltime. 

| Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

^ C3 

_ ft 
C3 
"8 
a 
© 
t-i 

ft 

O 

§ 

o 

3 

H 

o 

£ 

Massachusetts — Con . 

Swampscott  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  6 
New  Ocenn  St. 

Walpole  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  post- 
office  box  207. 

1 

i 

X 

X 

1 

i 

21 

Michigan: 

Winchendon  Woman’s  Club,  142 
Pleasant  St. 

Mutual  Aid  and  Neighborhood  Club,3 
60  Oak  St. 

Pewabic  Visiting  Nurse,  406  West  E St. 

1 

1 

1 

i 

Farms. 

Iron  Mountain. . 

1 

i 

X 

Minnesota: 

Hibbing 

1 

i 

x 

x 

Red  Wing 

1 

i 

Rochester^ 

1 

i 

x 

New  Hampshire: 
Lebanon 

Lebanon  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  31 
High  St. 

Lisbon  District  Nursing  Assn  . . , 

1 

i 

X 

Lisbon 

1 

New  Jersey: 

Bernardsville. . . 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn,  of  Somerset  Hills 5 
Woman’s  Civic  Club,  5 Elizabeth  St 

2 

2 

X 

Dover 

1 

Englewood 

Babies  Dispensary  of  Englewood 
Hospital,  22  Van  Brunt  St. 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn,  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church,  41  E.  Englewood  A ire. 
Neighborhood  House 3 

1 

1 

1 

• 1 

X 

X 

X 

X 

x 

1 

1 

Franklin 

6 1 

6 1 

1 

Madison 

Town  Improvement  Settlement  House, 
36  Main  St. 

"Woman’s  League,  49  Grant  St 

1 

1 

(7) 

(7) 

(7) 

1 

x 

Mount  Holly 

New  York: 

Northern  West- 
Chester 
County 
territory  di- 
vided into 
the  following 
districts— 
Mount  Kisco, 
Bedford 
Hills,  Bed- 
ford, Pound 
Ridge,  Mid- 
dle Patent. 
Katonah, 

1 

District  Nursing  Assn,  of  Northern 
Westchester  County.8 

do 

1 

1 

x 

X 

1 

1 

Golden- 
bridge, 
North  Sa- 
lem, Purdys 
Station, 
Croton  Falls, 
Somers, 
Somers  Cen- 
ter, South 
Salem,  Cross 
River,  Lake 
Waccabuc, 
Le  wisboro, 
Lincolndale. 

J By  nurses  not  connected  with  infant- welfare  stations. 

2 Additional  nurse  in  summer. 

8 Affiliated  with  American  Red  Cross  Town  and  Country  Nursing  Service. 

* Work  reported.  Detailed  information  not  available. 

6  Rural  area,  comprising  several  small  villages  in  a diameter  of  about  10  miles. 

6 Weekly  conference  between  mothers  and  nurses;  babies  weighed;  mothers  instructed. 

7 Number  not  supplied. 

8 Secretary  of  District  Nursing  Assn,  of  Northern  Westchester  County,  Miss  Delia  W.  Marble,  Bedford. 

36248°— 16 7 


98  TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 


Table  2. — Examples  of  infant-welfare  work  in  cities  and  towns  having  a population  in 
1910  of  less  than  10,000,  1915 — Continued. 


Infant-welfare 

stations. 

Instruction 

in 

homes1 — 
Number  of 
nurses. 

© 

s 

a 

0 
© 

1 

i 

g . 

II 

11 

State  and  city. 

Agency. 

Num- 

ber. 

Nurses. 

>n 

8 

co  S 

Summer,  j 

Winter. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

^ 03 

o3 

03 

S 

£ 

a 

3 

5-g 

■ST 

$ 

New  York — Contd. 

Northern  West- 
Chester 
County, 
etc. — Con. 

Pleasantville , 
Briar  Cliff, 
Briar  Cliff 
Manor,  and 
Sherman 
Park  north 
of  the  bridge. 

District  Nursing  Assn,  of  Northern 
Westchester  County. 

do 

1 

1 

X 

1 

1 

x 

Heights, 
Amaw  a 1 k , 
Kitchawa  n, 
E 1 m s f o rd, 
East  view, 
West  Som- 
ers, Baldwin 
Place. 

Chappa  qua, 
Mill  wood, 
Hawthorne, 
V a 1 h alia, 
Kensico,and 
Sherman 
Park  south 
of  the  bridge. 

Cortlandt  dis- 
trict includes 
the  villages 
of  Crugers, 
M o n t r o se, 
Buchanan, 
M o h e gan, 
Crum  Pond, 
Verplanc  k , 
0 sea  wan  a, 
Oregon, 
Furnace 
Woods. 

Ossining, 
Sparta,  and 
Scarborough 

..  do  

1 

1 

x 

do 

1 

1 

X 

...do 

1 

1 

X 

"District, Nursing  Assn  of  Southeast. 

1 

X 

J_>1  CWo  tul  ........ 

Canandaigua 

Dobbs  Ferry, 
Irvington,  and 
Ardsley. 

TTnrriQrm 

Canandaigua  Health  Assn.,  28  Hallen- 
beck  Bldg. 

Welfare  Assn.,  Inc.,  442  Broadway, 
Dobbs  Ferry. 

2 

2 

X 

1 

i 

X 

Harrison  District  Nursing  Assn 

1 

l 

Hastings  upon 
Hudson. 

TT  prlri  m pr 

Infant- welfare  station  2 

1 

1 

1 

x 

Municipal 

1 

l 

X 

Tsl  ip  town 

Islip  Town  Chapter  of  the  American 
Red  Cross  Town  and  Country  Nurs- 
ing Service. 

Purchase  Visiting  Nurse  Assn. 3 

1 

1 

l 

X 

■Rhin  phpplr 

Thompson  House  district  nurse 

1 

P ncl  T7T1 

Roslyn  District  Nursing  Assn.,  Ros- 
lyn  Heights. 

Tn fan t- Welfare  Assn  4 

1 

l 

Qatippp  T?allq 

1 

1 

1 

1 

l 

X 

kJCHCLa  jl  ano.  .... 

Tarrytown  and 
North  Tarry- 
town. 

W appingers 
Falls. 

Woman’s  Civic  League  of  Tarrytown 
and  North  Tarrytown,  127  Wildey 
St. 

Municipal  

1 

l 

K 

1 

1 

X 

X 

1 By  nurses  not  connected  with  infant-welfare  stations. 

2 Maintained  by  private  funds.  In  charge  of  health  officer. 

3 Affiliated  with  American  Red  Cross  Town  and  Country  Nursing  Service. 
* Supported  by  public  funds  and  private  contributions. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


99 


Table  2. — Examples  of  infant-welfare  work  in  cities  and  towns  having  a population  in 
1910  of  less  than  10,000,  1915 — Continued. 


Infant-welfare 

stations. 

Instruction 

in 

homes1 — 
Number  of 
nurses. 

8 

CO 

u 

a 

o 

! 

1 

2 s 
8.9 

m3 

St&te  and  city. 

Agency. 

Num- 

ber. 

Nurses. 

3 

a? 

g 8 

U 

* 

Summer. 

| Winter. 

| Fulltime. 

Part  time. 

Full  time. 

Part  time. 

^ & 

-H  ft 

o3 

+3 

03 

a 

© 

ft 

5 © 

o 

£ 

© 

+3 

+3 

ft 

£ B 
>>e3 

si 

o 

* 

North  Carolina: 

Holman  Association 

1 

1 

X 

Goldsboro  Benevolent  Society 

1 

l 

Anti-Tuberculosis  Society,2  90  Craven 
St. 

Presbyterian  Board  of  Foreign  Mis- 
sions. 3 

Circle ville  Benevolent  Assn.,  114  W. 

1 

1 

Whiterock 

1 

1 

x 

Ohio: 

1 

l 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Cuyahoga  Falls. 

Franklin  St. 

Visiting  Nurse  Committee2 

1 

1 

W Oman’s  Federation  of  Fremont 

1 

Pennsylvania: 

Darby 

Visiting  Nurse  Fund  for  Darby  and 
Vicinity,  117  Chestnut  St. 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  54  E.  Middle  St.. 

1 

1 

Gettysburg 

1 

HaverfordT 

Main  Line  Citizens  Assn,  (main  line 
Pennsylvania  R.  R.  from  Radnor 
to  Over  brook). 4 

Huntsdale  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.5 

2 

2 

X 

Huntsdale 

1 

1 

x 

Kingston 

West  Side  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  470 
Market  St. 

Muncy  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  32 
Green  St. 

New  Jersey  Zinc  Co.2  (of  Pennsyl- 
vania). 

The  Neighborhood  League  (main  line 
Pennsylvania  R.  R.  from  Radnor 
to  Paoli),2  Wayne  Coffee  House. 

Bristol  Fortnightly  Club,  631  Hope  St. 

1 

6 1 

X 

Muncy 

1 

1 

Palmerton 

1 

1 

x 

X 

Wayne 

1 

Rhode  Island: 

Bristol 

1 

1 

East  Greenwich. 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn,  and  Anti-Tuber- 
culosis Assn.,  S.  Main  St. 

Visiting  Nurse  and  Anti-Tuberculosis 
Assn,  of  North  Kingstown  and  Wick- 
ford  (post  office,  Wickford). 
Burrillville  Anti-Tuberculosis  Assn . . . 

1 

1 

X 

North  Kings- 
town. 

Pascoag 

1 

1 

X 

1 

1 

X 

Warren 

Warren  District  Nursing  Assn.,  7 Lyn- 
den  St. 

Brattleboro  Mutual  Aid  Assn.,  1 Canal 
St. 

Montpelier  Woman’s  Club,  138  State 
St. 

Proctor  Hospital  (Vermont  Marble 
Co.). 

Golden  RuleCircleof  King’sDaughters, 
140  Summer  St. 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn.,  Windsor  St 

1 

1 

Vermont: 

Brattleboro 

1 

1 

X 

Montpelier 

1 

x 

Proctor 

3 

(6) 

1 

x 

Springfield 

1 

x 

Windsor 

1 

1 

x 

Virginia: 

Charlottesville . . 

Charlottesville  Public  Health  and 

1 

1 

X 

X 

X 

x 

Hot  Springs 

Nurse  Assn.,  post-office  box  36. 

Hot  Springs  Valley  Nursing  Assn.,2 
post-office  box  284. 

Lena  Morton  Memorial  nurse 

1 

1 

X 

X 

Leesburg 

1 

1 

Lexington 

Civic  League  district  nurse.  - 

1 

1 

Warrenton 

Warrenton  District  Nurse  Assn.2 

1 

1 

Winchester 

District  Nurse  Assn.,  Farmers  and 

1 

1 

X 

Merchants  Bank  Bldg. 

1 By  nurses  not  connected  with  infant-welfare  stations. 

2 Affiliated  with  American  Red  Cross  Town  and  Country  Nursing  Service. 

3 Nurse  works  in  a rural  district  covering  about  50  square  miles;  work  done  in  cooperation  with  American 
Red  Cross  Town  and  Country  Nursing  Service. 

4 Part  of  Philadelphia  Visiting  Nurse  Assn.  Affiliated  with  American  Red  Cross  Town  and  Country 
Nursing  Service. 

5 Mainly  rural  work. 

6 Limited. 


100  TABULAE  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 


Table  2. — Examples  of  infant-welfare  work  in  cities  and  towns  having  a population  in 
1910  of  less  than  10,000,  1915 — Continued. 


State  and  city. 


Washington: 

Mount  Vernon. 

West  Virginia: 
Clarksburg 


Moundsville. 


Wisconsin: 

Neenah  and  Me- 
nasha. 

Rhinelander. . . 
Two  Rivers 


Agency. 


Skagit  County  public  health  nurse, 
post-office  box  583. 

Civic  Club  of  Clarksburg,  363  Mechanic 
St. 

Reynolds  Memorial  Hospital,  social- 
service  department,  Third  St. 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn,  of  Neenah  and 
Menasha. 

Visiting  Nurse  Assn 

Ladies  Charitable  Assn.,  High  School 
Bldg. 


Infant-welfare 
stations.  " 


Num-' 

ber. 


Nurses. 


Instruction 
_ in 

homes 1 — 
Number  of 
nurses. 


(2) 


^ to 

*>  O 


f 

a>  . 

23 

t/J  rj 
<D 


1 By  nurses  not  connected  with  infant-welfare  statipns. 

2 Numbex  not  supplied. 

3 A Metropolitan  Insurance  nurse  aids  in  this  work. 

4 Organized  by  school  nurse. 

Table  3. — Milk  inspection  in  certain  cities  and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of 

10,000  and  over,  1915. 


State  and  city. 


Popula- 
tion, 1910. 


Country 

milk 

inspec- 

tion. 


Dairy  farms. 


Scored. 


Scored  by 
card 

employed 
by  De- 
partment 
of  Agri- 
culture. 


Stores 

selling 

milk 

scored. 


Bacterio- 

logical 

standards 

enforced. 


Pasteur- 

ization 

ordi- 


Alabama: 

Birmingham 

Mobile 

Arizona: 

Phoenix 

Tucson 

Arkansas: 

Little  Rock 

California: 

Berkeley 

Eureka 

Fresno 

Long  Beach 

Los  Angeles 

Oakland 

Pasadena 

Pomona 

Redlands 

Riverside 

Sacramento 

San  Bernardino . . 
San  Francisco  — 

San  Jose 

Santa  Barbara.. . 

Stockton 

Colorado: 

Colorado  Springs . 

Denver 

Pueblo 

Trinidad . 


132,685 

51,521 

11,134 

13,193 

45,941 

40,434 
11,845 
24, 892 
17, 809 
319, 198 
150, 174 
30,291 
10,207 
10,449 
15,212 
44,696 
12, 779 
416,912 
28,946 
11,659 
23, 253 

29,078 
213,381 
44, 395 
10,204 


X 

X 

X 


* Modification  of  Department  of  Agriculture  card. 
2 Milk  depots,  but  not  grocery  and  other  stores. 


X 
1 X 


X 
1 X 


X 
1 X 


2 X 
X 


3 Notify  dairy  when  over  500,000. 

4 Partial  only. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK 


101 


Table  3. — Milk  inspection  in  certain  cities  and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of 
10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued. 


Dairy  farms. 


State  and  city. 


Popula- 
, tion,  1910. 


Country 

milk 

inspec- 

tion. 


Scored. 


Scored  by 
card 

employed 
by  De- 
partment 
of  Agri- 
culture. 


Stores 

selling 

milk 

scored. 


Bacterio- 

logical 

standards 

enforced. 


Pasteur- 

ization 

ordi- 

nance. 


Connecticut: 

Bridgeport 

Greenwich 

Hartford 

Meriden 

New  Haven 

New  London 

Norwalk 

Orange 

Stamford  town 

Waterbury 

Delaware: 

Wilmington  2 

District  of  Columbia: 

Washington 

Florida: 

Jacksonville 

Tampa 

Georgia: 

Augusta 

Brunswick 

Rome 

Way  cross 

Illinois: 

Alton 

Belleville 

Cairo 

Chicago 

Danville 

Elgin 2 

La  Salle,  Peru,  and  Oglesby. 

Moline 

Rockford 

Springfield 

Waukegan 

Indiana: 

Anderson 

East  Chicago 

Fort  Wayne 

Gary 

Indianapolis 

Kokomo 

Logansport 

Marion 

Muncie 

Richmond 

Terre  Haute 

Iowa: 


102,054 
16, 463 
98, 915 
32,066 
133,605 
19,659 
24,211 
11,272 
28,836 
73, 141 

87,411 

331,069 

57,699 

37,782 

41,040 
10, 182 
12,099 
14,485 

17,528 
21, 122 
14,548 
2,185,283 
27,871 
25,976 
(4) 

24, 199 
45,401 
51,678 
16,069 

22,476 
19,098 
63,933 
16,802 
233,650 
17,010 
19,050 
19,359 
24,005 
22,324 
58, 157 


X 

"x 

i'x 


X 

X \ 


X 
X 
X 
5 X 
X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

* X 
X 


Cedar  Rapids. 

Clinton 

Davenport . . . 
Des  Moines. . . 
Mason  City... 
Sioux  City . . . 

Waterloo 

Kansas: 

Coffeyville 

Fort  Scott 2 . . 
Hutchinson 2 . 
Kansas  City . . 
Topeka 


32,811 
25,577 
43,028 
86,368 
11, 230 
47, 828 
26,693 


X 

X 


X 

X 


X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 


X 

X 


X 


X 

X 

X 

X 


X 


X 


X 

X 


12,687 
10,463 
16, 364 
82,331 
43,684 


X 


X X 

X X 


X 

X 


X 

X 


X 


1 Modified. 

2 Limited.  Details  not  supplied. 

8 Not  rigidly. 

* Population  of  La  Salle,  11,537;  of  Peru,  7,984;  population  of  Oglesby  not  given  by  Census  Bureau. 
6 State  board  of  health. 


102  TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK, 


Tabee  3. — Milk  inspection  in  certain  cities  and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of 
10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued. 


Dairy  farms. 


State  and  city. 


Country 

Popula-  milk 
tion,  1910.  inspec- 
tion. 


Scored. 


Scored  by 
card 

employed 
by  De- 
partment 
of  Agri- 
culture. 


Stores 

selling 

milk 

scored. 


Bacterio- 

logical 

standards 

enforced. 


Pasteur- 

ization 

ordi- 

nance. 


Kentucky: 

Henderson . . 
Lexington... 
Louisville . . . 

Newport 

Paducah 

Louisiana: 

Lake  Charles 
New  Orleans. 
Shreveport . . 
Maine: 

Portland 

Maryland: 

Baltimore... 
Cumberland. 
Hagerstown . 
Massachusetts: 


11,452 

35,099 

223,928 

30,309 

22,760 


X 

X 

X 

X 

X 


X 

X 

X 

X 

X 


X 

X 

X 

X 


X 

X 


X 

X 


11,449  X 

339,075  

28,015  X 


X 

X 

X 


X 

X 


X 

X 


X 


58,571 


X 


558,485 

21,839 

16,507 


X 

X 

X 


X 

X 


X 

X 

X 


X 


Arlington 

Attleboro 

Boston 

Brockton 

Brookline 

Cambridge 

Chelsea 

Clinton 

Everett^ 

Fall  River 

Fitchburg 

Framingham . . 

Gardner 

Gloucester 

Greenfield 

Haverhill 

Holyoke 

Lowell 

Lynn 

Malden 

Melrose 

New  Bedford. . 
Newburyport.. 

Newton 

North  Adams.. 
Northampton  3. 

Pittsfield 

Salem 

Somerville 

Southbridge... 

Springfield 

Taunton 

Wakefield 

Waltham 

Westfield 

Winthrop 

Worcester 

Michigan: 

Alpena 

Ann  Arbor 

Battle  Creek. . . 

Bay  City 

Detroit 

Flint 

Grand  Rapids . 

Ironwood 

Jackson 

Kalamazoo 

Lansing 

Manistee 


11, 187 
16,215 
670,585 
56,878 
27,792 
104, 839 
32,452 
13,075 
33,484 
119,295 
37,826 

12.948 
14, 699 
24, 398 
10, 427 
44, 115 
57, 730 

106,294 

89,336 

44. 404 
15,715 
96,652 

14.949 
39,806 
22,019 
19,431 
32, 121 
43, 697 
77,236 
12,592 
88,926 
34,259 

11.404 
27,834 
16,044 
10, 132 

145,986 


X 

X 

X 

X 

X 


X 

X 


X 

X 

X 

X 

X 


X 

X 


X 
X 
X 
X 
1 X 
X 
X 


X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 


X 

X 

X 

X 

X 


X 

X 


X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 


X 


X 

X 


X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 


X 

X 

X 

X 


X 

X 


<x 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 


X 


X 

X 


X 

X 

X 

X 


X 

X 

X 


X 

X 

X 

X 


X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 


X 

X 

X 

X 

X 


X 


X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 


X 


X 


X 


X 


X 

X 


X 


12,706 
14,817 
25,267 
45, 166 
465,766 
38, 550 
112,571 
12,821 
31,433 
39,437 
31,229 
12,381 


X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 


X 

X 

X 


X 

X 


X 

X 

X 


X 

X 

X 


X 

X 


X 


X 


X 


X 


X 

X 

X 

X 

X 


X 


1 Irregularly. 
a With  additions. 


a Limited.  Details  not  supplied. 
* Modified. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK, 


103 


Table  3. — Milk  inspection  in  certain  cities  and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of 
10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued. 


Dairy  farms. 


State  and  city. 


Michigan— Continued 

Marquette 

Menominee. ...... 

Pontiac 

Saginaw 

Sault  Ste.  Marie  4 . 
Minnesota: 

Duluth 

St.  Paul 

Mississippi: 

Jackson 

Missouri: 

Hannibal 

Joplin 

Kansas  City 

St.  Joseph 

St.  Louis 

Montana: 

Billings 

Butte 

Missoula 

Nebraska: 

Lincoln 

Omaha 

Nevada: 

Reno 

New  Hampshire: 

Berlin 

Concord 

Manchester 

Nashua 

New  Jersey: 

Asbury  Park 

Bloomfield 

East  Orange  4 

Hackensack 

Jersey  City 

Kearny 

Long  Branch 

Montclair 

Morristown 

Newark 

Orange6 

Passaic 

Plainfield 

Trenton 

West  Hoboken  3. . 

West  Orange  4 

West  New  York. . 
New  Mexico: 

Albuquerque 

New  York: 

Albany 

Amsterdam 

Buffalo 

Cohoes 

Corning 

Cortland 

Dunkirk 

Glens  Falls 

Hudson 

Ithaca 

Kingston 

Little  Falls 


Popula- 
tion, 1910. 


11.503 

10.507 
14,532 
50, 510 
12,615 

78,466 
214, 744 

21,262 

18, 341 
32,073 
248,381 

77. 403 
687,029 

10,031 
39, 165 
12,869 

43, 973 
124,096 

10,867 

11,780 

21,497 

70,063 

26,005 

10, 150 
15, 070 
34, 371 
14, 050 
267, 779 
18, 659 
13,298 

21. 550 

12. 507 
347, 469 

29, 630 
54,773 

20. 550 
96,815 

35. 403 
10,980 
13,560 

11,020 

100,253 
31,267 
423,715 
24,709 
13, 730 

11. 504 
17,221 
15,243 
11,417 
14, 802 
25,908 
12,273 


Country 

milk 

inspec- 

tion. 


X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
3 X 


Scored. 


Scored  by 
card 

employed 
by  De- 
partment 
of  Agri- 
culture. 


Stores 

selling 

milk 

scored. 


2X 

X 

X 

X 


(5) 

(7) 

X 


Bacterio- 

logical 

standards 

enforced. 


Pasteur- 

ization 

ordi- 

nance. 


X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

1 Limited.  Details  not  supplied. 

2 Where  10  or  more  gallons  are  sold . 

3 Limited. 

4 See  Orange. 

6 Inspect  and  grant  permits. 

6 Milk  inspection  for  the  Oranges  all  under  one  system. 

7 Make  regular  bimonthly  inspections. 


104  TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 

Table  3. — Milk  inspection  in  certain  cities  and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of 
10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued. 


State  and  city. 

Popula- 
tion, 1910. 

Country 

milk 

inspec- 

tion. 

Dairy 

Scored. 

farms. 

Scored  by 
card 

employed 
by  De- 
partment 
of  Agri- 
culture. 

Stores 

selling 

milk 

scored. 

Bacterio- 

logical 

standards 

enforced. 

Pasteur- 

ization 

ordi- 

nance. 

New  York — Continued. 

Mount  Vernon 

30,919 

X 

28, 867 

x 

X 

X 

4,766, 883 

X 

x 

X 

x 

v 

27' 805 

X 

x 

X 

X 

A 

North  Tonawanda 

11,955 

X 

X 

X 

X' 

14, 743 

x 

x 

x 

X 

Ossining 

111  480 

x 

x 

x 

X 

23,368 

x 

x 

11, 138 

x 

x 

X 

Poughkeepsie 

27' 936 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Rensselaer 

10,711 

x 

218' 149 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Saratoga  Springs 

12'  693 

x 

x 

X 

x 

72, 826 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Syracuse 

137^249 

X 

X 

1 X 

X 

X 

X 

Troy 

76,813 

x 

x 

x 

X 

26, 730 

x 

x 

X 

White  Plains 

15, 949 

x 

X 

x 

79' 803 

X 

X 

North  Carolina: 

Charlotte 

34,014 

X 

X 

X 

* 

X 

X 

Durham , 

18, 241 

x 

* x 

Greensboro 

15, 895 

x 

x 

Wilmington 

25, 748 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

North  Dakota: 

Fargo 

14,331 

x 

X 

x 

X 

Ohio: 

Akron 

69, 067 

x 

x 

x 

Canton  

50,217 

x 

x 

X 

x 

Cincinnati 

363,591 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Cleveland 

560, 663 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Columbus 

181,511 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Dayton 

116, 577 

x 

x 

x 

X 

x 

East  Liverpool 

20, 387 

x 

x 

x 

Elyria  

14, 825 

x 

x 

X 

x 

Hamilton 

35, 279 

x 

x 

Ironton 

13, 147 

x 

Lakewood 

15, 181 

x 

Lorain 

28, 883 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Mansfield 

20, 768 

x 

x 

x 

X 

Middletown 

13, 152 

X 

x 

X 

Newark 

25, 404 

x 

Piqua  

13, 388 

x 

X 

Portsmouth 

23, 481 

x 

x 

Sandusky 

19, 989 

x 

X ' 

x 

Springfield 

46, 921 

x 

x 

Toledo 

168, 497 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Warren 

11, 081 

x 

X 

Zanesville 

28’  026 

x 

■ X 

Oklahoma: 

McAlester 

12, 954 

x 

0 klahoma  Cit v 

64, 205 

X 

x 

x 

X 

X 

Tulsa 

18, 182 

X 

Oregon: 

Portland 

207, 214 

X 

X 

X- 

X 

X 

Pennsylvania: 

Altoona 

52, 127 

x 

X 

X 

x 

Connellsville 

12, 845 

x 

x 

Erie 

66, 525 

x 

X 

2X 

X 

x 

Harrisburg 

64, 186 

x 

x 

Lancaster 

47, 227 

x 

X 

Lebanon 

19, 240 

x 

• 

Meadville 

12, 780 

x 

x 

x 

X 

x 

Nanticoke 

18, 877 

x 

X 

x 

New  Castle  8 

36, 280 

Philadelphia 

1,549,008 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Pittsburgh 

533,905 

X 

X 

X 

1 Revised. 

2 Modified. 

8 Work  limited;  by  volunteer  inspectors. 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK, 


105 


Table  3. — Milk  inspection  in  certain  cities  and  towns  having  a population  in  1910  of 
10,000  and  over,  1915 — Continued. 


State  and  city. 


Popula- 
tion, lyiO. 


Country 

milk 

inspec- 

tion. 


Dairy  farms. 


Scored. 


Scored  by 
card 

employed 
by  De- 
partment 
of  Agri- 
culture. 


Stores 

selling 

milk 

scored. 


Bacterio 

logical 

standards 

enforced. 


Pasteur- 

ization 

ordi- 

nance. 


Pennsylvania — Continued. 

Reading 

Scranton 

Warren 

Rhode  Island: 

Central  Falls 

East  Providence 

Newport 

Tawtucket 

Providence 

Woonsocket 1 

South  Carolina: 

Greenville 

Tennessee: 

Chattanooga 

Jackson 

Knoxville 

Memphis 

Nashville 

Texas: 

Austin 

Beaumont 

El  Paso 

Marshall. . , 

San  Antonio 

Texarkana2 

Utah: 

Ogden 

Salt  Lake  City 

Vermont: 

Barre 

Rutland 

Virginia: 

Danville 

Lynchburg 

Newport  News 

Norfolk 

Roanoke 

Washington: 

Everett.. 

North  Yakima 

Seattle ' 

Spokane 

Tacoma 

West  Virginia: 

Wheeling 

Wisconsin: 

Appleton 

Ashland 3 

Beloit 

Madison 

Manitowoc 3 

Milwaukee 

Oshkosh 

Racine 

Sheboygan 

Wausau 


96, 071 
129, 867 
11, 080 

22,754 
15, 808 
27, 149 
51, 622 
224, 326 

38. 125 

15,741 

44, 604 
15,779 
36,346 
131, 105 
110,364 

29, 860 

20. 640 
39,279 

11.452 
96, 614 
15, 445 

25,580 
92, 777 

10, 734 
13, 546 

19, 020 
29, 494 
20, 205 

67. 452 
34, 874 

24, 814 
14, 082 
237, 194 
104,402 
83, 743 

41.641 

16, 773 
11, 594 

15. 125 
25, 531 
13, 027 

373, 857 
33, 062 
38, 002 
26, 398 
16, 560 


1 Limited. 

2 Figures  shown  are  for  Texarkana,  Ark.,  and  Texarkana,  Tex. 

3 Limited.  Details  not  supplied. 


r 


Table  4. — Summary  of  State  laws  and  rulings  relating  to  the  prevention  of  blindness  from  babies ’ sore  eyes  (no  county  or  city  acts,  ordinances,  or 

rulings  included). 

fBased  on  statement  published  by  National  Committee  for  the  Prevention  of  Blindness,  revised  to  include  the  laws  of  1915.  References  are  to  session  laws  unless  otherwise 

specified.] 


106 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK. 


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1 See  p.  112  for  details. 


rulings  included) — Continued. 


108 


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Table  4. — Summary  of  State  laws  and  rulings  relating  to  the  prevention  of  blindness  from  babies’  sore  eyes  (no  county  or  city  acts , ordinances , or 

rulings  included ) — Continued. 


110  TABULAE  STATEMENT  OF  INF  ANT- WELFARE  WORK. 


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DETAILS  OF  THE  STATE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  REPORTING  BABIES’ 

SORE  EYES. 

[References  are  to  session  laws  unless  otherwise  specified.] 

Arkansas. — Inflamed,  swollen,  reddened,  discharging  eyes  of  infant  at  any  time  to 
be  reported,  within  6 hours,  by  midwife,  nurse,  or  other  person  having  charge,  to 
health  officer  or  physician.  Ruling  State  Board,  of  Health,  1913. 

California. — Inflamed,  reddened,  swollen,  discharging  eyes  of  infant  under  2 weeks 
to  be  reported  by  physician  or  other  practitioner,  midwife,  nurse,  parent,  or  other 
person  having  charge,  within  24  hours,  to  health  officer.  Penalty,  not  more  than 
$50;  for  second  offense,  not  more  than  $100;  for  third  offense  and  thereafter,  not 
more  than  $200;  third  conviction  sufficient  cause  for  revocation  of  midwife’s  or  phy- 
sician’s license,  etc.  1915,  c.  724,  p.  1431. 

Colorado. — Inflamed,  reddened,  discharging  eyes  of  infant  under  2 weeks,  should 
no  physician  be  in  attendance,  to  be  reported  by  parent,  nurse,  or  other  person  in 
charge,  to  local  health  officer  or  legally  qualified  physician.  Penalty,  not  to  exceed 
$300.  Regulation  No.  28,  State  Board  of  Health,  adopted  Feb.  7,  1916. 

Connecticut—  Inflamed,  swollen,  reddened . eyes  of  infant  under  2 weeks  to  be 
reported  by  midwife,  nurse,  or  attendant,  within  six  hours,  to  health  officer.  Penalty, 
not  more  than  $200.  Gen.  Stat.  1902,  s.  2535. 

District  of  Columbia. — Inflamed,  discharging  eyes  of  newborn  child  to  be  reported 
by  midwife  or  attendant  other  than  physician,  within  six  hours,  to  health  officer.  ' 
Midwife  or  attendant  must  not  treat,  disease.  Penalty,  not  more  than  $40.  RegvXa-  \ 
tions  of  commissioners  of  August  25,  1911,  effective  September  27,  1911. 

Idaho. — Inflamed,  swollen,  reddened,  discharging  eyes  of  infant  under  2 weeks  to 
be  reported  by  midwife,  nurse,  or  other  person  having  charge,  within  six  hours,  to 
health  officer  or  physician.  Penalty,  not  more  than  $100  or  90  days,  or  both.  Rev.  ' 
Codes,  1908,  s.  1108. 

Illinois. — Inflamed,  swollen,  reddened,  discharging  eyes  of  infant  under  2 weeks 
to  be  reported  by  physician,  midwife,  nurse,  parent,  etc.,  within  six  hours,  to  health 
officer.  Penalty,  $10  to  $100.  1915,  p.  366. 

Indiana. — Inflamed,  swollen,  reddened,  discharging  eyes  of  infant  under  2 weeks 
to  be  reported  by  parents  or  attendant,  within  six  hours,  to  health  officer.  Penalty, 
$10  to  $50.  Burns's  Anno.  Stat.  1914,  s.  7607d. 

Kansas. — Ophthalmia  neonatorum  to  be  reported  by  physicians.  Resolution  State  1‘ 
Board  of  Health. 

Kentucky. — Inflamed,  swollen,  reddened,  or  discharging  eyes  of  infant  under  30  \ 
days  to  be  reported  by  physician,  midwife,  nurse,  parent,  within  six  hours,  to  health  i 
officer.  Physicians,  mid  wives,  nurses  to  be  instructed  annually  in  regard  to  recog-  ' 
nizing  and  treating  the  disease.  Penalty,  not  more  than  $100,  or,  for  persistent  failure,  < 
revocation  of  license.  Carroll’s  Stat.  1915,  vol.  l,  s.  2062b: 

Louisiana. — Red,,  swollen,  inflamed,  discharging  eyes  of  infant  under  2 weeks  to  be 
reported  by  physician,  midwife,  nurse,  parent,  or  other  attendant,  within  six  hours, 
to  health  officer,  Penalty  for  first  offense,  not  more  than  $50;  for  second  offense, 
not  more  than  $100;  and  for  third  offense  and  thereafter,  not  more  than  $200  or  revo- 
cation of  physician’s  or  midwife’s  license.  191 4,  No.  174,  p.  292. 

Maine. — Reddened,  inflamed  eyes  of  infant  under  4 weeks  to  be  reported  by  mid- 
wife, nurse,  or  person  having  charge,  at  once,  to  physician.  Penalty,  not  more  than 
$100  or  six  months.  Rev.  Stat.  1903,  c.  18,  s.  90. 

Maryland. — Reddened,  inflamed,  swollen,  discharging  eyes  of  infant  under  2 weeks 
to  be  reported  by  midwife,  nurse,  or  other  attendant  than  physician,  immediately, 
to  health  officer  or  physician.  Penalty,  not  more  than  $5.  Anno.  Code,  vol.  3,  1914 , 
art.  43,  s.  79. 

Massachusetts. — Inflamed,  swollen,  red,  discharging  eyes  of  infant  under  2 weeks 
to  be  reported  by  physician,  nurse,  relative,  or  other  attendant,  within  six  hours,  to 
health  officer,  Penalty,  physician,  not  less  than  $50  npr  more  than  $200;  other,  not 
more  than  $100.  Rev.  Laws,  1902,  c.  75,  s.  49,  as  amended  1914,  c.  177;  s.  50,  as  amended 
1907,  c.  480.  # J| 

Michigan. — Redness,  swelling,  inflammation  or  discharge  of  eyes  of  infant  under  2 
weeks  to  be  reported  by  midwife,  nurse,  or  person  having  charge,  within  six  hours, 
to  physician.  Penalty,  not  more  than  $100  or  six  months,  or  both.  1913,  No.  123 , 

p.  221. 

112 


TABULAE  STATEMENT  OF  INF  ANT- WELFARE  WORK.  113 


Minnesota. — Inflamed,  reddened,  diseased  eyes  of  infant  under  2 months  to  be 
reported  by  midwife,  nurse,  parent,  or  other  person  having  charge,  within  12  hours, 
to  health  officer.  Infraction  a misdemeanor.  Regulation  State  Board  of  Health. 

Mississippi. — Inflamed,  reddened,  swollen,  discharging  eyes  of  infant,  within 
2 weeks,  to  be  reported  by  physician,  midwife,  nurse,  relative,  maternity  home  or 
hospital,  parent,  or  other  person  in  attendance,  within  six  hours,  to  local  health 
officer.  Penalty,  first  offense  $50;  second,  $100;  and  thereafter,  $200.  1916,  c.  115. 

Missouri. — Red,  swollen,  discharging  eyes  of  infant  under  3 weeks  to  be  reported, 
at  once,  by  midwife,  muse,  or  person  having  charge,  to  physician.  Penalty,  $10  to 
$100,  or  not  more  than  six  months,  or  both.  Rev.  Stat.  1909,  ss.  8321-8323. 

Nebraska. — Ophthalmia  neonatorum  classed  as  a contagious  disease;  physician 
required  to  report  to  State  board  of  health  within  24  hours;  head  of  family  or  other 
person  to  report  to  local  board  of  health.  Rules  and  Regulations,  Nov.  9,  1915. 

New  Hampshire. — Inflamed,  swollen,  reddened,  discharging  eyes  of  infant  under  2 
weeks  to  be  reported  by  midwife,  nurse,  or  person  having  charge,  within  six  hours, 
to  the  board  of  health;  physicians  to  report  within  24  hours.  Penalty,  not  more 
than  $25.  1915,  c.  85. 

New  Jersey. — Inflamed,  swollen,  reddened,  discharging  eyes  of  infant  under  2 weeks 
to  be  reported  by  midwife,  nurse,  or  other  attendant  than  physician,  within  six  hours, 
to  board  of  health.  Penalty,  $50.  Comp.  Stat.  1910,  Health,  p.  2733. 

New  York. — Inflamed,  reddened  eyes  of  infant  under  2 weeks  to  be  reported  by 
midwife,  nurse,  or  other  person  having  charge,  immediately,  to  health  officer  or 
physician.  Midwife,  nurse,  etc.,  must  not  use  remedies.  Infraction  a misdemeanor. 
Con.  Laws  1909,  c.  40,  Penal  Law,  s.  482.  Public  Health  Manual,  State  Dept,  of  Health , 
p.  129. 

North  Carolina. — Inflamed,  reddened  eyes  of  infant  under  2 weeks  to  be  reported 
by  midwife,  nurse,  or  person  acting  as  nurse,  within  six  hours,  to  health  officer  or 
physician.  Penalty,  $5  to  $10.  1915,  c.  272. 

North  Dakota. — Inflamed,  swollen,  reddened,  discharging  eyes  of  infant  under  2 
weeks  to  be  reported  by  parents  or  other  attendant  than  physician,  within  six  hours, 
to  health  officer.  Penalty,  $10  to  $50.  Comp.  Laws,  1913,  s.  3170. 

Ohio. — Inflamed,  swollen,  reddened,  discharging  eyes  of  infant  under  2 weeks  to  be 
reported  by  physician,  midwife,  muse,  parent,  relative,  or  other  attendant,  etc., 
within  six  hours,  to  local  health  officer.  Penalty,  $50  to  $100,  and  $100  to  $300  for 
second  or  subsequent  offense.  Gen.  Code,  1910,  ss.  1248-1  to  1248-7  as  added  by  1915, 
p . 321 . (See  also  s.  1 2787 .) 

Oregon. — Inflamed,  swollen,  or  reddened  eyes  of  infant  under  2 weeks  to  be  reported 
by  midwife,  nurse,  or  other  person  having  charge,  within  24  hours,  to  health  officer 
or  physician.  Penalty,  $25  to  $100,  or  not  more  than  30  days,  or  both.  1915,  c.  210. 

Pennsylvania. — Inflamed  eyes  of  infant  to  be  reported  by  physician  to  health  officer 
or  State  department  of  health.  Inflamed,  swollen,  reddened  eyes  of  infant  under  2 
weeks  to  be  reported  by  midwife,  nurse,  or  other  person  having  care  of  infant,  within 
six  hours,  to  health  officer  or  State  department  of  health  and  physician.  Penalty, 
$20  to  $100,  or  10  to  30  days,  or  both.  1913,  No.  295. 

Rhode  Island. — Inflamed,  reddened,  swollen,  discharging  eyes  of  infant  under  2 
weeks  to  be  reported  by  midwife,  nurse,  or  other  person  having  charge,  within  six 
hours,  to  health  officer  or  physician.  Penalty,  not  more  than  $100,  or  six  months, 
or  both.  Gen.  Laws  1909,  c.  343,  s.  25,  as  amended  1914,  c.  1081. 

South  Carolina. — Inflamed,  reddened  eyes  of  infant  at  any  time  after  birth  to  be 
reported  by  midwife,  nurse,  or  other  person  having  charge,  immediately,  to  health 
officer.  Penalty,  not  more  than  $25,  or  one  month,  or  both.  Crim.  Code  1912,  s.  443. 

South  Dakota. — Inflamed  eyes  of  infant,  within  two  months,  to  be  reported  by  mid- 
wife, muse,  parent,  or  other  person  having  charge,  within  12  hours,  to  health  officer. 
Rule  61,  Reg.  Board  of  Health,  July  25,  1913. 

Tennessee. — Inflamed,  swollen,  reddened,  discharging  eyes  of  infant  under  2 weeks 
to  be  reported  by  nurse,  midwife,  or  other  person  having  charge,  within  six  hours,  to 
health  officer  or  physician.  Penalty,  $5  to  $100,  or  six  months,  or  both.  1915,  c.  52. 
(See  also  1911,  c.  10.) 

Texas. — Inflamed,  reddened  eyes  of  newborn  infant  to  be  reported  by  midwife, 
nurse,  or  other  attendant  than  physician,  within  12  hours,  to  health  officer  or  physi- 
cian. Penalty,  $10  to  $1,000.  Rev.  Civ.  Stat.  1911,  art.  4529,  as  amended  1911,  c.  95. 

Utah. — Inflamed,  discharging  eyes  of  newborn  infant  to  be  reported  by  physician 
or  midwife,  within  six  hours,  to  health  officer.  Penalty,  as  for  misdemeanor.  1911 , 
p.  61. 

Vermont. — Inflamed,  swollen,  red,  discharging  eyes  of  infant,  within  2 weeks,  to 
be  reported  by  nurse,  relative,  or  otherperson  having  charge,  within  six  hours,  to 
health  officer.  Rule  29,  State  Board  of  Health . 

36248°— 16 8 


114  TABULAR  STATEMENT  OP  INFANT- WELFARE  WORK. 


Washington.- — Red,  swollen,  discharging  eyes  of  infant  under  two  weeks,  to  be 
reported  by  midwife,  nurse,  or  other  person  in  charge,  immediately,  to  health  officer 
or  physician.  Regulation  State  Board  of  Health , July  15,  1912. 

West  Virginia. — Inflamed,  swollen,  reddened,  discharging  eyes  of  infant,  to  be 
reported  by  midwife,  nurse,  or  other  person  having  charge,  within  six  hours,  to  local 
health  officer.  Regulation  100,  Public  Health  Council,  adopted  January  25,  1916; 
effective  April  1,  1916.  Penalty,  $10  to  $300  and  30  days.  1915,  c.  11,  s.  S. 

Wisconsin. — Reddened,  swollen,  discharging  eyes  of  infant  under  2 weeks  to  be 
reported  by  nurse,  parents,  or  other  person  having  charge,  within  six  hours,  to  health 
officer.  Penalty,  not  more  than  $100.  Stat.  1915,  c.  56,  s.  1409a-2.1;  1409a-4. 


ADDITIONAL  COPIES 

OF  THIS  PUBLICATION  MAY  BE  PROCURED  FROM 
THE  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  DOCUMENTS 
GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

AT 

16  CENTS  PER  COPY 
V 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR 

CHILDREN’S  BUREAU 


JULIA  C.  LATHROP.  Chief 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  CHILD 
LABOR  LAWS 


PART  2 

EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM 
NEW  YORK 

By 

HELEN  L.  SUMNER  and  ETHEL  E.  HANKS 


INDUSTRIAL  SERIES  No.  2,  Part  2 
Bureau  Publication  No.  1 7 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1917 


ADDITIONAL  COPIES 
OF  THIS  PUBLICATION  MAY  BE  PROCURED  FROM 
THE  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  DOCUMENTS 
GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
■WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

AT 

20  CENTS  PER  COPY 


CONTENTS. 


3^7 

y 3 |a 


X1 


Co 

OO 


-as  

Page 

Letter  of  transmittal 5 

Administrative  agencies  and  their  functions  (chart) Follows  page  5 

Introduction . 7 

General  administration 12-21 

Local  departments  of  health 14 

Local  school  authorities 17 

State  industrial  commission 19 

State  supervision 20 

Method  of  securing  employment  certificates,  New  York  City  (chart) Faces  page  22 

Methods  of  securing  employment  certificates 21-33 

Regular  certificates 22-31 

New  York  City,  Manhattan  Borough 23 

New  York  City,  other  boroughs . 28 

Buffalo 28 

Rochester 29 

Other  cities  and  villages 29 

Number  and  form  of  certificates 31 

Vacation  and  temporary  certificates 32 

Lost  certificates 32 

Over-age  certificates 33 

Evidence  of  age 33-42 

Transcript  of  birth  certificate 34-37 

Native-born  children 34 

Foreign-born  children 35 

Certificate  of  graduation 37 

Passport  or  baptismal  certificate 38 

Other  documentary  evidence  of  age 38 

Physicians’  certificate  of  age 40 

Parent’s  affidavit 41 

Disposition  of  documents 41 

Physical  requirements 42-50 

Procedure 44 

Tests.... 46 

Causes  for  refusal  of  certificates 48 

Treatment  of  refused  cases 49 

Physical  examination  in  factories 50 

^^Educational  requirements 1 50-63 

School  records 51 

Interpretation  of  grade  requirements 52 

Employment-certificate  classes 52 

Examinations  for  employment  certificates 55 

Children’s  records 56 

Attendance  requirements 57 

Methods  of  issuing  school  records 58 

Literacy  test 60 

Evening  and  continuation  school  attendance 60 

4 

0> 


3 


4 


CONTENTS. 


Enforcement 

School  attendance 

New  York  City _ 

Buffalo 

Rochester 

Second-class  cities 

Third-class  cities 

Villages 

School  census 

Outside  of  first-class  cities . . 

Permanent  census,  New  York  City 

Permanent  census,  Buffalo 

Permanent  census,  Rochester 

Immigrant  children 

Applicants  for  certificates 

New  York  City 

Buffalo 

Rochester 

Second-class  cities 

Third-class  cities 

Unemployed  children 

Industrial  inspection. 

Conclusion. 

General  administration 

Methods  of  securing  certificates 

Evidence  of  age 

Physical  requirements 

Educational  requirements . 

Enforcement 

Summary 

Appendix 

Application  of  laws 

Analysis  of  application  of  laws  (chart)  

Laws  relating  to  employment  certificates 

Amendments  to  employment-certificate  law 

Forms  used  in  the  administration  of  employment-certificate  laws 


Page. 

63-82 

66-70 

66 

68 

68 

69 

70 

70 

70-74 

70 

71 

71 

72 

74 

75-78 

75 

76 

77 

77 

78 

78 

79 

82-110 

83 

86 

90 

........  93 

96 

101 

108 

111-164 

Ill 

Faces  page  112 

116 

132 

134 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Labor, 

Children’s  Bureau, 
Washington , D.  C.,  October  9, 1916. 

Sir  : I transmit  herewith  a study  of  the  administration  of  the  New 
York  State  child-labor  law  with  especial  reference  to  the  employment- 
certificate  system.  This  is  the  second  in  the  series  of  comparative 
studies  of  the  administration  of  child-labor  laws  designed  to  bring 
out  a standard  method. 

The  law  upon  which  the  system  here  described  is  based  differs  in 
many  important  respects  from  that  which  furnishes  the  foundation 
for  the  methods  described  in  the  first  report  of  the  series,  that  on 
Connecticut. 

Acknowledgment  should  bo  made  of  the  cooperation  of  the  Federal 
Commission  on  Industrial  Relations  in  part  of  the  preliminary  field 
work  for  this  report.  The  series  of  studies  is  under  the  direction  of 
Miss  Helen  L.  Sumner,  the  assistant  chief  of  the  bureau,  who  has 
been  assisted  in  this  report  by  Miss  Ethel  E.  Hanks.  Especial  men- 
tion should  also  be  made  of  the  efficient  editorial  services  of  Mr. 
Howard  C.  Jenness. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

Julia  C.  Lathrop,  Chief. 

Hon.  W.  B.  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Labor . 


. 

LIBRARY 
Of  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


ADMINISTRATIVE  AGENCIES  AND  THEIR  FUNCTIONS,  NEW  YORK  CITY 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  THE  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFI- 
CATE SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  child-labor  and  employment-certificate  laws  of  New  York 
State  differ  in  many  important  respects  from  those  of  Connecticut, 
described  in  the  first  report  of  this  series.  In  both  States  14  years 
is  the  minimum  age  and  children  from  14  to  16  must  secure  certifi- 
cates before  they  can  be  employed  legally;  but  in  Connecticut  the 
law  is  State  wide  in  its  application,  whereas  in  New  York  various 
sections  are  in  force  in  cities  and  villages  of  different  sizes.  In  Con- 
necticut the  list  of  places  of  employment  covered  by  the  law  includes 
“ mechanical  ” establishments,  and  this  term  is  held  to  bring  under 
its  provisions  practically  all  child  laborers  except  newsboys  and 
children  employed  in  agricultural  pursuits  and  in  domestic  service.1 
In  New  York,  on  the  other  hand,  different  lists  of  places  of  employ- 
ment to  which  the  law  applies  are  given  for  cities  and  villages  of 
different  sizes,  but  no  list  includes  any  general  term  which  can  be 
held  to  cover  occupations  not  specifically  mentioned.2 

In  New  York  State  employment  certificates  issued  by  local  health 
authorities  must  be  obtained  by  children  from  14  to  16  years  of  age 
as  a condition  of  employment: 

A.  At  any  time, 

1.  In  any  place  in  the  State  in — 

Factories.3 

Mercantile  establishments. 

Business  offices. 

Telegraph  offices. 

Restaurants. 

Hotels. 

Apartment  houses. 

Distribution  or  transmission  of  merchandise  or  mes- 
sages.4 

1 U.  S.  Children’s  Bureau.  Employment  Certificate  System,  Connecticut.  Bureau  publication  No.  12, 

p.  8. 

2 The  exact  application  of  the  minimum-age  and  employment  and  school-record  certificate  provisions 
of  the  New  York  laws  is  discussed  in  the  Appendix,  pp.  Ill  to  115. 

3 Labor  Law,  sec.  70;  Education  Law,  sec.  626.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  120,  126. 

4 Education  Law,  sec.  626.  Labor  Law,  sec.  162,  requires  certificates  only  in  places  of  3,000  inhabitants 
or  more  in  mercantile  establishments,  etc.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  126,  124. 


7 


8 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


A.  At  any  time — Continued. 

2.  In  cities  and  villages  having  a population  of  3,000  or  more 

in — 

Theaters.1 

Places  of  amusement. 

Bowling  alleys. 

Barber  shops. 

Shoe-polishing  establishments. 

Distribution  or  transmission  of  articles  other  than  mer- 
chandise or  messages. 

Distribution  or  sale  of  articles.2 

3.  In  first  and  second  class  cities  in — 

Any  other  occupation.3 

B.  During  school  hours, 

1.  In  places,  other  than  first  and  second  class  cities,  having 
a population  of  5,000  or  more  in — 

Any  other  occupation.4 

The  New  York  law  also  requires  children  from  14  to  16  years  of  age 
to  obtain  “school-record  certificates”  from  local  school  authorities 
as  a condition  of  employment  at  any  time,  in  any  place,  and  in  any 
occupation  where  employment  certificates  are  not  required.5 

To  obtain  a school-record  certificate  a child  is  not  required  to 
produce  the  same  evidence  of  age  or  to  meet  the  same  physical  re- 
quirements as  to  obtain  an  employment  certificate.  For  an  employ- 
ment certificate  the  labor  law  specifies  carefully  the  required  evidence 
of  age,  whereas  for  a school-record  certificate  the  education  law  does 
not  state  what  kind  of  evidence  is  acceptable,  but  merely  requires 
that  the  child  shall  he  over  14  and  that  the  record  shall  contain  the 
date  of  his  birth  “as  shown  on  the  school  record.”  A physical 
examination  is  required,  as  will  be  seen,  for  an  employment  certifi- 
cate but  not  for  a school-record  certificate.  The  educational  require- 
ments are  the  same  6 for  both.  In  practice,  as  children  are  required 
frequently,  if  not  generally,  to  secure  employment  certificates  before 
having  their  names  taken  from  the  school  registers,  the  school-record 
certificate  is  of  little  importance  except  as  a prerequisite  to  an 
employment  certificate.  For  this  reason  no  special  attention  is  given 
in  this  study  to  the  school-record  certificate  as  distinguished  from 
the  school  record  discussed  under  “Educational  requirements.” 

1 Children  taking  speaking  parts  in  theatrical  performances  are  not  affected  by  this  provision  but  are 
covered  by  Penal  Law,  ch.  40,  art.  44,  sec.  485  as  amended  by  1916,  ch.  278. 

2 Labor  Law,  sec.  162.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  124. 

3 Education  Law,  sec.  626.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  126. 

* Education  Law,  sec.  621.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  125.  For  definition  of  cities  of  different 

classes,  and  of  villages  and  towns,  see  footnote  7,  p.  112. 

6 Education  Law,  secs.  624  and  626.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  125,  126. 

6 Education  Law,  sec.  630,  and  Labor  Law,  secs.  73  and  165.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  127, 
122,  124. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  l’ORK. 


9 


The  requirements  for  obtaining  certificates  are  notably  higher  in 
New  York  than  in  Connecticut.  The  evidence  of  age  to  be  produced 
is  carefully  specified  in  the  law  instead  of  being  left  to  the  discretion 
of  the  administrative  authorities  as  in  Connecticut.  The  educational 
standard  is  completion  of  the  sixth 1 instead  of  the  fifth  grade,  as  is 
practically  the  requirement  in  Connecticut.  But  most  important  of 
all,  every  child  from  14  to  16  years  of  age  who  applies  for  a certificate 
in  New  York  is  required  by  law  to  undergo  a physical  examination, 
whereas  in  Connecticut  only  children  who  appear  physically  unfit 
are  subjected  to  any  physical  test. 

In  New  York,  as  in  Connecticut,  the  mere  possession  of  a certificate 
to  work  does  not  exempt  a child  from  school  attendance;  he  must 
be  actually  at  work.  To  be  exempt  from  school  attendance  in  New 
York,  indeed,  a child  14  to  16  years  of  age  not  only  must  hold  an 
employment  or  school-record  certificate  but  must  be  “ regularly  and 
lawfully”  engaged  in  some  “ useful  employment  or  service.”2  This 
does  not  necessarily  mean  that  the  child  must  be  engaged  in  remu- 
nerative work.  Either  an  employment  certificate  or  a school-record 
certificate  acts  as  a permit  to  stay  out  of  school  to  engage  in  “any 
useful  employment  or  service,”  for  example,  to  help  in  the  housework 
or  in  the  care  of  the  baby  at  home.  The  parent  is  responsible  for  the 
school  attendance  not  only  of  a child  who  has  no  certificate  but  also 
of  a child  who,  though  he  has  a certificate,  is  not  “regularly  engaged 
in  any  useful  employment.” 

One  fundamental  difference,  however,  is  to  be  noted  between  the 
employment-certificate  system  of  Connecticut  and  that  of  New  York. 
In  Connecticut  the  certificate  must  be  delivered  by  the  issuing  officer 
to  the  employer;  the  employer  must  notify  the  issuing  office  of  both 
the  commencement  and  the  termination  of  the  child's  employment; 
and  the  child  must  secure  a new  certificate  for  each  separate  em- 
ployer.3 In  New  York,  on  the  other  hand,  on  the  application  of  the 
parent  or  guardian  and  after  fulfillment  of  the  requirements,  the 
employment  certificate  is  given  to  the  individual  child;  it  is  regarded 
as  his  property  and  authorizes  any  employer  to  employ  him  subject 
to  the  other  regulations  of  the  law.  In  addition  to  the  date  and 
place  of  birth  of  the  child  and  a statement  to  the  effect  that  the 
required  papers  have  been  duly  examined,  approved,  and  filed, 
and  that  the  child  has  appeared  before  the  issuing  officer  and  been 
examined,  it  must  contain,  for  the  purpose  of  identification,  the 
child’s  signature  and  a description  consisting  of  the  color  of  his 

1 After  Feb.  1, 1917,  the  standard  for  children  under  15  will  be  completion  of  the  eighth  grade.  Acts 
of  1916,  ch.  465.  For  the  text  of  this  act  see  pp.  132-133. 

2 Education  Law,  secs.  621  and  624.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  125,  126. 

3 The  parent  has  a copy  of  the  certificate  which  the  child  can  use  temporarily,  but  this  copy  is  clearly 
marked  “For  parent;  not  good  for  employer  longer  than  one  week.”  U.  S.  Children’s  Bureau.  Em- 
ployment Certificate  System,  Connecticut.  Bureau  publication  No.  12,  p.  16. 


10 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


hair  and  eyes,  his  height,  weight,  and  any  distinguishing  facial 
marks.1  While  the  child  is  employed  the  certificate  must  be  kept  on 
file  by  the  employer  in  the  place  of  employment  and  must  be  shown 
on  demand  to  inspectors  of  the  department  of  labor  or  to  attendance 
officers,2  but  when  the  employment  ceases  the  employer  merely  gives 
the  certificate  back  to  the  child.3  He  is  not  required  to  notify  any 
public  authority  either  that  he  has  employed  the  child  or  that  the 
child’s  employment  has  ended. 

In  addition  to  keeping  employment  certificates,  every  employer 
covered  by  the  New  York  labor  law — i.  e.,  operating  a factory  any- 
where in  the  State  or  conducting,  in  a city  or  village  with  a popula- 
tion of  3,000  or  more,  a mercantile  or  other  establishment  mentioned 
in  the  labor  law — must  keep  a register  containing  the  name,  address, 
birthplace,  and  age  of  every  child  under  16  employed  in  his  estab- 
lishment. This  register,  like  the  certificate,  is  open  to  inspection  by 
agents  of  the  department  of  labor  and  by  attendance  officers.4 

The  other  important  provisions  relating  to  child  labor,  in  the 
enforcement  of  which  employment  certificates  may  be  used  as  evi- 
dence of  age  of  certain  children  to  whom  the  law  applies,  establish  in 
New  York  decidedly  higher  standards  than  in  Connecticut.  Whereas 
in  Connecticut  children  under  16  are  permitted  to  work  10  hours  a 
day,  in  New  York  they  are  permitted  to  work  only  8 hours  a day  for 
not  more  than  6 days  a week,  such  hours  to  be  between  8 a.  m.  and  5 
p.  m.  in  factories  and  between  8 a.  m.  and  6 p.  m.  in  mercantile 
establishments.5 

The  list  of  dangerous  occupations  and  industries  in  which  children 
under  16  are  forbidden  to  engage  is  also  much  longer  and  more  com- 
plete in  New  York 6 than  in  Connecticut. 

So  far  as  the  administration  of  the  employment-certificate  law  is 
concerned,  however,  the  most  important  difference  between  Connect- 
icut and  New  York  is  that  in  the  former,  one  State  agency  and  in  the 
latter  two  local  agencies  and  two  State  agencies  are  concerned  in  its 
enforcement.  The  centralization  of  administrative  power  in  Connect- 
icut and  its  diffusion  in  New  York  have  far-reaching  consequences 
throughout  the  employment-certificate  systems  of  the  two  States. 

The  Federal  census  statistics  of  child  labor  in  New  York  State  in 
1910  show  35,757  boys  and  24,485  girls;  in  all,  60,242  children  14 
and  15  years  of  age  engaged  in  gainful  occupations.  Of  these, 
10,641  children  were  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits  and  in  domestic 

1 Labor  Law,  secs.  71,  72, 163,  and  164.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  120, 122, 124. 

2 Labor  Law,  secs.  70, 76, 162,  and  167;  Education  Law,  sec.  633.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  120, 
122,  124, 128. 

» Labor  Law,  secs.  76  and  167.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  122,  124. 

4 Labor  Law,  secs.  76  and  167;  Education  Law, sec.  633.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  122, 124, 128. 

5 Labor  Law,  secs.  77  (as  amended  by  1912,  ch.  539,  and  by  1913,  ch.  465)  and  161  (as  amended  by  1914, 
Ch.  331,  and  by  1915,  ch.  386). 

6 Labor  Law,  sec.  93  (as  -amended  by  1910,  eh.  107,  and  by  1913,  ch.  464);  Penal  Law,  sec.  485. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


11 


and  personal  service.  Of  the  5,623  classified  as  in  the  latter  group, 
4,395  were  servants  and  the  remaining  1,228  were  in  occupations 
covered  by  the  law  at  that  time  as  well  as  by  the  law  of  1915,  with  the 
exception  of  those  in  barber  shops  and  shoe-polishing  establishments. 

More  than  half  of  the  working  children  of  the  State  in  1910  were  in 
the  city  of  New  York,  where  37,235  boys  and  girls  14  and  15  years  of 
age  were  engaged  in  gainful  occupations.  The  three  first-class  cities, 
New  York  City,  Buffalo,  and  Rochester,  moreover,  contained  together 
42,109  working  children  of  this  age  group,  more  than  two-thirds  of  all 
those  in  the  State. 

During  the  year  ended  September  30,  1914,  42,468  certificates  were 
issued  in  New  York  State. 

The  table  following  gives  certain  data  for  New  York  City  in  re- 
gard to  employment  certificates  for  the  year  ended  December  31, 
1915.1 


Employment  certificates,  New  York  City,  year  ended  December  31,  1915. 


Applications  for  certificates. 

Borough. 

Refused. 

Received. 

Granted. 

Total. 

Insuffi- 
cient tui- 
tion.2 

Educa- 

tion.2 

Over 

age. 

Under 

age. 

The  city 

39,443 

18, 665 
4, 119 

37, 131 
17, 228 

2,364 

1,543 

155 

79 

741 

109 

Manhattan 

120 

38 

539 

66 

Bronx 

3,880 

230 

11 

9 

40 

11 

Brooklyn 

13,  225 

12,  749 
2,747 
527 

446 

7 

21 

118 

Queens  

2,888 

134 

16 

11 

39 

31 

Richmond 

546 

11 

1 

5 

Applications  for  certificates — Continued. 

R efused — Continued . 

Dupli- 

Certifi- 

Certifi- 
cates in 
force  at 
end  of 
year. 

Borough. 

Physical  incapacity. 

cates 

issued. 

cates 

expired. 

Total. 

Malnu- 

trition. 

Cardiac. 

Pul- 

monary. 

Miscel- 

laneous. 

The  city 

1,280 

454 

429 

9 

388 

1,555 

834 

37, 252 

17, 719 
3,  789 

57,434 
25, 288 

Manhattan 

780 

365 

219 

4 

192 

Bronx 

159 

38 

87 

3 

31 

148 

4, 928 
23, 464 
3, 167 

Brooklyn 

299 

33 

106 

1 

159 

495 

12, 448 

Queens 

37 

16 

16 

1 

4 

69 

2,  848 

Richmond 

5 

2 

1 

2 

9 

448 

587 

Fewer  certificates  were  issued  in  1914  than  in  1913  because  of  the 
fact  that  an  amendment  to  the  law  effective  September,  1913,  added 
completion  of  the  sixth  grade  to  the  former  requirement — ability  to 

1 Statistical  report  of  division  of  employment  certificates  of  the  bureau  of  child  hygiene,  department  of 
health,  New  York  City,  for  the  year  ended  Dec.  31, 1915. 

2 See  p.  26. 


12 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


pass  an  educational  test.1  In  New  York  City  33,192  certificates  were 
granted  during  the  year  1914  and  1,390  were  temporarily  or  perma- 
nently refused,  whereas,  in  1913,  41,507  were  granted  and  2,185  were 
refused.  In  Buffalo  2,900  certificates  were  granted  during  1914  and 
753  temporarily  or  permanently  refused — a decrease  from  3,993 
granted  and  an  increase  from  642  refused  during  1913.  In  Rochester 
1,429  certificates  were  issued  during  1914  and  883  were  temporarily 
and  2 permanently  refused,  as  against  1,947  granted  and  1,469  refused 
during  1913. 

Because  of  differences  in  both  the  application  of  the  law  and  the 
organization  of  the  issuing  offices  in  cities  of  different  classes,  the 
administration  of  the  employment-certificate  law  of  New  York  State 
was  studied  in  several  cities  of  each  class,  as  well  as  in  cities  with 
diverse  industries  employing  large  groups  of  children,  so  that  the 
conditions  discussed  might  be  fairly  representative  of  those  through- 
out the  State.  The  first-class  cities — New  York  City,  Rochester,  and 
Buffalo — were  all  visited.  Those  of  the  second  class  visited  were 
Albany,  the  capital  of  the  State;  Troy,  a manufacturing  city  north 
of  Albany,  near  the  junction  of  the  Hudson  and  Mohawk  Rivers;  and 
Utica  and  Syracuse,  in  the  central  part  of  the  State.  Those  of  the 
third  class  were  Little  Falls,  in  the  central  part  of  the  State;  Cohoes, 
near  Troy;  and  Tonawanda,  near  Buffalo.  In  addition  the  village 
of  Victory  Mills,  northeast  of  Albany,  was  visited. 

The  methods  used  in  New  York  City  were  first  studied  and  have 
been  used,  so  far  as  possible,  as  the  basis  of  comparison  in  discussing 
the  methods  in  Buffalo  and  Rochester  and  in  the  second-class  cities. 
In  the  third-class  cities  the  procedure  was  found  to  be  so  varied  that, 
when  necessary,  each  has  been  described  separately.  In  all  these 
places  except  Little  Falls,  Tonawanda,  and  Victory  Mills  the  descrip- 
tions are  based  on  actual  observation  of  procedure,  as  well  as  on  state- 
ments of  officials.  The  field  studies  upon  which  this  report  is  based 
were  completed  in  May,  1915,  and  except  when  otherwise  indicated 
the  conditions  existing  at  that  time  furnish  the  basis  both  for  the 
description  of  facts  and  for  the  conclusions. 

GENERAL  ADMINISTRATION. 

In  New  York  State  the  administration  of  laws  relating  to  the 
employment  of  children  from  14  to  16  years  of  age  is  in  the  hands  of 
four  agencies — the  local  health  departments  or  health  officers,  who 
issue  employment  certificates  and  who  in  small  cities  and  towns  are 
authorized  to  inspect  mercantile  establishments;  the  local  boards  of 
education  or  public-school  authorities,  who  issue  school  records  and 
enforce  the  compulsory  school-attendance  law;  the  State  department 

1 Labor  Law,  sees.  73  and  165;  Education  Law,  sec.  630,  subsec.  1.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see 
pp.  122,  124,  127. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YTORK.  13 

of  education,  which  has  general  supervision  over  the  enforcement  of 
the  compulsory-education  law  throughout  the  State  and  may  with- 
hold one-half  of  the  State  appropriation  from  any  school  district 
which  fails  to  enforce  school  attendance;1  and  the  State  industrial 
commission,  which,  through  inspectors  of  the  department  of  labor, 
of  which  it  is  the  head,  enforces  the  provisions  of  the  labor  law,  and 
supervises  the  issuance  of  employment  certificates. 

Three  forms  to  be  used  in  the  administration  of  the  employment- 
certificate  system  are  specified  in  the  labor  law:  The  school-record 
blank,2  the  physical-examination  blank,3  and  the  employment-certifi- 
cate blank.4  The  law  provides  that  in  cities  of  the  first  and  second 
classes  the  school-record  and  employment-certificate  blanks  shall 
be  approved  by  the  industrial  commission;  that  in  other  cities  and 
in  towns  and  villages  these  forms  shall  be  prepared  and  furnished 
by  the  industrial  commission;  and  that  no  school  record  or  employ- 
ment certificate  other  than  those  approved  or  furnished  by  the 
industrial  commission  shall  be  used.5  The  industrial  commission, 
however,  has  supervision  only  over  the  form  and  not  over  the  accu- 
racy of  the  statements  contained  in  the  school  record. 

Although  the  industrial  commission  approves  the  form,  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  school-record  blank  has  been  left  to  the  State  department 
of  education,  which  provides  a model  conforming  to  the  law.  Upon 
this  model  the  forms  furnished  by  local  authorities  are  supposed  to 
be  based.  In  New  York  City  the  department  of  education  provides 
school-record  blanks  to  public  schools  and  to  parochial  schools  if 
desired;  the  department  of  health  furnishes  them  to  parochial  schools 
and  to  children  from  other  cities  applying  without  them.  In  Buffalo 
the  department  of  health,  and  in  Utica  and  Cohoes  the  board  of 
education,  furnishes  them  to  all  schools,  public  and  parochial.  In 
all  the  other  places  visited  the  State  department  of  education  fur- 
nishes the  forms.  In  Syracuse  the  blanks  are  available  at  the  bureau 
of  health,  and  in  the  other  places  at  the  office  of  the  superintendent 
of  schools. 

The  form  used  for  the  record  of  the  physical  examination  must  be 
furnished  by  the  State  industrial  commission  to  the  local  depart- 
ments of  health 6 and  is,  therefore,  uniform  throughout  the  State. 

The  form  of  an  employment  certificate  must  be  approved  by  the 
industrial  commission;  the  contents  are  specified  in  the  law.  In 
1913,  when  the  labor  law  was  amended  to  provide  that  “no  employ- 
ment certificates  other  than  those  approved  or  furnished  by  the 

1 Education  Law,  sec.  636.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  128. 

2 Form  1,  p.  134. 

3 See  p.  43. 

* Form  2a,  p.  134. 

6 Labor  Law,  secs.  75  and  166.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  122, 124. 

e Labor  Law,  secs.  71  and  163.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  120, 124. 


14  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

commissioner  of  labor  [industrial  commission]” 1 should  be  used, 
instructions  and  a model  form  of  certificate  were  sent  to  every  issuing 
officer  in  the  State.  The  department  of  labor  furnishes  blank  employ- 
ment certificates  free  to  any  issuing  officer,  and  officers  furnishing 
their  own  are  supposed  to  base  them  on  the  model  adopted  by  the 
department.  All  the  first  and  second  class  cities  in  the  State  furnish 
their  own  forms.  The  third-class  cities  visited  use  the  form  furnished 
by  the  department  of  labor. 

LOCAL  DEPARTMENTS  OF  HEALTH. 

Under  the  labor  law  the  local  departments  of  health  have  two  impor- 
tant duties — the  issuance  of  employment  certificates  and  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  law  relating  to  the  inspection  of  mercantile  establish- 
ments in  places,  other  than  first  and  second  class  cities,  having  a 
population  of  3,000  or  more. 

Although  the  responsibility  for  issuing  employment  certificates 
rests  upon  the  “ commissioner  of  health  or  the  executive  officer  of 
the  board  or  department  of  health,”  this  “board,  department,  or 
commissioner”  may  designate  some  other  officer  of  the  board  or 
department  of  health  to  issue  certificates.  Frequently,  indeed,  a 
clerk  employed  by  the  department  of  health  is  designated  as  the 
issuing  officer.  The  physical  examination,  however,  must  always  be 
made  by  “a  medical  officer  of  the  department  or  board  of  health.”2 
The  exact  apportionment  of  the  work  of  issuing  certificates  depends 
in  part  upon  the  way  in  which  the  department  of  health  is  organized. 

The  organization  of  departments  of  health  differs  widely  in  cities 
of  different  classes  and  even  in  those  of  the  same  class.  In  New  York 
City  the  department  is  under  the  direction  of  a board  of  health 
consisting  of  the  commissioner  of  health  (who  is  also  president  of  the 
board  and  executive  officer  of  the  department  of  health),  the  police 
commissioner,  and  the  health  officer  of  the  port.  The  first  two  are 
appointed  by  the  mayor  and  the  last  by  the  governor  of  the  State. 
The  department  comprises  eight  bureaus,  one  of  which,  the  bureau  of 
child  hygiene,  includes  as  one  of  its  seven  divisions  the  division  of 
employment  certificates.  In  Buffalo  the  department  of  health  is 
under  the  direction  of  a board  consisting  of  the  mayor,  the  president 
of  the  board  of  public  works,  and  the  health  commissioner.  One  of 
the  ten  bureaus  of  this  department  is  the  bureau  of  child  hygiene, 
a division  of  which  issues  employment  certificates.  In  Rochester  a 
commissioner  of  public  safety  appoints  the  health  officer,  and  these 
two  officers  in  conjunction  have  all  the  powers  and  perform  all  the 
duties  which  in  New  York  City  and  Buffalo  are  vested  in  the  board 


1 Labor  Law,  secs.  75  and  166.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  122, 124. 
3 Labor  Law,  secs.  71  and  163.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  120, 124. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


15 


of  health.  The  section  of  child  labor  of  the  bureau  of  health  issues 
employment  certificates.  In  second-class  cities  the  organization  of 
the  health  department  is  similar  to  that  in  Rochester.  In  a third- 
class  city  the  board  of  health  consists  of  the  mayor  and  at  least  six 
other  persons,  one  of  whom  is  a physician;  in  a town  it  is  the  same 
as  the  town  board,  which  consists  of  the  town  supervisor  and  the 
several  justices  of  the  peace;  and  in  a village  it  consists  of  the  board 
of  trustees.  Each  of  these  local  boards  of  health  appoints  a physician, 
not  a member,  to  act  as  health  officer. 

In  New  York  City  an  issuing  office  is  maintained  in  each  of  the 
five  boroughs — Manhattan,  Brooklyn,  Bronx,  Queens,  and  Richmond. 
The  work  in  each  of  these  is  in  charge  of  a chief  who  reports  to  the 
chief  of  the  division  of  employment  certificates.  The  latter  has  gen- 
eral supervision  over  all  issuing  offices.  The  headquarters  are  in 
the  Manhattan  office.  In  this  office  there  are  regularly  employed 
one  chief  clerk,  one  clerk  who  interviews  children  and  parents  when 
they  first  enter  the  office,  one  clerk  who  issues  certificates,  two  physi- 
cians— a woman  who  is  at  the  office  half  of  each  day  and  a man  who 
is  at  the  office  the  other  half  of  each  day — and  a nurse  to  assist  the 
physicians.  At  the  Brooklyn  office  the  regular  force  consists  of  two 
clerks,  two  medical  examiners,  and  one  nurse  to  assist  the  examiners. 
The  examiners — a man  and  a woman — alternate,  each  being  on 
duty  half  a day.  Either  one  examines  both  boys  and  girls.  The 
issuing  office  of  Bronx  Borough  is  in  charge  of  a medical  inspector 
who  examines  the  children,  but  a nurse  interviews  them  when  they 
first  enter  and  issues  the  certificates  after  the  examination.  At 
times  a clerk  interviews  applicants  and  other  persons  coming  to  the 
office  and  also  passes  upon  some  of  the  documents  presented.  In 
Queens  Borough  the  office  force  consists  of  a medical  inspector  in 
charge,  who  examines  all  applicants;  a nurse  who  assists  him,  inter- 
views the  children,  and  issues  certificates;  and  a clerk  who  assists  in 
various  ways.  In  Richmond  Borough  the  borough  chief  makes  the 
physical  examination  and  a clerk  interviews  children,  issues  certifi- 
cates, and  has  charge  of  the  files. 

In  each  of  the  other  first-class  cities  only  one  issuing  office  is  main- 
tained. In  the  Buffalo  office  the  regular  force  consists  of  the  medical 
inspector  in  charge  who  examines  the  applicants ; a woman  attend- 
ant who  interviews  children  and  parents,  assists  the  physician  in 
his  examinations,  and  issues  certificates;  and  a clerk  who  assists  in 
interviewing  children  and  in  issuing  certificates.  In  Rochester  a 
graduate  nurse  devotes  her  whole  time  to  interviewing  applicants,  to 
making  the  larger  part  of  the  physical  examinations,  and  to  issuing 
certificates.  The  health  officer  makes  the  more  difficult  tests  of  the 
physical  examination. 


16 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


During  the  busy  seasons  additional  school  nurses  and  medical 
inspectors — and  in  New  York  City,  clerks  as  well — assist  in  the  issuing 
offices  in  all  the  first-class  cities. 

In  the  second-class  cities  visited  the  work  of  issuing  certificates  is 
nominally  in  direct  charge  of  the  health  officer.  In  Albany  a clerk, 
who  is  the  commissioner  of  deeds,  performs  all  the  clerical  work, 
administers  oaths  when  necessary,  and  sometimes  interviews  chil- 
dren. Usually,  however,  applicants  are  interviewed  by  whatever 
medical  inspector  happens  to  be  in  the  office.  In  Troy  the  health 
officer  is  the  examining  physician  and  the  health  bureau  clerk 
administers  oaths  and  issues  certificates.  In  Utica  the  health  officer 
supervises  the  issuance  of  certificates ; but  the  deputy  health  officer 
usually  makes  the  physical  examination  and  the  clerk  of  the  bureau, 
who  is  also  the  commissioner  of  deeds,  administers  oaths  when 
necessary  and  issues  certificates.  In  Syracuse  the  deputy  health 
officer  instead  of  the  health  officer  supervises  the  work  and  adminis- 
ters oaths  to  parents.  Two  school  medical  inspectors  are  detailed 
on  alternate  weeks  to  give  physical  examinations  and  a clerk  issues 
certificates. 

In  none  of  the  third-class  cities  visited,  except  Cohoes,  does  the 
health  officer  have  any  assistance  in  the  issuing  of  certificates.  At 
Cohoes  the  clerk  of  the  board  of  health  comes  to  the  office  when 
necessary  to  administer  oaths  to  parents. 

In  Victory  Mills  the  health  officer  examines  applicants  and  the 
village  clerk  issues  certificates. 

Even  in  cities  of  the  same  class,  it  appears,  the  issuing  officer  is 
sometimes  a physician  and  sometimes  a clerk.  In  New  York  City 
the  division  of  duties  made  necessary  by  the  large  number  of  appli- 
cants makes  it  possible  for  the  medical  examiner  to  pass  only  on  the 
physical  condition  of  the  children.  In  Buffalo  and  Rochester,  on  the 
other  hand,  the  physician  who  regularly  makes  the  physical  examina- 
tion is  the  consulting  authority  on  other  points  and  is  regarded  as 
the  issuing  officer.  In  Little  Falls  and  Tonawanda  this  physician  is 
the  health  officer  and  performs  all  the  work  necessary  in  the  procedure 
of  issuance.  In  Albany,  Troy,  Utica,  Syracuse,  Cohoes,  and  Victory 
Mills  the  examining  physician,  whether  the  health  officer,  a deputy, 
or  a designated  physician,  is  not  regarded  as  the  issuing  officer  and 
assumes  little  responsibility  beyond  passing  upon  the  physical  con- 
dition of  the  child. 

The  method  of  selecting  employees  in  the  health  departments 
visited  differs  widely.  In  New  York  City  and  Buffalo  all  appoint- 
ments are  made  by  the  local  board  of  health  and,  with  the  exception 
of  the  heads  of  bureaus,  are  under  civil-service  regulations.  In  none 
of  the  other  places  visited,  except  Cohoes,  is  the  health  officer  under 
such  regulations,  but  in  Rochester  and  in  the  second-class  cities  all 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


17 


clerks  and  inspectors  are  chosen  from  a competitive  civil-service  list. 
In  Cohoes  all  employees  of  the  board  of  health,  including  the  health 
officer,  are  appointed  from  such  a list;  in  Victory  Mills  no  civil- 
service  regulations  are  in  effect  under  the  hoard  of  health. 

LOCAL  SCHOOL  AUTHORITIES. 

The  local  school  authorities  perform  two  functions  which  have  a 
direct  relation  to  children  desiring  to  go  to  work.  First,  they  pass 
upon  the  educational  equipment  and  the  school  attendance  of  such 
children  and  issue  school  records  to  children  from  14  to  16  years  of 
age  who  are  eligible,  so  far  as  their  education  is  concerned,  for  em- 
ployment certificates.  Second,  they  enforce  school  attendance  of 
all  children,  including  those  of  working  age,  and  as  one  method  of 
enforcement  they  take  a regular  school  census. 

According  to  the  compulsory  education  law,  the  school  records  are 
issued  by  the  following  officers:  In  cities  of  the  first  class,  by  the 
principal  or  chief  executive  officer  of  the  school  which  the  child  has 
attended;  in  other  cities  and  in  school  districts  having  a population 
of  5,000  or  more  and  employing  a superintendent  of  schools,  by  the 
superintendent  only;  and  in  all  other  school  districts  by  the  principal 
teacher  of  the  school.1 

School  attendance  is  enforced  by  the  local  attendance  officers  2 and 
through  the  taking  of  a regular  census  of  children  in  every  school 
district  of  the  State.3  In  first-class  cities  the  census  is  constantly  in 
progress ; in  other  cities  it  is  taken  once  every  four  years,  and  in  rural 
districts  annually.  The  facts  to  be  ascertained  by  enumerators 
relate  to  residence,  date  of  birth,  names  of  parents  or  guardians,  liter- 
acy, school  attendance,  and  employment  of  all  children  between  4 
and  18  years  of  age  (5  and  18  in  rural  districts). 

In  the  three  first-class  cities — New  York,  Buffalo,  and  Rochester — 
permanent  census  boards  were  established  under  a law  of  1908,  which 
prescribed  that  these  boards  should  maintain  through  the  police 
force  a constant  census  amended  from  day  to  day.  In  Buffalo  and 
in  Rochester  this  board  consists  of  the  mayor,  the  superintendent  of 
schools,  and  the  police  commissioner,  and  appoints  a secretary  and 
other  employees. 

In  New  York  City,  by  an  act  of  the  legislature  of  1914,  the 
compulsory  education  division  of  the  department  of  education  and 
the  permanent  census  board  were  consolidated  into  a “ bureau  of 
compulsory  education,  school  census,  and  child  welfare, ” which 

1 Education  Law,  sec.  630,  subsec.  2.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  128. 

2 Education  Law,  sec.  632.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.128. 

3 Education  Law,  secs.  650-653;  Greater  New  York  Charter,  1901,  ch.  461,  sec.  1069,  subdivision  8,  added 
by  Acts  of  1914,  ch.  479.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  129, 130. 

46446°— 17 2 


18 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


works  under  the  general  supervision  of  the  city  superintendent  of 
schools,  who  himself  acts  under  tne  direction  of  the  board  of  educa- 
tion. This  bureau,  known  as  the  bureau  of  attendance,  has  for  its 
purpose  the  enumeration  of  children,  the  enforcement  of  school 
attendance,  and  the  handling  of  problems  which  affect  the  school 
attendance,  education,  employment,  and  welfare  of  children  from  4 to 
18  years  of  age.  It  has  one  main  office  with  13  branch  offices  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  city.  To  carry  on  its  work  the  bureau  employs  a 
director  and  an  assistant  director  appointed  by  the  board  of  educa- 
tion for  terms  of  six  years  each,  a chief  attendance  officer,  2 division 
superintendents,  13  district  supervising  officers,  2 women  supervisors 
of  the  welfare  of  high-school  girls,  1 newsboy  attendance  officer,  1 
medical  supervisor,  2 supervisors  of  census  enumeration,  1 “man 
at  large/1  133  attendance  officers  (20  of  them  women)  who  are  also 
census  enumerators,  and  73  clerks,  1 of  whom  is  a stenographer— a 
total  force  of  231.  Commercial  high-school  students  also  assist  in 
the  stenographic  work  of  the  office. 

In  Buffalo  the  department  of  compulsory  education,  in  coopera- 
tion with  the  permanent  census  board  of  the  city,  enforces  school 
attendance.  The  director  of  compulsory  education  is  appointed  by 
the  superintendent  of  education  and  supervises  the  work  of  the  15 
attendance  officers.  Under  the  direction  of  the  secretary  of  the  per- 
manent census  board  60  policemen  are  employed  whenever  a census 
of  children  is  taken.  In  the  office  are  regularly  employed  six  clerks, 
and  during  and  after  a census  extra  clerks  assist  in  tabulating  results. 

In  Rochester  the  efficiency  bureau  of  the  department  of  public 
instruction  and  the  permanent  census  board  of  the  city  enforce  school 
attendance.  In  the  office  of  the  efficiency  bureau  are  employed  a 
director  (who  is  one  of  the  assistant  superintendents  of  schools), 
two  stenographers,  and  two  clerks.  Four  attendance  officers  are 
employed  in  the  field.  Six  police  enumerators,  one  in  each  precinct 
of  the  city,  are  employed  constantly  under  the  direction  of  the 
secretary  of  the  permanent  census  board,  and  in  the  office  of  this 
board  are  employed  one  chief  clerk  (who  is  a stenographer)  and  two 
assistant  clerks. 

In  the  rest  of  the  State  the  school  census  is  taken  by  employees, 
most  of  them  temporary,  of  the  local  school  authorities,  and  school 
attendance  is  enforced  by  regular  attendance  officers.  Though  the 
selection  of  these  officers  is  a local  matter,  their  appointment  is  not 
left  to  the  discretion  of  the  local  officials.  The  law  provides  that 
one  or  more  attendance  officers  shall  be  appointed  by  the  school 
authorities  “of  each  city,  union  free  school  district,  or  commoii 
school  district  whose  limits  include  in  whole  or  in  part  an  incorporated 
village  and  that  one  or  more  attendance  officers  whose  juris- 
diction shall  extend  over  school  districts  not  otherwise  provided 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


19 


for  shall  be  appointed,  subject  to  the  written  approval  of  the  school 
commissioner  of  the  district,  by  the  town  board  of  each  town.  In  the 
former  class  of  places  the  superintendent  of  schools,  and  in  the 
latter  the  school  commissioner,  supervises  the  work  of  the  attendance 
officers.1 

Of  the  smaller  places  visited,  Albany  had  three  attendance  officers, 
Troy  and  Syracuse  had  two  each,  and  Utica,  Tonawanda,  Cohoes, 
Little  Falls,  and  Victory  Mills  had  one  each. 

With  few  exceptions  the  attendance  officers,  enumerators,  and 
other  employees  of  the  boards  of  education  in  the  places  visited  and 
of  the  census  boards  in  the  first-class  cities  are  appointed  under 
civil-service  regulations.  Those  who  are  not  thus  appointed  are 
the  director  and  assistant  director  of  the  bureau  of  attendance  of 
New  York  City,  whose  qualifications  are  stated  in  the  law;  the  secre- 
taries of  the  census  boards  in  Buffalo  and  in  Rochester;  the  clerks  in 
the  efficiency  bureau  in  Rochester;  and  the  attendance  officers  in 
Syracuse  and  Victory  Mills. 

STATE  INDUSTRIAL  COMMISSION. 

The  enforcement  of  child-labor  laws  in  factories  throughout  the 
State  and  in  mercantile  establishments  in  first  and  second  class  cities 
is  vested  in  the  State  industrial  commission.2  This  commission, 
which  became  the  head  of  the  department  of  labor  on  June  1,  1915, 
consists  of  5 commissioners  appointed  by  the  governor  and  is  advised 
by  an  unpaid  industrial  council  of  10  members,  also  appointed  by  the 
governor.  Six  bureaus  are  provided  for  in  the  labor  law : Inspection, 
statistics  and  information,  mediation  and  arbitration,  industries  and 
immigration,  employment,  and  workmen’s  compensation.3  The  only 
bureau,  however,  which  has  direct  relation  to  the  enforcement  of 
child-labor  laws  is  that  of  inspection.  This  bureau,  subject  to  the 
supervision  and  direction  of  the  industrial  commission,  has  charge  of 
all  inspections  made  for  enforcing  the  provisions  of  the  labor  laws. 
It  consists  of  four  divisions.  The  division  of  factory  inspection 
enforces  all  laws  relating  to  the  employment  of  children  in  factories 
throughout  the  State.  The  division  of  mercantile  inspection  enforces 
all  laws  relating  to  the  employment  of  children  in  mercantile  estab- 
lishments in  first  and  second  class  cities.  The  division  of  home- 
work inspection  aids  in  the  enforcement  of  the  law  prohibiting  home 
work  of  children  under  14  years  of  age,  and  under  16  years  of  age 
without  certificates.  The  division  of  industrial  hygiene,  through 
the  section  of  medical  inspection,  has  charge  of  both  the  physical 


1 Education  Law,  eec.  632.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  128. 

2 Labor  Law,  secs.  56  and  172.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  118, 124. 

3 Labor  Law,  sec.  42  (as  amended  by  1915,  ch.  674). 


20 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


examination  and  the  medical  supervision  of  children  employed  in 
factories.1 

In  order  to  assist  in  the  general  administration  of  the  labor 
laws,  provision  is  made  that  all  factories  must  be  registered  with  the 
industrial  commission  within  30  days  after  commencing  business  or 
after  a change  of  location.1 

The  main  offices  of  the  industrial  commission  are  in  New  York 
City.  The  division  of  factory  inspection  has  headquarters  at  New 
York  City,  with  branch  offices  in  Albany,  Buffalo,  Rochester,  and  Utica. 
The  division  of  mercantile  inspection  has  headquarters  in  New  York 
City,  with  no  branch  offices. 

The  commission  has  8 supervisory  inspectors,  131  deputy  factory 
inspectors,  and  20  mercantile  inspectors.  All  the  employees  in  the 
department  except  the  deputy  commissioners  and  counsel  are  under 
civil-service  regulations. 

STATE  SUPERVISION. 

General  supervision  over  the  administration  of  child-labor  laws 
is  vested  in  the  State  industrial  commission  as  to  the  provisions 
of  the  labor  law  and  in  the  State  commissioner  of  education  as  to 
the  provisions  of  the  education  law.  The  industrial  commission  is 
directed  by  law  to  “inquire  into  the  administration  and  enforce- 
ment ” of  the  provisions  of  the  labor  law  relating  to  the  employment  of 
children,  and  for  this  purpose  the  commission  or  persons  authorized 
by  it  have  access  to  all  papers  and  records  kept  by  local  officers 
charged  with  the  duty  of  issuing  employment  certificates.2  The 
industrial  commission  may  also  investigate  and  report  upon  “all 
matters  relating  to  the  enforcement  and  effect’7  of  the  provisions  of 
the  labor  law  relating  to  child  labor.3  At  the  time  the  provision 
relating  to  supervision  went  into  effect,  in  October,  1913,  the  depart- 
ment of  labor  sent  out  general  instructions  with  regard  to  the  methods 
of  issuing  certificates,  the  character  of  records  to  be  kept,  and  the 
method  of  making  these  records;  and  also  suggestions  as  to  the 
method  of  making  physical  examinations.  Otherwise,  practically  no 
State  supervision  over  the  issuing  of  certificates  had  been  exercised 
up  to  the  time  of  this  investigation. 

Reports  of  the  issuance  of  certificates  are  required  by  law.  The 
health  commissioner  of  a city,  village,  or  town  must  transmit  to  the 
industrial  commission,  between  the  1st  and  10th  of  each  month,  a 
list  of  all  children  to  whom  certificates  have  been  issued  during  the 
preceding  month  and  a duplicate  copy  of  the  physical-examination 


i Labor  Law.  sees.  53-61  and  69.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  117-119, 120. 

a Labor  Law,  secs.  75  and  166.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  122,  124. 

* Labor  Law,  sec.  51.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  117. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK.  21 

record  of  every  child  who  has  received  or  been  refused  a certificate.1 
When  reports  are  received  at  the  department  of  labor  the  date  of 
birth  given  in  the  lists  is  checked  with  that  on  the  physical- 
examination  sheet  to  see  if  they  correspond.  If  errors  are  discovered 
in  such  dates,  the  records  are  sent  back  to  the  issuing  offices  to  be  cor- 
rected. 

Supervision  by  the  State  department  of  education  is  exercised  in 
practice  solely  with  a view  to  the  enforcement  of  the  compulsory 
school-attendance  law.  From  every  school  outside  of  New  York  City, 
Buffalo,  and  Rochester  regular  monthly  reports  of  attendance  are 
required  by  the  compulsory  education  division  of  the  State  de- 
partment of  education  and  reports  of  the  operation  of  the  census  law 
are  required  monthly  from  Buffalo  and  Rochester  and,  whenever  a 
census  is  taken,  from  other  places.  The  State  commissioner  of  edu- 
cation may  specify  what  information  in  addition  to  that  required  by 
law  shall  be  collected  by  school  census  enumerators.2 

METHODS  OF  SECURING  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATES. 

One  kind  of  employment  certificate  only  is  issued  to  children 
between  14  and  16  years  of  age.  Duplicate  certificates,  issued  to 
children  who  have  lost  their  certificates,  are  exact  copies  of  the  origi- 
nals, and  no  special  certificates  are  in  use  for  work  during  vacations 
or  for  temporary  work  at  any  time.  The  division  of  employment 
certificates  of  the  bureau  of  child  hygiene  in  New  York  City  also  issues 
statements  of  age  to  children  over  16  who  present  acceptable  evi- 
dence. Employment  certificates  properly  issued  in  one  part  of  the 
State  are  legal,  unless  revoked,  in  any  other  part  of  the  State  until 
the  owner  is  16  years  of  age.  A child  may  obtain  his  employment 
certificate  either  in  the  city,  town,  or  village  in  which  he  lives  or  in 
that  in  which  he  is  to  be  employed.3 

No  leaflet  instructions  with  regard  to  securing  certificates  are  issued 
in  any  place  included  in  this  study  except  in  New  York  City  and 
Rochester.  In  New  York  City  the  bureau  of  child  hygiene  of  the 
department  of  health  has  published  a 24-page  pamphlet  entitled 
“How  to  Obtain  an  Employment  Certificate,”  which  has  been  dis- 
tributed to  the  school  principals  and  which  is  given  to  parents 
and  others  at  the  employment-certificate  office;  in  Rochester  the 
health  bureau  issues  a card  containing  general  directions.  In  many 
of  the  schools  in  other  cities  special  instruction  is  given  as  to  the  nec- 
essary requirements  and  procedure. 

During-  the  regular  school  year  little  difficulty  is  encountered  in 
securing  school  records,  but  various  provisions  are  made  for  obtaining 


1 Labor  Law,  secs.  75  and  166.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  122,  124. 

3 Education  Law,  secs.  650-652.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  129,  130. 

3 Labor  Law,  secs.  71  and  163.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  120,  124. 


22 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


them  during  vacation.  In  many  schools  in  New  York  City  and  in 
Buffalo  instructions  for  obtaining  employment  certificates  during 
vacation  are  given  at  the  close  of  the  year.  Children  who  desire  school 
records  and  are  entitled  to  them  must  get  them  before  school  closes 
or  take  the  risk  of  not  being  able  to  find  their  principals  during  the 
summer.  In  Rochester  instructions  with  regard  to  securing  records 
during  vacation  are  given  all  public-school  children  at  the  close  of 
school.  These  records  are  filled  in  completely,  except  the  date,  for 
all  children  wishing  them  who  have  complied  with  the  educational 
requirements  and  are  of  working  age  or  will  become  so  before  Sep- 
tember. They  are  kept  in  the  office  of  the  efficiency  bureau.  When 
a child  entitled  to  one  calls  for  it  at  that  office,  it  is  dated  and  given 
to  him.  The  parochial-school  child,  on  the  other  hand,  must  find 
the  chief  executive  officer  of  his  school  in  order  to  get  a school  record, 
if  he  has  not  secured  one  before  vacation.  In  Troy,  Little  Falls,  and 
Tonawanda,  where  the  duplicate  records  are  in  the  superintendent’s 
office,  which  is  open  during  the  entire  year,  children  have  no  diffi- 
culty in  securing  school  records  during  the  summer  months.  In  the 
other  places  visited,  however,  unless  children  procure  them  before 
school  closes  they  must  depend  on  the  chance  of  finding  their  princi- 
pals later. 

The  issuing  offices  throughout  the  State  are  open  so  that  children 
may  obtain  certificates  at  any  time  during  the  year.  In  New  York 
City  all  the  borough  offices  at  which  employment  certificates  are 
issued  are  centrally  located,  convenient  to  those  districts  from  which 
large  numbers  of  children  go  to  work.  In  Buffalo  and  Rochester 
the  issuing  offices  are  also  well  located  to  accommodate  children. 
In  cities  with  5,000  inhabitants  or  more,  other  than  those  of  the  first 
class,  the  superintendent  of  schools,  according  to  law,  must  issue  the 
school  records;  and  in  each  of  these  cities  visited,  except  Syracuse, 
the  office  of  the  board  of  health  where  certificates  are  issued  is  near 
that  of  the  superintendent,  often  in  the  same  building.  In  Syracuse 
the  distance  between  the  two  offices  is  of  no  importance,  as  the  school 
principals,  instead  of  the  superintendent,  issue  the  records.  In 
Victory  Mills  the  physical  examination  is  not  given  in  the  village 
where  the  certificate  is  issued  but  in  the  neighboring  village  of 
Schuyler ville,  about  1 mile  distant. 

REGULAR  CERTIFICATES. 

The  legal  requisites  for  obtaining  an  employment  certificate  are 
uniform  throughout  the  State.  They  are  (1)  the  application  of  the 
parent;  (2)  the  presentation  of  satisfactory  evidence  of  age  and  (3) 
of  a school  record  showing  fulfillment  of  the  specified  educational 
requirements;  (4)  the  passing  of  a physical  examination  showing 
sound  health  and  (5)  of  an  educational  test  in  the  issuing  office  proving 


— 


METHOD  OF  SECURING  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATES,  NEW  YORK  CITY. 


employment-certificate  system  IN  NEW  YrORK.  23 

literacy.  Before  the  certificate  is  issued  the  issuing  officer  must 
approve  the  papers  submitted  and  must  sign  a statement  that  the 
child  is  able  to  read  and  write  simple  sentences  in  the  English  lan- 
guage. The  child  must  appear  in  person.1  The  law  does  not  state 
bouTthe  parent  must  apply,  and  the  procedure  in  this  matter  is  not 
uniform.  In  some  communities  the  parent’s  presence  is  required 
always;  in  others,  only  for  certain  purposes;  and  in  still  others  it 
is  never  necessary.  The  evidence  of  age  required  in  the  order  of 
preference  specified  in  the  law  is  a transcript  of  a birth  certificate, 
a certificate  of  graduation,  a passport  or  baptismal  certificate,  other 
documentary  evidence,  and  in  first-class  cities  a physicians’  certificate 
of  age. 

New  York  City,  Manhattan  Borough. — In  New  York  City  when  a 
child  applies  for  an  employment  certificate  he  must  be  accompanied 
bv  his  parent  or  by  the  representative  of  his  parent  and  must  bring 
with  him  two  documents — evidence  of  age  and  a school  record.  A 
clerk  at  a desk  near  the  entrance  to  the  room  examines  these  docu- 
ments and  instructs  him  what  to  do  next.  No  application,  however, 
is  started  unless  some  person  in  parental  relation  is  present  and 
satisfactory  evidence  of  age  is  presented.  At  this  first  stage  delay 
may  be  caused  by  the  failure  of  the  child  to  produce  one  or  all  of  the 
requisites. 

If  a child  comes  unaccompanied  by  his  parent  and  fails  to  bring 
any  or  all  of  the  required  documents,  he  writes  his  name  and  address 
on  the  white  interview  card.2  The  interviewer  examines  whatever 
documents  the  child  has  and,  in  order  to  make  the  office  procedure 
easy  when  the  child  returns,  notes  on  the  card  what  requisites  are 
missing  or  defective.  The  child  is  then  sent  away  with  instructions 
to  bring  his  parent  and  the  requisite  documents.  If  the  child  states 
to  the  first  interviewer  that  neither  of  his  parents  can  come,  he  is 
sent  to  the  chief  clerk,  who  questions  him  more  fully  to  ascertain 
positively  whether  neither  father  nor  mother  can  appear.  If  he 
convinces  the  clerk  of  the  truth  of  his  statement,  he  is  given  a blank 
form3  to  take  home  for  his  parent  to  sign  and  acknowledge  before 
some  notary.  On  this  form  the  parent  declares  that  he  is  unable  to 
accompany  the  child  to  the  issuing  office  and  appoints  some  one  to 
appear  and  act  in  his  place.  If  the  child  explains  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  clerk  that  his  parents  are  both  dead,  or  live  in  another  country 
°r  State,  he  must  bring  some  one  to  sign  a sworn  statement4  to  that 
effect  and  to  act  in  place  of  a parent.5 

1 Labor  Law,  secs.  71  and  163.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  120,  124. 

1 New  York  City  Form  1,  p.  138. 

3 New  York  City  Form  2,  p.  139. 

* New  Y ork  City  Form  3,  p.  139. 

5 Throughout  the  following  discussion  the  w.ord  “parent”  is  used  to  mean  anyone  in  parental  relation 
'o  the  child. 


24  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

When  a child  presents  satisfactory  evidence  of  age,  he  and  his- 
parent  must  come  together  to  the  office.  Thus  if  they  appear  with- 
out such  evidence,  they  must  both  return  with  it  unless  the  parent 
states  that  he  has  specific  satisfactory  evidence  at  home,  when  he 
is  permitted  to  take  oath  and  sign  the  application.  The  child  then 
returns  alone  to  the  office  and,  if  the  evidence  is  as  stated,  it  is 
accepted. 

For  a child  born  in  New  York  City  who  comes  without  evidence 
of  age  this  may  be  readily  obtained,  as  he  is  sent  across  the  hall  to 
the  bureau  of  records  to  secure  a copy  of  his  birth  certificate,  and, 
if  his  birth  is  recorded,  he  is  there  given  a form1  on  which  the  date  of 
birth  is  noted.  If  this  date  shows  him  to  be  over  14,  the  application 
is  started;  and  if  the  school  record  is  satisfactory,  the  entire  pro- 
cedure may  be  completed  at  once.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  his 
birth  is  not  recorded,  he  is  given  at  the  bureau  of  records  another 
form 2 to  that  effect  and  must  return  to  the  issuing  office  later  with 
some  other  evidence  of  age  acceptable  under  the  law.  A notation 
is  made  on  the  white  interview  card,  so  that  when  the  child  returns 
with  such  evidence  the  notes  show  what  was  done  at  the  previous 
interview. 

If  the  child  appears  without  a school  record  but  is  accompanied  by 
his  parent  and  has  satisfactory  evidence  of  age,  the  application  blank 
is  started  and,  in  order  to  avoid  the  necessity  of  the  parent’s  returning 
to  the  office,  his  affidavit  is  taken  at  this  time  instead  of  after  the 
child  has  fulfilled  all  the  requirements.  If  the  child  states  that  he  is 
in  a low  grade,  nothing  more  can  be  done  until  the  school  record  is 
produced.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  child  states  that  he  has  finished 
the  eighth  grade  or  is  in  the  high  school,  he  goes  through  the  entire 
procedure  except  that  he  does  not  receive  his  certificate  until  he  has 
brought  his  school  record.  A child  from  a parochial  school  is  given  a 
school-record  blank3  to  take  to  the  chief  executive  officer  of  his  school 
to  be  filled  in;  one  from  a public  school  gets  a similar  blank,  filled  in 
on  application,  at  his  school.4 

Delays  in  securing  a certificate  are  thus  caused  and  return  trips 
made  necessary  by  failure  on  the  child’s  part  to  appear  with  the 
requisites.  Delay  or  refusal  may  be  caused  also  by  the  presentation 
of  documents  which  are  not  satisfactory.  For  instance,  a child 
born  in  a country  or  State  which  issues  copies  of  birth  certificates 
may  present  as  evidence  of  age  a certificate  of  graduation  or  a bap- 
tismal record.  If  a birth  certificate  is  procurable,  the  child  and  his 
parent  must  return  at  a later  date  with  this  certificate.  But  if  it  can 
not  be  secured  the  evidence  first  presented  may  be  accepted.  The 
school  record  may  also  be  unsatisfactory,  usually  because  it  does  not 


1 New  York  City  Form  4,  p.  139. 

2 New  York  City  Form  5,  p.  139. 


3  New  York  City  Form  6,  p.  140. 
* New  York  City  Form  7,  p.  140. 


EMPLOYMENT-CEKTTFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YOEK. 


25 


show  the  number  of  days  the  child  has  attended  school.  In  this  case 
the  child’s  name  and  address  are  taken  on  the  interview  card  for 
future  reference,  and  he  is  sent  to  his  principal  to  have  the  blank 
properly  filled  in. 

If,  however,  the  documents  presented  by  the  child  are  satisfactory 
and  a birth  certificate,  a certificate  of  graduation,  a passport,  or  a 
baptismal  certificate  has  been  accepted  as  evidence  of  age,  the  first 
interviewer  fills  in  the  application  blank,1  with  the  exception  of  the 
signature  of  the  issuing  officer  and  that  of  the  medical  officer,  and 
stamps  on  it  the  kind  of  evidence  submitted.  He  then  administers 
an  oath  to  the  parent,  who  swears  that  the  child  is  of  the  age  specified 
and  that  he  or  she  is  the  parent.  The  interviewer  also  transcribes 
on  the  form  appropriate  to  such  evidence  of  age  the  contents  of  the 
document,  and  both  the  parent  and  the  child  sign  the  application 
blank  in  the  specified  places. 

The  school  record  and  the  documents  proving  the  child’s  age  are 
then  fastened  to  the  application  blank  and  given  to  the  child  to  take 
to  the  physician  in  the  examining  room. 

If  for  any  reason  the  child  does  not  pass  the  physician’s  examina- 
tion, he  is  sent  to  the  office  of  the  borough  chief,  where  he  is  examined 
by  that  officer  or  by  the  assistant  chief.  If  the  examining  officer 
agrees  with  the  first  physician,  he  marks  the  examination  sheet  “R,” 
in  red  ink,  and  signs  it  and  also  the  application  blank.  In  case  he 
does  not  agree,  he  signs  both  blanks  as  before  but  does  not  put  “R” 
on  the  examination  sheet  and  the  child  may  secure  his  certificate. 
In  questionable  cases,  therefore,  the  decision  in  regard  to  the  child’s 
physical  fitness  to  work  does  not  rest  with  the  examining  physician 
but  with  the  borough  chief. 

As  a result  of  the  physical  examination  the  child  may  be  refused  a 
certificate  permanently,  or,  if  the  defect  seems  remediable,  tem- 
porarily. The  treatment  of  the  child  in  either  case  is  discussed 
later.2  In  the  latter  case  the  essential  facts  concerning  the  defect  are 
noted  on  a special  card3  and  placed  in  what  is  called  a “ tickler”  file, 
which  is  kept  on  the  desk  for  ready  reference;  the  parent  and  child 
are  given  a notice  of  temporary  refusal  and  are  instructed  how  to 
haye  the  defect  corrected  and  when  to  return  for  reexamination; 
and  the  school  principal  is  mailed  a special  notice  explaining  why  the 
certificate  is  withheld,  so  that  he  may  expect  the  child  at  school.  If 
the  child  does  not  return  to  be  reexamined,  a card  is  sent  requesting 
him  to  do  so  and  setting  another  date.  In  case  of  repeated  nonap- 
pearance, and  in  all  cases  of  permanent  refusal,  a nurse  is  sent  to 
ascertain  whether  the  child  has  had  the  prescribed  treatment.  In  case 
the  child  comes  back  to  the  issuing  office  with  the  defect  corrected, 


New  York  City  Form  8,  p.  141, 


2 See  pp.  49,75. 


a New  York  City  Form  9,  p.  142. 


26  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

this  fact  is  noted  on  his  card  and  he  goes  through  the  rest  of  the  pro- 
cedure as  if  he  had  passed  the  physical  examination  at  the  earlier 
visit. 

If  the  physical  examination  is  satisfactorily  passed,  the  examining 
physician  signs  the  application  blank  and  the  physical-examination 
blank,1  the  two  blanks  are  fastened  together,  and  the  child  is  sent 
to  the  chief  clerk,  who  is  the  issuing  officer.  The  clerk  notes  on  the 
back  of  the  application  blank  the  child's  height  and  weight  as  they 
appear  on  the  medical-examination  sheet,  and  dictates  to  the  child 
a sentence  from  a Third  Reader.  If  the  child  writes  the  sentence 
correctly,  the  clerk  signs  the  certificate,  stamps  it  with  the  date  of 
issuance  and  the  number,  and  delivers  it  to  the  child.  If  the  child 
fails  on  the  first  sentence,  he  may  try  two  more.  If  he  writes  2 out 
of  3 or  3 out  of  5 sentences  correctly,  he  is  passed;  but  if  he  can  not 
do  this  his  papers  are  sent  to  the  director  of  the  bureau  of  child 
hygiene,  with  the  recommendation  that  he  be  refused.  The  director, 
after  investigating  the  facts  of  the  case,  makes  the  final  decision  as 
to  the  granting  or  refusing  of  the  certificate. 

Children  are  refused  certificates  whenever  cause  for  refusal  occurs 
at  any  point  during  the  procedure.  A child  may  appear  with  his 
parent  and  either  state  that  he  is  under  14  years  of  age  or  bring  docu- 
mentary evidence  which  shows  that  fact.  A child  may  bring  a school 
record  showing  either  that  he  has  attended  school  less  than  the  130 
days  required  by  law  or  that  he  is  in  the  second  half  of  the  sixth  grade 
or  in  a lower  one.  A child  may  fail  to  pass  the  physical  examina- 
tion, or  at  the  very  close  of  the  procedure  he  may  fail  in  the  literacy 
test.  For  the  under-age  child  the  application  blank  is  completely 
filled,  and  the  parent  is  sworn  in  the  regular  way.  The  child  is 
then  refused  a certificate,  the  parent  is  given  a formal  statement 
showing  the  cause  of  this  refusal,2  and  the  application  blank  and  the 
refusal  card  3 are  stamped  with  the  word  “ Ref used' ' and  also  with 
the  cause  “ Under  age."  In  the  other  cases  the  proceedure  relating 
to  the  refusal  of  a certificate  is  the  same,  but  the  causes  differ — - 
“ Insufficient  tuition,"  if  the  child  has  not  attended  school  a sufficient 
number  of  days  or  has  not  reached  the  specified  grade;  “ Insufficient 
education,"  if  he  fails  to  pass  the  literacy  test;  or  “ Physical  inca- 
pacity," if  he  fails  to  pass  the  physical  examination. 

When  the  child  has  to  establish  his  age,  either  by  documentary 
evidence  other  than  a birth  certificate,  certificate  of  graduation,  pass- 
port or  baptismal  certificate,  or  by  a physician's  certificate  of  age,  the 
procedure  differs  somewhat  from  that  outlined  above,  and  the  child  is 
longer  delayed  before  he  receives  his  certificate.  Before  such  evidence 
is  accepted,  indeed,  the  child  may.be  obliged  to  make  several  visits  to 


1 See  p.  43. 


2 New  York  City  Form  10,  see  p.  142. 


3 New  York  City  Form  11,  see  p.  142. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK.  27 

the  issuing  office  in  an  effort  to  establish  his  age  through  one  of  the 
preferred  documents.  If  this  effort  is  unsuccessful  he  is  referred  by 
the  first  interviewer  to  the  chief  of  the  division,  who  advises  him  how 
to  procure  “other  documentary  evidence’’  or  determines  whether  he 
must  resort  to  the  physicians’  certificate. 

When  a child,  after  making  every  possible  effort,  is  unable  to  bring 
one  of  the  preferred  documents  but  has  other  acceptable  documentary 
evidence  of  age,  this  evidence  is  transcribed  to  a form  called  a “ Board 
paper”  1 and  the  application  blank  is  filled  in.  The  child  then  goes 
through  the  physical  examination  and,  up  to  the  point  of  receiving 
his  certificate,  follows  the  same  procedure  as  though  he  had  brought 
other  evidence.  If  the  child  passes  all  the  tests  successfully,  the 
“Board  paper,”  showing  the  documentary  evidence  of  age  presented, 
is  filled  out  and  signed  by  the  issuing  officer.  Before  the  child  re- 
ceives his  certificate,  however,  this  evidence  must  be  approved  by  the 
board  of  health,  which  usually  meets  every  two  weeks.  Thus  the 
child  must  wait  from  a few  days  to  two  weeks  before  he  knows  whether 
or  not  he  is  to  receive  a certificate.  The  child  and  parent  are  in- 
formed of  the  reason  for  delay,  and  the  child  is  given  a typewritten 
statement  to  take  to  the  principal  of  his  school,  explaining  that  his 
application  has  been  referred  to  the  board  of  health  and  that  he  will 
be  notified  should  the  board  decide  to  grant  the  certificate.  If  the 
board  approves  the  evidence  of  age,  a post-card  notice  is  sent  to  the 
child  telling  him  to  call  for  his  certificate  on  a specified  day. 

Every  effort  is  made  to  secure  other  evidence  before  resort  is  had 
to  the  physicians’  certificate  of  age.  But  if  the  child  is  apparently 
more  than  14  years  of  age  and  no  other  evidence  seems  available,  the 
parent  may  make  a formal  application  for  an  employment  certificate 
and  a physicians’  certificate  of  age.2  The  issuing  officer  fills  out  this 
form  and  administers  an  oath  to  the  parent  to  the  effect  that  other 
evidence  of  age  can  not  be  obtained,  and  both  he  and  the  parent  sign 
the  form.  The  regular  application  blank  is  then  partly  filled  in  and 
the  child  is  given  a statement  to  take  to  his  principal  explaining  the 
delay.  This  statement  informs  the  principal  that  90  days  from  date 
the  child  will  be  notified  to  appear  at  the  office  for  a physical  exam- 
ination to  determine  age,  and  that  if  in  the  opinion  of  the  examining 
physicians  he  is  at  least  14  years  of  age  the  physicians’  certificate  of 
age  will  then  be  issued,  and  if  he  presents  a school  record  showing 
him  to  be  at  least  14  years  of  age,  and  in  the  grade  required  by  law, 
an  employment  certificate  will  be  granted.  At  the  end  of  90  days, 
therefore,  if  meanwhile  no  better  proof  of  age  has  been  found,  the 
child  is  notified  to  come  again  with  his  parent  to  the  issuing  office. 
Two  physicians  then  examine  him,  and,  if  they  agree,  this  evidence 


New  York  City  Form  12,  see  pp.  142,  143. 


2 New  York  City  Form  13,  see  p.  144. 


28  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

of  age  is  accepted.  If  the  two  physicians  disagree,  however,  a third 
physician  examines  the  child,  and  any  two  concurring  opinions  are 
final.  After  the  physicians’  certificate  has  been  acoepted  as  evi- 
dence of  age  the  parent’s  affidavit  is  taken  and  the  child  is  tested 
for  physical  fitness  and  for  literacy  as  are  other  applicants. 

New  York  City , other  boroughs. — The  procedure  in  the  different 
boroughs  is  now  uniform;  that  in  Manhattan  is  followed  elsewhere 
in  the  city.  When  this  investigation  was  begun,  however,  there  were 
certain  points  of  difference  in  matters  of  office  detail.  The  Bronx 
office,  for  instance,  took  precautions  to  assure  itself  that  a child 
applying  for  an  employment  certificate  had  not  received  one  at  some 
previous  time.  When  a child  applied  he  was  asked  his  name,  and 
the  card  catalogue  was  consulted.  If  the  name  was  found,  the  child 
was  told  to  write  his  name,  address,  and  date  of  birth  on  a piece  of 
paper,  and,  if  his  signature  was  the  same  as  that  in  the  files,  he  was 
not  allowed  to  continue  with  the  application.  If  his  name  was  not 
found  or  if  the  signatures  were  not  the  same  the  application  blank 
was  marked  “O.  K.”  in  the  corner. 

Buffalo. — The  procedure  in  the  Buffalo  issuing  office  resembles 
closely  that  in  the  New  York  offices.  But  the  register  of  births  of  all 
children  born  in  Buffalo  who  are  of  certificate  age  is  kept  in  the 
issuing  office  for  ready  reference.  If  an  applicant’s  record  of  birth 
is  in  this  register  or  if  he  submits  a birth  certificate,  the  application 1 
provided  on  the  school  record  is  signed  by  the  parent;  in  this  case 
he  need  not  come  to  the  office.  If  other  evidence  is  presented,  the 
parent  must  come  to  the  office  to  make  affidavit.  In  case  a certifi- 
cate of  graduation,  a baptismal  record,  or  a passport  is  accepted, 
the  application  signed  by  the  parent  is  similar  to  that  used  in  Man- 
hattan. In  case  any  other  documentary  evidence  or  a physicians’ 
certificate  of  age  is  accepted,  special  application  blanks,2  on  which 
the  character  of  the  evidence  is  noted,  are  used.  The  board  of 
health  meets  frequently,  and  in  case  the  evidence  presented  must 
have  its  approval  the  child  is  instructed  when  to  return  for  his 
certificate. 

. At  the  first  interview  much  information  is  noted  on  the  school  record. 
Such  points  as  the  date  of  birth,  the  character  of  the  evidence  of  age, 
whether  or  not  the  child’s  birth  is  recorded  in  Buffalo,  and  the 
parents’  birthplaces  aid  later  in  the  examination.  No  matter  what 
the  school  record  states,  the  child  is  questioned  as  to  the  grade  he  is 
in;  and  if  he  has  not  entered  the  seventh  grade,  the  procedure  stops 
there  and  he  is  told  to  return  to  school.  If  the  school  record  and 
the  child’s  answers  are  satisfactory,  he  is  required  to  read  from 
some  part  of  the  Fifth  Header  and  to  write  a sentence  from  dictation. 


Buffalo  Form  1,  see  p.  157. 


3 Buffalo  Forms'  2 and  3,  see  pp.  158-159. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


29 


If  he  can  not  do  both  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  attendant,  he  is  refused 
a certificate  for  insufficient  education;  but  if  he  can,  and  if  his  evi- 
dence of  age  is  acceptable,  he  is  allowed  to  have  the  physical  examina- 
tion. If  he  passes  this  also,  his  school  record  is  stamped  “ Approved” 
and  he  is  sent  to  the  clerk  or  attendant  for  his  certificate.  The 
child  is  asked  where  he  is  going  to  work,  and  a notation  as  to 
whether  it  is  in  a mercantile  or  a manufacturing  establishment  is 
made  on  a stub  record.  He  then  signs  and  receives  the  certificate. 

The  examining  physician  in  charge  of  the  office  alone  decides  on 
physical  fitness.  If  he  thinks  the  child  is  not  fit,  the  school-record 
and  physical-examination  blanks  are  stamped  “ Disapproved,”  with 
specific  cause  of  disapproval,  and  the  child  is  told  why  he  can  not 
get  a certificate  at  that  time.  In  cases  needing  treatment  a notice 
is  given  to  the  parent,  if  present,  or  to  the  child  to  take  to  his  parent. 
Whenever  a child  who  has  been  refused  a certificate  for  a physical 
defect  returns  with  the  defect  corrected,  the  school-record  and 
physical-examination  blanks  are  stamped  “ Approved”  and  “ Defect 
corrected”  and  the  certificate  is  granted. 

Rochester. — The  child  who  applies  for  a certificate  at  the  issuing 
office  in  Rochester  is  required  to  bring  an  additional  card, 
namely,  his  health-record  card,  showing  the  results  of  his  school 
physical  examinations.  This  card  is  used  to  aid  in  substantiating  the 
age  of  the  child  and  in  checking  up  the  work  of  the  medical  inspectors. 
The  nurse  passes  on  the  papers  and  makes  part  of  the  physical  ex- 
amination. The  child  is  also  asked  if  he  has  been  promised  employ- 
ment ; but  whether  he  has  or  not  he  receives  his  certificate.  A written 
promise  of  employment  was  first  requested  by  the  health  officer  in 
the  spring  of  1914,  and  such  promise  must  be  produced,  when  pos- 
sible, before  the  certificate  is  issued.  This  promise,  however,  not 
being  a legal  requirement,  can  not  be  insisted  upon. 

When  documentary  evidence  of  age  other  than  a birth  certificate, 
certificate  of  graduation,  baptismal  certificate,  or  passport  is  pre- 
sented the  nurse  approves  it  and  administers  the  required  oath  to  the 
parent,  and  the  child  is  not  delayed  by  waiting  for  the  health  bureau 
to  act.  WRen  the  child  has  to  resort  to  a physicians’  certificate  of 
age,  the  parent’s  affidavit  is  taken  at  the  second  appearance,  and  the 
names  of  the  two  physicians  making  the  examination  are  noted  on 
the  comer  of  the  affidavit  blank.  This  is  the  only  case  in  which  a 
parent  is  required  to  appear.  No  educational  test  is  given  unless 
the  child  appears  illiterate  or  can  not  speak  English. 

Other  cities  and  villages. — In  second  and  third  class  cities  the  laws 
relating  to  employment  certificates  differ  in  some  respects  from 
those  in  first-class  cities.  Final  resort  to  a physicians’  certificate 
of  age  is  not  permitted,  and  if  a child  can  not  produce  documentary 
evidence  of  age  he  can  not  legally  procure  an  employment  certificate. 


30  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

The  school  record  must  be  signed  by  the  superintendent  of  schools 
instead  of  by  the  principal  of  the  school  the  child  attended. 

In  each  of  the  second-class  cities  visited  the  clerk  of  the  bureau 
of  health  passes  upon  the  documents  submitted  by  the  child  and 
issues  the  certificate.  His  signature,  not  that  of  the  health  officer, 
is  on  the  employment  certificate.  The  physician  making  the  physical 
examination  is  regarded,  indeed,  as  the  examining  physician  and 
not  as  the  issuing  officer.  In  the  third-class  cities  visited  the 
health  officer  performs  all  the  work  attendant  upon  issuing  and  signs 
certificates. 

When  a child  appears  without  necessary  or  satisfactory  documents 
and  is  therefore  unable  to  secure  his  certificate  at  once,  his  name 
and  address  are  not  taken.  But  in  every  issuing  office  visited  the 
names  of  children  under  14  years  of  age  who  apply  are  recorded 
and  such  children  are  comited  among  the  number  of  refused  ap- 
plicants. In  Little  Falls  the  parent  must  always  accompany  the 
child  to  the  office;  in  Troy,  Syracuse,  and  Cohoes  only  when  neces- 
sary to  sign  a sworn  statement  as  to  the  child’s  age;  and  in  Albany 
a boy’s  parent  must  appear  for  this  purpose,  and  a girl’s  parent  must 
in  addition  accompany  her  at  the  time  of  the  physical  examination. 
In  Utica  the  parent  must  appear  at  some  time  during  the  procedure 
to  sign  the  application  blank.1  In  Tonawanda,  on  the  other  hand, 
he  is  not  required  to  appear  at  any  time. 

No  literacy  test  is  given  at  the  issuing  office  in  any  of  these 
places.  In  Albany  such  a test  was  given  at  one  time  but  was  dis- 
continued later.  Inquiry  is  usually  made  at  Albany  as  to  the  char- 
acter of  the  child’s  work. 

In  all  these  cities  except  Syracuse  the  child  is  required  to  go  first 
to  the  superintendent  of  schools  to  have  his  school  record  filled  in,  or 
approved  if  previously  filled  in  by  his  school  principal.  In  Syracuse 
the  child  is  obliged  to  make  an  additional  trip,  as  he  must  go  to  the 
issuing  office  to  get  the  school-record  blank  for  his  school  principal 
to  fill  in  and  then  has  to  return  with  it  to  the  issuing  office.  One 
trip  to  the  issuing  office  suffices  in  most  places,  however,  unless  the 
child  applies  at  other  times  than  the  office  hours  of  the  examining 
physician. 

The  health  officer  at  Little  Falls  is  the  only  one  in  any  of  these 
cities  who  asks  for  other  documentary  evidence  of  age  and  refuses  to 
accept  a parent’s  affidavit  without  supporting  evidence.  The  child 
is  not  inconvenienced  there,  however,  by  waiting  for  action  of  the 
board  of  health,  as  the  officer  grants  the  certificate  but  can  revoke  it 
if  the  board  decides  later  that  the  evidence  is  not  satisfactory.  Thus 
far  the  board  has  always  affirmed  the  judgment  of  tbe  health  officer. 


i Utica  Form  1,  p.  163. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


31 


In  Victory  Mills  the  child  has  his  school  record  filled  in  by  the 
principal  of  the  village  school  and  goes  with  it  to  the  clerk  of  the  board 
of  health,  from  whom  he  receives  an  affidavit  blank.  He  takes  this 
to  his  parent  for  the  sworn  signature;  goes  to  the  adjoining  village  of 
Schuylerville  to  be  examined  by  the  health  officer;  brings  back  to  the 
clerk  the  duplicate  copy  of  the  physical  examination  blank;  and,  if 
everything  is  satisfactory,  receives  his  certificate.  Thus  the  child 
usually  makes  three  trips,  two  to  the  clerk’s  office  and  one  to  the 
health  officer  in  Schuylerville.  Sometimes,  however,  he  goes  directly 
to  the  health  officer  with  an  affidavit  and  a school  record,  returning 
with  all  three  papers  to  the  clerk. 

NUMBER  AND  FORM  OF  CERTIFICATES. 

The  contents  of  an  employment  certificate,  as  has  already  been 
noted,,  are  specified  in  the  law,  and  a model  form1  is  provided  by  the 
State  department  of  labor.  In  addition  to  conforming  to  the  law  this 
model  has  a statement  concerning  the  physical  examination  and  a 
note  to  the  effect  that  the  certificate  is  to  be  filed  with  the  employer 
and  surrendered  to  the  child  or  to  the  person  in  parental  relation 
when  the  child’s  employment  ceases.  Notices  specifying  the  hours  of 
labor  in  factories  and  mercantile  establishments  and  calling  atten- 
tion to  the  section  of  the  law  relating  to  dangerous  occupations  for 
children  are  printed  on  the  back  of  the  form. 

All  places  visited  issue  certificates  based  on  this  model  except 
Victory  Mills,  where  an  old  triplicate  form  in  use  before  the  law  was 
changed  in  1913  is  used.  Certificates  in  the  old  form  are  made  out 
either  for  a factory  or  for  a mercantile  establishment,  and  under  the 
old  law  they  could  not  be  used  in  any  other  kind  of  an  establishment 
than  that  specified.  In  New  York  City  the  form  differs  from  the 
model2  in  providing  for  distinguishing  physical  instead  of  facial  marks 
and  has  additional  spaces  for  the  address  and  sex  of  the  child.  These 
data  are  meant  to  aid  in  identification  in  cases  where  confusion  might 
arise  on  account  of  foreign  names.  Of  23  cities,  other  than  those 
visited,  from  which  certificates  were  obtained  all  but  2 use  forms 
based  on  the  model,  and  these  2 use  the  old  triplicate  form. 

Though  the  law  provides  for  only  one  copy  of  an  employment  cer- 
tificate, the  number  varies.  In  New  York  City,  Buffalo,  and  Utica 
only  one  copy  is  made  out,  but  in  the  last  two  cities  stub  records  of 
the  essential  facts  shown  on  the  certificate  are  kept  for  use  in  case  it 
is  necessary  to  make  a duplicate.  In  Rochester,  Albany,  Troy,  Little 
Falls,  and  Tonawanda  certificates  are  made  out  in  duplicate,  one  copy 
being  given  to  the  child  and  the  other  filed  in  the  office.  In  Syracuse 
and  Victory  Mills  three  copies  are  made;  one  of  these  is  given  to  the 
child,  one  is  retained  at  the  office,  and  one  is  sent  to  the  office  of  the 
State  industrial  commission. 


i Form  2a,  pp.  134,  135. 


2 Form  2b,  p.  135. 


32  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YOBK. 

VACATION  AND  TEMPORARY  CERTIFICATES. 

No  vacation  or  temporary  certificates  are  issued  in  New  York 
State.  If  a child  wishes  to  work  during  vacation,  before  or  after 
school  hours,  or  on  Saturdays,  he  must  comply  with  the  same  require- 
ments as  though  he  intended  to  leave  school  permanently  to  go  to  work. 
Furthermore,  a child  is  not  allowed  to  work  while  waiting  for  accept- 
able evidence  of  age. 

LOST  CERTIFICATES. 

The  law  makes  no  provision  for  an  additional  certificate  in  case  the 
original  is  lost;  but  in  the  cities  visited  the  issuing  officer  gives  the 
child  a duplicate  which,  except  in  Buffalo,1  is  on  exactly  the  same 
form  as  the  original,  though  in  New  York  City  such  duplicates  are 
plainly  stamped  “Duplicate.”  In  the  New  York  City  offices  a fee  of 
50  cents  is  asked  for  a duplicate;  the  child  must  sign  a form2  setting 
forth  the  manner  in  which  the  first  certificate  was  lost;  and,  accord- 
ing to  a ruling  of  the  department  of  health,  the  parent  must  accom- 
pany the  child.  This  rule  is  generally  adhered  to,  as  it  aids  in  assur- 
ing the  issuing  officer  that  the  child  has  actually  lost  the  old  certifi- 
cate and  is  not  securing  the  new  one  for  another  child.  Since  early 
in  1915  the  practice  has  been  to  require  the  child  to  wait  at  least  one 
month  before  a new  certificate  is  issued.  When  assurance  is  given, 
usually  by  a note,  that  the  employer  lost  the  certificate,  the  parent 
need  not  accompany  the  child,  and  a new  certificate  is  issued  at  once. 
In  such  a case  the  employer,  informed  by  the  issuing  officer  of  the 
required  fee,  often  pays  it,  but  if  he  does  not,  the  child  must  do  so. 
Occasionally,  when  the  imposition  of  the  fee  seems  an  injustice,  the 
duplicate  is  given  to  the  child  free  of  cost.  In  New  York  City  1,555 
duplicate  certificates  were  issued  in  1915. 

In  Buffalo,  when  the  child  wishes  a duplicate  certificate,  he  must 
come  to  the  issuing  office  accompanied  by  his  parent.  The  stub  of 
the  original  certificate  is  consulted  for  the  necessary  data  and  the 
parent  is  required  to  swear  as  to  the  manner  in  which  the  certificate 
was  lost.  A fee  of  1 1 is  charged,  and  an  attempt  is  made  here  also  to 
persuade  the  employer,  if  he  lost  the  original,  to  pay  for  the  duplicate 
copy;  but  if  he  will  not  the  child  must  do  so.  In  Rochester  the 
child  must  apply  in  person  and  be  reexamined,  chiefly  for  defective 
teeth.  No  fee  is  charged,  but  the  child  is  usually  required  to  wait  a 
week  for  the  copy.  If,  however,  the  child  brings  a note  from  an 
employer  stating  that  he  has  lost  the  original  certificate  or  that  he 
intends  to  employ  the  child,  the  duplicate  is  granted  immediately. 

In  none  of  the  other  cities  visited  is  any  fee  required,  but  the  child  is 
sometimes  questioned  and  required  to  return  a second  time  for  the 


i Buffalo  Form  4,  pp.  159,  160. 


2 New  York  City  Form  14,  p.  145. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


33 


duplicate  certificate.  At  the  Utica  office,  if  the  child  says  that  the 
employer  lost  the  original  certificate,  he  must  bring  a written  state- 
ment from  the  employer  to  that  effect  before  the  duplicate  is  issued. 

OVER-AGE  CERTIFICATES. 

In  New  York  City  the  bureau  of  child  hygiene  of  the  department  of 
health  issues  to  a child  over  16  years  of  age  a statement 1 certifying 
that  his  proof  of  age  has  been  investigated  and  is  satisfactory.  This 
statement  is  also  issued  to  a child  who  claims  to  be  over  16  but  who 
can  not  present  satisfactory  proof  of  age,  providing  a physical  examina- 
tion made  by  a physician  of  the  bureau  indicates  that  he  is  over 
16.  It  is  frequently  issued  upon  the  request  of  an  employer,  and 
a child  can  not  procure  a second  copy. 

Until  October  1,  1915,  in  New  York  City  the  department  of  labor 
issued  to  a child  over  16  years  of  age  a statement  certifying  that  evi- 
dence satisfactory  under  the  law  for  an  employment  certificate  was 
filed  in  the  office  showing  that  the  child  was  over  16  years  of  age. 
This  statement  was  also  issued  upon  the  request  of  an  employer, 
and  a child  could  not  procure  a second  copy. 

EVIDENCE  OF  AGE. 

Any  one  of  four  kinds  of  documents  may  be  used  by  a child  to 
prove  his  age  to  an  issuing  officer  in  New  York  State.  In  order  of 
preference  these  are  as  follows: 

(a)  A duly  attested  transcript  of  a birth  certificate. 

( b ) A certificate  of  graduation  from  the  eighth  grade,  provided  the 
school  record  shows  that  the  child  is  at  least  14. 

(c)  A passport  or  a duly  attested  transcript  of  a baptismal  certifi- 
cate showing  the  date  of  birth. 

(d)  Other  satisfactory  documentary  evidence  of  age. 

A fifth  document  may  be  presented  in  first-class  cities  only,  namely: 

( e ) A physicians’  certificate  of  age  based  on  a physical  examina- 
tion. 

When  evidence  other  than  a birth  certificate  is  presented  the  par- 
ent, according  to  law,  must  appear  in  person  before  the  officer  issuing 
the  certificate  and  must  file  an  affidavit  stating  that  other  evidence 
can  not  be  secured.  For  this  affidavit  no  fee  can  be  collected  at  the 
issuing  office.2 

To  prevent  effacement,  the  date  of  birth  is  perforated  on  the 
employment  certificate  in  Buffalo  and  in  Rochester.  In  the  other 
offices  it  is  written. 


1 New  York  City  Form  15,  p.  145. 

2 Labor  Law,  secs.  71  and  163.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  120,  124. 

46446°— 17 3 


34  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

In  New  York  City  and  in  Buffalo  the  order  of  presentation  pre- 
scribed in  the  law  is  strictly  observed.  In  Rochester  birth  certificates, 
baptismal  records,  and  passports  are  regarded  as  equally  acceptable, 
and  a certificate  of  graduation  is  accepted  not  only  if  the  child’s  birth 
is  not  recorded  but  also  if  the  record  is  difficult  to  obtain.  In  the 
second-class  cities — Albany,  Troy,  Syracuse,  and  Utica — the  birth 
certificate  is  first  demanded,  then  the  baptismal  record  or  passport. 
In  the  absence  of  both  these  kinds  of  evidence  the  parent  is  required 
to  swear  before  the  commissioner  of  deeds  or  designated  officer  in 
the  bureau  that  the  child  is  of  a certain  age  and  that  no  other  proof 
of  age  can  be  obtained.  This  parent’s  affidavit  is  frequently  accepted 
without  any  supporting  evidence.  In  Little  Falls  the  proofs  of  age 
are  required  usually  in  the  following  order:  Birth  certificate,  baptismal 
record,  and  parent’s  affidavit  accompanied  by  other  documentary 
proof.  In  Tonawanda  the  birth  certificate  is  preferred,  then  the  bap- 
tismal record;  but  occasionally  some  other  document  is  accepted. 
In  Cohoes  and  Victory  Mills  no  special  order  of  presentation  is  ob- 
served, but  a parent’s  affidavit  unsupported  by  any  other  document 
is  the  usual  evidence. 

Outside  the  first-class  cities  none  of  the  offices  visited  demanded 
the  certificate  of  graduation,  and  in  none  of  them  were  the  officers 
at  the  time  of  this  investigation  cognizant  that  such  a certificate  was 
acceptable  as  evidence  of  age. 

TRANSCRIPT  OF  BIRTH  CERTIFICATE. 

Native-born  children. — A law  providing  for  compulsory  birth  reg- 
istration has  existed  in  New  York  State  since  1853  but  has  not  been 
effectively  enforced  until  recently.  In  1900,  it  was  estimated,  only 
about  78  per  cent  of  the  births  were  recorded,  but  in  1914  the  State 
department  of  health  claimed  99  per  cent.  A new  law,  effective 
January  1,  1914,  gave  the  State  commissioner  of  health  power  to 
remove  local  registrars  and  to  prosecute  local  violators  of  the  law. 
This  law,  it  is  claimed,  will  for  the  first  time  guarantee  birth  regis- 
tration in  the  State.  New  York  City,  however,  has  always  had  a 
law  different  from  that  of  the  State  and  has  enforced  birth  registra- 
tion since  1909.  In  1900  between  85  and  90  per  cent  of  the  births 
were  registered,  and  the  office  of  the  registrar  of  vital  statistics 
claims  to  get  99  per  cent  at  the  present  time.  Obviously,  therefore, 
the  child  born  in  New  York  State  who  applies  for  an  employment 
certificate  can  not  yet  be  assured  that  the  record  of  his  birth  will 
be  on  file. 

The  law  requires  ‘ ‘ a duly  attested  transcript  of  the  birth  certificate.” 
This  does  not  necessarily  mean  the  certified  copy  for  which  registrars 
may  charge  a fee  of  SI.1  No  provision  is  made  for  searching  the  rec- 


i Consolidated  Laws  1909,  ch-  45,  art.  20,  sec.  391,  as  added  by  Acts  of  1913,  ch.  69. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


35 


ords,  but  in  none  of  the  cities  visited  was  a fee  charged  for  doing 
so  when  the  date  of  birth  was  wanted  for  school  registration  or 
for  employment.  The  registrars  in  some  places,  however,  are  not 
willing  to  consult  the  records  for  such  purposes  and  often,  therefore, 
other  evidence  of  age  is  accepted  by  the  issuing  officers.  In  New 
York  City,  Buffalo,  and  Rochester,  when  a request  is  received  for 
the  date  of  birth  of  a child  born  in  the  city,  the  information  is  fur- 
nished free  to  a child  between  14  and  16,  and  in  Rochester  also  to  a 
16-year  old  child  who  states  that  he  wants  it  to  prove  his  age  to  an 
employer. 

In  New  York  City  a register  of  the  births  of  all  children  born  in 
Greater  New  York  is  kept  in  every  borough  office,  and  when  such  a 
child  applies  for  a transcript  it  can  be  easily  ascertained  whether  his 
birth  is  recorded.  In  Buffalo,  Rochester,  all  the  second-class  cities 
visited,  and  Tonawanda  the  birth  records  are  in  the  offices  where 
certificates  are  issued,  and  for  a child  born  in  one  of  these  cities  the 
records  are  always  consulted  before  other  age  evidence  is  accepted. 
In  Little  Falls,  Cohoes,  and  Victory  Mills  the  clerks  of  the  boards 
of  health  have  the  birth  certificates,  but  as  they  are  also  engaged  in 
other  business  such  records  often  are  not  consulted. 

In  Buffalo  and  Albany,  if  the  name  on  the  register  differs  from 
that  on  the  school  record  or  from  the  one  the  child  gives,  the  parent 
must  make  a sworn  statement  before  the  commissioner  of  deeds  that 
the  two  names  are  those  of  the  same  child. 

In  proving  the  age  of  a child  born  elsewhere  in  the  United  States 
difficulties  are  encountered,  although  the  child  is  not  greatly  incon- 
venienced. Often,  it  is  true,  his  birth  certificate  can  not  be  obtained, 
but  the  answer  to  his  request  for  one  is  soon  forthcoming  and  other 
evidence  can  usually  be  secured.  The  Buffalo  office  instructs  the 
child  who  claims  to  have  received  no  reply  to  a request  for  a tran- 
script of  his  birth  certificate  to  send  a special-delivery  letter.  If  such 
a letter  is  returned,  it  is  filed  in  the  office  and  accepted  as  proof 
that  the  record  does  not  exist.  The  office  does  not  accept  other  evi- 
dence of  age  until  it  has  written  proof  that  a transcript  of  the  birth 
certificate  can  not  be  obtained. 

In  Manhattan  Borough,  during  the  year  1913,  11,221  out  of  14,367 
native-born  children  receiving  certificates,  or  78  per  cent,  presented 
transcripts  of  birth  certificates  as  evidence  of  age. 

Foreign-born  children. — Before  the  beginning  of  the  European  war 
a foreign-born  child,  in  some  offices,  was  required  to  present  if  pos- 
sible a transcript  of  a foreign  birth  certificate.  In  case  he  did  not 
have  one  he  was  compelled  to  send  for  one,  and  a long  delay  often 
occurred  before  it  was  received.  Meanwhile  the  child  was  obliged  to 
stay  in  school.  In  New  York  City,  even  since  the  beginning  of  the 
European  war,  such  transcripts  have  frequently  been  demanded  from 


36  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

children  born  in  countries  not  considered  to  be  too  seriously  affected 
either  by  the  war  itself  or  by  the  resulting  irregularity  in  the  mails; 
but  the  practice  has  become  less  common  as  the  war  has  continued. 

Foreign-born  children  applying  for  employment  certificates  in  New 
York  City,  Buffalo,  and  Tonawanda  were  always  required  to  secure 
if  possible  copies  of  their  birth  certificates.  Occasionally  also  they 
were  required  to  do  so  in  Rochester,  Albany,  and  Syracuse,  but  never 
in  Troy,  Utica,  Cohoes,  Little  Falls,  or  Victory  Mills.  Instructions 
were  always  given  in  regard  to  securing  such  certificates  in  New  York 
City  and  Buffalo;  rarely  in  Albany  and  Syracuse,  and  never  in 
Rochester  and  Tonawanda. 

The  New  York  City  office  kept  thoroughly  informed  of  conditions 
in  European  countries  which  affected  birth  registration,  and  when 
a child  claimed  to  have  been  born  in  a foreign  city  where  birth 
certificates  had  been  destroyed  he  was  instructed  what  other  evidence 
to  bring.  On  the  other  hand,  a child  born  where  birth  certificates 
were  available  was  given  a printed  slip  made  out  for  the  particular 
country  of  his  birth  and  was  instructed  to  fill  it  in  and  send  it,  together 
with  the  necessary  fee — the  amount  of  which  was  specified— to  the 
proper  official,  whose  exact  title  and  address  were  given  him.1  The 
parent  was  instructed  to  send  a registered  letter  and  to  keep  the 
receipt  in  order  to  present  it  if  no  reply  were  received.  At  times  a 
parent  or  child  wrote  to  a relative  or  friend  in  the  home  country,  ask- 
ing him  to  secure  the  birth  certificate.  A letter  received  from  such 
a person,  stating  that  the  birth  certificate  could  not  be  obtained, 
was  generally  accepted,  but  in  some  suspicious  cases  the  parent  was 
required  to  write,  as  previously  instructed,  to  the  proper  person. 
When  such  evidence  was  received,  the  office  transcribed  the  essential 
facts  on  a special  form 2 and  returned  the  original  paper  to  the  child. 
Special  difficulty  was  experienced  with  the  Jewish  child  whose  birth 
often  was  not  recorded  or  whose  certificate  was  difficult  to  obtain.  In 
parts  of  some  countries  the  births  of  Jewish  children  are  recorded  as 
illegitimate  because  the  parents  were  married  and  the  children  born 
outside  the  State  religion;  their  parents,  consequently,  often  objected 
to  procuring  these  records;  and  at  times  the  office  did  not  insist,  but 
accepted  other  evidence. 

At  the  Manhattan  office  5,733  foreign-born  children  received  certifi- 
cates in  1913;  3,639,  or  64  per  cent  of  them,  presented  birth  certifi- 
cates as  evidence  of  age;  543,  or  9 per  cent,  graduation  certificates; 
403,  or  7 per  cent,  baptismal  records  or  passports;  972,  or  17  per 
cent,  other  documentary  evidence;  and  176,  or  3 per  cent,  had  to 
resort  to  physicians’  certificates  of  age. 


1 For  this  purpose  the  pamphlet  of  instructions,  How  to  Obtain  Foreign  Birth  Certificates,  issued  by  the 
New  York  Child  Labor  Committee,  was  constantly  used. 

2 New  York  City  Form  16,  p.  145. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


37 


In  Buffalo,  when  a child  was  instructed  to  write  for  a copy  of  his 
birth  certificate,  he  had  to  return  with  the  copy  or  with  a letter  stating 
that  the  birth  was  not  recorded.  He  was  not  instructed  to  keep  the 
receipt  to  show,  in  case  he  received  no  reply,  that  he  had  actually 
written,  for  he  was  required  to  write  again  and  again  until  he  received 
a reply.  Otherwise  he  could  not  get  a certificate. 

In  Rochester  the  child  or  parent  was  simply  told  to  write  for  a 
transcript  of  the  birth  certificate.  A statement  of  the  date  of  birth 
was  accepted  when  written  on  a plain  piece  of  paper  if  signed  by  the 
proper  official. 

In  Albany  and  Syracuse,  if  a child  came  to  the  office  with  a bap- 
tismal record  or  passport,  the  document  was  usually  accepted  and  the 
child  was  not  directed  to  write  for  a transcript  of  his  birth  certificate. 
In  Utica  and  Troy  the  issuing  officers  had  no  knowledge  of  the  coun- 
tries from  which  birth  certificates  could  be  secured,  and  consequently 
a child’s  statement  regarding  his  ability  to  secure  such  a paper  was 
accepted;  in  Little  Falls,  Cohoes,  and  Victory  Mills,  even  though  the 
officers  had  such  knowledge,  the  child  was  not  required  to  procure  a 
transcript  of  his  birth  certificate.  In  Tonawanda  the  health  officer 
usually  knew  whether  a child  had  written  for  his  certificate  and  ac- 
cepted his  word  about  the  reply. 

In  Manhattan  and  Brooklyn  Boroughs,  where  most  of  the  foreign- 
born  children  apply,  there  was,  until  early  in  1915,  some  one  in  the 
office  to  translate  documents,  and  in  the  other  boroughs  the  chief  of 
the  division  was  called  upon  for  this  purpose.  In  other  places,  unless 
the  foreign  document  was  easily  translated,  the  issuing  officers  de- 
pended upon  a translation  by  a priest,  a notary,  or  sometimes  the 
child. 

CERTIFICATE  OF  GRADUATION. 

The  second  evidence  of  age  to  be  accepted  is  the  grammar-school 
certificate  of  graduation.  To  make  such  evidence  acceptable  proof 
of  age  it  must  be  accompanied  by  a school  record  showing  the  child  to 
be  at  least  14  years  of  age.  The  provision  really  means,  therefore, 
that  the  evidence  of  age  presented  and  accepted  is  that  appearing  on 
the  records  of  the  school  the  child  has  attended.  Of  the  20,100  cer- 
tificates issued  in  Manhattan  in  1913,  1,084,  or  5 per  cent,  were 
granted  on  this  evidence  of  age.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  9 per 
cent  of  the  foreign-born  children,  but  only  4 per  cent  of  the  native 
children,  presented  this  evidence.  If  a diploma  is  acceptable,  its 
contents  are  transcribed  in  the  New  York  City  offices  to  a regular 
form.1  In  Buffalo  a note  of  the  kind  of  evidence  produced  is  made 
on  the  application  blank. 

» New  York  City  Form  17,  p.  145. 


38 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


In  Rochester,  if  a child  comes  without  his  diploma,  he  is  not  re- 
quired to  return  for  it  providing  the  school  record  shows  that  he  has 
finished  the  eighth  grade. 

PASSPORT  OR  BAPTISMAL  CERTIFICATE. 

A passport  or  baptismal  certificate  is  the  third  choice  as  evidence 
of  age  under  the  law.  In  New  York  City,  when  instructions  are 
given  to  a foreign-born  child  how  to  proceed  in  securing  a birth  cer- 
tificate, additional  instructions  are  usually  given  with  regard  to  the 
passport  or  baptismal  record  in  case  the  birth  certificate  can  not  be  ob- 
tained. The  evidence  from  a passport  is  copied  on  the  same  form  as 
that  used  for  a birth  certificate.  A transcript  of  a baptismal  certificate 
must  be  signed  by  the  pastor  or  priest  and  the  seal  of  the  church  must 
be  attached.  The  evidence  on  it  is  transcribed  in  the  certificate 
office  to  a special  form.1  In  Manhattan  Borough  2,316  children  who 
received  certificates  in  1913  proved  their  ages  by  baptismal  certificates 
or  passports.  The  majority  of  these  children  were  native  bom;  con- 
sequently more  baptismal  certificates  than  passports  were  accepted. 

In  Buffalo,  when  a baptismal  record  is  accepted,  it  is  retained  in  the 
office  if  not  too  cumbersome;  otherwise  it  is  transcribed  to  a form 
similar  to  that  used  in  New  York  City.  At  the  Rochester  office  a 
baptismal  record,  even  when  written  on  a plain  piece  of  paper  with  no 
church  seal  attached,  is  customarily  accepted  from  a child  unless  his 
birth  is  registered  in  the  city;  and  a passport  is  commonly  accepted 
from  a foreign-born  child. 

In  the  second-class  cities  visited  this  evidence — a baptismal  cer- 
tificate or  passport — is  accepted  if  presented  by  a child  born  else- 
where than  in  the  city  or  by  a child  born  in  the  city  whose  birth  is  not 
recorded.  In  Albany  a copy  is  made  of  the  certificate,  but  in  the 
other  places  the  original  evidence  is  kept  on  file.  In  Little  Falls, 
where  most  of  the  applicants  are  Catholics,  a baptismal  certificate 
is  the  usual  evidence  of  age  presented  and  accepted.  In  Cohoes, 
also,  most  of  the  applicants  are  Catholics,  and  baptismal  certificates 
would  be  easily  obtainable;  but  they  are  rarely  demanded  and  are 
accepted  only  if  they  bear  the  seal  of  the  church  and  are  accom- 
panied by  the  sworn  statement  of  the  parent.  In  Tonawanda,  if  the 
applicant  can  get  neither  a birth  nor  a baptismal  certificate,  he  can 
not  obtain  an  employment  certificate. 

OTHER  DOCUMENTARY  EVIDENCE  OF  AGE. 

Under  the  law  the  issuing  officer  is  himself  permitted  to  accept 
the  different  kinds  of  evidence  of  age  thus  far  discussed.  For  the 
acceptance  of  any  other  documentary  evidence  of  age  the  approval  of 


iNew  Yofk  City  Form  18,  p.  146. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YrORK. 


' 39 


the  board  of  health  is  required.  If  a birth  certificate,  graduation 
certificate,  passport,  or  baptismal  certificate  can  not  be  produced,  but 
if  other  documentary  evidence  of  age  satisfactory  to  the  issuing 
officer  is  available,  the  issuing  officer  must  present  to  the  board  of 
health  a signed  statement  showing  the  facts,  together  with  the 
evidence  of  age  produced,  and  the  board  of  health,  at  a regular  meet- 
ing, may  by  resolution  provide  for  receiving  such  evidence  as  it 
approves.1 

Before  other  documentary  evidence  of  age  is  accepted  in  New  York 
City  the  child  is  required  to  furnish  documentary  proof  that  a birth 
certificate  or  certificate  of  graduation  is  not  obtainable;  but  his 
statement  is  usually  accepted  regarding  his  inability  to  procure  a bap- 
tismal certificate  or  passport,  because  the  child,  it  is  believed,  will 
bring  such  evidence  rather  than  wait  unnecessarily  while  the  board 
of  health  passes  on  the  “ other  documentary  evidence”  of  age. 

Certain  kinds  of  documentary  evidence  of  age  have  been  presented 
and  accepted  in  one  office  and  other  kinds  in  another.  But  in  any  of 
these  offices  any  proof  of  this  sort  which  a child  might  present,  if  con- 
sidered authentic,  would  be  accept  ed.  A life  insurance  policy  is  usually 
considered  the  best  and  is  accepted  in  all  the  first-class  cities,  as  is 
also  a Bible  record  which  appears  to  have  been  made  near  the  time 
of  the  child’s  birth.  A Jewish  barmizvah  paper2  is  accepted  in 
New  York  City  but  not  in  Rochester;  and  at  the  time  of  this  investi- 
gation such  evidence  had  never  been  offered  in  Buffalo.  The 
census  age  certificate 3 from  the  bureau  of  attendance,  though  by 
some  considered  of  doubtful  value  as  documentary  evidence  of  age, 
is  frequently  used  in  New  York  City.  No  similar  records,  however, 
are  in  use  in  Buffalo  or  Rochester.  Vaccination  certificates,  if  official 
and  not  from  private  doctors,  are  accepted  in  New  York  City.  But 
such  certificates  are  not  accepted  in  any  of  the  other  offices  visited 
except  in  Rochester.  The  New  York  City  offices  have  accepted  a 
certificate  from  the  United  States  Immigration  Bureau,  a hospital 
record,  a statement  of  age  from  the  children’s  court,  and  the  date  of 
birth  on  a christening  cup.  The  Buffalo  office  has  accepted  a record 
of  the  Catholic  Orphan  Asylum,  and  the  Rochester  office  accepts 
any  authentic  statement  regarding  a child’s  age — for  example,  an 
old  letter  written  at  the  time  of  the  child’s  birth  to  an  aunt  and  show- 
ing the  exact  birthday. 

Of  the  20,100  certificates  issued  in  Manhattan  in  the  year  1913, 
1,529  were  issued  on  some  sort  of  documentary  evidence  of  age  other 
than  a birth  or  baptismal  certificate,  certificate  of  graduation,  or 

1 Labor  Law,  secs.  71  and  163.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  120,  124. 

2 New  York  City  Form  19,  p.  146. 

3 New  York  City  jform  20,  p.  146.  When  a child  applies  for  a census  age  certificate  and  no  record  of  his 
age  is  found  on  file  he  is  given  a yellow  card  stating  that  fact. 


40  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

passport.  This  evidence  was  accepted  from  17  per  cent  of  the 
foreign-born  children  receiving  certificates  as  against  4 per  cent  of 
the  native  born.  In  Buffalo,  from  October  1,  1913,  to  September  1, 
1914,  only  20  children  had  to  bring  other  documentary  evidence  of 
age. 

The  board  of  health  in  New  York  City  has  always  approved  the 
evidence  of  age  accepted  at  the  issuing  office,  but  the  board  in  Buffalo 
has  not  done  so  in  every  case.  In  Rochester,  as  already  shown, 
other  documentary  evidence  of  age  is  not  submitted  to  the  board  of 
health  but  is  approved  by  the  nurse. 

In  Little  Falls  the  health  officer  accepts  from  the  school  principal 
a statement  of  the  number  of  years  a child  has  attended  school  and 
of  the  age  at  entrance.  On  the  strength  of  this  statement  the  parent’s 
affidavit  is  accepted  and  the  certificate  is  issued.  After  issuance  the 
officer  submits  the  facts  to  the  board  of  health.  Thus  far  the  board 
has  not  disapproved  the  issuance  of  any  certificate,  but  it  is  said 
that  if  it  should  do  so  the  certificate  would  be  revoked. 

PHYSICIANS’  CERTIFICATE  OF  AGE. 

In  cities  of  the  first  class — but  nowhere  else — in  case  no  satisfac- 
tory documentary  evidence  of  age  can  be  produced  for  a child  who  is 
apparently  at  least  14  years  of  age,  the  law  provides  that  the  issuing 
officer  may  receive  an  application  signed  by  the  parent  for  a physi- 
cians’ certificate  of  age.  In  order  to  allow  ample  time  for  “ an  exam- 
ination to  be  made  of  the  statements  contained”  in  the  application, 
and  also  probably  in  order  to  discourage  the  use  of  this  evidence  of 
age  except  as  a genuine  last  resort,  the  law  provides  that  the  applica- 
tion must  remain  on  file  for  at  least  90  days  before  the  examination 
is  made.  In  case  “no  facts  appear  within  such  period  or  by  such 
examination  tending  to  discredit  or  contradict  any  material  state- 
ment of  such  application,”  the  issuing  officer  may  direct  the  child  to 
appear  for  examination  before  two  officially  designated  physicians, 
and  if  these  two  physicians  agree  that  the  child  is  at  least  14  years 
of  age  their  written  certificate  to  that  effect  must  be  accepted  as 
sufficient  proof  of  age.  If  the  two  physicians  disagree,  the  child  must 
be  examined  by  a third  physician  and  the  concurring  opinions  decide 
the  age  of  the  child.1 

This  last  resort  under  the  law  is  unsatisfactory,  and  it  is  important 
that  every  means  of  proving  age  by  documents  be  exhausted  before 
it  is  resorted  to.  The  parents,  considering  that  the  long  delay  of 
90  days  during  which  the  child  must  stay  in  school  is  a hardship, 
usually  present,  if  possible,  some  other  evidence  of  age. 

This  examination  to  determine  age  is  never  made  unless  the  child 
appears  to  be  over  14.  Its  exact  nature  could  not  be  ascertained, 


i Labor.  Law,  secs.  71  and  163.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  120,  124. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


41 


but  the  physicians  state  that  it  is  different  from  that  for  determining 
physical  fitness  to  go  to  work. 

In  Manhattan  Borough,  during  the  year  1913,  only  211  certificates 
were  issued  on  physicians’  certificates  of  age,  most  of  them  to  foreign- 
born  children.  This  evidence  is  rarely  resorted  to  in  the  other  bor- 
oughs. 

In  Buffalo  physicians’  certificates  of  age  have  been  resorted  to 
only  occasionally.  The  board  of  health  always  approves  such  evi- 
dence before  it  is  finally  accepted.  As  in  New  York  City,  this  cer- 
tificate is  based  on  the  judgment  of  two  physicians  in  the  employ  of 
the  board  of  health.  In  Rochester,  when  a physicians’  certificate  of 
age  is  accepted,  the  parent’s  affidavit  form  1 is  used  and  the  necessary 
data  are  written  on  the  back  of  the  form. 

PARENT’S  AFFIDAVIT. 

Under  the  law  a parent’s  affidavit  must  accompany  all  evidence  of 
age  except  a birth  certificate.  The  practice  differs  widely,  and  the 
Buffalo  office  was  the  only  one  visited  in  which  the  requirements  of 
the  law  were  strictly  adhered  to.  In  New  York  City  the  affidavit 
accompanies  all  evidence  of  age,  but  in  Rochester  only  other  docu- 
mentary evidence  or  a physicians’  certificate  of  age.  In  Cohoes  the 
sworn  statement  of  the  parent  must  accompany  the  baptismal 
record,  a requirement  in  no  other  second  or  third  class  city  visited. 

A parent’s  affidavit  of  age  unsupported  by  documents  to  prove  a 
child’s  age  is  not  provided  for  in  the  New  York  labor  law  unless 
such  an  affidavit  is  considered  “satisfactory  documentary  evidence.” 
Nevertheless,  such  affidavits  are  commonly  accepted  in  Albany,  Troy, 
Utica,  and  Syracuse.  They  must  be  taken,  however,  before  the 
notary  in  the  issuing  office.  In  Cohoes  and  Victory  Mills,  almost 
without  exception,  the  parent’s  sworn  statement  of  age  is  the  only 
proof  demanded.  In  Cohoes  this  statement  must  be  made  before 
the  clerk  of  the  board  of  health;  in  Victory  Mills  the  affidavit,  for 
which  the  parent  must  pay  a fee,  may  be  taken  before  any  notary. 
In  Little  Falls  an  unsupported  affidavit  is  never  accepted. 

The  forms  used  for  affidavits  are  similar  throughout  the  State. 

DISPOSITION  OF  DOCUMENTS. 

All  original  evidence  of  age  presented  in  New  York  City  is  given 
back  to  the  child  after  it  has  been  stamped  to  show  that  it  has  been 
once  used  at  the  issuing  office.  This  stamp,  it  is  believed,  prevents 
future  use  of  the  same  evidence  by  another  child.  Returned  docu- 
ments are  not  stamped  in  any  other  place  visited  in  the  State,  nor 
is  there  any  uniformity  about  returning  evidence.  In  Buffalo  tran- 


J Rochester  Form  1,  p.  1G1. 


42 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IX  NEW  YORK. 


scripts  of  birth  certificates,  passports,  certificates  of  graduation,  and 
baptismal  certificates — except  those  convenient  for  filing — are  re- 
turned to  the  children.  Other  documentary  evidence  is  filed  in  the 
office.  In  Rochester  birth  and  baptismal  certificates  and  passports 
are  sometimes  returned  to  the  child  and  sometimes  filed  in  the 
office,  but  certificates  of  graduation  and  other  documentary  evidence 
are  always  returned  to  the  child.  At  Albany  and  Little  Falls  all 
original  evidence  except  a transcript  of  a birth  certificate  is  returned. 
In  the  other  places  visited  all  original  evidence  is  filed  in  the  issuing 
office. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS. 

The  physical  requirements  for  an  employment  certificate  are  speci- 
fied in  the  labor  law  only  in  a general  way.  Provision  is  made  that 
the  issuing  officer  shall  sign  and  file  in  his  office  a statement  that  the 
.child  making  application  for  an  employment  certificate  is  “in  sound 
health  and  physically  able  to  perform  the  work  which  it  intends  to  do,” 
and  also  that  “in  every  case,  before  an  employment  certificate  is  issued, 
such  physical  fitness  shall  be  determined  by  a medical  officer  of  the 
department  or  board  of  health,  who  shall  make  a thorough  physical 
examination  of  the  child  and  record  the  result  thereof  on  a blank  to  be 
furnished  for  the  purpose  by  the  State  commissioner  of  labor  [indus- 
trial commission]  and  shall  set  forth  thereon  such  facts  concerning 
the  physical  condition  and  history  of  the  child  as  the  commissioner 
of  labor  [industrial  commission]  may  require.”  1 As  health  officers 
were  reminded  by  the  department  of  labor  when  this  provision  went 
into  effect  in  1913,  it  is  a penal  offense . to  issue  an  employment 
certificate  to  a child  without  first  making  a physical  examination  in 
accordance  with  the  requirements  of  the  blank  prescribed  by  that 
department.2 

The  industrial  commission,  it  will  be  seen,  is  given  power  to  decide 
the  essential  points  to  be  noted  in  a physical  examination,  and  it  may 
be  inferred  that  if  a child  is  sound  in  all  particulars  mentioned  he  will 
generally  be  considered  physically  fit  to  go  to  work.  At  any  rate, 
the  data  demanded  by  the  commission  are  those  which  the  local 
examining  physician  must  record,  and  the  examination  must  be  given 
with  this  end  in  view. 

The  form  in  use,  filled  out  and  with  the  points  checked  for  a typi- 
cal healthy  child,  is  shown  on  the  opposite  page. 


i Labor  Law,  secs.  71  and  163.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  120, 124. 

* Penal  Law,  sec.  1275.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  131. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


43 


Record  op  Physical  Examination— Form  119. 


44 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


When  the  law  went  into  effect,  in  1913,  the  department  of  labor 
issued  the  following  instructions,  in  addition  to  those  on  the  form,  as 
to  the  method  to  be  adopted  in  making  the  various  tests:1 

Eyesight. — Use  the  Snellen  test  card.  Ability  to  read  the  20-foot  section  or  test  at 
a distance  of  20  feet  to  be  considered  perfect.  If  child  is  unable  to  read  the  letters  cor- 
rectly at  that  distance,  move  him  nearer,  the  distance  to  be  shortened  2 feet  at  each 
test.  Each  eye  to  be  tested  separately,  checking  the  number  corresponding  to  the 
distance  at  which  he  reads  the  test  correctly.  In  the  illustration  the  “right  ” eye  is 
checked  at  16  and  the  “left”  at  14. 

Hearing. — Test  each  ear  separately.  Use  an  acoumeter  (a  simple  instrument,  cost- 
ing $1).  Ability  to  hear  the  click  of  this  instrument  at  14  feet  is  to  be  regarded  as 
perfect;  lessen  the  distance  (2  feet  at  a time)  for  those  who  can  not  hear,  until  they 
indicate  their  ability  to  count  the  number  of  clicks  made  by  the  tester.  In  our  illus- 
tration above,  the  child  is  made  to  hear  at  a distance  of  10  and  12  feet,  respectively. 

Weight. — Use  accurate  scales.  Beware  of  efforts  to  increase  weight  by  heavy  sub- 
stances in  pockets  or  elsewhere  about  the  person. 

Teeth. — “Bad”  should  indicate  marked  decay. 

Pulse. — To  be  taken  at  v/rist,  child  sitting. 

Condition  of  pharnyx — palate. — Indicate  in  writing  if  tonsils  are  “hypertrophied,” 
palate  “cleft,”  or  any  other  unusual  or  marked  condition;  if  “normal,”  state  that 
fact  in  writing. 

Hernia. — Record  should  be  based  upon  answers  to  inquiries,  not  on  actual 
examination. 

The  industrial  commission  furnishes  to  every  health  officer  a book 
of  blank  forms  for  recording  the  results  of  all  physical  examinations, 
whether  resulting  in  the  issuance  or  refusal  of  a certificate.  In  these 
books  alternate  blanks  are  perforated,  and  these  perforated  blanks 
must  be  filled  out,  by  the  use  of  a carbon  sheet,  as  duplicates  of  the 
original  record.  All  such  duplicates  must  be  sent,  between  the  1st 
and  10th  of  each  month,  to  the  office  of  the  department  of  labor  at 
Albany.2 

PROCEDURE. 

In  describing  the  physical  examinations  given  in  the  places  visited, 
the  points  on  the  blank  form  will  be  followed  and  variations  from 
them  noted. 

In  the  New  York  City  office  all  points  on  the  form  are  checked. 
The  nurse  assists  the  examining  physician  by  filling  out  the  blanks 
and  by  questioning  the  child  concerning  the  date  of  vaccination  and 
the  parents’  birthplaces.  She  also  often  weighs  and  measures  him. 
For  the  average  applicant  the  examination  requires  about  5 
minutes,  but  for  the  child  who  has  some  physical  defect  which  the 
physician  thinks  might  unfit  him  for  work  the  time  varies.  Special 
attention  is  given  to  children  with  heart  trouble,  and  the  bureau  of 

1 Circular  letter  to  health  officers  issued  by  the  New  York  State  Department  of  Labor,  Sept.  30, 1913. 

2 Data  from  the  physical  examination  blanks  were  used  in  a pamphlet  entitled  “Heights  and  Weights 
of  New  York  City  Children  14  to  16  Years  of  Age,”  by  Dr.  Lee  K.  Frankel  and  Dr.  Louis  J.  Dublin,  Metro- 
politan Life  Insurance  Co.,  New  York,  1916.  Similar  data  for  the  entire  State  have  been  compiled,  and  will 
soon  be  published,  by  the  bureau  of  statistics  and  information  of  the  industrial  commission. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


45 


attendance,  when  notified  of  a refusal  for  this  cause,  endeavors  to 
have  special  provision  made  for  the  child  by  the  school  principal, 
such  as  placing  him  in  a class  on  the  ground  floor  of  the  school  building 
and  seeing  that  he  is  not  overstrained. 

The  examination  in  the  other  cities  and  towns  visited  resembles 
that  in  New  York  City  and  requires  from  3 minutes  in  some  places 
to  10  minutes  in  others.  In  Albany,  Little  Falls,  Utica,  Syracuse, 
Troy,  and  Cohoes  about  5 minutes  is  required  for  the  average  appli- 
cant; in  Rochester  about  10  minutes;  and  in  Buffalo  and  Victory  Mills 
from  3 to  5 minutes. 

In  New  York  City  and  in  Buffalo  an  attendant  assists  the  physician 
during  the  examination.  In  Albany  and  Troy  the  clerk  of  the  board 
of  health  checks  up  the  points  on  the  blank  during  the  examination, 
but  elsewhere  the  physician  performs  all  the  clerical  work. 

In  all  the  offices  visited  a girl  is  examined  in  practically  the  same 
way  as  a boy.  In  New  York  City,  however,  the  nurse  or  female 
attendant  must  be  present  during  the  entire  examination ; in  Albany 
and  Little  Falls  the  girl’s  parent  must  be  present. 

The  examination  for  the  most  part  aims  to  determine  the  physical 
condition  of  the  child.  Physicians  in  Rochester,  Albany,  Little 
Falls,  Cohoes,  and  Victory  Mills  ascertain,  if  possible,  the  character 
of  work  the  child  expects  to  do  and  make  the  examination  with  that 
in  mind.  The  Albany  physician  cited  an  instance  of  an  applicant 
who  had  no  sight  in  one  eye  and  defective  vision  in  the  other.  The 
child  was  attending  high  school  regularly  and  wanted  to  work  at  a 
newspaper  stand  after  school  hours.  Ordinarily,  the  physician  said, 
he  would  have  refused  the  certificate,  but  for  such  a child,  who  wished 
to  finish  high  school,  he  felt  that  the  outdoor  work  would  be  desirable 
and  granted  the  paper.  In  Little  Falls,  where  most  of  the  children 
go  to  work  in  the  knitting  mills,  the  physician  thinks  it  is  very  impor- 
tant to  make  sure  that  the  child  has  no  physical  defect  which  will  be 
aggravated  by  that  work.  The  health  officer  at  Victory  Mills  stated 
that  he  watched  particularly  for  any  defect  of  the  lungs,  as  he 
thought  no  child  with  lung  trouble  should  be  allowed  to  work  in 
the  cotton  mills.  In  Rochester  a child  is  sometimes  required  to  be 
reexamined  a few  days  after  the  first  examination  to  see  whether 
suspicious  symptoms  still  exist  or  have  disappeared. 

In  Rochester,  in  addition  to  the  information  required  on  the  form, 
certain  extra-legal  points  are  ascertained  from  the  child  or  from  the 
parent.  These  points,  which  are  recorded  on  the  regular  physical 
examination  blank,  include  the  father’s  and  mother’s  occupations, 
or  the  family’s  source  of  support  if  the  parents  are  dead;  the  number 
of  children  in  the  family  under  14  years  of  age  and  the  number  older, 
and,  if  possible,  the  occupation  of  those  over  14;  whether  the  family 
owns,  rents,  or  is  buying  a home;  the  children’s  diseases  the  child  has 


46  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

had  before  and  after  the  age  of  7.  Although  the  facts  which  these 
questions  bring  out  have  considerable  bearing  on  whether  or  not  the 
child  receives  a certificate,  still  they  can  not  legally  be  made  the 
basis  for  refusal.  But  if  they  show,  for  example,  that  the  child 
apparently  does  not  need  to  go  to  work  or  that  he  wishes  to  stay  in 
school,  the  certificate  may  be  refused  on  some  other  ground. 

TESTS. 

In  the  following  descriptions  the  test  used  in  New  York  City  is 
given  and  is  used  as  a basis  for  comparison  of  the  tests  used  in  the 
other  offices  visited.  Evidently,  however,  the  nature  of  the  tests 
may  vary  from  time  to  time. 

Eyes. — In  New  York  City  the  child’s  eyes  are  tested  at  a distance 
of  20  feet  from  Snellen’s  chart,  each  eye  separately  and  then  both 
together,  as  prescribed  on  the  blank.  In  Rochester,  Troy,  Little 
Falls,  Cohoes,  and  Tonawanda  the  test  is  much  like  that  in  New  York. 
In  Utica  it  is  made  at  a distance  of  about  12  feet  from  the  chart,  the 
calculation  being  based  on  12  feet,  and  the  fifth  line  from  the  bot- 
tom is  used.  In  Buffalo  both  eyes  are  tested  at  once  at  a distance 
of  15  feet  from  the  chart,  which  is  lighted  by  electricity;  and  in 
Albany,  Syracuse,  and  Victory  Mills  the  distance  is  about  16  feet. 
Lighting  conditions  differ,  however,  in  the  various  offices.  In  New 
York  City  the  eyelids  are  examined  to  detect  trachoma  or  other  serious 
eye  diseases.  In  the  other  places  no  such  examination  is  made 
unless  the  appearance  of  the  eyes  arouses  suspicion. 

Ears. — In  New  York  City  each  ear  is  tested  by  an  acoumeter.  In 
Troy,  Utica,  and  Albany  a watch  is  used.  • In  the  other  offices  no 
special  test  is  made,  as  it  is  believed  that  if  the  child  can  under- 
stand what  is  said  in  an  ordinary  tone  of  voice  he  can  hear  well 
enough  to  go  to  work.  Special  tests  are  made,  however,  in  most 
places  if  anything  peculiar  is  noted  about  a child’s  hearing. 

Oral  cavity. — In  New  York  City  the  teeth  and  throat  are  examined 
at  the  same  time,  and  enlarged  glands  are  determined  by  external 
examination  with  the  hands.  In  all  the  other  offices  visited  the 
teeth  and  throat  are  examined  in  a similar  manner.  In  New  York 
City  the  test  of  breathing  consists  of  closing  each  nostril  in  turn  and 
either  feeling  the  breath  with  the  hand  or  listening  to  the  breathing. 
In  Buffalo,  Albany,  Syracuse,  Troy,  Utica,  and  Tonawanda  the  child 
is  questioned  or  his  general  appearance  is  observed.  In  Rochester 
mouth  breathing  is  detected  by  the  shape  of  the  nose  and  the  con- 
dition of  the  throat.  In  Cohoes,  Little  Falls,  and  Victory  Mills  no 
test  is  made. 

Lungs  and  heart. — In  New  York  City  the  heart  and  the  lungs  are 
tested  in  front,  according  to  instructions,  with  a stethoscope  on  the 
bare  chest.  During  the  examination  the  child  is  required  to  take 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


47 


full  breaths  and  sometimes  to  cough.  At  times  the  lungs  are  also 
examined  in  the  back.  In  Cohoes  the  heart  and  lungs  are  tested 
as  in  New  York  City.  In  Utica  both  the  front  and  back  of  the 
chest  are  bared  and  examined  with  a stethoscope.  In  the  Bronx, 
when  any  indication  of  trouble  with  the  lungs  is  found,  the  child's 
temperature  is  taken  and  if  abnormal  the  child  must  return  in  a few 
days  for  another  examination.  In  Little  Falls  and  sometimes  in 
Buffalo  the  physician  does  not  use  a stethoscope  but  places  his  ear 
on  the  chest  over  the  clothing  and  listens.  In  Rochester  the  bare 
chest  is  tapped  during  the  examination,  and,  if  any  abnormal  reso- 
nance is  found  or  if  the  child  has  a cough  or  imperfect  expansion, 
the  temperature  is  taken  and  the  back  as  well  as  the  front  of  the 
chest  is  examined  with  the  stethoscope.  Usually  in  Buffalo  and 
always  in  Albany,  Troy,  Syracuse,  Tonawanda,  and  Victory  Mills  the 
stethoscope  examination  is  made  through  the  clothing. 

Vaccination. — In  New  York  City  the  child  is  questioned  concern- 
ing vaccination  and  the  reply  is  simply  noted  on  the  blank.  This  is 
also  done  in  Cohoes  and  Victory  Mills.  In  Albany,  Troy,  and  Utica, 
and  usually  in  Buffalo,  the  child  must  show  the  scar,  but  in  Rochester 
only  if  he  is  from  a parochial  school.  In  Syracuse,  Little  Falls,  and 
Tonawanda  the  child  is  not  questioned. 

Joints  and  spine. — In  New  York  City  joint  and  spinal  trouble  are 
detected  by  feeling  the  joints,  by  running  the  fingers  down  the 
spine,  and  by  observing  the  child’s  general  carriage.  This  method 
is  also  used  in  Troy.  In  Buffalo  the  child  is  required  to  swing  the 
arms  and  legs  vigorously  while  walking.  In  Rochester  he  is  ques- 
tioned as  to  his  ability  to  swim,  and  his  general  carriage  is  observed. 
In  Albany  the  child  must  move  arms  and  legs  vigorously;  in  Utica, 
Cohoes,  Tonawanda,  and  Victory  Mills  he  is  questioned  regarding 
his  joints;  and  in  Syracuse  his  general  carriage  is  observed. 

Hernia. — In  New  York- City  boys  are  questioned  regarding  hernia. 
In  every  other  office  visited  this  point  is  omitted. 

Height  and  weight. — The  tentative  minimum  standard  of  height  in 
New  York  City  is  4 feet  8 inches;  that  of  weight  is  80  pounds.  These 
standards  are  usually  adhered  to,  for  if  a child  falls  below  either  of 
them  and  his  muscular  development  is  poor,  or  if  he  appears  anemic, 
it  is  usually  considered  to  indicate  malnutrition,  and  he  is  held  to  be 
physically  unfit  to  work.1  In  Buffalo,  if  a child  is  apparently  in 
sound  health,  no  standards  of  height  and  of  weight  are  observed;  nor 
are  they  in  Rochester,  if  there  is  no  other  physical  defect.  No 
established  standards  of  height  or  of  weight  exist  in  the  other  places 
visited. 

1 Not  infrequently  children  put  heavy  articles  in  their  clothing  so  as  to  raise  themselves  to  the  required 
weight.  In  the  Manhattan  office  a small,  apparently  anemic  boy,  who  had  been  previously  refused  because 
he  was  underweight,  appeared  wearing  heavy  boots  and  begged  to  be  weighed  with  them  on  so  that  he 
might  go  to  work. 


48 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YT)RK. 


Other  tests. — The  existence  of  anemia,  goiter,  clubbed  or  cyanotic 
fingers,  and  the  presence  of  a contagious  disease  are  watched  for 
during  the  examination  in  every  place  visited. 

CAUSES  FOR  REFUSAL  OF  CERTIFICATES. 

In  most  of  the  issuing  offices  visited,  if  the  physical  examination 
reveals  defects  which  appear  to  be  remediable  by  proper  treatment, 
the  certificate  is  temporarily  refused;  that  is,  it  is  withheld  until  the 
child  comes  again  to  the  office  with  the  defect  corrected.  In  every 
instance  of  a temporary  refusal  it  may  be  assumed  that,  unless  the 
defect  is  corrected,  the  child  is  permanently  refused  permission  to 
work.  Thus  it  may  happen  that  in  some  places  a certificate  has  never 
been  permanently  refused  because  no  child  has  ever  applied  who 
had  defects  which  could  not  be  corrected. 

For  what  physical  defects  any  office,  if  actually  confronted  with  the 
problem,  might  refuse  a certificate  can  not  be  stated  definitely,  as 
certain  defects  may  have  come  to  the  attention  of  one  office  but  not 
of  another.  The  standards  and  the  emphasis  placed  upon  particular 
defects  differ,  as  might  be  expected,  in  the  various  offices  of  the  State. 
As  a matter  of  fact,  children  in  New  York  City  are  temporarily 
refused  certificates  for  signs  of  malnutrition  as  indicated  by  their 
falling  below  the  standard  of  height  or  weight  or  by  their  anemic 
condition;  for  markedly  defective  eyes,  ears,  or  teeth,  greatly  en- 
larged tonsils,  contagious  skin  diseases,  prominent  glands,  bronchitis, 
or  serious  physical  deformity.  No  child  ever  has  received  a certifi- 
cate who  showed  indications  of  tuberculosis  or  who  had  heart  disease 
or  trachoma. 

In  Buffalo  certificates  have  been  refused  for  pronounced  ade- 
noids, heart  disease,  tuberculosis,  and  orthopedic  trouble  which  can 
be  corrected. 

In  Rochester  defective  teeth  are  the  most  frequent  cause  for  which 
children  are  refused  certificates.  No  matter  how  slight  the  defect, 
it  must  be  corrected  and  the  teeth  be  put  in  sound  condition  before 
the  certificate  will  be  granted;  and  if  a tooth  which  needs  specific 
treatment  is  removed  instead  of  being  given  such  treatment,  the  child 
does  not  receive  a certificate.  The  health  officer  insists  that  the  teeth 
be  in  perfect  condition,  as  he  believes  defective  teeth  have  a very 
close  relation  to  a child’s  general  health.  Indications  of  tubercu- 
losis, heart  murmurs  without  compensation,  spinal  curvature,  or  any 
other  serious  deformity,  such  as  flat  foot,  must  also  be  overcome  be- 
fore a certificate  will  be  granted,  and  no  child  is  given  a certificate 
until  he  has  been  vaccinated. 

In  Albany  certificates  have  been  withheld  from  children  who  had 
defective  vision,  greatly  enlarged  tonsils,  or  a contagious  disease,  or 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK.  49 

who  had  not  been  vaccinated.  However,  if  the  defect  is  of  a kind 
that  will  not  be  aggravated  by  the  work  which  the  child  proposes 
to  do,  the  certificate  may  be  granted.  When  any  child  comes  to  the 
bureau  of  health  to  be  vaccinated  he  must  be  accompanied  by  his 
parent  or  guardian  or  must  bring  a written  statement  from  one  of 
them  consenting  to  the  vaccination.  At  Troy  certificates  have  been 
refused  for  physical  deformity,  defective  vision,  Pott’s  disease, 
neglect  or  refusal  to  be  vaccinated,  indications  of  tuberculosis,  and 
heart  murmurs.  In  Syracuse  certificates  have  been  refused  for  de- 
fective vision  and  for  failure  to  be  vaccinated;  in  Utica  for  defective 
vision,  adenoids,  sore  throat,  or  decidedly  enlarged  tonsils;  and  in 
Little  Falls  for  defective  vision  and  also  for  malnutrition,  as  work  in 
mills,  although  not  necessarily  dangerous,  is  considered  taxing  enough 
to  sap  the  vitality  of  a child  who  is  not  strong.  In  Cohoes  certificates 
have  been  occasionally  refused  for  defective  vision,  indications  of 
tuberculosis,  and  physical  deformities  which  would  interfere  with 
work;  and  in  Tonawanda  for  weakness  and  anemia.  In  Victory 
Mills  certificates  have  never  been  refused. 

TREATMENT  OF  REFUSED  CASES. 

In  New  York  City  children  who  are  refused  certificates  because  of 
slight  or  serious  physical  defects  are  referred  daily  to  the  school 
nurses,  who  visit  the  homes  to  see  that  the  children  follow  the  treat- 
ment prescribed  and  who  make  regular  reports  The  nurse  in  the  office 
also  keeps  a record  of  all  such  cases  until  the  children  return.  Very 
anemic  children  are  sometimes  sent  into  the  country  by  the  depart- 
ment of  health. 

In  Buffalo  these  children  are  placed  in  the  care  of  school  nurses, 
but  no  reports  are  made  as  to  whether  the  child  follows  the  pre- 
scribed treatment.  Only  when  the  child  returns  is  a record  made  of 
the  correction  of  a defect.  When  the  parent  or  child  claims  to  be 
too  poor  to  secure  treatment  for  defective  vision  or  bad  teeth,  a note 
is  given  him  to  take  to  the  free  dispensary.  Before  treatment  is 
given,  all  such  children  are  reported  by  the  dispensary  to  the  over- 
seer of  the  poor,  who  ascertains  whether  poverty  actually  exists. 

In  Rochester  children  with  defective  teeth  may  secure  treatment 
at  the  free  dental  clinic,  and  if  they  return  to  the  issuing  office  they* are 
reexamined  to  see  whether  the  special  defect  has  been  corrected. 

In  Little  Falls  and  Tonawanda,  when  the  health  officer  refuses 
a certificate  to  a child  for  any  cause  whatever,  he  notifies  the  super- 
intendent of  schools,  so  that  the  child  may  be  returned  to  school. 
But  neither  in  these  two  places  nor  in  the  remaining  places  visited 
is  the  child  followed  up  to  see  that  the  treatment  recommended  for 
physical  defects  is  actually  received. 


46446°— 17 4 


50  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

PHYSICAL  EXAMINATION  IN  FACTORIES. 

Additional  protection  is  thrown  around  a child  between  14  and  16 
years  of  age  working  in  a factory  by  the  provision  that  any  such  child 
shall  submit  to  a physical  examination  whenever  required  by  a medi- 
cal inspector  of  the  industrial  commission.  If  a child  refuses  to 
submit  to  the  examination,  or  if  as  a result  of  the  examination  he  is 
found  physically  unfit  to  be  employed  in  a factory,  his  employ- 
ment certificate  may  be  canceled.  If  the  child  later  submits  to  the 
examination,  or  if  on  subsequent  examination  the  physical  defects 
are  found  to  have  been  removed,  his  certificate  may  be  restored  to 
him  and  he  may  be  allowed  to  work.  The  child’s  employer  and  the 
local  board  of  health  are  notified  both  of  the  canceling  and  of  the 
regranting  of  his  certificate.  When  a certificate  is  canceled  it  must 
be  delivered  by  the  employer  to  an  authorized  representative  of  the 
industrial  commission.  The  results  of  all  physical  examinations  must 
be  recorded  on  blanks  furnished  for  that  purpose  by  the  industrial 
commission,  and  a special  form  has  been  devised  for  recording  cases 
of  children  whose  certificates  have  been  revoked  because  of  physical 
unfitness.1 

The  division  of  medical  inspection  has  existed  since  1909,  when 
provision  was  made  for  at  least  three  medical  inspectors — one  of 
whom  should  be  a woman — and  the  section  providing  for  the  physical 
examination  of  minors  in  factories  has  been  on  the  statute  books 
since  1913.  Up  to  November,  1915,  however,  very  few  inspections 
had  been  made  for  this  purpose,  and  the  law  was  practically  a dead 
letter. 

EDUCATIONAL  REQUIREMENTS. 

The  law  specifies  two  educational  requirements  which  must  be  met 
by  a child  in  New  York  before  he  can  procure  an  employment  certifi- 
cate. First  he  must  secure  a school  record,  and  second  he  must  pass 
a literacy  test. 

A school  record,  according  to  law,  must  “ contain  a statement  cer- 
tifying that  the  child  has  regularly  attended  the  public  schools  or 
schools  equivalent  thereto,  or  parochial  schools,  for  not  less  than  130 
days  during  the  12  months  next  preceding  his  fourteenth  birth- 
day, or  during  the  12  months  next  preceding  his  application  for  such 
school  record  and  is  able  to  read  and  write  simple  sentences  in  the 
English  language,  and  has  received  during  such  period  instruction 
in  reading,  spelling,  writing,  English  grammar  and  geography 
and  is  familiar  with  the  fundamental  operations  of  arithmetic  up  to 
and  including  fractions  and  has  completed  the  work  prescribed  for 


i Labor  Law,  secs.  61  and  76-a.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  119,  123. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


51 


the  first  six  years  of  the  public  elementary  school  or  school  equivalent 
thereto  or  parochial  school  from  which  such  school  record  is  issued. ”* 

During  the  period  of  school  attendance  children  must  be  given 
instruction  in  a public  school  or  in  some  other  place  where  reading, 
spelling,  wilting,  arithmetic,  English  language,  and  geography 
are  taught  in  English.2  If  a child  is  instructed  elsewhere  than  at  a 
public  school,  the  law  requires  not  only  that  the  instruction  shall 
“be  at  least  substantially  equivalent  to  the  instruction  given  chil- 
dren of  like  age  at  the  public  school,”  but  that  the  attendance  shall 
be  for  at  least  as  many  hours  a day  and  “no  greater  total  amount 
of  holidays  or  vacations  shall  be  deducted  from  such  attendance.” 
Absences,  moreover,  may  be  allowed  only  upon  the  same  excuses  as 
would  be  permitted  under  “the  general  rules  and  practice”  of  the 
public  schools.3 

At  the  time  of  granting  a certificate  the  issuing  officer  not  only 
must  see  that  the  child  has  a school  record  properly  filled  out  but 
must  “sign  and  file  in  his  office  a statement  that  the  child  can  read 
and  legibly  write  simple  sentences  in  the  English  language.”4 

SCHOOL  RECORDS. 

In  cities  of  the  first  class  the  school  record  from  a public  school 
must  be  issued  by  the  principal  or  chief  executive  officer  of  the  school 
the  child  attended;  in  all  other  cities  and  school  districts  having  a 
population  of  5,000  or  more  and  employing  a superintendent  of  schools, 
by  the  superintendent;  and  in  school  districts  having  a smaller  popu- 
lation, by  the  principal  teacher  of  the  school.5  The  granting  of 
school  records  by  parochial  schools  is  not  supervised  except  in  the 
smaller  cities,  where  it  is  in  a measure  under  the  supervision  of  the 
superintendent  of  the  public  schools,  who  issues  the  records  upon 
the  recommendation  of  the  principals  of  these  schools. 

The  school  record,  according  to  the  compulsory  education  law, 
must  be  issued  to  a child  who  ‘ 1 after  due  investigation  and  examina- 
tion” is  found  entitled  to  one,  and,  according  to  the  same  section  of 
the  law,  it  must  be  issued  “on  demand  to  a child  entitled  thereto  or 
to  the  board  or  commissioner  of  health.”5  This  latter  provision 
occurs  also  in  the  labor  law.  All  school  records  must  give  the  date 
of  birth  and  the  residence  of  the  child  as  shown  on  the  records  of  the 
school,  and  also  the  name  of  his  parent  or  guardian.6 

1 Labor  Law,  sec.  73.  Education  Law,  sec.  630,  subsec.  1,  and  Labor  Law,  sec.  165,  contain  practi- 
cally the  same  provisions  as  Labor  Law,  see.  73.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  122,  127,  124. 

2 Education  Law,  sec.  620.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  125. 

* Education  Law,  sec.  623.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  126. 

4 Labor  Law,  sec.  71.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  120. 

6 Education  Law,  sec.  630,  subsec.  2.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  128. 

6 Labor  Law,  secs.  73  and  165.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  122, 124. 


52  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

INTERPRETATION  OF  GRADE  REQUIREMENTS. 

Considerable  perplexity  exists  throughout  the  State  regarding  the 
proper  interpretation  of  the  phrase,  added  to  the  law  in  October,  1913, 
which  reads:  “*  * * has  completed  the  work  prescribed  for  the 

first  six  years  of  the  public  elementary  school  or  school  equivalent 
thereto,  or  parochial  school  from  which  such  school  record  is  issued.” 

In  New  York  City  the  department  of  health  has  ruled  that  unless 
the  child  has  been  promoted  to  the  seventh  grade  he  has  not  com- 
pleted the  first  six  years  of  the  elementary  school.  The  superintend- 
ent of  schools  has  acquiesced  in  this  ruling  and  in  addition,  in  order 
to  secure  greater  uniformity  in  educational  standards,  requires  that 
every  public-school  candidate  for  a working  paper  who  has  not  com- 
pleted at  least  the  first  half  of  the  seventh  grade  must  be  examined 
by  the  school  authorities  as  to  his  educational  fitness  for  a school 
record.  On  the  record  used  by  parochial  schools  is  printed  the  simple 
statement  that  the  child  has  completed  the  first  six  years  of  school. 

In  Buffalo,  although  the  record  shows  completion  only  of  the  sixth 
grade,  the  issuing  officer  does  not  grant  a certificate  unless  the  child 
states  that  he  has  passed  the  examination  into  the  seventh.  But 
when  a child  has  spent  two  years  in  any  grade  he  is  considered  by  the 
school  authorities  to  have  finished  the  work  of  that  grade  and  is  pro- 
moted even  though  he  can  not  pass  the  examination.  In  Albany, 
Syracuse,  and  Tonawanda,  also,  two  years  spent  in  the  sixth  grade  is 
equivalent  to  passing  an  examination  into  the  seventh. 

In  Rochester  the  department  of  public  instruction  considers  ability 
to  be  promoted  into  a grade  as  evidence  of  completion  of  the  one  pre- 
ceding, and  two  years’  time  in  a grade  is  not  the  equivalent  of  com- 
pletion, though  a child  who  has  spent  two  years  in  one  grade  may  be 
placed  in  the  one  next  above  to  see  whether  he  can  do  the  work. 
Pupils,  however,  who  have  not  passed  the  examination  into  the 
seventh  grade  are  sometimes  granted  school  records.  In  Utica, 
Little  Falls,  and  Victory  Mills  children  are  not  supposed  to  be  granted 
school  records  until  they  can  pass  the  examination  for  promotion  into 
the  seventh  grade. 

In  Cohoes  and  Troy  a child  is  not  required  to  have  spent  more 
than  one  year  in  the  sixth  grade  to  be  eligible  for  a school  record. 

EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  CLASSES. 

Special  classes  maintained  solely  to  aid  children  to  gain  the  essen- 
tials of  a six  years’  course  in  school  and  thus  to  become  eligible  to 
receive  employment  certificates  were  found  in  some  schools  in  New 
York  City  and  in  one  school  in  Buffalo.  Under  the  old  law,  which 
required  an  examination  in  certain  subjects,  such  classes  were  com- 
mon; in  January,  1916,  they  were  discontinued  in  New  York  City. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK.  53 

In  some  schools  in  New  York  City  special  classes,  composed  of 
foreign-born  children  7 to  18  years  of  age,  unable  to  speak  English, 
are  formed  to  give  the  children  a better  command  of  the  language. 
As  soon  as  possible,  however,  these  children  are  transferred  to  regu- 
lar classes  and  then  promoted  from  grade  to  grade  until  they  have 
completed  the  sixth-grade  work,  when  they  may  be  given  employment 
certificates.  At  the  time  of  this  investigation  at  least  one  school  still 
maintained  a special  class  composed  of  employment-certificate  candi- 
dates whenever  enough  backward  children  in  the  school  at  one  time 
desired  to  go  to  work.  What  are  called  rapid  advancement  classes  are 
also  utilized  for  this  purpose.  In  these  classes  only  the  branches  usually 
considered  essential  are  taught,  and  the  work  of  three  terms  is  done 
in  two.  These  classes  of  any  grade  are  theoretically  made  up  of 
the  bright,  over-age  pupils,  mostly  foreign  born  or  from  homes  speak- 
ing foreign  languages.  In  practice,  however,  a candidate  for  an 
employment  certificate  who  may  be  backward  in  the  second  half  of 
the  regular  sixth  grade  is  sometimes  put  in  one  of  these  classes  and 
drilled  in  the  requisites  for  the  special  examination. 

One  of  these  rapid  advancement  classes,  for  example,  in  a school 
from  which  a great  many  children  go  to  work,  was  composed  in  1914 
of  about  25  boys,  of  whom  10  were  candidates  for  employment 
certificates,  1 or  2 were  high-grade  defectives,  and  the  others  were 
over-age  pupils  who  were  above  normal  in  mentality.  Of  the  10 
candidates  for  employment  certificates,  9 were  foreign  born  and  1 was 
native  born  of  foreign  parentage ; 9 were  Hebrews,  and  1 was  an  Italian; 
8 were  between  14  and  16  years  of  age,  and  2 had  become  16  since 
entering  the  class.  The  two  latter  boys  were  a little  backward  and 
had  not  taken  the  examination,  but  as  it  had  not  occurred  to  them 
that  they  could  leave  school  until  they  had  finished  the  sixth  grade, 
and  as  the  principal  had  not  told  them  they  were  old  enough  to 
leave,  the  chances  were  they  would  stay  till  school  closed.  One  boy 
was  in  the  class  because  the  proof  of  age  he  had  presented  had  not 
been  accepted,  and  he  was  waiting  till  the  birth  certificate  for  which 
he  had  written  should  arrive.  He  had  passed  the  examination 
and  was  therefore  not  much  interested  in  his  studies.  Two  boys 
had  failed  in  the  last  examination  and  were  preparing  for  the  next 
one.  None  of  the  boys  had  been  in  the  class  more  than  five  weeks. 
The  records  of  every  boy,  except  one  who  had  recently  entered,  were 
examined.  Each  boy  had  been  in  the  second  half  of  the  sixth 
or  the  first  half  of  the  seventh  grade ; all  the  boys,  with  the  exception 
of  one  or  two  recent  immigrants,  had  spent  at  least  a year  in  each 
previous  grade;  and  those  who  had  recently  arrived  in  this  country 
had  skipped  from  the  foreign  class  to  a regular  class  in  a few1  weeks. 
The  branches  in  which  extra  drill  was  given  were  those  required  for  the 


54 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


special  examination  for  employment  certificates — arithmetic,  English, 
writing,  and  grammar.  In  addition,  history,  geography,  and  phonics 
were  added,  the  history  and  geography  being  combined  to  show  the 
geography  of  historic  places.  Phonics  was  believed  to  be  a particu- 
larly important  study,  and  cons  tan  t drill  was  maintained  in  all  sorts 
of  combinations  of  sounds.  The  10  certificate  candidates  were  drilled 
separately  from  the  others  in  the  class  in  all  studies  except  penman- 
ship. 

Whether  such  help  was  given  in  a regular  employment-certificate 
class  or  in  a section  of  a rapid  advancement  class,  its  chief  signifi- 
cance in  New  York  City  was  that  the  child  was  being  drilled  in  the 
essentials  in  order  to  pass  the  examination  for  an  employment 
certificate. 

In  Buffalo  a regular  employment-certificate  class,  in  which  essen- 
tials only  are  taught,  exists  in  one  school  in  the  Polish  neighborhood, 
but  instruction  and  special  help  are  often  given  to  individual  children 
in  other  schools.  Children  from  the  first  half  of  the  fifth  grade  to  the 
second  half  of  the  sixth  are  allowed  to  enter  this  class  when  the  princi- 
pal thinks  that  he  can  not  persuade  them  to  go  through  the  regular 
grades  and  when  the  family  seems  to  need  their  help.  Children  who 
are  temporarily  out  of  work  are  also  put  in  this  class.  The  dis- 
cipline and  requirements  are  particularly  interesting.  In  the  12 
months  previous  to  receiving  his  school  record  the  child  must  be 
present  130  whole  days — half  days  are  not  added  together  to  make 
whole  days — though  all  these  days  need  not  have  been  spent  in 
the  employment-certificate  class ; and  he  must  secure  his  birth  certi- 
ficate or  other  satisfactory  evidence  of  age  while  in  the  class.  At  the 
end  of  each  month  he  is  given  a test  in  every  subject,  and  if  his  grade 
averages  90  per  cent  or  above,  and  he  has  complied  with  the  require- 
ments .of  attendance  and  of  age  evidence,  his  name  is  put  on  the 
honor  roll  and  he  is  granted  a school  record.  At  the  end  of  the  year 
a regular  examination  for  completion  of  the  second  half  of  the  sixth 
grade — not  a special  examination  for  this  class — is  given,  and  all 
those  who  pass,  provided  they  have  complied  with  the  other  require- 
ments, are  granted  school  records.  An  examination  of  records  of 
children  in  this  class  showed  that  most  of  them  w^ere  able  to  leave 
after  a few  months’  time.  Some  children  were  put  into  this  class, 
it  was  found,  on  the  day  they  were  14  years  of  age;  in  some  cases 
they  were  taken  from  the  first  half  of  the  fifth  grade  and  placed  in 
the  employment-certificate  class  without  first  being  placed  in  the 
second  half  of  the  regular  sixth  grade  as  was  done  in  New  York  City; 
yet  it  was  probably  more  difficult  to  get  out  of  this  class  than  out 
of  any  class  in  New  York  City  giving  similar  help.  This  class 
was  recognized  by  the  Buffalo  department  of  education,  but  at  the 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK.  55 

issuing  office  of  the  department  of  health  it  was  said  that  if  a child 
stated  he  had  been  in  this  class  he  was  not  granted  a certificate. 

In  Rochester,  although  children  who  can  not  fulfill  regular  require- 
ments are  “ tried  out”  m other  grades  and  special  classes  and  are 
given  assistance  by  teachers,  no  special  classes  exist  for  children 
desiring  to  go  to  work.  And  none  of  the  smaller  cities  visited  had 
such  classes. 

EXAMINATIONS  FOR  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATES. 

The  requirement  that  a child  applying  for  an  employment  certifi- 
cate who  has  attained  only  the  first  half  of  the  seventh  grade  shall 
pass  an  examination  before  receiving  a school  record  is  a ruling  of  the 
superintendent  of  schools  of  New  York  City.  No  similar  requirement 
exists  in  any  other  city  visited.  Justification  for  the  requirement 
is  found  in  the  provision  of  the  compulsory  education  law  that 
the  school  record  must  be  issued  to  an  applicant  when,  after  due 
investigation  and  examination,  he  shall  be  found  entitled  thereto. 
Examinations  are  held  in  each  district  every  two  weeks,  at  a school 
building  designated  by  the  district  superintendent.  The  ruling 
requires  that,  though  these  examinations  shall  be  conducted  by  the 
principal  of  the  school  where  they  are  held,  they  shall  be  under  the 
general  direction  of  the  district  superintendent.  The  practice  fol- 
lowed differs  in  the  various  schools.  Often  responsibility  for  conduct- 
ing the  examination  is  delegated  by  the  principal  to  an  assistant  or 
to  a teacher.  Sometimes  the  lists  of  names  and  ratings  of  children 
are  sent  to  the  district  superintendent,  sometimes  only  the  names, 
and  sometimes  no  report  whatever.  Only  rarely  does  he  see  the 
questions  used. 

The  subjects  to  be  included  are:  (a)  The  writing  of  a bill  which 
includes  some  simple  work  in  fractions,  with  multiplication  and  addi- 
tion in  the  extensions ; ( b ) the  solving  of  three  or  four  simple  problems 
in  business  arithmetic;  (c)  a simple  exercise  in  dictation;  (d)  oral 
reading  from  a Fourth  Reader;  and  ( e ) the  writing  of  an  application 
for  a position  or  some  other  form  of  letter  writing. 

The  ruling  regarding  the  scope  of  the  examination  was  made  when 
the  requirement  was  completion  of  the  first  half  of  the  fifth  grade  and 
when  the  law  stated  that  the  child  must  have  a knowledge  of  certain 
branches.  When  the  law  was  changed  no  change  was  made  in  this 
ruling.  Consequently  wide  differences  are  found  in  the  examinations 
given.1  Some  principals  add  other  subjects.  On  the  other  hand,  one 
examination  omits  the  test  in  letter  writing  because,  according  to  the 
principal,  it  is  a fifth-grade,  not  a sixth-grade  study;  another  test 
omits  not  only  letter  writing  but  the  oral  reading  and  the  writing  of  a 


1 New  York  City  Form  21,  pp.  146,  147. 


56  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

bill.  One  test  is  suited  to  a child  who  has  just  finished  the  sixth 
grade,  another  to  a child  in  the  first  half  of  the  fifth  grade.  These 
differences  are  due  partly  to  the  fact  that  the  law  does  not  require 
such  an  examination  and  the  ruling  does  not  state  to  what  grade  the 
examination  shall  be  adapted.  Needless  to  say,  children  taking 
examinations  in  the  districts  which  give  the  fifth-grade  test  have  high 
ratings  and  all  pass,  while  in  the  districts  giving  a sixth-grade  test, 
many  children  have  low  ratings  and  often  have  to  try  the  examination 
several  times. 

CHILDREN’S  RECORDS. 

The  pupils’  record  cards  found  in  the  office  of  the  bureau  of  attend- 
ance of  New  York  City  furnished  abundant  material  regarding  the 
educational  status  of  children  leaving  school  to  go  to  work,  and  were 
valuable  for  this  study  in  so  far  as  they  showed  the  educational  equip- 
ment with  which  a child  may  start  to  work  or  the  protection  with 
which  the  school  surrounds  the  child  before  allowing  him  to  work.  A 
bureau  of  attendance  record  card  covers  a child’s  complete  school 
history  from  the  time  he  enters  school  until  he  leaves  and  shows  such 
points  as  the  dates  of  entrance  and  of  promotions,  the  attendance, 
grades,  standings,  and  conduct,  for  every  half  year  of  enrollment. 
Between  three  and  four  hundred  of  these  cards  were  examined,  the 
records  being  chosen  from  those  of  several  schools  in  Manhattan 
Borough  from  which  large  numbers  of  children  left  school  to  go  to 
work.  Every  child  who  received  a school  record  was  looked  up  in 
the  files  of  the  Manhattan  issuing  office  to  ascertain  the  lapse  of  time 
between  the  issuance  of  the  school  record  and  that  of  the  certificate 1 
and  to  see  whether  the  grade  on  the  record  card  corresponded  to  that 
on  the  school  record  presented  at  the  certificate  office. 

An  examination  of  these  record  cards  showed  the  various  methods 
by  which  children  are  enabled  to  comply  with  the  technical 
requirements  of  the  law.  A child  may  be  promoted  rapidly  when 
he  nears  the  age  of  14;  he  may  be  tried  in  special  classes; 
the  examination  may  be  adapted  to  his  ability;  or  his  grades  in 
the  examination  may  be  raised.  The  child  whose  record  is  shown 2 
was  put  into  a rapid  advancement  class  at  one  time  and  into  a special 
class  at  another.  In  the  last  year — the  year  before  he  became  14 
years  of  age — he  spent  only  two  months  in  the  second  half  of  the 
sixth  grade  and  was  then  promoted  into  the  first  half  of  the  seventh 
grade.  Another  interesting  record  is  that  of  a boy  who  had  arrived 
recently  from  Austria.  He  was  placed  in  a special  class  for  foreign- 
born  children  and  then  tried  in  the  first  half  of  the  seventh  grade, 
where  he  stayed  about  a month  before  being  put  back  into  the  for- 
eigners’ class.  He  left  school  before  his  sixteenth  birthday  and 


See  pp.  103,  104. 


2 New  York  City  Form  22,  pp.  148,  149. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK.  57 

received  a certificate.  Another  boy  doing  average  work  progressed 
through  the  grades  of  the  public  school  up  to  the  time  of  his  promo- 
tion to  the  first  half  of  the  sixth  grade,  when  he  evidently  became 
eager  to  go  to  work.  He  did  not  enter  the  second  half  of  the  regular 
sixth  grade,  but  went  directly  into  the  rapid  advancement  class  for 
that  grade.  The  school  record  stated  that  he  was  in  the  first  half  of 
the  seventh  grade,  but  no  results  of  the  examination  were  shown. 
The  certificate  was  issued  March  4,  1914,  and  the  boy  was  discharged 
from  school  March  9,  1914.  Another  child,  who  went  directly 
from  the  second  half  of  the  fifth  grade  to  the  first  half  of  the  seventh 
grade,  failed  in  her  regular  employment-certificate  examination 
in  April  but  in  May  presented  herself  for  another  special  test, 
with  a note  from  her  principal  in  substance  as  follows:  “My 
dear  Miss : I am  very  anxious  that pass  the  exam- 

ination to-day,  as  it  is  necessary  that  she  go  to  work.  She  is  rather 

a dull  girl,  and  I hope  you  will  do  what  you  can  for  her. , 

Principal  P.  S.  No. This  girl,  in  a test  adapted  to  comple- 

tion of  the  second  half  of  the  fifth  grade,  failed  in  arithmetic,  and 
received  C in  reading  and  spelling  and  B in  dictation  and  letter  writ- 
ing. The  examining  teacher  marked  the  child  as  failed,  but  the  prin- 
cipal of  the  school  in  which  the  examination  was  held  gave  her  passing 
marks.  At  the  issuing  office  the  school  record  showed:  Arithmetic 
C,  dictation  B,  English  B,  and  reading  B.  Records  were  also  found 
of  children  who  had  progressed  regularly  through  school,  or  were 
hurried  only  just  before  leaving,  who  had  failed  in  the  special 
employment-certificate  examination  and  yet  had  received  certificates. 

ATTENDANCE  REQUIREMENTS. 

The  requirement  that  a child  must  have  attended  school  regularly 
130  days  during  the  12  months  next  preceding  his  fourteenth  birth- 
day or  during  the  12  months  next  preceding  his  application  for  a 
school  record  means  that  a child  must  have  attended  school  all  but 
about  30  school  days  of  an  ordinary  nine-months  session  either  during 
the  year  preceding  his  fourteenth  birthday  or  during  the  year  preced- 
ing the  date  of  his  application  for  a school  record.  In  other  words, 
he  must  have  attended  school  regularly,  allowing  for  absence  due 
to  illness,  accident,  and  other  ordinary  causes  of  irregularity.  Such 
attendance,  however,  need  not  necessarily  have  been  in  the  New  York 
City  schools.  A child  from  New  Jersey,  for  example,  who  had 
attended  the  schools  of  that  State  the  required  length  of  time  would 
be  granted  an  employment  certificate,  provided,  of  course,  he  had 
finished  the  sixth  grade  and  had  met  the  other  requirements.  Though 
the  law  does  not  so  state,  it  has  been  interpreted  by  the  issuing  office 
in  New  York  City  to  mean  that  the  child  must  apply  for  a certificate 


58  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

as  soon  as  he  is  given  a school  record.  A group  of  14-year  old  chil- 
dren, who  at  one  time  had  complied  with  the  grade  and  examination 
requirements  in  a certain  New  York  City  school,  received  school  rec- 
ords and  then  by  common  agreement  did  not  apply  for  certificates. 
The  principal  notified  the  department  of  health  and  asked  that  cer- 
tificates be  withheld.  Several  weeks  later,  when  the  children  applied 
for  certificates,  they  were  refused  on  the  ground  that  their  period  of 
attendance  had  not  occurred  “next  preceding”  the  time  of  applica- 
tion for  a certificate.  The  children  were  obliged  to  return  to  school 
to  fulfill  the  requirement. 

METHODS  OF  ISSUING  SCHOOL  RECORDS. 

Wide  differences  exist  in  the  advice  given  children  with  regard  to 
going  to  work  and  in  the  methods  of  issuing  school  records.  These 
differences  are  most  evident  in  the  first-class  cities  where  each  indi- 
vidual school  principal  determines  the  necessary  procedure. 

A recent  survey  by  the  Public  Education  Association 1 showed  that 
in  some  New  York  City  schools  the  principals  believed  that  the  mat- 
ter of  most  importance  in  issuing  a school  record  was  to  make  sure 
that  the  parent  was  willing  to  have  the  child  leave  school,  and  often 
they  took  great  pains  to  explain  to  the  parent  the  significance  of  the 
change  and  attempted  to  persuade  him  to  allow  the  child  to  remain  in 
school.  Before  granting  a record  some  principals  caused  a visit  to  be 
made  to  the  home  or  required  the  parent  to  come  to  the  school. 
One  principal  did  not  consult  the  parent  at  all,  but  was  very  careful 
to  have  the  child  secure  proper  evidence  of  age  before  going  to  the 
board  of  health.  Still  another  principal  took  a personal  interest  in 
each  child  who  presented  himself  for  a school  record  and  gave  him  a 
set  of  instructions  designed  to  be  helpful  to  him  in  going  to  work. 

In  another  school  the  home  of  every  child  who  had  asked  for  a 
school  record  was  visited,  the  parent  interviewed,  and  an  attempt 
made  to  find  some  way  to  keep  the  child  in  school.  If  it  was  decided 
that  the  child  must  go  to  work,  instructions  were  given  as  to  the  nec- 
essary requirements  of  attendance,  age,  education,  and  physical 
fitness,  and  the  child  was  taught,  if  necessary,  to  write  a letter  asking 
for  a transcript  of  his  birth  certificate.  The  New  York  child-labor 
committee’s  pamphlet  of  information  as  to  how  to  secure  foreign 
birth  certificates  was  used.  The  child  was  not  granted  a school 
record  until  he  had  brought  a note  consenting  to  his  leaving  school 
signed  by  his  parent  and  had  complied  with  all  the  educational  re- 
quirements. He  was  therefore  not  delayed  later  at  the  issuing  office. 

One  principal,  on  the  other  hand,  stated  that  it  was  not  the  school’s 
business  to  help  the  child  obtain  an  employment  certificate.  He 

1 The  description  of  procedure  in  New  York  City  schools  here  given  is  based  largely  upon  a report  made 
by  Miss  P.  K.  Angell  to  the  Public  Education  Association  of  New  York  City. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


59 


said  he  simply  obeyed  the  laws  and  the  rules  to  the  letter , so  that  if 
any  trouble  arose  about  any  child  who  left  his  school  he  would  be  able 
to  defend  himself.  Another  principal  said  she  felt  that  her  responsi- 
bility ended  with  reading  the  law  to  a child  who  applied  for  a school 
record. 

In  Buffalo,  since  January,  1915,  principals  of  public  schools,  in 
response  to  requests  from  the  vocational-guidance  committee  of  the 
public  schools,  have  required  children  who  ask  for  school  records 
to  bring  the  written  consent  of  their  parents  on  a regular  form  on 
which  the  parent  states  the  reasons  for  the  child’s  going  to  work. 
Unless  the  parent  signs  this  statement  the  child  is  not  given  a school 
record.  Several  parochial  schools  are  cooperating  in  this  movement. 
In  some  schools  the  principal  also  requires  the  parent’s  signature  on 
the  school  record  in  the  specified  place  before  allowing  the  child  to  go 
to  the  issuing  office,  a procedure  which  later  saves  delay  for  the  child. 

Rochester  children  do  not  receive  their  school  records  until  after 
they  have  met  all  requirements  for  certificates  except  the  physical 
examination. 

In  the  smaller  cities  the  superintendent  of  schools  rarely  gives  the 
child  any  instructions  as  to  the  legal  requirements  for  obtaining  an 
* employment  certificate.  Sometimes,  however,  teachers  or  principals 
may  give  such  instructions. 

In  Albany,  Troy,  and  Little  Falls  a child  is  not  granted  a school 
record  until  he  can  prove  to  the  superintendent  of  schools  that  he 
has  already  secured  a promise  of  employment. 

In  New  York  City  and  Buffalo  the  records  of  children  enrolled  are 
kept  in  the  individual  schools;  no  central  control  is  maintained  over 
promotions;  and  when  children  receive  records  no  central  office  is 
directly  notified.  In  Rochester,  on  the  other  hand,  duplicate  records 
of  the  age;  progress,  and  attendance  of  every  child  enrolled  in  the 
public  schools  are  sent  at  the  end  of  every  semester  to  the  office  of 
the  efficiency  bureau.  When  a pupil  leaves  school  for  any  cause  his 
permanent  record  card  is  also  sent.  This  card  shows  the  child’s  ratings 
and  attendance,  as  does  the  similar  bureau  of  attendance  card  in  New 
York  City.  In  Troy,  Little  Falls,  and  Tonawanda  the  superintendent 
of  schools  has  duplicate  records  of  the  grade,  ratings,  and  attendance 
of  every  child  enrolled  in  the  public  schools.  These  records  are  con- 
sulted when  the  child  applies  for  a school  record,  so  that  the  super- 
intendent can  ascertain  for  himself  whether  the  child  has  complied 
with  the  educational  requirements.  In  the  other  cities  visited  the 
superintendent,  in  countersigning  the  school  record,  accepts  the  state- 
ment of  the  principal. 

In  first-class  cities  the  statements  on  school  records  issued  by 
parochial  schools  are  accepted  as  are  those  on  records  issued  by  the 


60  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

public  schools;  and  even  in  the  second  and  third  class  cities,  where 
careful  supervision  is  generally  maintained  over  the  qualifications  of 
public-school  children,  superintendents  of  schools  accept  the  state- 
ments signed  by  executive  officers  of  parochial  schools. 

LITERACY  TEST. 

As  previously  stated,  the  law  provides  that  the  officer  issuing  a 
certificate  must  examine  the  applicant  and  ‘ ‘ after  making  such  exam- 
ination shall  sign  and  file  in  his  office  a statement  that  the  child  can 
read  and  legibly  write  simple  sentences  in  the  English  language.” 

. In  New  York  City  a Third  Reader  is  used  for  this  test,  and  from 
this,  reader  sentences  are  dictated  for  the  child  to  write.  No  read- 
ing test  is  given.  Up  to  January,  1915,  however,  different  tests 
were  in  use  in  the  various  borough  offices  and  in  some  no  test  was 
given.  During  1915,  79  applicants  in  New  York  City  were  refused 
certificates  because  of  inability  to  pass  this  test.  In  Buffalo  a 
Fifth  Reader  is  used.  The  child  is  instructed  to  open  at  any  place 
and  read,  and  is  also  asked  to  write  any  sentence  he  wishes.  In 
Rochester,  in  case  the  child  appears  illiterate  or  can  not  speak  English, 
a problem  in  fractions  is  given.  Otherwise  there  is  no  test.  In 
Albany  a test  in  reading  was  formerly  used,  but  at  the  time  of  this 
investigation  had  been  discontinued.  In  no  other  city  visited  was 
any  literacy  test  given,  nor  were  the  majority  of  issuing  officers 
aware  that  the  law  required  one. 

EVENING  AND  CONTINUATION  SCHOOL  ATTENDANCE. 

In  first  and  second  class  cities  only,  evening-school  attendance  is 
required  by  law  of  boys  who  have  not  completed  a grammar-school 
course.  In  these  cities  any  boy  between  14  and  16  years  of  age  who 
has  an  employment  certificate,  but  does  not  hold  a school  certificate 
showing  that  he  has  completed  the  course  of  study  required  for  grad- 
uation from  a public  elementary  school,  must  attend  evening  school 
for  not  less  than  6 hours  a week  for  a period  of  not  less  than  16  weeks 
a year.1 

As  for  continuation-school  attendance,  the  law  provides  that 
“when  the  board  of  education  in  a city  or  district  shall  have  estab- 
lished part-time  and  continuation  schools  or  courses  of  instruction  for 
the  education  of  young  persons  between  14  and  16  years  of  age  who  are 
regularly  employed  in  such  city  or  district,”  the  board  may  require  the 
attendance  of  any  child  who  has  not  completed  a grammar-school 
course  and  does  not  hold  a certificate  of  graduation,  unless  the  child 
is  receiving  elsewhere  instruction  approved  by  the  board  of  educa- 
tion as  equivalent  to  that  given  in  the  continuation  school.  The 


Education  Law,  sec.  622,  subsec.  1.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  125. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK.  61 

' 

required  attendance  must  be  from  4 to  8 hours  a week  for  36  weeks 
a year,  and  must  be  between  8 o’clock  in  the  morning  and  5 in  the 
afternoon.  Children  attending  part-time  or  continuation  schools 
are  exempt  from  evening-school  attendance.1 

To  all  children  who  attend  evening,  part-time,  or  continuation 
schools  as  required,  certificates  of  attendance  must  be  given  by  the 
school  authorities  at  least  once  a month  and  at  the  close  of  the  term.2 
The  employers  of  children  subject  to  compulsory  school  attendance 
are  required  to  keep  and  to  “ display”  in  the  place  where  the  children 
are  employed  these  evening,  part-time,  or  continuation  school 
certificates.3  A penalty  of  $20  to  $50  for  the  first  offense  and  $50 
to  $200  for  a subsequent  offense  is  provided  for  failure  on  the  part 
of  the  employer  to  have  such  certificates  on  file.4 

Such  is  the  law.  In  practice,  evening-school  attendance  is  enforced 
in  some  cities  and  not  in  others;  in  no  place  has  part-time  or  con- 
tinuation school  attendance  been  made  compulsory;  and  evening- 
school  attendance  certificates  are  issued  in  only  a few  places  in  the 
State  and  are  rarely  if  ever  demanded  by  inspectors  or  attendance 
officers. 

In  New  York  City  evening-school  attendance  is  believed  to  be  a 
hardship  for  a child  who  works  all  day,  and  consequently  no  serious 
attempt  is  made  by  attendance  officers  to  enforce  the  provision. 
At  the  time  of  this  investigation  instructions  as  to  the  requirement, 
however,  were  given  to  boys  when  they  received  their  certificates  at 
the  issuing  office.  Recently  a statement  to  the  effect  that  attend- 
ance is  required  has  been  stamped  on  the  certificates  granted  to 
boys  who  should  attend  evening  school.  In  the  evening  schools, 
moreover,  manual  training  shops  have  been  maintained  at  great 
expense  per  pupil,  and  extra  activities  of  various  kinds  have  been 
tried  in  order  to  attract  pupils  of  all  ages.  Nevertheless,  during 
the  school  year  1914-15  only  4,093  ‘‘compulsory  education  pupils” 
were  enrolled,  and  the  average  attendance  of  these  was  only  2,032.5 

The  course  of  study  for  evening  schools  in  New  York  City  is 
prepared  by  principals  and  educational  experts  and  is  approved 
by  the  board  of  superintendents.  High-school,  trade-school,  and 
elementary-school  courses  are  offered.  Special  provision  for  the  boy 
who  is  required  to  attend  is  made  in  the  elementary-school  course, 
which  comprises  the  work  of  the  second  half  of  the  sixth  to  the 
second  half  of  the  eighth  grade  of  the  elementary  day  schools.  Spe- 

1 Education  Law,  sec.  622,  subsecs.  2 and  3.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  126. 

2 Education  Law,  sec.  631.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  128. 

3 Education  Law,  sec.  627.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  127. 

4 Education  Law,  sec.  628.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  127. 

6 New  York  City  Department  of  Education:  Seventeenth  Annual  Report  of  the  City  Superintendent  of 
Schools;  Report  on  Evening  Schools  for  the  Year  Ended  July  31, 1915,  p.  92. 

■ 


62  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

cial  provision  is  also  made  for  teaching  English  to  foreigners.  No 
fee  is  charged. 

In  Buffalo  an  effort  is  made  to  enforce  evening-school  attendance, 
not  only  of  boys,  but  also  of  girls  who  hold  employment  certificates. 
One  school  in  particular  claimed  to  have  no  more  difficulty  with  girls 
than  with  boys.  But  when  parents  refuse  to  send  girls  the  cases 
are  not  followed  up  as  are  those  of  boys.  At  the  first  of  each  school 
year,  individual  evening  schools  try  to  interest  children  in  their 
courses  by  sending  out  invitations  to  all  those  who  were  enrolled 
during  the  previous  year.  The  courses  offered  are  prescribed  by 
the  superintendent  of  schools  and  include  English  and  business  and 
vocational  branches  in  addition  to  the  academic  course.  An  initial 
fee  of  50  cents  is  required  of  all  those  enrolling,  but  if  the  student 
has  attended  regularly  this  fee  is  returned  at  the  end  of  the  school 
year.  This  requirement  insures  more  regular  attendance,  and  thus 
enables  the  school  to  do  a higher  grade  of  work  than  would  other- 
wise be  possible.  The  total  enrollment  of  persons  of  all  ages  in  the 
evening  schools  during  the  school  year  1914-15  was  14,313.  Of  this 
number,  2,198  were  working  children. 

In  Rochester,  as  in  New  York  City,  the  department  of  public 
instruction  is  not  in  sympathy  with  the  requirement  of  eveningrschool 
attendance  for  employed  children,  and  no  attempt  is  made  to  enforce 
the  law.  Evening-school  courses  are  offered,  however,  in  English, 
stenography,  citizenship,  and  along  vocational  lines.  For  enrollment 
in  the  elementary  evening  schools  a fee  of  $1  is  charged,  but  this  is 
returned  at  the  close  of  the  school  year  to  those  attending  regularly. 
The  number  of  pupils  enrolled  during  the  school  year  1914-15  was 
7,891,  but  of  this  number  only  329  were  children  under  16  years  of 
age. 

In  Albany,  according  to  the  superintendent  of  schools,  evening- 
school  attendance  of  all  boys  who  hold  employment  certificates  and 
have  not  finished  the  eighth  grade  is  enforced.  The  superintendent 
states  also  that  he  attempts  to  make  girls  attend  evening  school, 
but  that  they  are  not  followed  up  carefully.  He  makes  an  earnest 
effort  to  secure  the  cooperation  of  employers.  A notice,  for  example, 
is  mailed  to  them  instructing  them  in  the  provisions  of  the  com- 
pulsory education  law  and  requesting  the  names  of  children  em- 
ployed.1 Reports  are  also  made  to  them  of  the  progress  and  behavior 
of  the  boys  they  employ  and  of  the  failure  of  any  such  boys  to  attend 
regularly.2  This  system  aids  in  keeping  track  of  the  children  em- 
ployed. The  course  of  study  is  determined  by  the  superintendent 
of  schools,  and  the  evening-school  principal  reports  to  him.  The 
standard  of  instruction  is  similar  to  that  of  the  day  school,  but  is 


Albany  Form  1,  p.  164. 


2 Albany  Form  2,  p.  164. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


63 


somewhat  simplified.  Business  and  technical  courses  are  offered  in 
the  evening  high  school,  and  in  the  evening  grammar  schools  the 
same  courses  are  given  as  in  the  day  schools,  including  special  instruc- 
tion in  English  to  foreigners.  Vocational  courses  were  added  dur- 
ing the  school  year  1914-15,  but  these  are  not  open  to  children 
under  16  nor  to  children  without  the  equivalent  of  eight  years' 
elementary-school  education.  No  fee  is  charged  for  attendance  at 
evening  grammar  schools,  but  a fee  of  $1  is  required  for  the  high- 
school  or  vocational  courses.  This  fee  is  later  returned  to  the  child 
if  attendance  has  been  fairly  satisfactory. 

At  Troy  evening-school  attendance  is  enforced  in  the  same  way  as 
is  day-school  attendance,  and  th'e  standard  of  instruction  is  set  by 
the  superintendent  of  schools.  But  in  neither  Syracuse  nor  Utica 
has  any  serious  attempt  been  made  to  enforce  evening-school  attend- 
ance, which  is  felt  to  be  a hardship  to  a child  working  during  the  day. 
The  superintendents  prescribe  the  course  of  study  to  be  followed,  but 
no  well-defined  course  is  offered  for  a child  under  16  years  of  age. 

A few  attempts  at  continuation-school  instruction  have  been  made 
in  the  first-class  cities,  but  attendance  has  been  voluntary  and  none 
of  the  classes  conforms  to  the  requirements  of  the  law  pertaining  to 
continuation  schools.  In  New  York  City  part-time  classes  for  chil- 
dren between  14  and  16  years  of  age  exist  in  a few  establishments. 
Instruction  is  under  the  auspices  of  the  board  of  education,  and,  while 
employed  in  these  particular  establishments,  children  are  required  by 
their  employers  to  attend.  In  Buffalo  a continuation  school  for  prin- 
ters' apprentices  under  16  years  of  age  was  established  in  1912-13. 
Attendance  is  voluntary  and,  though  the  cooperation  of  employers 
was  obtained  at  first,  the  school  has  not  been  a continued  success. 
In  Rochester  a continuation  class  has -existed  since  September,  1914, 
for  girls  between  14  and  16  years  of  age  who  are  employed  in  one 
department  of  a certain  button-making  establishment.  These  girls, 
who  are  required  by  the  firm  to  attend  forenoons  every  other  week 
while  employed,  receive  general  instruction  in  academic  subjects  and, 
when  first  employed,  specific  instruction  in  the  work  required  at  the 
factory.  In  September,  1915,  a continuation  class  in  salesmanship 
was  formed  of  girls  employed  in  department  and  specialty  stores. 
This  class  meets  in  the  forenoon  4 days  a week  and  the  term  is  12 
weeks.  Trade  schools  and  vocational  classes  which  cooperate  with 
employers  exist  not  only  in  all  the  first-class  cities  but  in  other  cities 
throughout  the  State. 

ENFORCEMENT. 

The  laws  providing  that  children  under  14  years  of  age  shall  not 
be  employed  and  that  children  between  14  and  16  years  of  age  shall 
have  employment  certificates  when  at  work  and  shall  attend  school 


64  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YY)RK. 

when  not  at  work  are  enforced  principally  by  two  sets  of  officials — 
local  school  authorities,  who  are  mainly  interested  in  keeping  children 
in  school;  and  inspectors  of  the  State  industrial  commission,  who  are 
solely  interested  in  seeing  that  children  do  not  work  illegally. 
Between  these  two  authorities  are  interposed  the  officials  of  local 
health  departments,  who  open  the  gates  of  industry  to  children  and 
upon  whose  cooperation  the  other  two  agencies  are  largely  dependent 
in  their  work. 

The  functions  of  local  school  authorities  in  enforcing  school  attend- 
ance are  usually  divided  into  three  parts,  the  work  of  school  prin- 
cipals and  teachers,  that  of  attendance  officers,  and  that  of  school- 
census  enumerators.  As  the  appointment  of  one  or  more  attendance 
officers  is  mandatory  for  every  city,  school  district,  and  township 
in  the  State,1  school  principals  and  teachers  rarely  have  any  duties 
beyond  keeping  accurate  records  and  making  reports  of  attendance. 
Teachers  in  all  schools,  however,  private  as  well  as  public,  are  required 
by  law  to  keep  accurate  daily  records  of  the  attendance  of  all  chil- 
dren under  16  years  of  age,  and  these  records  may  be  inspected  or 
copied  at  any  time  by  attendance  officers  or  by  other  persons  “duly 
authorized  by  the  school  authorities  of  the  city  or  district.”  Any 
teacher,  moreover,  who  does  not  “fully  answer  all  inquiries  lawfully 
made  by  such  authorities,  inspectors,  or  other  persons,”  is  guilty  of 
a misdemeanor  and  liable  to  a fine  of  not  more  than  $500  or  to 
imprisonment  for  not  more  than  one  year,  or  both.2 

The  duties  of  attendance  officers  relate,  not  only  to  children  already 
enrolled  in  school  who  may  drop  out  before  they  have  passed  the 
compulsory  school  age,  but  to  any  child  in  the  community,  enrolled 
or  not  enrolled,  who  is  under  16  and  is  illegally  absent  from  school. 
In  order  that  attendance  officers  may  be  enabled  properly  to  enforce 
school  attendance  they  are  given  legal  authority  to  enter,  during  busi- 
ness hours,  factories  and  mercantile  or  other  establishments  and  to  ex- 
amine the  employment  certificates  and  registers  of  children  employed 
in  such  establishments.3  TJiey  may  arrest  truants  without  warrant 
and  deliver  them  over  either  to  the  teacher  or,  in  case  of  habitual 
and  incorrigible  truants,  to  a police  magistrate  for  commitment  to  a 
truant  school.  A report  of  the  disposition  of  each  child  must  be  made 
to  the  school  authorities.  Anyone  who  interferes  with  an  attendance 
officer  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  or  any  employer  who  refuses  to 
show  him  the  register  or  employment  certificates  of  children  in  his 
employ,  is  guilty  of  a misdemeanor  and  liable  to  a fine  of  not  more 
than  $500  or  to  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  one  year,  or  both.4 

1 Education  Law,  sec.  632.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  128. 

2 Education  Law,  sec.  629;  Penal  Law,  sec.  1937.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  127, 131. 

3 Education  Law,  sec.  633,  subsec.  3.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  128. 

4 Education  Law,  sec.  634;  Penal  Law,  sec.  1937.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  128,  131. 


EMPLOYMEXT-CEKTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IX  NEW  YOEK. 


65 


Attendance  officers  are  mainly  relied  upon  to  locate  children  not 
enrolled  in  school,  and  inspectors  of  the  State  industrial  commission 
are  depended  upon  to  see  that  children  are  not  illegally  employed. 
The  law  provides,  indeed,  that  attendance  officers  may  visit  places  of 
employment,  but  that  agents  of  the  industrial  commission  must  do  so. 

Inspection  for  violation  of  the  minimum-age  and  employment- 
certificate  laws  in  factories  throughout  the  State  and  in  mercantile 
and  other  establishments  in  first  and  second  class  cities  is,  in  fact, 
the  duty  of  the  industrial  commission.  “As  often  as  practicable ” 
factories  must  be  visited  by  inspectors  of  the  division  of  factory 
inspection,1  and  mercantile  and  other  establishments  in  first  and 
second  class  cities  by  inspectors  of  the  division  of  mercantile  inspec- 
tion.2 

In  cities  other  than  those  of  the  first  or  second  class  but  having 
3,000  or  more  inhabitants  the  boards  or  departments  of  health  or  health 
commissioners  are  charged  with  the  duty  of  enforcing  the  law  relating 
to  mercantile  and  other  establishments.  In  these  cities,  however,  the 
law  does  not  provide  that  there  “shall”  be  inspection  but  merely 
that  there  “may”  be  inspection.3 

In  all  factories  where  women  or  children  are  employed  and  in  mer- 
cantile establishments  in  first  and  second  class  cities  where  three  or 
more  'women  or  children  are  employed  a copy  or  abstract  of  the  law 
relating  to  their  employment  must  be  posted  on  each  floor.4 

Inspectors  and  other  officers  charged  with  the  duty  of  enforcement 
have  authority  to  enter,  at  reasonable  hours,  any  (establishment 
mentioned  in  the  law  to  look  for  children  and  to  demand  the  produc- 
tion of  employment  certificates,  together  with  a register  of  names, 
ages,  birthplaces,  and  addresses  of  all  children  under  16. 5 All  per- 
sons connected  with  these  establishments  must  give  the  information 
demanded  by  an  inspector;  and  no  one  may  interfere  with  or  ob- 
struct an  inspector  in  the  performance  of  his  duties.6 

Penalties  for  violation  of  the  child-labor  law  fall  directly  upon  the 
employer,  but  for  failure  to  send  a child  to  school  the  parent  is  liable 
to  a fine  not  exceeding  $5  or  5 days’  imprisonment  for  a first  offense 
and  to  a fine  not  exceeding  $50  or  30  days’  imprisonment,  or  both,  for  a 
subsequent  offense.7  For  failure  on  the  part  of  the  employer  to  have 
on  file  an  employment  certificate,  or  for  any  violation  of  the  labor  law 
for  which  no  other  penalty  is  imposed,  a general  penalty  is  provided 

1 Labor  Law,  sec.  56.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  118. 

2 Labor  Law,  sec.  59.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  119. 

3 Labor  Law,  sec.  172.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  124. 

4 Labor  Law,  secs.  99a  and  173.  For  the  text  of  the  latter  section  see  p.  125. 

& Labor  Law,  secs.  56,  59,  76,  167,  and  172.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  118, 119, 122, 124. 

6 Labor  Law,  secs.  43,  subsec.  2,  and  172.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  117, 124. 

2 Education  Law,  sec.  625.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  126. 

46446°— 17 5 


66 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


ranging  from  a fine  of  $20  to  $50  for  a first  offense  to  one  of  $250  and 
60  days’  imprisonment  for  a third  offense.1 2  For  failure  to  have  on 
file  the  employment  or  school-record  certificate  required  by  the  edu- 
cation law  the  employer  is  liable  to  a fine  of  from  $20  to  $50  for  a 
first  offense  and  from  $50  to  $200  for  each  subsequent  offensei  For 
the  employment  of  children  under  the  minimum  age  the  penalties 
are  the  same  as  for  the  employment  of  children  without  certificates. 

SCHOOL  ATTENDANCE. 

New  York  City. — Two  principal  methods  of  enforcing  school  attend- 
ance are  used,  the  first  consisting  of  reports  of  absences  sent  by  the 
principals  of  schools  to  the  bureau  of  attendance,  and  the  second  con- 
sis  ting  of  reports  from  all  other  sources.  The  first  method  obviously 
affects  only  children  who  are  already  enrolled  in  a city  school.  The 
second  method  affects  all  children  of  compulsory  school  age,  whether 
or  not  they  have  ever  been  enrolled  in  any  school  in  New  York  City. 

All  children  between  7 and  16  years  of  age  who  are  absent  from 
public  school,  unless  the  absence  is  excused  or  known  to  be  legal,  are 
reported  by  the  principal,  on  the  third  day  of  absence,  to  the  district 
supervisor  of  the  bureau  of  attendance.  If  the  child  is  known  to  be  a 
truant,  the  principal  must  report  the  absence  on  the  first  day  it  occurs, 
and  if  he  thinks  best  he  may  report  any  absence  on  the  first  day. 
The  report  of  the  child’s  absence  is  made  on  a quadruplicate  form, 
one  copy  of  which  is  kept  by  the  principal;  the  others  are  sent  to  the 
district  supervisor  of  the  bureau  of  attendance.  The  attendance 
officer  investigates,  and  if  he  finds  the  absence  illegal  returns  the 
child  to  school  as  soon  as  possible.  Even  when  he  finds  the  absence 
legal  he  may  reinvestigate  if  the  child  does  not  later  return  to  school. 
In  either  case  he  reports  to  the  main  office  of  the  bureau  of  attend- 
ance, where  one  copy  of  his  report  is  filed.  Two  copies  of  this 
report  are  sent  back  to  the  principal,  who  keeps  one  as  a record  of  the 
disposition  of  the  case  and  returns  the  other  to  the  bureau  as  a receipt. 
After  20  days  of  absence  the  principal  either  is  directed  to  discharge 
the  child  or  is  notified  that  the  case  is  being  handled  as  a violation  of 
the  compulsory  education  law.  A child  who  is  so  seriously  ill  that 
he  can  not  return  to  school  within  three  months  may  be  discharged, 
upon  a physician’s  certificate,  to  a “general  suspense  register” ; but  full 
particulars  must  be  sent  to  the  main  office  of  the  bureau  of  attend- 
ance. In  case  a child  who  is  absent  can  not  be  located,  the  prin- 
cipal may  apply,  after  10  days,  for  permission  to  discharge  him — 
pending  further  investigation — to  the  “general  suspense  register.” 

When  a pupil  transfers  from  one  public  school  to  another,  he  is 
given  his  permanent  record  card  and  a notice  of  transfer.  The  prin- 


1 Penal  Law,  sec.  1275.  For  the  text  ol  this  section  see  p.  131. 

2 Education  Law,  sec.  628.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  127. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK.  67 

cipal  retains  one  copy  of  the  notice  and  mails  another  copy  to  the 
main  office  of  the  bureau  of  attendance.  The  pupil  presents  his 
notice  to  the  principal  of  the  school  he  is  entering,  and  the  principal 
in  turn  notifies  the  bureau  of  the  child’s  admission.  The  bureau  then 
notifies  the  principal  of  the  first  school,  and  the  child  is  discharged. 
But  if  at  the  end  of  7 days  no  report  has  been  received  from  the 
second  school,  the  bureau  investigates;  and  if  at  the  end  of  10  days 
the  first  school  has  not  been  notified  of  the  child’s  admission  to  the 
other  school,  the  bureau  may  direct  the  principal  to  discharge  the 
child;  or,  if  it  fails  to  do  so,  the  principal  may  discharge  him  and 
notify  the  bureau.  The  bureau  continues  its  investigation  of  any 
case  not  definitely  settled,  even  though  the  school  has  discharged  the 
child. 

The  forms  used  by  the  bureau  for  reporting  absences  and  transfers 
are  distributed  among  all  schools,  parochial  and  private  as  well  as 
public,  and,  though  all  parochial  and  private  schools  do  not  avail 
themselves  of  the  services  of  the  bureau  in  every  case  of  absence, 
cooperation  is  said  to  be  maintained  with  many  of  them.  Pupils  ad- 
mitted to  a public  school  from  schools  not  cooperating  are  reported  to 
the  bureau  as  though  from  another  city. 

The  school  census,  which  later  is  described  in  full,  is  the  principal 
method  of  detecting  children  of  compulsory  school  age  who  have 
never  been  enrolled  in  any  school  in  New  York  City.  Cases  of  truancy 
discovered  by  census  enumerators  or  school  attendance  officers,  and 
any  such  cases  which  may  be  reported  from  outside  sources,  are  han- 
dled exactly  as  are  those  reported  by  schools. 

Beginning  in  an  experimental  district,  the  cooperation  of  the  police 
department  has  been  secured  in  enforcing  school  attendance.  When 
a patrolman  finds  a child  illegally  on  the  street  during  school  hours 
he  takes  him  to  the  nearest  school,  delivers  him  to  the  principal,  and 
receives  a signed  receipt.1  If  the  child  is  not  a pupil  of  the  school  to 
which  he  is  returned,  the  principal  notifies  the  district  supervisor  to 
send  an  attendance  officer  to  take  charge  of  him.  A child  who  is  ex- 
cused from  attendance  because  of  physical  illness  or  mental  defect  is 
furnished  with  an  identification  card  to  show  attendance  officers  and 
patrolmen  that  he  need  not  be  returned  to  school.  The  child  with 
an  employment  certificate,  however,  is  not  given  an  identification 
card,  as  he  must  be  either  at  work  or  at  school  and  therefore  is  not 
legitimately  absent  from  school  when  not  employed. 

If  a child  in  this  experimental  district  is  reported  absent  three 
times,  even  if  found  to  be  legally  absent  each  time,  he  may  be  sum- 
moned with  his  parents  for  a hearing  before  the  division  supervisor; 
but  this  summons  is  not  always  issued,  as  in  certain  cases  it  may 


1 New  York  City  Form  23,  p.  150. 


68  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

appear  that  more  patience  should  be  used.  These  hearings  are 
intended  in  general  to  aid  in  maintaining  personal  interest  between 
the  parents  and  children  and  the  school  authorities;  to  serve  as  a 
basis  for  administering  relief  in  the  way  of  clothing,  if  necessary;  to 
ascertain  whether  or  not  the  child  should  be  committed  to  an  insti- 
tution or  whether  special  treatment  is  needed;  and  to  prevent,  if 
possible,  a court  record  against  the  child.  During  the  hearing  the 
details  of  the  case  are  thoroughly  canvassed  and  the  parent  is  asked 
if  he  is  willing  to  have  the  child,  in  case  of  further  absence,  com- 
mitted to  an  institution.  If  so,  the  parent  signs  a statement  con- 
senting to  commitment,  and  the  child  is  paroled  to  the  attendance 
officer,  is  transferred  to  another  school,  and,  in  case  the  offense  is 
repeated,  is  sent  to  an  institution.  If  the  parent  is  not  willing,  the 
child  is  paroled  as  in  the  previous  case,  but  if  he  is  absent  again  the 
case  is  taken  before  the  court  of  domestic  relations  as  one  of  parental 
neglect.  There  the  child  may  be  once  more  paroled.  But  if  the  case 
is  not  disposed  of  at  this  court,  or  if  necessary  later,  the  child  may  be 
taken  to  the  children’s  court,  by  which  he  may  be  committed  to  an 
institution. 

Buffalo. — In  Buffalo  the  enforcement  of  school  attendance  is 
divided  between  the  permanent  census  board  and  the  department  of 
compulsory  education.  The  individual  principal  devises  his  own 
means  of  reporting  absentees  and  reports  from  time  to  time  to  the 
attendance  officer  assigned  to  his  district.  In  some  instances,  by  send- 
ing out  postal-card  notices,  he  attempts  to  interest  parents  in  the 
regular  attendance  of  their  children.  In  the  congested  districts  of 
the  city  the  attendance  officers  call  at  the  schools  daily.  As  in  New 
York  City,  all  transfers  between  public  schools  are  supposed  to  be 
reported  to  the  permanent  census  board.  And  if  within  a reasonable 
time  a return  notice  does  not  come  from  the  school  which  the  child 
is  to  enter,  an  employee  of  that  board  telephones  to  ascertain  whether 
or  not  he  is  there.  If  not,  the  case  is  referred  to  the  compulsory 
education  department.  All  schools  do  not  report  transfers,  and 
sometimes  it  is  not  known  that  a transfer  has  occurred  until  a notice 
comes  in  from  the  second  school.  No  record  of  attendance  or 
progress  of  children  exists  in  any  central  office  either  while  they  are 
in  school  or  after  they  leave. 

Rochester. — In  Rochester  the  permanent  census  board  and  the 
efficiepcy  bureau  jointly  enforce  school  attendance.  Cases  of 
unexcused  absence  or  of  absence  suspected  by  the  principal  of  a pub- 
lic school  to  be  illegal  are  reported  daily  by  telephone  to  the  perma- 
nent census  board.  This  office  reports  these  cases  by  telephone  to 
the  proper  attendance  officers,  who  investigate  them.  In  addi- 
tion, principals  often  notify  attendance  officers  directly  of  absences. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK.  69 

When  a child  transfers  from  one  public  school  to  another,  or  from  a 
public  to  a parochial  school,  the  school  he  is  leaving  mails  a transfer 
card  to  the  school  he  is  to  enter,  and  the  latter,  if  a public  school, 
notifies  the  efficiency  bureau  whether  or  not  the  child  appears.  If 
he  does  not  appear,  or  if  the  parochial  school  does  not  report,  the 
bureau  directs  an  attendance  officer  to  follow  him  up.  A further  aid 
in  keeping  track  of  children  in  the  public  schools  is  the  weekly  roll 
call  in  each  school  for  changes  of  address. 

When  for  any  reason  a child  leaves  school,  his  permanent  record 
card  is  sent  to  the  efficiency  bureau.  If  the  cause  is  unknown,  princi- 
pals are  instructed  to  report  the  case  to  the  attendance  officer  and 
not  to  return  the  permanent  record  card  marked  “ Cause  unknown” 
until  the  officer’s  report  has  been  made.  The  bureau  can  easily 
check  up  such  cases  to  see  whether  the  attendance  officer  has  been 
notified.  Thus  the  names  of  children  who  have  left  school  on  a 
school  record,  who  have  moved  out  of  the  city  or  to  a new  address, 
who  have  become  16  years  of  age  and  left  school,  or  who  have  left 
for  any  other  reason,  are  all  reported  to  the  office  of  the  efficiency 
bureau.  At  the  end  of  every  semester  the  attendance  and  progress 
of  every  child  enrolled  in  the  system  who  has  left  is  checked  up  with 
the  permanent  record  card,  and  cases  which  have  not  been  reported 
by  schools  during  the  year  are  then  discovered. 

The  reports  of  work  of  the  attendance  officers,  who  follow  up  also 
the  attendance  of  parochial  school  children,  are  filed  in  the  office 
of  the  efficiency  bureau. 

Second-class  cities. — Of  the  second-class  cities,  Albany  and  Troy 
have  systems  of  daily  reports  by  telephone  of  unexcused  or  illegal 
absences,  which  are  followed  up  by  attendance  officers.  In  Utica 
absences  are  reported  to  the  attendance  officer  during  his  regular 
rounds,  but  special  calls  are  telephoned  to  him  at  the  office  of  the 
superintendent  of  schools.  In  Syracuse,  according  to  the  attendance 
rules,  “the  principals  of  the  several  schools  shall,  within  24  hours, 
notify  the  attendance  officers,  in  writing,  regarding  all  unexcused 
absentees.”  Such  reports  may  also  be  telephoned  to  the  attendance 
officers  each  morning  or  at  noon,  when  they  are  at  the  superin- 
tendent’s office.  But  the  rules  allow  a child  to  be  out  of  school 
one  day,  and  if  he  returns  the  morning  after  being  absent  he  need 
not  be  reported.  One  principal  said  that  she  did  not  wait — as 
the  rides  prescribe — until  the  second  morning  to  send  this  written 
report,  but  twice  a day  sent  to  the  attendance  officer  a note  containing 
the  names  of  absentees  from  each  session.  Parochial  schools  some- 
times  cooperate  in  reporting  absences,  but  generally  do  not. 

A system  of  checking  up  transfers  between  public  schools,  tfut 
not  between  parochial  schools  or  between  public  and  parochial  schools, 
exists  in  all  the  second-class  cities  visited. 


70  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

Third-class  cities. — Daily  reports  by  telephone  and  investigations 
of  absences  are  made  in  Little  Falls  and  Tonawanda,  and  when  chil- 
dren transfer  between  public  schools  the  superintendent’s  office  is 
notified.  At  Cohoes  the  officer  visits  every  school  once  a week, 
follows  up  all  unexplained  absences  at  that  time,  and  also  locates, 
transferred  children. 

Villages. — In  Victory  Mills,  the  only  village  visited,  the  attendance 
officer  follows  up  a child  the  first  day  he  is  absent. 

SCHOOL  CENSUS. 

The  duty  of  taking  the  school  census,  as  has  been  seen,  devolves 
in  New  York  City  on  the  bureau  of  attendance,  in  Rochester 
and  Buffalo  upon  permanent  census  boards,  and  in  the  other  cities, 
towns,  and  villages  upon  the  local  authorities  in  charge  of  the 
schools.  Any  parent  or  other  person  having  charge  of  a child  is 
liable  to  a fine  of  not  more  than  $20  or  to  imprisonment  not  exceed- 
ing 30  days  for  withholding  or  refusing  to  give  information  or  for 
giving  false  information.1  In  Buffalo  and  Rochester  the  plan  of 
census  enumeration  provided  by  law  is  based  upon  a census  taken 
by  the  police  commissioners  under  the  regulations  of  the  census 
board  and  constantly  amended  by  information  to  be  reported  by 
parents  directly  to  the  police  stations.  In  these  cities  it  is  the 
duty  of  persons  in  parental  relation  to  children  between  4 and  18 
years  of  age  to  report  certain  facts  in  regard  to  such  children  “at  the 
police  station  house  of  the  precinct  within  which  they  severally 
reside.”  Thus  removals  from  one  police  precinct  to  another  or  from 
one  school  to  another,  new  arrivals  in  the  city,  the  fact  that  a child  is 
shortly  to  become  of  compulsory  school  age,  and  the  fact  that  a child 
has  gone  to  work,  must  all  be  reported  to  the  police  and  by  them  to  the 
school  authorities.2 

The  results  of  a school  census  have  no  relation  in  New  York,  as 
in  some  States,  to  the  distribution  of  State  school  moneys,  which  is 
based  on  the  number  of  duly  licensed  teachers. 

Outside  of  first-class  cities. — While  a permanent  census  board  may 
be  established  in  any  city  in  New  York  State,  no  city  not  of  the  first 
class  has  such  a board.  The  law  provides  that  if  a board  does  not 
exist,  then,  in  October  of  every  fourth  year  beginning  in  1909  the 
school  authorities  of  every  city  of  the  second  and  third  classes  shall 
take  a census  of  all  children  between  4 and  18  years  of  age,  including 
information  in  regard  to  the  employment  and  school  attendance  of 
children  similar  to  that  gathered  in  the  cities  maintaining  a per- 
manent census  board.3  Although  this  census  is  used  to  check  the 


1 Education  Law,  sec.  653.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  130. 

2 Education  Law,  sec.  650.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  129. 

3 Education  Law,  sec.  651.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  130. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK.  71 

school  registration,  it  is  taken  so  seldom  that  it  is  but  little  aid  in  the 
regular  enforcement  of  attendance  laws.  In  villages  and  school  dis- 
tricts outside  of  cities  the  board  of  trustees  is  required  to  take 
annually,  on  the  30th  of  August,  a census,  including  the  same  points, 
of  children  between  5 and  18  years  of  age.1  A copy  of  this  census 
is  filed  with  the  teachers  in  these  districts,  so  that  it  may  be  checked 
with  the  registration. 

Permanent  census , New  York  City. — In  New  York  City  the  census 
is  taken  by  the  attendance  officers,  who  enumerate  all  children 
under  18,  including  even  those  under  4 years  of  age. 

The  census  is  taken  by  blocks;  a family  card  is  used  for  facts  as 
to  each  child’s  physical  condition,  literacy,  school  attended  and  grade 
attained.2  No  index  or  individual  identification  card  is  kept.  If  the 
child  is  employed,  the  employment  certificate  number  is  taken  and  a 
note  is  made  of  the  last  school  attended.  Information  regarding 
positions  is  taken  on  an  individual  schedule  3 but,  as  it  is  frequently 
obtained  from  the  parent,  may  not  always  be  accurate.  If  a parent 
does  not  know  where  a child  is  working,  a postal  is  left  to  be  filled 
in  and  mailed  to  the  board  or  given  to  the  enumerator  at  another 
time. 

In  the  course  of  enumeration  children  are  frequently  found  who 
need  special  attention  but  might  not  otherwise  be  located.  Their 
names  are  all  recorded  on  the  daily  reports  of  the  officers4  and  are  later 
reported  to  the  departments  or  agencies  responsible  for  their  care. 
Children  found  illegally  absent  from  school  are  reported  to  the  district 
supervisor  of  the  bureau  of  attendance  and  are  dealt  with  like  other 
truants.  Among  such  children  are  those  staying  at  home  either 
with  or  without  employment  certificates,  boys  working  during  the 
day  and  not  attending  evening  school,  and  foreign-born  children  who 
have  never  been  enrolled  in  any  school. 

Policemen  have  been  cooperating  in  the  census,  experimentally  at 
least,  by  reporting  to  the  bureau  of  attendance  changes  of  address  of 
families  in  their  precincts.5 

Permanent  census , Buffalo. — In  Buffalo  no  enumerators  are 
employed  regularly  in  the  field  taking  the  census,  but  whenever  it  is 
taken  60  policemen  are  transferred  from  their  regular  beats  and  work, 
until  the  city  has  been  canvassed,  under  the  direction  of  the  secretary 
of  the  permanent  census  board.  Three  regular  canvasses  were 
made  from  1909  to  1914.  The  census  is  taken  by  blocks,  as  in  New 
York  City,  and  a special  census  card6  is  used.  This  card  calls  for 
information  as  to  birthplace,  date  of  birth,  school  attended,  employ- 
ment and  literacy  of  the  child,  and  nativity  of  the  parents. 


1 Education  Law,  sec.  652.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  130.  * New  York  City  Form  26,  p.  153. 

2 New  York  City  Form  24,  p.  151.  5 New  York  City  Form  27,  p.  154. 

3 New  York  City  Form  25,  p.  152.  6 Buffalo  Form  5,  p.  160. 


72  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

All  this  information  for  each  child  is  transcribed  to  a regular  record 
card.1  The  cards  are  filed  by  school  districts  or  under  the  names 
of  private  schools,  the  records  of  children  4 to.  6 years  of  age  being  kept 
separate  from  those  of  children  7 to  18  years  of  age.  Moreover,  to 
aid  in  locating  the  child’s  record  card,  an  identification  card,  which 
indicates  the  school  district  or  private  school,  is  also  made  out  for 
each  child. 

A complete  list  of  children  registered  is  sent  in  once  a year  from 
all  schools,  and  new  names  are  sent  in  as  they  are  registered.  Paro- 
chial schools,  it  is  claimed,  report  more  promptly  and  fully  than 
public  schools,  and  the  dates  on  registration  lists  and  transfers  on  file 
in  the  office  bear  out  this  statement. 

No  constant  canvass  is  maintained  during  the  year,  but  the  632 
policemen  of  the  city  are  expected  to  report  the  names  and  addresses 
of  all  families  moving  into  their  respective  districts.  In  addition, 
the  moving-van  companies  are  asked  to  report  the  names  and 
addresses  of  families  moved  by  them,  and  are  furnished  with  blank 
forms2  for  this  purpose.  Cooperation  along  this  line  has  been  fairly 
successful. 

During  the  regular  canvass  a child  found  staying  at  home  or 
working  illegally  is  reported  on  a truancy  card 3 to  the  chief  of  com- 
pulsory education,  and  a duplicate  record  of  each  case  is  kept  in  the 
office  of  the  permanent  census  board.  When  such  a child  is  located 
the  card  is  returned  with  a notation  showing  the  disposition  of  the 
case.  No  limit  is  placed  on  the  time  for  reporting  each  child,  as 
it  often  takes  weeks  or  months  to  force  him  back  into  school.  The 
chief  of  compulsory  education  believes  that  the  important  thing  is  to 
locate  and  deal  with  the  child  rather  than  to  make  a report  to  the 
census  board  which  will  make  its  records  complete. 

The  secretary  of  the  permanent  census  board  sends  a monthly 
report  of  its  work  to  the  board  and  to  the  chief  of  the  State  attend- 
ance division  at  Albany.  This  report  covers  such  points  as  number 
of  changes  of  address,  new  registrations,  new  arrivals  in  the  city,  and 
sources  of  information. 

The  office  files  of  the  census  board  are  used  to  some  extent  by 
inspectors  of  the  department  of  labor  or  officers  of  other  agencies  for 
locating  and  proving  the  ages  of  children. 

Permanent  census,  Rochester.- — In  Rochester  six  policemen  are 
engaged  continually  in  taking  the  census  of  children  4 to  18  years 
of  age.  The  census  is  taken  by  streets;  and  the  individual  card4 
requires  information  as  to  birthplace  of  parents  and  child,  date  of 
birth,  proof  of  age,  employment,  physical  condition,  school,  and 
grade,  and  on  the  back  of  it  is  kept  a record  of  the  employment 


1 Buffalo  Form  6,  p.  1G0. 

2 Buffalo  Form  7,  p.  160. 


3  Buffalo  Form  8,  p.  161. 

* Rochester  Form  2,  p.  162. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


73 


if  the  child  is  at  work.  For  every  child  whose  name  appears  on  an 
original  card  an  index  or  identification  card,  which  is  an  exact  copy 
of  the  original  card,  is  made  out.  The  addresses  of  children  on 
these  cards  are  kept  constantly  up  to  date. 

When  a child  is  found  staying  at  home  illegally  or  working  without 
a certificate  the  memorandum  of  such  fact  is  transferred  from  the 
original  record  card  to  another  form,1  one  copy  of  which  is  kept  in 
the  office  of  the  board,  while  the  other  two  are  sent  to  the  attendance 
officer,  factory  inspector,  mercantile  inspector,  or  whoever  should 
take  charge  of  the  case.  When  the  officer  has  disposed  of  the  case 
he  reports  back  to  the  office  of  the  board  on  one  of  the  slips.  This 
slip  is  filed  and  a duplicate  record  of  each  case  is  also  kept  by  the 
secretary  of  the  permanent  census  board. 

Often  a parent  can  not  tell  where  a child  is  working  or  what  his 
occupation  is.  In  such  a case  a sheet  of  instructions  and  a postal 
card  are  left  at  the  house  by  the  police  officer  or  mailed  to  the  parent 
from  the  office.  The  postal  card  is  to  be  filled  in  by  the  parent  or 
child  and  mailed  to  the  office,  where  the  information  is  copied  on  the 
original  record  card. 

Each  year  the  census  board  copies,  from  the  records  of  the  efficiency 
bureau,  complete  lists  of  children  registered  in  the  schools,  and,  from 
time  to  time  during  the  year,  adds  the  new  names  which  have  been 
registered.  The  enrollment  lists  sent  in  from  the  public  schools  are 
complete  and  accurate,  but  often  the  parochial-school  lists  are  not. 

Twice  a week  the  census  board  has  the  transfers  occurring  in  the 
public-school  system  copied  from  the  records  of  the  efficiency  bureau 
and  the  information  secured  added  to  the  original  record  cards.  The 
address  given  on  the  transfer  card  is  noted  on  the  original  record 
card,  but  the  old  address  is  not  changed  permanently  until  a policeman 
has  found  that  the  family  is  actually  living  at  the  new  place. 

Reports  concerning  new  families  sometimes  come  to  the  office  from 
other  sources  than  police  officers.  The  name  and  address  of  any 
such  family  are  listed  on  a special  form  and  given  to  the  proper  police 
officer  when  he  canvasses  the  street  on  which  the  family  is  reported 
to  live.  When  a family  concerning  whom  there  is  no  record  in 
the  office  of  the  board  is  reported  to  have  children,  the  police  make  a 
special  call  to  inquire.  If  such  a family  is  reported  to  be  moving, 
the  police  go  both  to  the  new  and  to  the  old  address. 

A daily  report  in  duplicate  is  required  of  each  police  officer,  one  copy 
of  which  goes  to  the  captain  of  the  precinct  and  the  other  to  the  chief 
of  police.  A report  on  each  street  is  also  made  as  soon  as  the  canvass 
of  the  street  is  finished.  The  information  on  these  last  reports  is 
transferred  to  a regular  form  for  a monthly  report  for  the  entire  city. 


Rochester  Form  3,  p.  1G3. 


74  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

These  monthly  reports,  and  also  the  reports  concerning  transfers  and 
new  registrations  copied  from  the  records  of  the  efficiency  bureau, 
are  used  in  the  monthly  report  which  the  secretary  sends  to  the  per- 
manent census  board  and  to  the  chief  of  the  State  attendance  divi- 
sion at  Albany. 

The  board  constantly  receives  from  agencies  and  persons  interested 
in  children  requests  for  information  regarding  specific  children.  A 
record  is  kept  of  all  such  information  given. 

IMMIGRANT  CHILDREN. 

The  industrial  commission  is  required  by  law  to  procure,  with  the 
consent  of  the  Federal  authorities,  complete  lists  of  the  names,  ages, 
and  destinations  within  the  State  of  New  York  of  all  “ alien’ ’ children 
of  school  age  and  to  furnish  copies  of  these  lists  to  the  school  authori- 
ties in  the  localities  to  which  the  children  are  destined,  in  order  to 
aid  them  in  enforcing  the  compulsory  school-attendance  law.1 

In  actual  practice  the  United  States  Immigration  Office  at  Ellis 
Island  at  irregular  intervals  sends  to  the  school  authorities  through- 
out the  State  the  names,  ages,  nationalities,  and  intended  addresses 
of  children  of  school  age  arriving  from  foreign  countries.  In  New 
York  City,  even  though  these  reports  come  frequently  to  the  bureau 
of  attendance,  the  enumerators  often  find  it  impossible  to  locate  the 
families  because  the  addresses  given  do  not  exist,  or  are  incorrect,  or 
merely  temporary,  as  families  may  stay  only  a few  days  in  the  city  on 
their  way  to  another  part  of  the  country. 

A child  who  comes  to  this  country  without  his  parents  is  admitted 
only  if  some  responsible  person  signs  a bond  to  take  care  of  him  until 
he  is  16  years  of  age.  These  “ bonded’’  children  are  more  easily 
located  than  ordinary  immigrant  children,  as  they  are  not  allowed  to 
work  but  are  obliged  to  attend  day  school  until  they  are  16  and  reports 
of  their  attendance  must  be  sent  every  three  months  to  the  New  York 
office  of  the  United  States  Immigration  Service.  The  bond  states 
that  the  signer  shall  make  this  report,  but  in  New  York  City  the  per- 
manent census  board  ascertains  these  facts  and  reports  regularly  to 
the  United  States  immigration  authorities. 

Bonded  children  obviously  can  not  so  easily  escape  the  census 
board’s  enumeration  as  can  those  who  arrive  with  parents  or  relatives, 
and  who,  if  they  claim  to  be  16,  can  easily  enter  industry  and  may 
never  be  found  by  the  enumerator.  The  only  hope  of  placing  such  a 
child  in  school  would  be  that  the  industrial  inspector  might  by  chance 
discover  him  in  the  course  of  an  inspection  and  challenge  his  age. 

In  Buffalo  lists  of  immigrant  children  are  sent  to  the  compulsory- 
education  department  and  in  Rochester  to  the  permanent  census 


Labor  Law,  sec.  153,  subsec.  2.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  124. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK.  75 

board ; but  to  these  cities  the  lists  are  sent  only  occasionally  when  a 
considerable  number  of  children  have  been  recorded  as  bound  for  a 
single  city,  and  owing  to  this  delay  the  attendance  officers  frequently 
find  it  impossible  to  locate  them.  In  the  smaller  cities  such  reports 
are  sent  from  time  to  time  to  the  superintendent  of  schools. 

APPLICANTS  FOR  CERTIFICATES. 

New  York  City. — Daily  reports  of  all  children  who  receive  or  are 
refused  certificates  are  sent  by  the  bureau  of  child  hygiene  to  the 
bureau  of  attendance.  The  reports  of  those  who  are  granted  cer- 
tificates are  made  out  in  triplicate  and  include  the  name,  address, 
and  date  of  birth  of  each  child,  the  school  attended,  the  grade,  the  date 
of  issuance,  and  the  certificate  number.1  One  copy  is  sent  to  the 
bureau  of  attendance  and  the  other  two  are  filed.  At  the  end  of 
each  month  a set  of  these  daily  reports  is  mailed  to  the  industrial 
commission,  to  be  used  for  statistical  purposes.  When  the  bureau 
of  attendance  receives  notice  that  a child  has  been  granted 
an  employment  certificate  it  notifies 2 the  school  which  he  has 
attended  to  that  effect,  and  the  school,  unless  the  child  is  to  work 
only  after  school  hours,  may  then  take  his  name  from  the  register. 
The  principal,  however,  is  required  to  report  back  to  the  bureau  that 
its  notice  has  been  received  and  to  give,  if  possible,  the  name  and  ad- 
dress of  the  employer.  Fifteen  days  after  a child  has  been  reported 
as  having  obtained  a certificate,  unless  meanwhile  a notice  has  been 
received  that  he  has  reentered  school,  an  attendance  officer  visits  his 
home  or  the  place  where  he  is  supposed  to  be  employed  to  see  whether 
or  not  he  is  at  work.  If  not  at  work,  the  child  is  returned  to  school 
immediately,  unless  in  the  judgment  of  the  officer  he  ought  to  be  given 
more  time  to  search  for  work.  In  the  latter  case  the  officer  later  re- 
visits the  home,  and  if  upon  repeated  visits  he  finds  that  the  child  has 
not  secured  employment  and  refuses  to  attend  school,  the  child  and 
parent  are  summoned  to  a hearing  where  the  details  of  the  case  are 
inquired  into.  After  this  hearing  the  child  may  be  given  additional 
time  to  search  for  work,  or  the  officer  may  be  instructed  to  return 
him  to  school  immediately.3 

Reports  to  the  bureau  of  attendance  of  children  who  are  refused 
certificates  are  made  out  in  quadruplicate  for  each  child,  and  include 
the  name  and  address,  the  name  of  the  parent,  the  date  of  birth  of 

1 New  York  City  Form  28,  p.  154. 

* New  York  City  Form  29,  p.  155. 

8 A boy  and  his  mother  were  summoned  to  a hearing  because  the  boy  could  not  obtain  work  and  was  not 
at  school.  The  testimony  showed  that  his  attempts  to  get  work  had  been  fruitless.  The  boy  was  re- 
ferred to  a woman  who  promised  to  make  every  effort  to  secure  him  employment;  the  attendance  officer 
was  instructed  to  follow  up  the  case  and  report  again,  and  the  boy  and  his  parent  were  told  that  ina 
short  time,  unless  he  found  employment,  the  boy  must  return  to  school. 


76 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


the  child,  and  the  cause  of  refusal.1  One  of  these  is  filed  at  the  cen- 
tral office  of  the  bureau  of  attendance;  the  others  are  sent  to  the 
proper  district  office.  The  district  supervisor  sends  one  of  these 
three  to  the  school  which  the  child  attends,  files  one,  and  gives  the 
other  to  an  attendance  officer.  After  the  attendance  officer  has  in- 
vestigated the  case,  his  copy  of  the  report  is  returned  to  the  central 
office  to  be  placed  in  a tabulation  file.  Children  refused  because  of 
physical  defects  are  followed  up2  both  by  the  school  nurse  and  by  the 
attendance  officer. 

Within  the  division  of  employment  certificates  in  New  York  City, 
under  the  supervision  of  the  chief,  a system  of  reports  is  maintained 
which  tends  to  make  the  procedure  uniform  and  the  work  of  the 
offices  comparable.  Each  borough  keeps  a daily  record  of  cases 
handled,  and  at  the  end  of  each  week  summarizes  these  records  in  a 
weekly  report 3 to  the  chief  of  the  division.  These  reports  show  the 
number  of  applications  made  and  of  certificates  granted,  refused,  and 
pending,  and  a detailed  classification  of  the  reasons  for  refusal.  From 
them  the  chief  compiles  on  the  same  form  a weekly  report  for  the 
city,  which  he  sends  to  the  director  of  the  bureau  of  child  hygiene. 
A similar  report  of  certificates  granted,  expired,  and  in  force  is  sent 
at  the  end  of  each  quarter  from  the  borough  offices  through  the  chief 
of  the  division  to  the  director  of  the  bureau  of  child  hygiene. 

Buffalo. — When  a principal  grants  a school  record  he  is  supposed 
to  send  a notification  by  postal  card  4 to  the  permanent  census  board. 
This  notice,  which  gives  the  age  of  the  child  and  the  parent’s  name, 
is  destroyed  when  the  report  is  received  from  the  department  of  health 
that  the  child  has  obtained  a certificate.  A clerk  of  the  permanent 
census  board  goes  to  the  issuing  office  daily  for  the  names  and  addresses 
of  all  children  granted  or  refused  certificates.  These  cases  are  re- 
ported on  regular  blanks  5 provided  for  that  purpose.  For  children 
refused  certificates,  as  for  children  found  illegally  absent  from  school, 
truancy  cards  are  filled  in  and  sent  to  the  chief  of  compulsory  educa- 
tion, and  attendance  officers  follow  up  the  cases.  For  those  receiving 
certificates  no  reports  are  made  to  the  chief  of  compulsory  education, 
nor  is  the  individual  principal  sent  any  notice  whatever  of  children 
who  have  received  or  been  refused  certificates.  At  the  office  of  the 
permanent  census  board  the  regular  record  cards  of  children  who 
have  received  certificates  are  filed  separately  in  a “ labor-certificate” 
file  and  are  easily  located.  If  a postal-card  notice  of  the  issuance  of  a 
school  record  has  come  in  and  the  child  does  not  apply  for  a certificate 

1 New  York  City  Form  30,  p.  155. 

2 New  York  City  Form  31,  p.  155. 

3 New  York  City  Form  32,  p.  156. 

* Buffalo  Form  9,  p.  161. 

6 Buffalo  Form  10,  p.  161.  The  forms  used  for  listing  granted  or  refused  certificates  differ  so  slightly 
that  only  the  former  is  shown. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK.  77 

within  a reasonable  time,  the  school  is  notified  by  telephone  and  the 
principal  may  ask  the  attendance  officer  to  investigate  the  case. 

Rochester. — Whenever  a child  is  granted  a school  record  a postal- 
card  notification  1 is  sent  by  the  principal  of  the  school  to  the  effi- 
ciency bureau,  and  if  the  child  intends  to  leave  school  to  go  to  work  his 
permanent  record  card  is  also  sent.  The  bureau  of  health  telephones 
to  the  efficiency  bureau  at  irregular  intervals — daily  during  the  busy 
season  and  once  or  twice  a week  at  other  times — the  names  of  all 
public-school  children  who  have  received  employment  certificates  and 
the  school  each  child  attended.  These  names  are  checked  up  in  the 
office  of  the  efficiency  bureau  wfith  the  records  sent  from  the  schools, 
and  after  an  interval  of  ten  days  or  two  weeks  the  names  of  children 
whose  permanent  record  cards  have  been  received  and  concerning 
whom  no  report  has  come  from  the  health  bureau  are  reported  to 
attendance  officers.  The  child  who  receives  an  employment  certifi- 
cate for  work  after  school  and  on  Saturdays  is  treated  like  any  other 
child  so  far  as  attendance  is  concerned.  The  checking  of  the  registers 
with  the  permanent  record  cards  in  the  enforcement  of  school  attend- 
ance already  discussed  is  a further  aid  toward  preventing  public- 
school  children  from  dropping  out  of  school  and  working  illegally. 
But  the  system  does  not  provide  for  finding  the  parochial-school 
child  who  stays  out  of  school  after  receiving  a school  record  and  does 
not  apply  for  a certificate. 

The  name  and  address  of  every  child  who  has  been  refused  or  has 
received  a certificate  are  procured  each  week  from  the  issuing  office 
by  an  employee  of  the  permanent  census  board.  A child  who  has  been 
refused  a certificate  is  followed  up  by  an  attendance  officer,  and  cards 
containing  the  names  of  all  the  children  wTho  have  received  certificates 
are  filed  separately  in  the  office  of  the  permanent  census  board  and  are 
used  by  the  attendance  officers  from  time  to  time  to  ascertain  what  chil- 
dren have  certificates.  Thus  all  children  from  public  and  parochial 
schools  alike  and  all  newcomers  to  the  city  who  are  refused  or  granted 
certificates  are  checked  up. 

At  the  beginning  of  each  school  year  the  attendance  officers  are 
given  the  names  of  all  children  who  requested  school  records  but  did 
not  call  for  them  during  vacation  and  have  not  reported  at  school. 
They  are  followed  up  to  see  that  they  return  to  school  or  secure 
employment  certificates,  and  the  disposition  of  these  cases  is  reported 
to  the  efficiency  bureau. 

Second-class  cities. — No  reports  are  made  by  the  bureaus  of  health 
to  the  school  authorities  in  the  second-class  cities  studied.  Hence 
there  is  no  way  of  knowing  from  that  source  which  children  have 
certificates  and  which  have  not.  In  all  these  cities,  except  Syracuse, 


Rochester  Form  4,  p.  163.  This  card  is  also  used  to  report  changes  of  address  within  a district. 


78  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

superintendents  keep  lists  of  all  children  to  whom  they  have  granted 
school  records.  In  Syracuse  the  individual  principals  issue  the  school 
records,  and  therefore  the  losses  to  the  school  system  as  a whole 
can  not  be  checked  up  until  each  principals  report  is  sent  in  at  the 
end  of  the  year. 

Third-class  cities . — In  the  third-class  cities  included  in  this  study 
no  regular  system  of  reporting  is  maintained  between  health  officers 
and  superintendents  of  schools,  but  it  is  said  to  be  comparatively 
easy  to  discover  children  who  are  illegally  employed.  In  Little  Falls 
and  Tonawanda  separate  files  of  children  who  have  received  school 
records  are  kept  in  the  office  of  the  superintendent  of  schools,  so  that 
such  children  can  easily  be  located.  And  in  Little  Falls,  when  the 
health  officer  has  temporarily  or  permanently  refused  a child  a cer- 
tificate, he  informs  the  superintendent  so  that  the  child  may  be 
expected  at  school. 

UNEMPLOYED  CHILDREN. 

Local  attendance  authorities  are  responsible  for  the  attendance  at 
school  of  a child  who  is  not  at  work.  Since  he  must  be  at  school  when 
not  lawfully  and  regularly  employed,  it  is  evident  that  a child  who  ! 
has  received  an  employment  certificate  but  has  not  succeeded  in  get- 
ting a job  or  has  lost  his  job  must  return  to  school.  But  no  machinery 
is  provided  in  any  New  York  law  for  enforcing  such  a requirement, 
and  since  the  certificate  is  issued  to  the  individual  child,  is  returned 
to  him  when  he  loses  employment,  and  is  regarded  as  his  property, 
it  is  difficult  to  provide  for  his  return  to  school  when  unemployed. 
Furthermore,  the  law  does  not  require  that  the  child  must  be 
promised  employment  before  he  receives  a certificate.  As  a result,  an 
unemployed  child — except  in  small  communities  where  it  can  readily 
be  known  that  he  is  out  of  work — is  generally  on  the  streets  or  staying  ; 
at  home.  Even  if  he  is  found  by  an  attendance  officer,  the  produc- 
tion of  an  employment  certificate  and  the  statement  that  he  is  search- 
ing for  work  will  usually  exempt  him  from  school  attendance. 

When  a child  in  New  York  City  receives  his  certificate  the  bureau 
of  attendance  makes  a serious  attempt  to  see  that  he  either  goes  to 
work  or  returns  to  school.  But  after  the  child  has  gone  to  work  the 
bureau  has  no  means  of  knowing  whether  he  keeps  his  job  or  whether, 
having  lost  it,  he  remains  idle  or  goes  back  to  school. 

In  the  fall  of  1914  the  bureau  of  attendance,  in  cooperation  with 
the  largest  elementary  school  in  New  York  City,  started  a continua- 
tion class  for  unemployed  boys  over  14  years  of  age.  The  class  was 
advertised  in  the  surrounding  districts,  and  boys  were  invited  to 
come.  Attendance  was  voluntary,  and  during  the  first  term  81  boys, 
ranging  in  age  from  15  to  18  years,  attended.  Only  a few  of  these 
boys,  and  only  3 out  of  about  80  enrolled  during  the  second  term, 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


79 


were  under  16  years  of  age.  Instruction  is  given  in  academic  and 
commercial  subjects  and  shopwork.  The  boys  are  also  advised  as  to 
suitable  vocations,  and  some  efforts  are  made  at  placement. 

In  Buffalo  an  attempt  is  made,  through  the  vocational-guidance 
committee  of  the  public  schools,  to  follow  up  from  time  to  time  chil- 
dren who  have  applied  for  positions,  to  learn  what  they  are  doing ; and 
at  times  children  out  of  work  are  persuaded  to  return  to  school. 
In  Albany  it  is  the  plan  of  the  superintendent  to  ascertain,  at  the  time 
of  granting  the  school  record,  wiiere  the  child  is  going  to  work.  If 
the  evening-school  principal  in  his  daily  reports  shows  the  absence  of 
a boy  who  has  received  a school  record,  the  attendance  officer  goes 
to  the  place  where  the  child  has  said  he  was  employed.  If  the  boy  is 
working  without  a certificate,  he  is  returned  to  day  school.  If  work- 
ing legally,  he  is  ordered  to  attend  evening  school ; and  if  his  absence 
continues,  he  is  followed  up  in  the  same  way  as  though  attending  day 
school.  In  Troy  a similar  plan  is  followed  during  the  time  evening 
schools  are  in  session.  Girls,  after  they  have  once  received  certifi- 
cates, are  not  followed  up  in  either  Albany  or  Troy.  Ordinarily, 
moreover,  there  seems  to  be  no  way  in  either  of  these  cities  of  pre- 
venting boys  from  attending  evening  school  and  loafing  during  the 
day. 

In  none  of  the  other  cities  visited  is  provision  made  for  the  unem- 
ployed child.  In  Utica  and  Syracuse  a child  who  has  received  an 
employment  certificate  is  no  longer  obliged  to  go  to  school,  whether 
or  not  he  goes  to  work,  and  no  serious  attempt  is  made  to  follow  up 
children  with  certificates  or  to  enforce  evening-school  attendance. 
One  superintendent  frankly  stated  that  he  regarded  an  employment 
certificate  as  a permit  to  leave  school  and  the  school’s  responsibility 
as  ending  with  the  issuance  of  the  school  record. 

INDUSTRIAL  INSPECTION. 

The  procedure  adopted  by  inspectors  of  the  industrial  commission 
is  similar  for  factories  and  for  mercantile  establishments.  In  a 
small  establishment  or  one  of  ordinary  size  the  inspector,  before 
going  through  the  workroom,  secures  the  certificates  at  the  office, 
compares  them  with  the  names  on  the  register,  and  on  his  rounds 
tries  to  locate  each  child.  In  an  exceptionally  large  establishment, 
where  many  children  are  employed,  an  inspector  does  not  identify 
each  child  with  a certificate,  but  merely  tests  a sufficient  number  to 
assure  himself  that  it  is  not  customary  for  children  to  work  without 
certificates  in  that  establishment.  The  certificates  on  file  are  stamped 
with  the  inspector’s  name  and  with  the  date.  Some  representative 
of  the  firm  usually  accompanies  the  inspector  on  his  tour  of  an 
establishment. 


80 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


Whenever  during  his  rounds  the  inspector  sees  a child  whom  he 
suspects  of  being  under  16,  he  has  the  child  sign  his  name  on  the  first 
line  of  one  of  the  forms  1 which  he  carries  in  a book  for  that  purpose, 
and  then  looks  over  the  certificates  to  see  whether  he  has  one  for 
that  child.  If  he  finds  the  certificate,  he  compares  the  child’s 
signature  on  it  with  that  in  the  inspection  book  and  enters  the 
other  facts  required,  particularly  questioning  the  child  as  to  the 
time  of  beginning  and  of  ending  work.  If  he  does  not  find  the 
certificate,  he  asks  the  child  his  age  and  the  date  of  his  birth.  When 
the  answers  to  these  questions  indicate  that  the  child  is  under  16, 
or  when  the  inspector  doubts  their  truth,  he  has  the  child  proceed  to 
work  in  his  presence  and  secures — both  from  the  child  and  from  the 
employer — the  name  of  the  person  immediately  responsible  for  the 
child's  employment.  If  the  child  is  admittedly  under  16,  the  inspec- 
tor orders  him  to  procure  a certificate  or,  if  he  is  under  14,  to  return 
to  school,  and  orders  the  employer  to  discontinue  his  employment 
until  he  has  brought  a certificate. 

If,  however,  the  inspector  is  in  doubt  concerning  the  child’s  age, 
he  may  require  the  employer  either  to  furnish  within  10  days  satis- 
factory evidence  that  the  child  is  over  16  or  to  discharge  him.  A 
notice2  requiring  an  employer  to  furnish  evidence  of  age  may  be 
served  personally  or  by  mail.  In  practice  some  inspectors  serve  it 
directly  upon  the  employer  as  soon  as  a suspected  case  is  discovered. 
Others  simply  tell  the  employer  that  a certain  child  appears  to  be 
under  16  and  that  his  age  must  be  proved,  and  proceed  to  secure 
whatever  evidence  of  age  is  available.  In  the  former  case  the 
child  must  be  discharged  in  10  days  if  his  age  is  not  proved;  and  in 
the  latter  more  time  may  be  allowed  to  send  for  documentary  evi- 
dence of  age.  The  evidence  of  age  required  may  be,  according  to 
law,  the  same  as  that  required  for  the  issuance  of  an  employment 
certificate.  The  papers  constituting  this  evidence  are  filed  with  the 
industrial  commission,  and  any  person  guilty  of  making  a materially 
false  statement  in  such  papers  is  liable  to  a fine  of  not  more  than  $500 
or  to  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  one  year,  or  to  both.3  Physi- 
cians’ certificates  of  age  are  accepted,  and  examinations  for  such  cer- 
tificates may  be  given  by  two  physicians  of  the  department  of  health. 
According  to  law,  if  an  employer  fails  to  produce  within  10  days  satis- 
factory evidence  of  age  and  yet  continues  to  employ  the  child,  proof 
that  the  notice  was  given  and  that  the  evidence  was  not  produced  is 
prima  facie  evidence  in  any  prosecution  that  the  child  is  under  16  and 
is  unlawfully  employed.4  But  if  no  formal  notice  has  been  given,  the 

1 Form  3,  p.  135. 

2 Form  4,  p.  136. 

8 Labor  Law,  secs.  76  and  167;  Penal  Law,  sec.  1937.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  122, 124, 131. 

4 Labor  Law,  secs.  76  and  167.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  122,124. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  Y'ORK. 


81 


child  is  allowed  to  work  until  his  age  is  proved;  and  the  employer 
incurs  no  additional  risk  of  prosecution  unless  he  continues  to  employ 
illegally  a child  who  has  been  shown  to  be  under  16  years  of  age. 

When  a child  tells  an  inspector  that  he  is  working  illegally  or  when 
a violation  is  discovered  in  any  other  way,  unless  the  employer  is  a 
repeated  offender,  the  case  is  generally  not  referred  to  counsel  until 
after  a subsequent  visit.  If,  however,  the  violation  concerns  a child 
under  14  years  of  age,  no  leniency  is  shown  and  the  case  is  sent  at 
once  to  counsel.  In  bringing  cases  for  prosecution  the  child’s  state- 
ment of  his  illegal  employment  is  not  used  as  a basis  of  evidence,  but 
the  individual  inspector  must  see  the  child  actually  employed  illegally. 

The  accompanying  table  shows  data  for  several  years  concerning  the 
inspection  of  mercantile  establishments,  in  so  far  as  children  are 
concerned : 


Inspections  in  mercantile  establishments  covered  by  section  161  of  the  Labor  Law. « 


Year. 

Number 
of  inspec- 
tions. 

Total. 

Number  o 
Legally. 

4 children  < 
Total. 

employed. 

Illegally. 

Without 

certifi- 

cates. 

Under 

age. 

1909 

7,235 

6,070 

2,949 

3,121 

2,365 

756 

1910 

5,236 

4,832 

2,461 

2,371 

1,660 

711 

1911 

5,282 

3,828 

2, 253 

1,575 

1,154 

421 

1912 

8,395 

4,925 

2,823 

2,102 

1,346 

756 

1913 

12, 860 

6, 794 

4,034 

2,760 

1,820 

940 

1914 

24, 808 

7,494 

4, 887 

2,607 

1,761 

' 846 

a Figures  taken  from  the  Annual  Report  of  Commissioner  of  Labor,  New  York  State,  1814,  p.  86. 


Although  inspections  for  child  labor  alone  are  sometimes  made,  yet 
in  a general  inspection  the  detection  of  illegal  child  labor  is  but  a 
small  part  of  the  inspector’s  duties.  Inspection  must  also  be  made 
for  hours  of  labor  of  women,  safeguards  on  machinery,  sanitation, 
and  protection  from  fire. 

Inspectors  record,  on  a factory-inspection  card1  or  a mercantile- 
inspection  card,  information  concerning  an  establishment  received 
during  their  tours  of  inspection.  Violations  of  the  child-labor  law 
are  recorded  on  a child-labor  form,2  and  cases  of  employment  during 
illegal  hours  are  given  on  the  reverse  of  the  same  form.  Each  day 
reports  of  the  work  of  the  previous  day  are  sent  to  the  main  office. 
Factory  inspectors  in  New  York  City  report  to  the  office  in  the  city; 
those  in  other  parts  of  the  State  to  the  Albany  office;  and  all 

1 Form  5,  p.  137.  The  factory  inspection  form  and  the  mercantile  inspection  form  differ  so  slightly  that 
only  the  former  is  shown. 

2 Form  6,  p.  138. 

46446°— 17 6 


82 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


mercantile  inspectors  to  the  main  office,  in  New  York  City.  When 
cases  of  violation  of  the  child-labor  law  in  factories  are  to  be  referred 
to  counsel,  the  child-labor  violation  cards  are  kept  in  the  offices  of  the 
supervising  inspectors  in  different  parts  of  the  State  until  the  counsel’s 
action  on  them  is  completed.  They  are  then  sent  to  the  Albany 
office.  All  violation  records  of  mercantile  establishments  are  ex- 
amined by  the  chief  mercantile  inspector,  who  decides  whether  the 
facts  proved  justify  sending  cases  to  counsel. 

The  accompanying  table  shows,  for  the  year  ended  September  30, 
1914,  the  number  and  results  of  prosecutions  for  violations  of  the  labor 
law  concerning  children  in  factories  and  in  mercantile  establishments. 


Number  and  results  of  prosecutions  for  violations  of  the  Labor  Law , year  ended 

Sept.  30,  1914. 1 


Number  of  cases. 

place  of  employment,  age  of  child,  and 
cause  of  prosecution. 

Dis- 

missed, 

Convicted. 

Amount 
of  fine. 

Total. 

Pending. 

acquit- 
ted, or 
with- 
drawn. 

Sentence 

sus- 

pended. 

Fined. 

In  factories: 

Under  14  years 

37 

1 

19 

14 

3 

$60 

From  14  to  16  years— 

a.  Certificates 

108 

6 

22 

61 

19 

385 

b.  Hours 

191 

3 

12 

91 

85 

1,945 

c.  Prohibited  occupations 

7 

1 

1 

4 

1 

20 

In  mercantile  establishments,  etc.: 

Under  14  years 

216 

10 

10 

161 

35 

770 

From  14  to  16  years — 

a.  Certificates 

208 

8 

24 

148 

28 

650 

b.  Hours 

154 

1 

16 

107 

30 

695 

1 Figures  compiled  from  the  Annual  Report  of  Commissioner  of  Labor,  New  York  State,  1914,  pp.  70, 
71,  74,  75,  96,  and  97. 


In  the  third-class  cities  visited  no  health  officer,  when  this  investi-j 
gation  was  made,  had  ever  inspected  a mercantile  establishment  for 
woman  and  child  labor.  One  officer  stated  frankly  that  it  was  impos- 
sible for  him  to  find  time  for  this  work.  Another  stated  that  he  had 
repeatedly  called  the  attention  of  his  board  to  this  provision,  but  that 
it  had  not  authorized  him  to  inspect  establishments.  A third,  who 
had  been  a health  officer  for  25  years,  was  not  aware  that  such 
inspection  was  one  of  his  duties. 

CONCLUSION. 

The  exact  application  of  the  New  York  minimum-age  and  employ- 
ment-certificate laws  is  so  complex  and  technical  a subject  that  its 
discussion  has  been  placed  in  the  appendix.  But  the  evident  intent  of 
the  law  is  that  children  shall  not  be  employed  until  they  are  14  years  of 
age,  except  boys  over  1 2 in  the  gathering  of  produce ; and  that  employed 
children  from  14  to  1 6 shall  hold  employment  certificates,  or  in  certain 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


88 


occupations  in  the  smaller  cities  school-record  certificates.  And  in 
practice  agriculture  and  domestic  service  are  the  only  occupations  in 
which  any  large  number  of  children  are  employed  under  14  years  of 
age  or  under  16  without  certificates. 

That  the  law,  however,  accomplishes  its  intent  by  means  of  a com- 
plicated and  in  part  overlapping  series  of  provisions,  applying  to  differ- 
ent places  of  employment  and  to  cities  and  villages  of  different  sizes, 
presents  a problem  which  can  be  solved  only  by  the  bill  drafter,  not  by 
the  adminis tra tor.  All  labor  laws  should  be  so  clear  and  simple  that  at 
least  their  main  points  can  be  readily  understood,  not  only  by  lawyers 
but  certainly  by  all  persons  who  are  charged  with  their  administration, 
and,  if  possible,  by  all  persons  who  must  conform  to  their  provisions. 
As  is  shown  in  the  appendix 1 the  New  York  child-labor  laws  fail  to  meet 
this  fundamental  requirement  of  good  labor  legislation. 

General  administration. — The  division  of  authority  over  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  employment-certificate  laws  of  New  York  State 
is  unusual  in  three  respects:  First,  New  York  is  the  only  State  in 
which  health  officers  issue  employment  certificates;  second,  it  is  the 
only  State  in  which  health  officers  are  given  authority  in  certain 
cities  and  villages  to  inspect  establishments  for  violations  of  the 
child-labor  laws;  third,  it  is  the  only  State  in  which  a State  depart- 
ment of  labor  is  given  supervision  both  over  the  work  of  local  health 
officers  in  issuing  employment  certificates  and,  so  far  as  blank  forms 
determine  procedure,  over  the  work  of  local  school  authorities  in 
issuing  school  records  to  children.  The  unique  feature  of  the  New 
York  system,  indeed,  is  the  prominent  part  played  by  local  health 
officers. 

The  reasons  for  placing  the  burden  of  decision  as  to  a child’s  fitness 
for  work  upon  health  officers  rather  than  upon  school  authorities 
are  stated  to  be,  first,  the  need  of  having  the  issuing  officers  immedi- 
ately accessible  to  the  birth  records;  second,  the  fact  that  in  the 
health  department  machinery  and  equipment  for  giving  physical 
examinations  already  exist;  third,  the  desire  to  avoid  the  feeling 
which  might  arise  if  any  one  set  of  school  officials  should  issue 
certificates;  and,  fourth,  the  belief  that  the  health  officers  act  as  a 
check  upon  school  authorities  who  may  wish  to  get  rid  of  back- 
ward or  disorderly  children. 

The  present  method  is  believed  to  insure  a thorough  physical 
examination  and  to  evade  the  pressure  brought  to  bear  by  parents 
upon  teachers,  principals,  and  superintendents  to  permit  their 
children  to  go’ to  work.  It  is  believed  that  health  officers,  because 
generally  not  brought  in  such  direct  contact  as  school  authorities 
with  the  children  and  their  families,  are  better  able  to  withstand 
the  urgent  entreaties  of  needy  parents  and  to  decide  ultimately 


1 See  p.  111. 


84  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

whether  or  not  a child  shall  be  given  an  employment  certificate.  It 
is  also  believed  that — at  least  in  New  York  City,  where  the  schools 
are  overcrowded  and  the  classes  so  large  as  to  strain  the  teachers’ 
powers  to  the  utmost — school  authorities  may  yield  to  the  ever- 
present temptation  to  allow  stupid  or  troublesome  children  to  leave 
school  for  work  even  though  they  have  not  fulfilled  the  educational 
requirements  of  the  law.  And  the  fact  that,  in  1915,  79  children  who 
brought  school  records  showing  completion  of  the  sixth  grade  were 
refused  certificates  because  unable  to  read  from  a Third  Reader 
seems  to  prove  this  belief  true. 

The  result  of  placing  the  responsibility  of  issuing  certificates  upon 
local  boards  of  health  is  undoubtedly  to  emphasize  the  physical 
examination.  So  far,  however,  as  the  educational  requirements  are 
concerned,  it  is  difficult  to  see  that  this  division  of  responsibility 
creates  any  materially  greater  degree  of  protection  for  the  child  in 
certificate  offices  of  New  York  State  than  in  those  of  other  States 
where  the  school  authorities  who  issue  certificates  are  permitted  to 
give  applicants  an  educational  test.  The  health  officer  in  New  York 
State  himself  must  certify  to  the  child’s  age  and  physical  condi- 
tion. He  must  certify  also  that  the  child  “can  read  and  legibly 
write  simple  sentences  in  the  English  language.”  Because  of  this 
provision  of  law  children  are  given  an  educational  test  in  New  York 
City  and  in  Buffalo,  but  in  no  other  of  the  certificate  offices  visited. 
Moreover,  a child  in  the  third  grade  might  be  able  to  “read  and 
legibly  write  simple  sentences  in  the  English  language,”  and  the  only 
evidence  ever  required  that  the  child  has  completed  the  sixth  grade  is 
the  school  record,  which  is  issued  by  the  school  authorities  and 
which,  if  “properly  filled  out  and  signed,”  must  be  accepted  without 
question  by  the  agent  of  the  board  of  health  who  issues  certificates. 
In  other  words,  though  the  health  officers  can  refuse  certificates  to 
children  who  are  totally  unable  to  read  and  write  simple  sentences  in 
English,  they  have  no  power  to  prevent  children  from  going  to  work 
without  having  fulfilled  the  real  educational  standard  set  by  the  law — 
completion  of  the  sixth  grade.  Moreover,  even  health  officers  may 
not  be  immune  from  political  and  personal  pressure  to  permit  children 
to  go  to  work. 

Conditions,  possibly  temporary  in  their  nature,  appear  to  have  made, 
necessary  in  New  York  this  division  of  responsibility  for  the  child’s 
entrance  into  industry.  There  are,  however,  three  objections  to 
the  system.  The  first  and  most  important  is  that  divided  responsi- 
bility is  likely  to  mean  a weak  sense  of  responsibility  in  both  agencies. 
The  second  is  that  the  complete  removal  of  the  child  at  this  critical 
stage  in  his  life  from  the  jurisdiction  of  school  authorities  who  have 
thus  far  been  the  greatest  influence  in  his  life  outside  the  home  is 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


85 


very  likely  to  widen  the  tremendous  gap  that  separates  his  school 
from  his  working  life.  And  the  third  is  that,  by  taking  from  the 
school  all  responsibility  over  the  child  and  thus  causing  it  to  lose 
interest  in  him  as  soon  as  he  leaves  its  doors,  this  removal  tends  to 
make  much  more  difficult  the  serious  constructive  problem  of  how 
best  to  bridge  this  gap  between  learning  and  doing — between  school 
and  a gainful  occupation. 

In  deciding  whether  or  not  a child  shall  go  to  work  little  discretion 
is  given  to  either  school  or  health  authorities.  The  school  authori- 
ties must  issue  school  records  to  all  children  who  are  qualified. 
They  are,  it  is  true,  sole  judges  of  whether  or  not  a child  has  actually 
met  the  educational  requirements  of  the  law  for  a school  record,  and 
must  issue  a school  record  only  after  “due  investigation  and  examina- 
tion.” But  if  a child  has  completed  the  sixth  grade,  and  has  attended 
school  the  requisite  number  of  days,  the  school  record  must  be  issued, 
under  a strict  construction  of  the  law,  “on  demand,”  regardless  of 
whether  or  not  the  child  intends  to  secure  an  employment  certificate 
and  go  to  work.  In  other  words,  though  a child  under  16  must  go  to 
school  unless  he  is  “regularly  employed,”  the  law  makes  it  difficult 
for  the  school  authorities  to  say  that  he  shall  be  given  a school 
record  only  after  he  has  secured  a promise  of  employment. 

As  for  the  discretion  given  to  health  officers  to  withhold  certifi- 
cates in  individual  cases,  the  law  provides  that  a certificate  “shall 
be  issued”  on  application  of  the  child’s  parent,  but  that  it  shall  not  be 
issued  until  the  school  record  and  legal  evidence  of  age  have  been 
“received,  examined,  approved,  and  filed”  and  the  child  has  been 
examined  and  has  been  found  to  be  “in  sound  health”  and  “physically 
able  to  perform  the  work  which  it  intends  to  do.”  Over  the  school 
record  the  issuing  officer  has  no  control  whatever,  except  to  see  that 
it  is  “properly  filled  out  and  signed.”  As  for  evidence  of  age,  he 
must  accept  birth  certificates,  -certificates  of  graduation  accompanied 
by  school  records,  pa’ssports,  or  baptismal  certificates  unless  he  has 
reason  to  suspect  their  validity,  but  any  other  evidence  of  age  not 
only  must  be  valid  but  must  be  of  a kind  that  he  considers  “satis- 
factory.” In  most  cases  he  is  allowed  probably  his  greatest  degree 
of  discretion  in  determining  whether  a child’s  physical  condition 
justifies  him  in  granting  a certificate. 

Another  weakness  in  the  method  of  administration  specified  in  the 
employment-certificate  laws  of  New  York  lies  in  the  fact  that,  except 
in  factories,  no  uniform  method  of  enforcement  throughout  the  State 
is  provided.  Local  school-attendance  officers,  it  appears,  must 
enforce  not  only  the  provisions  of  the  education  law  relating  to  school 
attendance  but  also  certain  of  those  relating  to  employment  and 
school-record  certificates.  The  labor  law  is  enforced  in  factories 


86  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

throughout  the  State  by  factory  inspectors  and  in  mercantile  and 
other  establishments  in  first  and  second  class  cities  by  mercantile 
inspectors  of  the  State  department  of  labor.  But  outside  of  first 
and  second  class  cities  inspection  for  violations  of  the  mercantile  law 
is  a power,  not  a duty,  of  local  health  officers,  with  no  provision 
whatever  for  State  supervision.  For  the  inspection  of  mercantile  and 
all  nonfactory  establishments  in  places  of  less  than  3,000  inhabit- 
ants, moreover,  no  provision  is  made  in  the  law. 

The  most  serious  defect  in  the  administration  of  the  New  York 
child-labor  laws,  however,  is  probably  the  lack  of  supervision  by 
any  State  agency  adequate  to  insure  uniformity  in  methods  and 
standards.  The  State  department  of  education  has  supervision  over 
school  attendance  and  over  the  educational  requirements  for  a 
certificate.  It  prepares  the  form  of  school  record  to  be  used,  and 
this  form  is  approved  by  the  State  industrial  commission.  But  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  when  this  investigation  was  made  the  school  records 
used  in  1 of  the  6 second-class  cities  and  in  6 of  the  24  third-class  cities 
from  which  reports  were  received  differed  in  some  important  respect 
from  the  approved  form. 

The  supervision  over  the  issuing  of  employment  certificates  given  ! 
by  the  law  to  the  State  industrial  commission  apparently  might  be 
made  effective,  but  it  has  not  been  so  in  actual  practice.  Though  f\ 
since  October,  1913,  the  department  has  had  access  to  all  records  in 
issuing  offices  and  has  had  authority  to  inquire  into  methods  of 
issuing  certificates,  its  reorganization  in  that  year  and  again  in  1915 
when  it  was  placed  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  newly  created  ! 
industrial  commission  has  tended  seriously  to  delay  the  practical  ‘ 
exercise  of  its  powers  of  supervision.  Even  the  reports  of  certifi-  i 
cates  issued  and  refused  and  the  physical-examination  blanks  which 
the  law  states  must  be  sent  every  month  to  the  department  of  labor 
are  sent  by  many  offices  irregularly ; and  when  they  do  not  come 
the  department  does  nothing  until  the  end  of  the  year,  when  it  noti- 
fies the  health  officer  to  send  them.  As  for  the  power  of  the  depart- 
ment of  labor  to  require  physical  examinations  of  children  at  work 
and  to  revoke  certificates  on  the  basis  of  such  examinations,  this  is 
rarely  u-sed. 

Methods  of  securing  certificates. — Owing  to  the  complexity  of  the  law 
and  to  the  lack  of  State  supervision,  the  procedure  that  the  child  is 
obliged  to  follow  in  order  to  obtain  an  employment  certificate  varies 
widely  in  different  places.  In  some  cases,  as  in  the  matter  of  the 
appearance  of  the  parent  in  person  and  in  the  matter  of  the  literacy 
test,  these  differences  are  due  to  ambiguities  in  the  law  which  are 
differently  interpreted  by  local  officials.  In  other  cases  they  seem 
to  be  due  to  failure  rigidly  to  enforce  plain  requirements  of  the  law. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


87 


The  latter  is  true,  as  later  discussed  in  detail,1  of  the  character  of 
evidence  of  age  preferred  or  required  to  be  brought  by  the  child. 

The  number  of  trips  and  the  length  of  time  necessary  to  procure  a 
certificate  depend  in  large  part  on  the  city  or  village  in  which  the 
child  lives.  Lack  of  information  as  to  the  requirements  for  securing 
a certificate  frequently  necessitates  additional  trips.  Except  in  New 
York  City  and  Rochester  no  printed  instructions  are  issued,  though 
in  other  places  the  children  in  certain  schools  are  sometimes  told, 
particularly  at  the  close  of  the  school  year,  how  to  secure  certificates. 
Sometimes,  especially  in  the  smaller  places,  the  child  is  obliged  to 
return  for  his  physical  examination  because  his  first  visit  was  not 
during  the  office  hours  of  the  examining  physician.  In  Victory  Mills 
practically  every  child  must  make  at  least  three  trips,  two  to  the 
office  of  the  clerk  of  the  board  of  health  and  one  to  the  health  officer 
in  Schuylerville,  a mile  away.  Whenever  the  parent  makes  affidavit 
to  the  child’s  age  elsewhere  than  at  the  issuing  office,  the  child  gen- 
erally has  to  come  first  to  the  office  for  the  blank  affidavit  form  and 
to  return  later  with  it  filled  out.  On  the  other  hand,  wherever  the 
parent  is  always  required  to  appear  at  the  certificate  office,  as  in  New 
York  City,  Utica,  and  Little  Falls,  or  always  when  required  to  make 
affidavit  as  in  Troy,  Syracuse,  and  Cohoes,  this  requirement  is  likely 
to  result  in  additional  trips  for  the  child,  as  it  is  frequently  not  under- 
stood, particularly  where  the  parent  must  appear  in  some  cases  but 
not  in  others.  In  Syracuse  a child  is  obliged  to  make  an  additional 
trip  by  reason  of  the  fact  that  he  must  obtain  a school  record  blanfi 
at  the  issuing  office  to  take  to  his  school  principal. 

Delays  in  securing  certificates  may  be  occasioned  by  two  other 
causes;  first,  difficulty  in  securing  school  records  during  vacations, 
and  second,  lack  of  a birth  or  baptismal  certificate,  a school  diploma 
or  a passport  as  evidence  of  age.  Even  in  cities  where  the  school 
superintendent  issues  school  records — i.  e.,  cities  which  have  a popula- 
tion of  5,000  or  over,  other  than  first  and  second  class  cities — though 
his  office  is  generally  open  the  entire  year,  he  can  give  children  school 
records  during  vacations  only  if  provision  has  been  made  by  the 
various  schools,  public  and  private,  for  depositing  with  him  the  school 
records  of  all  children  who  may  wish  to  go  to  work  during  the  vaca- 
tion. In  first  and  second  class  cities  and  in  places  of  less  than  5,000 
population  the  difficulty  is  greater  because  the  principals  of  schools 
who  must  issue  school  records  usually  have  no  office  hours  and  fre- 
quently go  away  during  vacations.  To  overcome  this  difficulty  in 
New  York  City  and  Buffalo  the  children  in  many  schools  are  told  to 
secure  their  records  before  school  closes  if  they  wish  to  go  to  work 
during  vacation.  In  Rochester  a better  plan  is  used.  There  the 


88 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  lTORK. 


records  of  children  who  think  they  may  wish  to  go  to  work  are 
made  out  except  for  the  date  and  filed  in  the  office  of  the  efficiency 
bureau,  where  they  can  be  procured  at  any  time.  This  plan,  however, 
does  not  apply  to  parochial-school  children. 

Delays  due  to  efforts  to  secure  the  best  possible  evidence  of  age  are 
a necessary  safeguard  to  the  child.  Wherever  the  law  is  strictly  inter- 
preted and  children  bom  abroad  or  outside  of  the  city  in  which  they 
are  applying  are  obliged  to  send  for  transcripts  of  their  birth  certifi- 
cates, the  issuing  of  the  employment  certificate  is  necessarily  delayed 
for  whatever  length  of  time — sometimes  a month  or  more  if  the 
letter  must  go  to  a foreign  country — may  be  required  to  receive  a 
reply.  If  a child  in  a first-class  city  is  obliged  to  have  a physicians’ 
examination  to  prove  his  age,  he  must  wait,  as  has  been  noted,  90 
days. 

A child  who  presents  “ other  documentary  evidence  of  age,”  more- 
over, is  theoretically  obliged  to  wait  for  its  approval  by  the  board  of 
health.  In  some  places  a delay  of  as  much  as  two  weeks  may  be 
thus  caused.  In  Rochester  and  Little  Falls,  however,  “other  docu- 
mentary evidence  of  age”  is  accepted  at  once  by  the  issuing  officer. 
In  Rochester  the  health  bureau  never  acts  upon  such  evidence,  and  in 
Little  Falls  a certificate  would  be  revoked,  it  is  said,  if  the  board  later 
declined  to  accept  the  evidence  of  age  offered.  But  in  neither  city 
does  the  procedure  seem  to  be  in  strict  fulfillment  of  the  law,  which 
prescribes  that  the  issuing  officer — when  satisfied  that  the  applicant  is 
over  14  and  that  he  is  unable  to  produce  a birth  or  baptismal  certifi- 
cate, a passport,  or  a school  diploma — shall  present  a statement  of  the 
facts,  together  with  whatever  other  documentary  evidence  is  available, 
to  the  board  of  health,  and  that  at  a regular  meeting  the  board  of 
health  may  by  resolution  provide  that  this  evidence  shall  be  received. 
In  other  words,  the  delay  which  the  law  requires  in  cases  of  this  kind 
is  eliminated  in  the  procedure  of  the  issuing  offices  in  Rochester  and 
Little  Falls. 

Delay  in  securing  a certificate  is  not  only  an  inconvenience  to  the 
child  but  not  infrequently  the  cause  of  a break  between  his  school  life 
and  his  working  life.  When  the  child  secures  a school  record  and 
applies  for  an  employment  certificate  he  has  decided  to  leave  school; 
and,  even  when  notice  of  delay  in  securing  a certificate  is  sent  to  the 
school  authorities,  it  is  difficult  to  induce  him  to  return.  Attendance 
officers,  moreover,  knowing  that  he  will  soon  leave  school  permanently, 
often  do  not  think  it  worth  while  to  make  a great  effort  in  his  case. 
The  plan  followed  in  some  schools  of  not  giving  a school  record  nor 
allowing  a child  to  leave  school  until  he  has  secured  satisfactory  evi- 
dence of  age  obviates  a large  part  of  this  difficulty.  This  require- 
ment, though  not  a provision  of  law,  apparently  could  be  made 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


89 


general,  for  the  child  is  not  entitled  to  a school  record  unless  he  is 
14  years  old. 

The  requirement  of  a fee  for  a copy  of  a certificate  to  replace  one 
which  has  been  lost,  as  practiced  in  New  York  City  and  Buffalo, 
seems  a hardship  to  the  child  who  has  actually  lost  the  document, 
particularly  as  the  employer  can  not  be  compelled  to  pay  the  fee, 
even  when  he  himself  has  lost  the  certificate..  The  plan  in  use  in 
Rochester  of  penalizing  the  child  by  making  him  wait  a week  unless 
he  can  bring  a statement  from  the  employer  to  the  effect  that  he  lost 
the  certificate  or  that  he  wishes  to  employ  the  child  at  once  is  probably 
quite  as  effective  and  more  just.  In  this  connection  it  should  be  noted 
that  additional  protection  against  the  misuse  of  duplicate  certificates 
is  provided  by  the  method  in  use  in  New  York  City  and  Buffalo  of 
having  such  certificates  clearly  labeled  as  duplicates.  But  the 
problem  of  duplicate  certificates  can  not  be  completely  solved  so 
long  as  certificates  are  given  to  the  children  instead  of  directly  to 
their  employers. 

The  office  procedure  itself  seems  in  some  places  to  be  unnecessarily 
complicated  and  confusing.  In  the  Manhattan  office,  for  example, 
the  child  frequently  is  obliged  to  be  interviewed  by  as  many  as  four 
people,  and  sometimes  more,  and  often  he  is  interviewed  several 
times  by  the  same  person;  the  office  is  not  so  arranged  as  to  make 
the  order  of  these  interviews  clear  and  simple;  the  child  does  not 
reach  the  clerk  who  has  power  to  accept  or  reject  documents  until 
the  very  end ; he  goes  through  all  the  rest  of  the  procedure  before  the 
literacy  test  is  given;  and  the  forms,  particularly  different  forms  for 
transcribing  various  kinds  of  evidence  of  age,  and  the  many  stamps  in 
use  seem  unnecessarily  numerous  and  complicated.  Even  when  the 
child  brings  all  requisites,  he  and  his  parent  may  be  in  the  office  over 
an  hour  before  the  certificate  is  issued.  The  very  fact  that  an 
average  of  75  applicants  present  themselves  daily  at  the  Man- 
hattan office  shows  the  need  for  as  simple  and  systematic  a procedure 
as  is  consistent  with  absolute  assurance  that  the  legal  requirements 
have  been  fulfilled  in  every  case. 

That  in  Buffalo  the  office  procedure  is  simpler  and  better  organ- 
ized is  due  largely  to  the  greater  authority  given  the  first  interviewer, 
which  results  in  clearing  the  office  rapidly  of  all  children  except  those 
waiting  for  the  physical  examination — the  final  step  before  the  certifi- 
cate is  issued.  The  New  York  City  and  Buffalo  offices  were  the  only 
ones  visited  which  in  their  procedure  adhered  strictly  to  the  letter  of 
the  law. 

In  Rochester,  though  no  one  can  justify  failure  to  follow  law,  the 
children  are  handled  in  a dignified,  orderly  way,  are  made  to  feel  the 
importance  of  the  occasion,  and  are  given  more  deliberate  and 


90 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


thorough  instruction  than  is  customary  in  other  offices.  Applicants 
usually  appear  with  the  requisites,  owing,  probably,  to  the  efficiency 
of  the  school  system  as  well  as  to  that  of  the  bureau  of  health. 
Moreover,  the  extralegal  requirements  are  such  that  the  statement 
is  justified  that  children  go  to  work  as  well  equipped  as  from  any 
office  in  the  State. 

In  no  issuing  offices  visited  outside  of  those  in  first-class  cities  was 
there  thorough  familiarity  with  the  requirements  of  the  existing  law. 
In  Rochester  the  departures  from  legal  requirements  appear  to  be 
deliberate  efforts  to  secure  more  practical  protection  for  the  child 
at  less  cost  to  him  than  is  required  by  law.  But  outside  the  first- 
class  cities  no  issuing  officer  seemed  to  be  aware  that  a certificate 
of  graduation  is  acceptable  as  evidence  of  age,  that  a parent’s 
affidavit  must  accompany  any  evidence  of  age  except  a birth  record, 
or  that  a parent’s  affidavit  unaccompanied  by  any  other  evidence 
of  age  is  not  acceptable,  and — except  in  Albany — it  seems  never  to 
have  occurred  to  any  of  the  issuing  officers  that  the  law  requires  a 
literacy  test  to  be  given  by  the  officer  who  issues  a certificate.  In 
fact,  in  the  smaller  cities  practically  no  office  visited  was  operating 
under  the  provisions  of  the  present  child-labor  law. 

Lack  of  adequate  supervision  by  any  State  agency  makes  possible 
not  only  these  wide  differences  in  interpretation  and  even  in  knowl- 
edge of  the  law,  but  also  many  differences  in  the  form  and  size  of 
employment  certificates.  Though  the  actual  requirements  as  well 
as  the  forms  differ  widely,  an  employment  certificate  made  out  in  one 
part  of  the  State  is  good  anywhere  else  in  the  State.  The  law  pro- 
vides that  the  blank  forms  for  certificates  and  school  records  shall 
be  “ approved”  for  first  and  second  class  cities  and  both  prepared 
and  furnished  for  all  other  places  by  the  industrial  commission.  Yet 
1 out  of  the  1 1 places  visited  during  this  investigation,  and  2 out  of 
23  other  places,  used  old  forms  which  are  not  based  on  the  model 
approved  by  the  commission  and  do  not  conform  to  the  present  law. 
In  some  places  only  one  copy  of  a certificate  is  made,  a record  of 
the  essential  facts  being  kept  on  a stub;  in  other  places  two  copies 
are  made,  one  for  the  child  and  one  as  an  office  record;  and  in  still 
other  places  three  copies  are  made,  one  for  the  child,  one  as  an  office 
record,  and  the  third  to  send  to  the  State  department  of  labor  as 
a report  of  the  issuance  of  the  certificate. 

Evidence  of  age. — The  law  prescribes  exactly  what  evidence  of  age 
shall  be  accepted  and  the  order  of  preference  of  various  documents. 
Yet  of  the  issuing  offices  studied,  only  those  in  New  York  City  and  in 
Buffalo  demanded  the  documents  in  the  order  prescribed  by  law; 
and  the  extralegal  requirement  in  New  York  City  that  the  parent’s 
affidavit  shall  always  be  taken,  regardless  of  the  character  of  evidence 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK.  91 

submitted,  left  Buffalo  the  only  place  where  the  exact  legal  procedure 

was  followed. 

The  only  offices  visited  where  foreign-born  children  were  always 
required  to  send  for  transcripts  of  birth  certificates  were  those  of 
New  York  City,  Buffalo,  and  Tonawanda.  In  all  the  other  offices 
baptismal  records,  passports,  and  other  documents  were  frequently 
accepted  when  birth  certificates  could  easily  have  been  procured.  In 
Rochester  birth  certificates,  baptismal  records,  and  passports  ap- 
peared to  be  regarded  as  equally  acceptable,  but  particular  atten- 
tion was  paid  to  physiological  age  which  the  health  officer  considers 
of  more  importance  than  the  exact  date  of  birth.  In  Rochester, 
Albany,  and  Syracuse  passports  from  countries  where  birth  cer- 
tificates were  available  were  commonly  accepted,  and  foreign-born 
children  were  only  occasionally  required  to  send  for  the  preferred 
documents.  In  Troy,  Utica,  Cohoes,  Little  Falls,  and  Victory  Mills 
no  effort  was  made  to  have  foreign-born  children  procure  birth  cer- 
tificates. 

In  Cohoes,  Little  Falls,  and  Victory  Mills,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the 
birth  certificates  are  kept  by  clerks  of  the  boards  of  health  who  have 
other  and  more  pressing  duties  and  consequently  often  find  it  impossi- 
ble to  consult  the  records  when  asked,  birth  certificates  frequently 
are  not  required  even  of  children  whose  births  are  registered  in  those 
places.  Thus  birth  certificates  as  evidence  of  age  are  made  practically 
unavailable  for  the  very  children  for  whose  benefit  in  large  part  these 
communities  maintain  their  systems  of  birth  registration.  The  rem- 
edy lies,  not  in  permitting  fees  for  a search  of  the  records  in  such 
cases,  but  in  making  it  the  legal  duty  of  all  registrars  to  examine  their 
records  upon  the  request  of  applicants  for  employment  certificates. 

In  many  places,  even  when  a child  is  told  to  write  to  another  city  or 
to  a foreign  country  for  a transcript  of  his  birth  certificate,  he  is  given 
no  instructions  as  to  whom  to  address  or  what  fee  to  send ; and  only 
in  New  York  City  and  Buffalo  is  evidence  demanded  that  he  actually 
has  written.  The  methods  used  in  both  places,  however,  are  open  to 
objection.  The  registry  receipt  demanded  in  New  York  City  proves 
that  the  child  has  written,  but  nothing  prevents  a child  from  conceal- 
ing the  receipt  of  a reply  which  might  show  him  to  be  under  age. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  Buffalo  method  of  compelling  a child  to  wait 
until  he  can  produce  a certificate  or  a returned  letter  seems  an  undue 
hardship  upon  the  child  by  placing  him  at  the  mercy  of  careless  or  in- 
different officials. 

At  the  time  of  inserting  in  the  law  the  provision  that  a certificate 
of  graduation  should  be  preferred  as  evidence  of  age  to  a passport  or 
baptismal  certificate  if  the  school  record  showed  the  child  to  be  over 
14  years  of  age,  it  was  believed  that  this  provision  would  furnish  the 


92 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


child  with  a special  incentive  to  complete  the  elementary  school 
course  before  going  to  work.  Little  evidence  can  be  found,  how- 
ever, that  this  provision  is  of  any  practical  value  and,  as  the  child’s 
age  does  not  appear  on  the  diploma,  it  practically  amounts  to  the  ac- 
ceptance of  a school  record  as  evidence  of  age  in  the  case  of  grammar- 
school  graduates.  As  a matter  of  fact  the  requirement  of  a school 
diploma  as  evidence  of  age  in  preference  to  a baptismal  certificate, 
passport,  or  any  other  documentary  evidence  except  a birth  certifi- 
cate, is  unknown  outside  the  three  cities  of  the  first  class  and  is  fre- 
quently used  there  in  a way  which  appears  not  to  have  been  intended. 
In  Queens  Borough,  for  example,  a child  born  in  New  York  City 
applied  with  a card  showing  his  birth  was  not  recorded,  a baptismal 
record,  and  a school  diploma.  Instead  of  demanding  a school  record 
and  accepting  the  diploma  as  evidence  of  age,  in  strict  accordance 
with  the  law,  the  diploma  was  accepted  as  the  school  record  and  the 
baptismal  record  as  evidence  of  age — a logical  if  not  a legal  procedure. 
Only  thorough  State  supervision  and  instruction  of  issuing  officers 
could  make  this  provision  of  any  practical  value. 

The  examination  for  a physicians’  certificate  of  age,  as  permitted 
in  first-class  cities,  must  necessarily  show  not  only  whether  a child 
has  probably  reached  a certain  chronological  age,  but  also  whether 
he  “has  reached  the  normal  development  of  a child  of  [his]  age” — 
a requirement  for  all  children  regardless  of  the  evidence  of  age 
furnished;  and  if  physiological  age  could  be  determined  by  proper 
standards,  it  certainly  would  be  a good  supplementary  measure  of  the 
child’s  fitness  for  work.  But  without  such  standards  and  without 
any  method  of  correlating  physiological  and  chronological  age  the 
physicians’  certificate  amounts  simply  to  adding  to  a physical  require- 
ment which,  if  literally  interpreted,  is  applicable  to  all  children,  a 
physician’s  guess  as  to  the  chronological  age  of  the  particular  child 
who  can  not  produce  documentary  evidence.  It  means,  moreover, 
that  a child  who  would  not  be  allowed  to  go  to  work  on  the  guess  of 
one  set  of  official  physicians  would  have  no  difficulty  in  securing  a 
certificate  from  a set  in  another  office.  The  period,  however,  which 
must  precede  the  granting  of  a physicians’  certificate  serves  to  make 
children  and  parents  leave  no  stone  unturned  to  secure  some  form 
of  documentary  evidence  of  age. 

Parents’  affidavits  alone  appear  not  to  be  acceptable  under  a strict 
interpretation  of  the  law,  but  must  accompany  documentary  evi- 
dence other  than  a birth  certificate,  school  diploma,  baptismal  record, 
or  passport.  The  parent’s  affidavit,  moreover,  is  primarily  an  affidavit 
that  better  evidence  of  age  than  that  offered  can  not  be  procured 
and  is  only  secondarily  an  affidavit  concerning  the  age  of  the 
child.  As  a matter  of  fact,  the  greatest  confusion  prevails  as  to 
when  parents’  affidavits  are  required  and  when  not.  In  New  York 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  Y'QRK. 


93 


City  a parent’s  affidavit  must  accompany  any  evidence  of  age 
whatever.  On  the  other  hand,  parents’  affidavits  unaccompanied 
by  any  other  documentary  evidence  are  constantly  accepted  in  Al- 
bany, Troy,  Utica,  Syracuse,  Cohoes,  and  Victory  Mills.  In  Cohoes 
and  Victory  Mills,  though  baptismal  records  could  be  easily  secured 
because  most  of  the  applicants  are  Catholics,  they  are  not  asked  for, 
and  parents’  affidavits  without  supporting  evidence  are  accepted  as  a 
matter  of  course. 

Theoretically  a child  in  other  than  a first-class  city — where  a physi- 
cians’ certificate  of  age  is  acceptable — who  has  no  documentary 
evidence  of  age  can  not  secure  an  employment  certificate.  But 
practically  the  acceptance  of  parents’  affidavits  is  so  general  that 
Tonawanda  and  Little  Falls  were  the  only  places  investigated  outside 
of  first-class  cities  where  a child  could  not  in  actual  practice  secure  a 
certificate  without  some  other  form  of  documentary  evidence  of  age. 

In  general,  because  of  lack  of  State  supervision,  children  are  going 
to  work  in  New  York  State,  in  spite  of  excellent  legal  provisions,  on 
the  widest  possible  variety  of  evidence  of  age.  The  same  child  who, 
if  he  applied  in  New  York  City,  would  be  required  to  produce  either 
a birth  certificate  or  proof  that  he  could  not  secure  one,  in  Cohoes 
would  have  to  present  merely  an  affidavit  signed  by  his  parent.  If 
he  came  to  any  one  of  the  New  York  City  offices,  his  evidence  of  age 
would  be  stamped  to  show  that  it  had  been  used,  and  he  would  be 
unable  to  pass  it  on  for  use  by  a younger  child;  but  this  would  not  be 
done  anywhere  else  in  the  State.  If  he  received  his  certificate  in 
Buffalo  or  Rochester,  the  date  of  birth  on  it  would  be  perforated  to 
prevent  effacement  in  an  effort  to  appear  over  16  and  therefore  not 
subject  to  the  law  regulating  hours;  but  if  he  received  it  anywhere 
else  in  the  State,  the  date  of  birth  would  simply  be  written. 

An  effort  is  now  made  in  New  York  City  to  have  a child  bring 
satisfactory  evidence  of  age  when  he  first  enters  school.  If  this  were 
generally  done,  the  child  would  not  have  so  much  difficulty  in  proving 
his  age  when  he  wished  to  go  to  work.  Such  evidence  is  more  easily 
secured  when  a child  is  young  and  less  incentive  to  falsify  age  exists. 
There  is,  however,  difficulty  in  the  strict  enforcement  of  such  a 
regulation;  for  though  under  the  compulsory  education  law  a child 
may  be  debarred  from  leaving  school,  he  could  hardly  be  debarred 
from  entering  school  because  of  lack  of  evidence  of  age.  Neverthe- 
less, in  the  great  majority  of  cases  the  evidence  of  age  can  easily  be 
produced  when  the  child  enters  school,  and  a regulation  of  this  kind 
would  be  a decided  assistance  in  proving  the  child’s  age  when  he  wished 
to  go  to  work. 

Physical  requirements. — As  in  the  matter  of  evidence  of  age,  the  lack 
of  any  centralized  supervision  over  the  physical  requirements  for  an 


94 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


employment  certificate  in  New  York  State  has  led  to  a wide  variety 
of  standards  for  the  child  who  is  entering  industry.  Though  the  law 
requires  that  a child  to  be  granted  a certificate  must  be  in  “sound 
health/’  instead  of  in  “ sufficiently  sound  health/’  as  in  most  States 
requiring  a physician’s  certificate,  the  physical  examination,  except 
in  Rochester,  is  given  in  so  short  a time  that  it  is  doubtful  whether 
any  but  the  most  obvious  defects  are  detected.  The  points  to  be 
covered  in  an  examination  are  determined  by  the  State  industrial 
commission,  but  the  instructions  for  giving  the  examination  issued  by 
the  department  of  labor  are  totally  inadequate  to  secure  uniformity 
of  standards  as  to  the  nature  or  degree  of  defect  for  which  a certifi- 
cate shall  be  refused.  As  a result  children  are  allowed  to  go  to  work 
in  one  community  with  physical  defects  which  in  another  would  be 
considered  serious  enough  to  \Yarrant  refusal  of  a certificate.  In 
practice  the  individual  examining  physician  establishes  his  own 
standard  of  “sound  health,”  and  no  uniformity  in  the  physical  con- 
dition of  working  children  is  maintained  in  the  State. 

In  New  York  City  the  department  of  health  has  attempted  to 
establish  tentative  minimum  standards  of  height  and  weight  which 
an  applicant  must  attain  before  he  is  considered  to  have  “reached 
the  normal  development  of  a child  of  its  age.”  No  similar  standards 
were  found  in  any  of  the  other  offices  investigated. 

As  for  the  child’s  being  “physically  able  to  perform  the  work  which 
it  intends  to  do,”  in  most  places  the  examining  physician  makes  no 
inquiry  whatever  into  what  the  child  intends  to  do,  and  under  the 
existing  law  such  an  inquiry  would  serve  no  purpose.  As  the  physi- 
cal examination  is  given  only  when  the  child  first  goes  to  work  and 
as  he  may  have  a dozen  occupations  before  he  is  16,  this  provision  is 
generally  held  to  mean,  indeed,  that  he  shall  be  physically  able  to  do 
any  work  which  is  legal  for  a child  under  16.  Even  in  the  offices 
where  information  is  secured  as  to  what  the  child  expects  to  do — * 
i.  e.,  in  Rochester,  Albany,  Cohoes,  Little  Falls,  and  Victory  Mills — 
this  information  relates  only  to  the  first  job,  and  the  examining  physi- 
cian has  no  means  of  knowing  whether  the  child  will  keep  that  position 
for  more  than  a day  or  a week  or  where  he  will  be  employed  afterwards. 
Nor  has  the  examining  physician  any  legal  power  to  tell  the  child 
that  he  may  not  enter  this  occupation  but  that  he  may  enter  another. 
As  a result,  knowledge  of  the  work  which  the  child  in  the  first  in- 
stance “intends  to  do”  has  little  or  no  effect  on  the  character  of  the 
physical  examination.  Even  if  the  examining  physician  attempted 
in  each  case  to  consider  the  kind  of  work  proposed,  his  acquaintance 
with  the  demands  made  by  different  occupations  on  the  strength  and 
vitality  of  children  is  generally  too  meager  to  permit  of  valuable  dis- 
crimination, In  New  York  State,  therefore,  enforcement  of  the  pro- 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


95 


vision  that  the  child  must  be  “ physically  able  to  perform  the  work 
which  it  intends  to  do”  is  made  impossible  by  the  fact  that  the  phys- 
ical examination  is  made  only  before  the  first  position. 

Medical  inspection  of-  schools,  though  new  and  incomplete,  is  general 
in  the  larger  cities  of  New  York  State,  and  it  would  be  easy  for  the 
examining  physician  at  the  certificate  office  to  have  the  benefit  of  all 
information  secured  in  the  schools  as  to  the  physical  condition  of 
applicants  for  employment  certificates.  But  in  only  one  place 
visited — Rochester — is  any  effort  made  to  correlate  the  certificate 
office  examination  with  the  school  examination.  The  requirement  in 
Rochester  that  a child  applying  for  a certificate  shall  bring  a health- 
record  card  showing  the  results  of  his  school  examinations  ought  to  be 
in  force  in  every  city  in  the  State.  If  necessary  the  law  should  be 
amended  to  this  end. 

Withholding  certificates  until  minor  physical  defects  are  corrected 
has  the  excellent  result  that,  by  furnishing  an  economic  motive  for 
soundness,  it  induces  many  children  to  secure  treatment  for  defects 
which  otherwise  would  be  neglected.  The  extent  to  which  this  can 
be  carried  without  undue  hardship  to  the  child  and  his  family  depends, 
of  course,  upon  the  opportunities  which  the  given  city  offers  for  free 
medical  treatment.  If  there  is  a dental  dispensary  capable  of  accom- 
modating all  applicants,  the  rule  in  force  in  Rochester,  for  example, 
that  no  child  with  defective  teeth  shall  go  to  work,  seems  a reasonable 
interpretation  of  the  law;  for  physicians  state  that  no  child  with 
defective  teeth  can  be  in  perfectly  “sound  health.” 

Additional  protection  is  furnished  the  child  who  is  either  tempo- 
rarily or  permanently  refused  a certificate  by  the  follow-up  work  of 
school  nurses  to  whom  such  cases  are  referred  in  New  York  City  and 
Buffalo.  In  the  other  places  the  refusal  is  a warning  to  the  child’s 
parents  and  a protection  from  a specific  danger.  Where  medical  in- 
spection of  schools  exists  the  child  remains  under  the  care  of  the 
school  physician.  The  value  of  the  examination  to  the  child  who 
is  found  physically  unfit  for  work  depends  largely,  of  course,  upon 
whether  or  not  some  one  supervises  what  he  does  in  place  of  the  con- 
templated work  and  sees  that  he  receives  whatever  treatment  he  needs. 

The  most  serious  defect  in  the  physical  protection  of  working 
children  in  New  York  State,  however,  lies  in  the  lack  of  any  effective 
supervision  after  they  have  entered  industry.  The  certificate  office 
merely  opens  for  the  child  the  door  to  wage  earning.  It  has  no  legal 
right  to  inquire  what  happens  to  him  after  he  has  passed  through 
that  door. 

When  it  is  remembered  that  physical  defects  and  weaknesses  may 
become  apparent  only  after  a child  has  been  tested  by  the  strain  of 
work,  and  also  that  young  children  are  particularly  liable  to  suffer 


96 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


specific  injuries  as  the  result  of  certain  occupations,  this  lack  of  com- 
plete provision  for  medical  supervision  during  the  early  years  of  the 
child’s  industrial  career  seems  a very  serious  matter.  The  medical 
inspectors  of  the  industrial  commission  may  require  any  child  em- 
ployed in  a factory  to  have  a physical  examination,  and  the  child’s 
employment  certificate  may  be  revoked  if  he  is  found  in  bad  condi- 
tion. But  the  power  of  the  medical  inspectors  to  require  children  in 
factories  to  have  physical  examinations  is  so  rarely  exercised  as  to  be 
of  little  or  no  practical  value.  And  for  a child  employed  anywhere 
else  than  in  a factory  no  provision  is  made  for  physical  examination 
after  entering  industry. 

Educational  requirements. — The  sixth-grade  requirement  of  the  New 
York  law  constitutes  an  unusually  high  educational  standard.  Here 
again,  however,  lack  of  control  by  any  central  State  agency  leads  to 
material  differences  in  standards  in  different  places.  First,  there  is 
the  usual  difference  in  standards  among  schools,  especially  among 
unsupervised  private  and  parochial  schools.  In  first-class  cities  the 
law  does  not  even  provide  for  the  countersigning,  by  the  superin- 
tendent, of  school  records  issued  by  the  principals  of  such  private  and 
parochial  schools.  Second,  there  is  the  lack  of  uniformity  in  the  inter- 
pretation of  what  is  meant  by  completion  of  “the  work  prescribed 
for  the  first  six  years  of  the  public  elementary  school  or  school  equiva- 
lent thereto  or  parochial  school.”  1 The  interpretation  given  to  this 
phrase  by  the  chief  of  the  compulsory-attendance  division  of  the  State 
department  of  education,  in  answer  to  an  inquiry  from  the  Children’s 
Bureau,  was  as  follows: 

This  department  holds  that  when  a child  has  gone  down  through  the  grades,  as 
outlined  in  the  Elementary  Syllabus,  to  the  end  of  the  sixth  grade,  he  has  met  the 
educational  requirements  for  a school-record  certificate.  The  word  “completed”  is 
not  interpreted  to  mean  that  the  child  shall  have  passed  an  examination  out  of  the 
sixth  grade,  or  any  other  examination,  but  that  he  has  gone  through  the  work  of  the 
first  six  years  of  the  public  elementary  school  or  school  furnishing  a course  of  instruc- 
tion equivalent  to  the  course  maintained  in  a public  school.  The  reason  why  the 
child  is  not  required  to  pass  an  examination  is  the  fact  that  examination  papers  in 
rural  schools  are  examined  by  the  teacher  in  charge  of  the  school;  and,  as  there  are 
about  10,000  variable  standards  of  marking  examination  papers,  the  child  under  the 
marking  of  one  teacher  might  be  able  to  pass  out  of  the  sixth  grade  into  the  seventh, 
and  fail  if  he  were  marked  by  teachers  in  other  schools.  We  therefore  hold  that  the 
word  “completed”  in  the  statute  is  not  to  be  interpreted  as  referring  to  the  passing 
of  examinations. 

This  interpretation,  however,  is  not  generally  known  through- 
out the  State,  and  in  many  cities  where  it  is  known  superintend- 
ents are  unwilling  to  follow  it,  holding,  as  seems  more  reasonable, 

1 Labor  Law,  secs.  73  and  165.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  122,124.  An  amendment  to  the 
law,  effective  Feb.  1, 1917,  requires  that  a child  under  15  years  of  age  must  have  completed  the  eighth 
grade.  Acts  of  1916,  ch.  465.  For  the  text  of  this  act  see  Appendix,  pp.  132-133. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK.  97 

that  the  legislature  intended  that  a child  should  not  go  to  work  until 
he  was  able  to  pass  an  examination  out  of  the  sixth  grade.  As  a 
result  the  actual  educational  acquirements  of  children  leaving  even 
public  schools  for  work  differ  according  to  the  locality.  A child  who 
lives  in  New  York  City,  Utica,  Little  Falls,  or  Victory  Mills  must  have 
been  graduated  from  the  sixth  grade.  But  one  who  lives  in  Buffalo, 
Albany,  Syracuse,  or  Tonawanda  needs  only  to  have  sat  for  two  years, 
and  in  Rochester,  Cohoes,  or  Troy  for  one  year,  in  a sixth-grade 
classroom. 

Though  the  law  provides  that  the  form  of  all  school  records  used  in 
first  and  second  class  cities  must  be  approved  by  the  industrial  com- 
mission and  that  all  those  used  in  other  cities,  towns,  or  villages 
must  be  furnished  by  this  commission,  the  supervision  thus  made 
possible  has  been  delegated  by  the  commission  to  the  State  depart- 
ment of  education  and  has  never  been  effectively  exercised.  As  a 
result,  not  even  a standard  form  of  school-record  blank  is  in  use 
throughout  the  State.  Out  of  17  third-class  cities  from  which  blanks 
were  secured  but  which  were  not  visited  the  school-record  form  used 
in  6 did  not  mention  the  sixth-grade  requirement. 

Even  in  the  same  public-school  system  central  supervision  is  not 
always  maintained  over  the  issuing  of  school  records.  Lack  of  uni- 
formity is  practically  inevitable,  indeed,  under  a law  which  in  one  sec- 
tion } places  upon  the  principal  of  each  school  the  responsibility  for 
issuing  school  records  anywhere  in  the  State,  and  in  another  section 1  2 
places  it  upon  the  same  officer  in  first-class  cities  and  in  school  dis- 
tricts having  less  than  5,000  population  and  upon  the  superintendent 
of  schools  in  other  cities  and  school  districts.  It  is  not  at  all  sur- 
prising to  find  that  at  least  in  the  first-class  cities,  where  according 
to  both  sections  of  the  law  school  records  are  issued  by  the  individual 
principals,  the  educational  standard  for  these  records  differs  widely 
according  to  the  ideas  of  the  various  persons  who  issue  them.  In 
New  York  City,  though  examinations  for  school  records  are  given 
by  the  principal  of  one  school  in  each  district,  nominally  under  the 
direction  of  the  district  superintendent,  no  provision  is  made  for  uni- 
formity of  or  for  central  supervision  over  the  district  examinations. 
In  Buffalo  no  central  control  is  exercised  over  promotions  and  no 
central  office  is  notified  when  children  leave  school. 

Under  such  a law,  moreover,  it  is  not  surprising  that  in  at  least 
one  city,  Syracuse,  where  school  records  are  supposed  under  the 
more  recent  amendment  to  be  issued  by  the  superintendent,  the 
principals  should  be  issuing  them.  Nor  is  it  surprising  that  in  all  the 

1 Labor  Law,  sec.  73.  Sec.  105  also  makes  the  same  provision.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see 

pp.  122, 124. 

2 Education  Law,  sec.  630,  subsec.  2.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  128. 

46446°— 17 7 


98  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  Y’ORK. 

other  cities  included  in  this  study  where  the  superintendent  signs 
school  records,  except  Troy,  Little  Falls,  and  Tonawanda,  he  keeps 
in  his  office  no  register  of  the  standing  of  individual  pupils  and  there- 
fore must  depend  wholly  upon  the  statement  of  the  principal  as  to 
the  grade  of  an  applicant  for  a such  a record. 

In  some  schools  in  New  York  City  and  Buffalo  children  have  been 
coached  in  special  classes  in  order  to  enable  them  to  reach  the  educa- 
tional standard  for  a school  record.  Under  the  present  law  such  a 
class  is  legal  only  if  it  provides  better  methods  of  instruction  and 
not  if  its  course  of  study  differs  in  any  way  from  that  of  the  regular 
sixth  grade.  In  these  classes,  however,  particular  attention  is  usually 
paid  to  the  so-called  “essentials” — reading,  writing,  spelling,  English 
grammar,  geography,  and  arithmetic.  And  the  very  existence  of 
such  a class  shows  a frank  and  open  desire  to  assist  children  to  leave 
school  for  work. 

In  other  schools,  undoubtedly,  especially  in  New  York  City  but 
also  in  Buffalo,  a child  sometimes  is  shoved  up,  without  any  special 
coaching,  from  grade  to  grade,  until  it  is  made  falsely  to  appear  that 
he  is  entitled  to  a school  record.  Even  the  special  examination  given  ■ 
in  New  York  City  before  a school  record  is  issued,  the  purpose  of  which 
is  to  bring  about  uniformity  of  standards,  does  not  always  accom- 
plish this  purpose  because  ratings  are  sometimes  modified  and  because 
the  examinations  themselves  are  not  uniform,  being  in  some  cases 
adapted  to  fifth  rather  than  to  sixth  grade  pupils.  In  Rochester,  it 
is  said,  an  effective  check  is  placed  upon  pushing  up  through  the 
grades  by  the  fact  that  duplicate  records  of  each  child’s  ratings  are  , 
sent  to  the  efficiency  bureau  at  the  end  of  each  semester.  But  in  > 
New  York  City,  though  formerly  similar  records  were  kept  in  the 
office  of  the  bureau  of  attendance,  they  were  never  used  as  a check.  \ 

In  general  it  is  safe  to  say  that  where  no  supervision  exists  over  the  : 
issuing  by  principals  of  school  records  children  can  be  easily  pushed  up 
through  the  grades  so  they  can  go  to  work  when  of  legal  age,  and  that 
this  is  very  likely  to  be  done  when  occasion  arises.  It  is  not  uncom- 
mon in  the  congested  districts  of  New  York  City  and  Buffalo  to 
find  a parent  beseeching  the  principal  of  a school  to  let  his  child  go 
to  work.  If  there  seems  to  be  exceptional  economic  pressure  in  the  j 
home,  or  if  the  child  is  backward  or  troublesome,  the  principal  is  i 
seriously  tempted  to  yield  to  these  entreaties  and  to  give  the  child  a 
school  record.  This  action,  however,  not  only  deprives  the  child  of  | 
the  education  to  which  the  community  has  decided  he  is  entitled  j 
before  assuming  the  burden  of  self-support,  but  as  it  is  done  with  his 
full  knowledge  it  tends  to  diminish  his  respect  for  law. 

The  requirement  of  130  days’  school  attendance  either  during  the 
12  months  preceding  the  child’s  fourteenth  birthday  or  during  the  12 
months  preceding  his  application  for  a school  record  has  been  inter- 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


99 


preted  in  New  York  City  to  mean  that  a child  must  secure  an  employ- 
ment certificate  as  soon  as  he  leaves  school.  In  other  parts  of  the 
State,  however,  the  school-record  blanks  in  use  show  quite  different 
interpretations  of  this  attendance  requirement.  The  Rochester  form, 
for  example,  provides  only  for  a statement  of  the  number  of  days’ 
attendance  since  the  child  became  13  years  of  age.  If  the  child  was 
nearly  16,  therefore,  the  130  days’  attendance  entered  might  either 
have  been  scattered  over  nearly  three  years  or  have  ended  more  than 
two  years  before  his  application  for  a school  record. 

The  New  York  City  interpretation  seems  to  stretch  the  law  in 
two  different  ways.  In  the  first  place  it  assumes  that  the  130  days 
of  attendance  must  have  been  during  the  12  months  preceding 
application  for  a certificate,  whereas  the  law  says  during  the  12  months 
preceding  application  for* a school  record.  In  the  second  place  it 
assumes  that  this  attendance  must  always  be  before  application, 
whereas  the  law  says  it  can  be  either  before  becoming  14  years  of  age 
or  before  application,  and  fails  to  specify  in  which  cases  it  may  be  one 
and  in  which  cases  the  other. 

Unless  the  law  is  stretched  in  these  ways  the  requirement  seems  of 
little  value  and  may  become  a great  hardship  to  certain  children. 
For  a child  who  has  been  living  for  a year  in  New  York  or  any  other 
State  having  a compulsory  education  law  and  who  has  never  before 
held  a certificate  it  is  no  hardship  because  it  means  simply  compliance 
with  that  law,  nor  is  it  a hardship  for  an  immigrant  child  under  16, 
for  such  a child  can  rarely  secure  a certificate  inside  of  a year  because  of 
lack  of  knowledge  of  the  English  language.  On  the  other  hand,  this 
attendance  requirement,  to  which  there  are  no  exceptions  and  which 
can  not  be  waived  as  in  Massachusetts,  may  become,  if  the  law  is  lit- 
erally enforced,  a serious  hardship  to  the  child  who  comes  into  New 
York  State  after  having  been  legally  at  work  on  an  employment  certi- 
ficate in  some  other  State. ' Such  a child,  even  if  he  meets  the  sixth- 
grade  requirement  of  the  New  York  law,  may  not  have  been  in  school 
130  days  during  the  year  before  becoming  14  or  during  the  year  pre- 
ceding his  application,  and  so  is  not  entitled  to  a New  York  certificate. 
Yet  he  has  complied  with  every  law  of  the  State  where  he  has  lived, 
and  also  has  attained  the  educational  standard  of  the  New  York  law. 

As  for  the  literacy  test  required  by  the  provision  that  the  issuing 
officer,  after  examination,  must  file  a statement  “that  the  child  can 
read  and  legibly  write  simple  sentences  in  the  English  language,”  the 
degree  of  education  required  by  this  provision  is  so  far  below  that 
required  to  obtain  a school  record  that  it  seems  natural  for  issuing 
officers  to  accept  the  school  record  as  sole  evidence  of  educational 
fitness  for  work  and  to  give  no  examination  for  literacy.  Indeed,  a 
literacy  examination  is  given  only  in  New  York  City  and  Buffalo,  and 
in  Rochester  an  arithmetic  examination  in  case  the  child  appears 


100  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

illiterate  or  can  not  readily  speak  English.  Even  in  these  places 
recognition  is  shown  of  the  discrepancy  between  the  grade  require- 
ments and  the  test — in  New  York  City  by  using  a third-grade  reader 
for  the  test,  in  Buffalo  by  using  a fifth-grade  reader,  and  in  Rochester 
by  testing  the  child  in  fractions  instead  of  in  reading  or  writing. 
Naturally  the  only  children  refused  certificates  as  a result  of  such  tests 
as  these  are  children  whose  school  records  are  virtually  fraudulent. 
Nevertheless  the  number  of  refusals  in  New  York  City  because  of 
failure  to  pass  the  literacy  test  shows  the  great  need  for  such  a test  in 
other  cities. 

In  spite  of  the  legal  provision  that  a school  record  must  be  issued 
on  demand  “to  any  child  who,  after  due  investigation  and  examina- 
tion, may  be  found  to  be  entitled  to  the  same/’  1 in  some  cities  the 
school  authorities  have  introduced  certain  highly  desirable  extra- 
legal  requirements  for  obtaining  such  a record.  In  Buffalo,  for  exam- 
ple, no  school  record  is  issued  until  the  parent  has  signed  a blank  form 
giving  his  or  her  consent  and  stating  the  reason  for  the  child’s  going 
to  work.  In  Albany,  Troy,  and  Little  Falls  the  child  has  to  prove 
that  he  has  been  promised  employment  before  he  is  given  a school 
record.  This  procedure  practically  means  that,  whatever  periods  of 
idleness  he  may  have  later,  he  goes  straight  from  school  to  work.  In 
no  other  place  visited,  however,  is  any  such  method  used  to  prevent 
the  child’s  securing  a school  record  merely  in  order  to  avoid  going  to 
school.  And  the  law'  makes  no  effective  provision  for  the  prevention 
of  this  unfortunate  break  in  the  child’s  life. 

The  New  York  law  makes  no  exception  of  children  who  are 
mentally  defective.  Such  children,  if  unable  to  complete  the  sixth 
grade,  can  not  legally  go  to  work  until  they  are  16.  In  Buffalo,  how- 
ever, retarded  children  are  sometimes  given  the  Binet  test  and,  if 
found  mentally  defective,  are  occasionally  permitted  to  go  to  work 
without  having  fulfilled  the  educational’  requirements  of  the  law. 
The  problem  thus  dealt  with  is  one  frequently  encountered  in  other 
certificate  offices  throughout  the  country,  but  it  is  doubtful  whether 
this  solution,  clearly  illegal  in  New  York,  is  one  which  it  would  be 
well  to  incorporate  into  law,  even  if  special  supervision  were  to  be 
exercised  over  these  children  after  they  had  gone  to  work.  The 
problem  should  be  considered  as  primarily  one  of  education  and  not 
of  labor  regulation. 

The  lack  of  compulsory  continuation  schools  for  employed  children 
and  of  enforcement  of  the  compulsory  evening  school  attendance  law 
have  already  been  mentioned.  The  present  legal  provisions  relating 
to  continuation  schools  do  not  adequately  protect  the  child,  as  there 
is  no  law  requiring  that  the  hours  of  attendance  shall  be  included  in 


Education  Law,  sec.  630,  subsec.  2.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  128. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


101 


the  legal  hours  of  labor.  As  for  evening-school  attendance,  if  the  child 
needs  more  education  than  that  with  which  he  goes  to  work,  he  should 
be  permitted  to  secure  it  during  working  hours  at  a part-time  or  con- 
tinuation school  and  should  not  be  compelled  to  spend  in  a schoolroom 
the  leisure  he  needs  for  rest  and  recreation. 

Enforcement. — In  the  actual  prevention  of  employment  of  children 
under  14  and  under  16  without  certificates  there  is  probably  almost  as 
great  lack  of  uniformity  between  cities  as  in  the  application  of  the  stand- 
ards for  going  to  work.  Though  factory  inspectors  are  supposed  to 
cover  the  entire  State,  and  mercantile  inspectors  the  first  and  second 
class  cities,  with  a fairly  uniform  degree  of  thoroughness,  these  inspec- 
tors can  not  visit  establishments  often  enough — inspections  are  made 
usually  only  about  once  a year — to  do  more  than  a small  part  of  the 
work  of  enforcing  the  child-labor  law.  The  rest  must  be  done  by  local 
school  authorities,  who  are  expected  to  see  that  children  once  in  school 
stay  there  until  legally  released  and  that  children  not  in  school  are 
sent  there  as  soon  as  possible.  If  the  work  of  local  teachers,  attend- 
ance officers,  census  enumerators,  and  other  school  officials  is  not 
thoroughly  done,  it  is  practically  impossible  effectively  to  enforce 
any  child-labor  law. 

To  keep  children  in  school  it  is  necessary  that  all  absences  be 
promptly  reported,  that  transfers  be  reported  both  by  the  school 
which  the  child  leaves  and  by  the  one  to  which  he  goes,  and  that 
attendance  officers  investigate  within  a reasonable  period  every  case 
of  absence.  This  applies  to  children  attending  private  as  well  as 
public  schools.  In  New  York  City  the  system  devised  for  keeping 
children  in  school  is  excellent,  and  the  forms  for  reporting  absences  and 
transfers  are  used  by  many  private  and  parochial  schools  as  well  as 
by  public  schools.  In  Buffalo,  although  the  law  gives  the  permanent 
census  board  power  “to  make  such  rules  and  regulations  as  may  be 
necessary  to  carry  out  ” the  provisions  in  regard  to  school  attendance, 
individual  principals  devise  their  own  methods  of  reporting  both 
absences  and  transfers,  and  some  of  them  make  no  report  to  the  per- 
manent census  board  of  a child  who  has  left  to  go  to  another  school. 
In  such  a case,  if  the  child  did  not  enter  the  other  school  he  might  stay 
at  home  or  on  the  street;  or  if  nearly  14  years  of  age,  he  might  drift 
into  illegal  employment  and  be  found  only  accidentally  by  an  attend- 
ance officer  or  an  inspector.  Conceivably  the  same  thing  might 
occur  in  Rochester,  where  the  school  the  child  is  leaving  merely 
notifies  by  telephone  the  school  to  which  he  is  to  go  of  the  transfer, 
leaving  it  to  the  latter  to  notify  the  efficiency  bureau  whether  or 
not  the  child  appears.  In  Rochester,  however,  it  is  said  that  between 
the  check-up  systems  of  the  efficiency  bureau  and  of  the  permanent 
census  board  it  is  almost  impossible  for  a child  of  school  age  to  escape 
the  authorities.  The  weekly  roll  call  for  changes  of  address  in  the 


102 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


Rochester  schools  is  also  of  great  assistance  in  keeping  track  of 
children.  In  the  smaller  cities  investigated  reports  of  absences  and 
transfers  are  made  with  more  or  less  regularity  to  attendance 
officers ; but  since  as  a rule  no  records  of  individual  schools  are  kept 
at  the  office  of  the  superintendent  and  reports  are  only  occasionally 
received  from  private  and  parochial  schools,  there  is  no  way  of  know- 
ing how  well  school  attendance  is  enforced. 

The  extent  to  which  school  attendance  of  children  not  enrolled  can 
be  enforced  depends  on  the  time  attendance  officers  have  for  other 
work  than  following  up  reported  absences,  on  their  vigilance  in  this 
work,  on  the  cooperation  of  police  officers  and  others,  and  on  the 
thoroughness  with  which  the  school  census  is  taken  and  its  results 
checked  with  the  school  records.  In  general  the  school  census  is  of 
more  assistance  in  enforcing  school  attendance  in  the  rural  districts, 
where  an  annual  enumeration  is  made,  than  in  any  city  except  those 
of  the  first  class,  which  have  permanent  census  boards.  In  the  other 
cities,  indeed,  the  census  is  of  practically  no  use  for  more  than  one 
year  in  four,  because  it  is  taken  only  every  fourth  year.  This  con- 
dition should  be  remedied  by  an  amendment  to  the  law  requiring  a 
thorough  school  census  to  be  taken  in  every  part  of  the  State  at  least 
annually. 

In  the  three  first-class  cities  the  permanent  census  boards  not  only 
locate  children  4 to  18  years  of  age  in  order  that  the  school-attendance 
laws  may  be  enforced  but  also  collect  facts  relating  to  the  employ- 
ment of  children.  This  system  of  census  enumeration  has  been  of 
great  assistance  in  locating  children  from  other  parts  of  the  United 
States  and  immigrant  children  of  school  age  not  enrolled  in  any  school- 
It  also  aids  in  finding  children  illegally  absent  from  a school,  public, 
private,  or  parochial,  which  does  not  regularly  report  its  absentees. 
Permanent  census  boards,  indeed,  seem  to  be  needed  in  other  cities. 

Too  little  use  is  made  of  the  opportunity  which  the  certificate  office 
affords  to  discover  children  wffio  ought  to  be  in  school.  The  names  of 
children  who  receive  or  are  actually  refused  certificates  are  generally 
sent  sooner  or  later  by  the  health  department  to  the  school  depart-' 
ment.  But  except  in  the  New  York  City  offices  it  is  not  customary 
in  the  cities  visited  even  to  take  the  names  of  children  who  apply  at 
the  certificate  office  without  the  requisite  documents  and  are  sent 
away  without  having  either  received  or  been  refused  certificates. 
Thus  an  opportunity  is  lost  of  locating  newcomers  to  the  city  who, 
not  being  enrolled  in  any  school,  may  easily  go  to  work  without 
certificates  when  they  find  they  can  not  meet  the  requirements  of  the 
certificate  law.  In  the  New  York  City  offices,  moreover,  these  names 
until  recently  were  taken  simply  as  a matter  of  convenience  and  were 
not  reported  to  the  school  authorities. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK.  103 

One  difficult  problem  is  the  enforcement  of  school  attendance  of 
children  who  have  completed  the  grade  requirements  for  a school 
record.  If  such  a child  simply  refuses  longer  to  go  to  school  without 
taking  out  a school  record  the  parents  are,  of  course,  subject  to  a 
penalty,  though  if  the  child  is  over  14  years  of  age  it  is  always  difficult 
to  secure  a conviction  for  nonattendance  at  school.  But  in  many 
such  cases  the  same  measures  may  be  taken  as  in  the  case  of  a cer- 
tain 14-year-old  Buffalo  girl.  This  girl  was  repeatedly  told  by  the 
attendance  officers  that  she  could  not  receive  her  school  record  when 
she  wanted  it  unless  she  returned  to  school,  but  attempts  to  force  her 
back  into  school  were  unsuccessful  even  after  court  procedure.  Several 
months  later,  when  she  applied  for  a school  record,  it  was  not  granted 
and  she  had  to  return  to  school  for  several  months  in  order  to  have 
attended  130  days  next  preceding  the  date  of  receiving  the  record. 

If,  however,  a child  takes  out  a school  record  and  then  fails  to 
apply  for  a certificate,  or  if  for  some  reason  the  granting  of  the  cer- 
tificate is  delayed,  the  problem  is  more  difficult.  In  at  least  one  case 
in  New  York  City  the  group  of  children  already  mentioned  who  had 
taken  out  school  records  and  failed  to  apply  immediately  for  em- 
ployment certificates  were  later  refused  certificates  on  the  ground 
that  the  130  days’  school  attendance  required  by  law  had  not  been 
during  the  year  preceding  their  applications  for  certificates.  But  if 
the  parents  had  chosen  to  take  the  matter  into  court,  it  is  doubtful, 
as  has  been  pointed  out,  whether  this  interpretation  would  have 
been  upheld,  for  as  the  law  now  reads  the  school  attendance  must 
have  been  during  the  year  preceding  the  child’s  fourteenth  birth- 
day or  “his  application  for  such  school  record.”  1 It  is  even  doubt- 
ful, as  will  be  seen  later,  whether  in  cities  or  school  districts  having 
less  than  5,000  inhabitants  the  parent  could  be  punished  in  such  a 
case  for  violation  of  the  compulsory  education  law. 

Breaks  between  school  and  work  which  occur  as  a result  of  delay  in 
securing  certificates  are  not  uncommon.  In  New  York  City,  school 
principals  do  not  report  to  any  central  authority  the  fact  that  a school 
record  has  been  issued  to  a child,  although  such  reports  might  easily 
be  required  by  the  bureau  of  attendance  and  might  assist  in 
keeping  the  child  in  school.  In  theory  the  name  of  a child  is  not 
removed  from  the  school  register  until  the  school  is  officially  notified 
that  the  child  has  received  a certificate,  and  the  absence  of  a child 
with  a school  record  is  supposed  to  be  reported  like  that  of  any 
other  child.  But  in  practice  these  children  are  frequently  not  kept  in 
school,  as  principals  expect  them  soon  to  leave  permanently.  Cases, 
indeed,  in  which  children  have  been  out  of  school  for  several  months 
before  receiving  employment  certificates  can  be  found  by  comparing 


i Labor  Law,  secs.  73  and  165.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  122,  124. 


104  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

the  records  of  the  bureau  of  attendance  with  those  of  the  certificate 
office  in  New  York  City.  One  child,  for  example,  received  his  school 
record  on  November  25,  1914,  and  his  certificate  on  February  13, 
1915;  another  received  his  school  record  on  January  21  and  his  cer- 
tificate on  April  30,  1915.  In  at  least  one  case  in  which  three  months 
elapsed  between  the  giving  of  a school  record  and  the  granting  of  a 
certificate  the  attendance  officer  had  called  almost  every  week  and 
each  time  had  found  the  child  waiting  for  his  birth  record  and  having 
his  teeth  treated. 

In  other  places  the  same  breaks  undoubtedly  occur.  In  Buffalo, 
on  account  of  the  lack  of  effective  regulation  by  the  permanent 
census  board,  a child  who  has  received  a school  record  may  easily 
drop  out  of  school  without  the  attendance  department  even  know- 
ing about  it,  for  only  a few  principals  report  to  the  board  the  issuing 
of  a school  record.  In  one  week,  indeed,  it  was  said  that  out  of 
43  applicants  for  certificates  at  the  issuing  office,  13  of  whom 
were  refused  certificates,  in  only  4 cases  had  the  permanent  cen- 
sus board  been  notified  of  the  issuing  of  a school  record.  In 
Rochester,  on  the  other  hand,  not  only  is  the  school  record 
withheld  until  all  other  requirements  for  a certificate  have  been 
fulfilled,  but  the  efficiency  bureau  receives  word  whenever  a school 
record  is  issued  to  a child  and  checks  up  all  records  with  the  reports 
of  certificates  issued.  But  in  the  second  and  third  class  cities  visited 
no  regular  system  of  notifying  the  school  authorities  of  certificates 
granted  or  refused  was  found. 

In  general  it  is  safe  to  say  that  many  children  do  not  stay  in  or 
return  to  school  during  periods  of  waiting  for  their  certificates,  and 
that  to  make  them  do  so  would  be  an  almost  impossible  task  for  the 
attendance  officers.  Indeed,  only  a rigid  follow-up  system  could 
prevent  children  from  absenting  themselves  from  school  after  they 
have  their  school  records.  And  such  a system  would  seem  worth 
while  only  if  it  were  for  the  purpose  of  making  certain  that  the  child 
passed  directly  from  the  school  into  some  sort  of  profitable  work. 
But  if  it  were  once  determined  that  the  child  had  to  have  a job  as 
well  as  a certificate  before  he  could  leave  school,  and  that  he  had  to 
keep  a job  or  else  return  to  school,  it  would  seem  desirable  to  educate 
children  and  parents  to  the  idea  that  the  school  record  and  the  promise 
of  employment  were  both  prerequisites  to  an  employment  certificate 
and  that  such  a promise  was  a prerequisite  to  leaving  school. 

Another  difficult  problemuis  presented  by  children  who  wish  or  whose 
parents  wish  them  to  stay  at  home  to  help  in  nongainful  ways.  The 
law  provides  that  a school-record  certificate  shall  be  issued  to  any 
child  who  has  completed  the  sixth  grade  1 and  that  a child  regularly 
employed  under  an  employment  certificate  in  a city  or  school  district 


i Education  Law,  sec.  630,  subsec.  1.  For  the  test  of  this  section  see  p.  1?7. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK.  105 

having  a population  of  5.000  or  more  or  regularly  employed  elsewhere 
under  either  an  employment  or  a school-record  certificate  shall  be 
exempt  from  school  attendance.1  Another  section  says  that  to  he 
exempt  from  school  attendance  a child  must  be  “ regularly  and  law- 
fully engaged  in  any  useful  employment  or  service.”2 

There  is  evidence  that  in  many  places  “any  useful  employment  or 
service”  is  interpreted  to  mean  housework  or  chores  at  home;  that 
children  are  often  permitted  to  stay  at  home  for  such  work  on  school- 
record  certificates;  and  that  their  “ employment”  varies  all  the  way 
from  household  drudgery  to  idleness.  Until  the  fall  of  1913,  when 
the  law  was  amended,  this  was  the  interpretation  in  Rochester;  but 
at  that  time  it  was  decided  that  henceforth  every  child  between  14 
and  16  must  be  in  possession  of  an  employment  certificate  or  be  in 
school.  In  Rochester,  therefore,  as  would  be  expected,  approxi- 
mately the  same  number  of  employment  certificates  are  regularly 
granted  in  a given  time  as  the  number  of  school  records  issued  by 
all  the  public,  private,  and  parochial  schools.  From  September  1, 
1913,  to  July  1,  1914,  for  example,  1,315  employment  certificates  and 
only  about  762  public-school  records  were  issued,  the  remaining  cer- 
tificates being  granted  on  records  from  private  and  parochial  schools. 
In  Albany,  on  the  other  hand,  during  the  same  period  only  299  em- 
ployment certificates  but  483  public-school  records  were  issued;  and 
in  Troy,  from  October  1,  1913,  to  July  1,  1914,  the  reports  showed  131 
certificates  and  137  public-school  records.  As  in  both  Albany  and 
Troy  a considerable  number  of  children  with  parochial-school  records 
must  have  been  granted  certificates,  it  is  evident  that  many  children 
in  these  cities  secure  school  records  who  do  not  at  once  secure  cer- 
tificates or  enter  any  gainful  employment.  These  children  may  later 
go  to  work  illegally. 

Staying  at  home  on  a school  record  alone  is  plainly  contrary  to  the 
compulsory  education  law  in  any  city  or  school  district  having  a popu- 
lation of  5,000  or  over,  but  does  not  appear  to  be  so  in  the  smaller  places 
if  a child  can  show  he  is  engaged  “in  any  useful  employment  or  serv- 
ice.” A child  who  holds  an  employment  certificate  anywhere  in 
the  State  may  stay  out  of  school  to  work  at  home  as  well  as  in  a 
gainful  occupation. 

As  for  unemployed  children,  or  those  who  hold  certificates  but  are 
not  at  work,  though  the  compulsory  education  law  requires  that  such 
children  shall  be  in  school,  the  certificate  law  contains  no  provision 
which  could  aid  in  the  enforcement  of  school  attendance.  When  a 
child  has  left  the  office  of  the  department  of  health  with  his  employ- 
ment certificate  he  is  still  responsible  to  two  officials,  the  factory 
inspector  if  he  is  employed  and  the  attendance  officer  if  he  is  not 


1 Education  Law,  sec.  624.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  126. 

sEducation  Law,  sec.  621.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  125. 


106 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


employed;  but  in  both  cases  the  officer  has  to  catch  the  child  before 
he  can  exercise  in  any  effective  way  his  authority.  Unless  a factory 
inspector  or  an  attendance  officer  happens  to  come  his  way  the  child 
is  free  to  do  as  he  pleases — work  in  any  occupation,  legal  or  illegal,  or 
loaf  on  the  streets.  He  carries  his  license  to  work  in  his  pocket  and, 
if  he  finds  a job,  gives  it  to  his  employer  to  keep  until  he  quits,  when 
he  may  put  it  back  in  his  pocket  or  may  carry  it  to  another  employer. 
No  public  authority  is  notified  when  he  begins  work  or  when  he  stops, 
and  no  public  authority  knows  where  he  is  or  what  he  is  doing.  If  an 
attendance  officer  challenges  him  on  the  street,  he  produces  his  certifi- 
cate and  claims  to  be  hunting  for  work;  and  generally  the  attendance 
officer  tells  him  merely  that  if  he  does  not  find  a job  soon  he  must 
return  to  school.  But  the  attendance  officer  has  no  means  of  know- 
ing when  or  where  or  whether  he  finds  work.  In  New  York  City  the 
bureau  of  attendance  attempts  to  see  that  when  a child  receives 
a certificate  he  goes  to  work,  but  it  has  no  means  of  knowing  how  long 
he  continues  to  work,  whether  a day  or  a week  or  a year.  The  same 
thing  is  true  in  the  other  cities  where  the  child  must  have  a job  before 
securing  a certificate.  In  other  words,  the  child,  when  he  leaves  the 
health  office  wfith  his  certificate,  has  practically  escaped  from  any 
effective  supervision  by  the  school  authorities  who  up  to  that  time 
have  bounded  his  horizon. 

In  spite  of  this  lack  of  provision  for  knowing  when  children  are 
out  of  work,  unemployed  children  are  sometimes  returned  to  school 
by  vigilant  attendance  officers.  In  New  York. City  a special  contin- 
uation class  for  unemployed  boys  is  maintained  in  one  of  the  elemen- 
tary schools,  but  most  of  the  boys  attending  are  over  16  years  of  age 
and  attendance  is  voluntary.  In  Buffalo  unemployed  boys  under  16 
are  sometimes  put  in  the  special  employment-certificate  class.  But 
outside  of  the  first-class  cities  it  seems  to  be  generally  considered  that 
an  employment  certificate  is  itself  a license  to  stay  out  of  school,  and 
in  the  other  cities  investigated  no  attempt  is  made  to  return  unem- 
ployed children  to  school.  Whatever  effort  is  exerted  anywhere  to 
return  an  unemployed  child  is  perfunctory,  because  the  attendance 
officers  know  that  if  they  take  such  a case  into  court  the  judge  is 
almost  certain  to  hold  that  the  child  must  be  given  an  opportunity 
to  hunt  for  work  and  that  a violation  of  school  attendance  under 
such  circumstances  is  purely  technical. 

Proper  provision  for  the  unemployed  child  in  the  school  system 
would,  of  course,  make  it  much  easier  as  well  as  better  worth  while  to 
send  such  children  back  to  school.  But  it  should  not  be  forgotten 
that  permitting  these  children  to  stay  out  of  school  is  a plain  and 
direct  violation  of  the  law  which  says  that,  for  exemption  from  school 
attendance,  the  child  from  14  to  16  years  of  age  must  not  only  hold 
a certificate  but  must  be  11  regularly  and  lawfully  engaged  in  any 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK.  107 

useful  employment  or  service.”  1 If  the  law  is  to  be  enforced,  the 
problem  of  the  unemployed  child  must  be  faced.2 

Industrial  inspection  is  at  best  an  incomplete  method  of  enforcing 
a child-labor  law.  Children  move  so  often  from  place  to  place  that 
no  reasonable  frequency  of  inspection  is  a guaranty  against  illegal 
employment.  In  New  York  State  experience  has  shown  that  an 
inspector  himself  must  see  a child  working  illegally  to  have  an 
adequate  basis  for  prosecution.  In  large  establishments  inspectors 
do  not  have  time  to  look  up  each  child  and  find  his  certificate,  but 
can  make  a test  only  of  a sample  of  the  children  who  appear  to  be 
under  16  years  of  age.  The  child’s  signature  on  the  certificate,  how- 
ever, is  a help  in  identification  and  assists  the  inspectors  in  their 
work. 

One  of  the  important  problems  of  inspection  is,  of  course,  what 
action  to  take  when  a child  is  found  who  is  suspected  to  be  under  16 
but  claims  to  be  over  that  age.  If  the  inspector  challenges  the  ages 
of  a considerable  number  of  children  in  an  establishment  it  not  only 
antagonizes  the  employer  toward  the  child-labor  law  but  is  likely  to 
lead  to  the  discharge  of  children  who  later  may  be  found  to  be  over 
16  and  legally  employed.  It  is  because  of  this  danger  of  unnecessary 
hardship  to  the  child,  as  well  as  to  secure  evidence  of  violation,  that 
inspectors  in  doubtful  cases  themselves  often  undertake  to  secure 
evidence  of  the  ages  of  the  children  instead  of  serving  the  legal  notice 
which  requires  that  the  employer  within  10  days  either  furnish  such 
evidence  or  discharge  the  child.  In  any  event  it  depends  upon  the 
judgment  of  the  individual  inspector  whether  or  not  the  age  of  any 
child  is  challenged. 

One  hindrance  to  strict  enforcement  of  the  law,  indeed,  is  lack  of 
any  uniform  provision  for  issuing  statements  of  age  to  children  over 
16.  In  New  York  City  such  statements  of  age  are  issued,  but 
nowhere  else  in  the  State  is  there  any  provision  for  documentary 
evidence  of  the  ages  of  children  who  are  over  16.  The  simplest  way 
to  prevent  an  employer’s  evading  the  law  by  hiring  a child  whom  he 
states  he  believes  to  be  over  16  and  discharging  the  child  when  the 
inspector  challenges  the  age  is  to  require  employers  to  keep  on  file 
for  older  children,  perhaps  for  all  minors,  statements  of  age  issued 
by  some  responsible  agency  upon  the  same  evidence  of  age  as  is  re- 
quired for  an  employment  certificate.  Inspectors  could  then  demand 
either  employment  certificates  or  statements  of  age  for  all  children 
up  to  whatever  age  might  be  determined  upon  as  likely  to  cover  ah 

1 Education  Law,  sec.  621.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  125. 

2 It  has  been  suggested  in  NewY orkCity,  first,  that  employers  be  required  to  send  to  the  bureau  of  attend- 
ance a notice  of  termination  of  employment  for  each  child;  second,  that  attendance  officers  inspect  monthly 
all  places  of  employment  and  check  up  the  lists  of  children  to  see  what  children  have  left  and  to  force  an 
explanation  from  employers  who  fail  to  report  the  names  of  children  who  have  left  their  employ;  and,  third, 
that  as  a further  means  of  discovering  changes  of  employment  made  by  children  employers  be  required  to 
enter  on  the  back  of  each  employment  certificate  before  returning  it  to  the  child  the  dates  of  beginning  and 
of  terminating  employment,  the  character  of  the  work,  and  their  own  names  and  addresses. 


108  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


suspicious  cases.  But  if  an  employer  is  held  rigidly  responsible  for 
knowing  the  age  of  any  child  employed  and  if  instead  of  merely 
being  required  to  discharge  the  child  he  is  penalized  when  one  is 
found  without  a certificate,  employers  themselves  will  desire  such 
certificates  of  age  as  a means  of  self-protection. 

Though  probably  children  under  14  are  not  often  employed  in  large 
manufacturing  establishments  in  New  York  State,  it  seems  likely 
that  the  certificate  law  may  be  violated  frequently  and  in  all  places 
by  two  classes  of  children  between  14  and  16  years  of  age;  first,  new- 
comers to  the  State,  especially  foreigners;  and  second,  other  children 
who  have  escaped  from  the  jurisdiction  of  the  school  by  securing 
employment  certificates  but  who  try  to  avoid  the  legal  disabilities  of 
their  age  by  pretending  to  be  over  16.  As  one  of  the  supervising 
inspectors  says:  "A  child  between  the  ages  of  14  and  16  years  fre- 
quently fails  to  acknowledge  that  he  has  an  employment  certificate  or 
even  states  that  he  has  none  and  represents  himself  to  the  employer 
as  over  16  years  of  age.  He  may  claim  to  be  unable  to  secure  a birth 
certificate,  school  record,  or  record  of  any  kind  by  which  to  identify 
himself  or  establish  his  age  in  order  to  work  longer  hours,  obtain 
higher  wages,  or  be  allowed  employment  on  machinery.  When  such 
cases  are  found  by  the  inspector  the  only  option  the  inspector  has,  in 
justice  to  the  employer,  is  to  require  proof  of  age  or  dismiss  the  child 
within  10  days  of  notice,  the  result  being  in  most  cases  that  the  child 
hires  out  at  some  other  establishment  and  awaits  detection  again.”1 

Except  in  factories  and  in  mercantile  and  other  establishments  in 
first  and  second  class  cities  there  was  found  no  industrial  inspection 
in  the  places  visited,  and  only  school-attendance  officers,  who  are  at 
best  little  interested  in  what  occurs  during  vacations  and  outside  of 
school  hours,  concern  themselves  with  the  employment  of  children. 
The  labor  law,  in  fact,  does  not  provide  for  supervision  by  any  central 
agency  over  the  inspection  of  mercantile  establishments  in  other  cities 
and  in  villages  of  3,000  or  over,  and  the  State  department  of  labor  has 
no  more  authority  to  demand  that  such  inspection  be  made  than  has 
the  State  department  of  health.  For  inspection  of  mercantile  estab- 
lishments in  villages  of  less  than  3,000  no  legal  provision  whatever 
exists.  It  seems  safe  to  say,  therefore,  that  outside  of  first  and  second 
class  cities  little  is  known  in  regard  to  the  employment  of  children 
anywhere  except  in  factories. 

Summary. — Lack  of  uniformity  between  cities  due  to  lack  of  State- 
wide supervision  is  so  conspicuous  in  the  administration  of  the  New 
York  child-labor  laws  that  it  is  difficult  to  say  what  are  the  strong  or 
weak  features  of  the  system  as  a whole.  In  spite  of  repetitions  and 
even  contradictions  and  ambiguities  in  the  law,  the  standard  set  is 
high;  the  evidence  of  age  required  seems  adequate;  the  physical  ex- 


1 Thirteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Labor,  State  of  New  York,  1913,  p.  47. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK.  109 

animation  must  show  not  only  that  the  child  is  in  “sound  health”  but 
that  he  is  physically  able  to  do  the  work  proposed ; and  the  require- 
ment of  completion  of  the  sixth  grade 1 is  an  unusually  high  educa- 
tional standard  for  the  employment  of  children  under  16  years  of  age 
in  a large  industrial  State. 

These  standards  probably  are  as  rigidly  enforced  as  could  reason- 
ably be  expected  in  many  places,  including  New  York  City,  which 
contains  more  than  half  the  working  children  of  the  State,  and  where 
the  foreign  element  makes  the  problem  particularly  difficult.  New 
York  State  had  in  1910,  however,  over  60,000  working  children,  and, 
as  has  been  seen,  in  most  of  the  cities  included  in  this  study  the 
methods  of  administration  in  use  were  found  to  have  both  good  and 
bad  features.  If  all  three  of  the  first-class  cities,  where  private 
agencies  have  done  much  to  secure  efficient  enforcement,  were  assumed 
to  have  developed  the  best  possible  methods  under  existing  laws, 
the  fact  would  still  have  to  be  faced  that  in  1910  New  York  State  had 
over  18,000  working  children  14  and  15  years  of  age — not  far  from 
double  the  entire  number  of  gainfully  employed  children  in  Connecticut 
in  that  year — scattered  among  second  and  third  class  cities  #and 
towns  and  villages  and  protected  only  by  the  methods,  sometimes 
good  and  sometimes  bad,  in  use  in  these  smaller  places.  Even  if  all 
the  children  working  in  agricultural  pursuits  and  all  those  working 
in  personal  and  domestic  service  outside  of  the  first-class  cities  are 
deducted,  New  York  State  in  1910  had  over  10,000  children  at  work 
in  other  gainful  occupations  elsewhere  than  in  first-class  cities — 
about  the  same  number  as  were  engaged  in  all  gainful  occupations 
in  the  entire  State  of  Connecticut.  All  these  children,  as  well  as 
those  in  first-class  cities,  are  dependent  for  protection  upon  the  State 
child-labor  laws  and  their  efficient  enforcement. 

The  trouble  is  that  in  one  city  the  administrative  machinery  breaks 
down  at  one  point  and  in  another  city  at  another  point.  In  some 
places  parents’  affidavits  are  regularly  taken  as  evidence  of  age;  in 
some  the  physical  examination  is  merely  perfunctory;  and  in  some 
the  sixth-grade  requirement  is  sometimes  nullified  in  practice  by  shov- 
ing children  up  in  grades  and  by  other  means.  In  short,  the  lack  of 
careful  supervision  by  any  central  office  means  that  the  high  legal 
standards  set  for  entering  industry  are  so  unevenly  enforced  that  it  is 
impossible  to  point  out  any  one  uniformly  strong  feature  of  the  system 
as  a whole. 

The  first,  and  perhaps  greatest,  need  in  New  York,  therefore,  is 
machinery  for  securing  uniformity  throughout  the  State  on  three 
points:  First,  evidence  of  age;  second,  physical  condition;  and  third, 
educational  attainments.  Under  the  present  system  such  uniformity 
can  be  secured  only  by  cooperation  among  three  separate  departments 


1 This  provision  has  been  amended  by  Acts  of  1916,  ch.  464.  For  the  text  of  this  act  see  pp.  132-133. 


110 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


dealing  with  health,  labor,  and  education.  A curious  feature  of  the 
situation,  moreover,  is  that,  though  the  health  department  has  juris- 
diction over  evidence  of  age,  the  labor  department  practically 
determines  the  minimum  number  of  points  to  be  covered  in  physical 
examinations  given  by  health  officers.  If  health  officers  are  to  issue 
employment  certificates,  it  certainly  would  seem  more  logical  for  the 
State  department  of  health  to  supervise  not  only  evidence  of  age,  which 
rests  upon  vital  statistics,  but  all  matters  relating  to  the  physical  ex- 
amination. The  issuing  officers  should  also  have  power  to  give  all 
children  an  educational  test  suited  to  the  grade  which  they  are  sup- 
posed to  have  attained,  and  some  central  authority — most  reasonably 
the  State  department  of  education — should  determine  the  character 
of  test  to  be  given. 

The  need  for  greater  centralization  is  further  shown  by  the  lack  of 
cooperation  between  the  various  agencies  which  at  present  are  charged 
with  the  duty  of  enforcing  the  law.  No  systematic  plan  of  reporting 
between  the  department  of  labor  and  the  school  authorities  exists 
anywhere  in  the  State.  When  an  inspector  orders  an  employer  to 
discharge  a child  or  orders  a child  who  is  working  illegally  to  return  to 
school,  he  has  no  way  of  knowing  whether  or  not  the  child  actually 
returns.  The  inspector’s  authority  ends  with  seeing  that  the  em- 
ployer discharges  the  child.  In  other  words,  the  department  of  labor 
has  authority  only  over  the  employment  of  children.  In  New  York 
City  for  a few  years  the  department  of  labor  regularly  reported  to  the 
compulsory-education  department  the  names  of  children  found  work- 
ing illegally;  but  many  of  them  proved  to  be  working  only  on  Satur- 
days or  after  school  hours,  and  as  the  department  of  labor  did  not  know 
whether  or  not  children  reported  were  followed  up  and  returned  to 
school  the  plan  was  finally  dropped.  At  the  time  of  this  investiga- 
tion, when  a child  found  illegally  employed  by  an  inspector  anywhere 
in  the  State  was  discharged,  he  was  allowed — because  of  this  lack, 
in  the  laws  themselves  or  in  their  administration,  of  provision  for 
following  him  up — to  sKp  from  under  the  protection  of  any  law. 
Greater  cooperation  among  the  various  agencies  could  remove  many 
of  the  present  evils,  but  such  cooperation  is  difficult  both  to  arrange 
and  to  maintain  in  effect.  The  only  remedy,  therefore,  for  the  evils 
of  the  present  system  seems  to  be  centralization  of  authority  over  the 
administration  of  child-labor  laws  in  some  State  agency  which  can 
supervise  the  work  of  all  the  local  agencies  concerned  and  can  itself 
be  held  rigidly  to  account  for  its  responsibilities  toward  the  children 
of  the  State. 

Even  with  thorough  enforcement,  however,  such  a law  as  that  of 
New  York,  under  which  children  who  are  at  work  on  certificates'  are 
released  from  all  supervision  except  the  infrequent  visits  of  inspec- 
tors, does  not  offer  adequate  protection  to  young  wage  earners  in  the 
first  years  of  their  working  lives. 


APPENDIX. 


APPLICATION  OF  LAWS. 

The  child-labor  laws  of  New  York  State  are  complex  and  verbose. 
Many  sections  overlap  each  other  in  content.  Sometimes  this  over- 
lapping involves  merely  useless  repetition,  but  sometimes  it  involves 
real  or  apparent  contradiction.  Five  long  sections  are  repeated, 
practically  word  for  word,  applying  in  one  case  to  employment  in 
factories  and  in  the  other  case  to  employment  in  mercantile  and  other 
establishments  in  cities  having  3 , 000  or  more  inhabitants.1  The  provi- 
sions in  regard  to  the  powers  and  duties  of  inspectors  in  relation  to 
child  labor  are  scattered  through  at  least  six  different  sections.2  The 
labor  law  says  that  school  records  shall  be  “ signed  by  the  principal  or 
chief  executive  officer  of  the  school  which  such  child  has  attended,”  3 
while  the  education  law,  which  takes  precedence  merely  because 
more  recently  amended,  says  that  they  shall  be  signed — 

“a  In  a city  of  the  first  class  by  the  principal  or  chief  executive 
of  a school. 

“b  In  all  other  cities  and  in  school  districts  having  a population  of 
5,000  or  more  and  employing  a superintendent  of  schools,  by  the  super- 
intendent of  schools  only. 

uc  In  all  other  school  districts  by  the  principal  teacher  of  the 
school.”  4 

The  greatest  degree  of  complexity,  however,  appears  only  when 
an  attempt  is  made  to  discover  the  exact  application  of  the  minimum- 
age  and  employment-certificate  provisions — the  corner  stone  upon 
which  rests  the  entire  structure  oi  child-labor  legislation. 

No  single  minimum-age  or  employment-certificate  law  applies  to 
all  places  of  employment  in  all  localities  and  at  all  times.  Instead, 
five  sections  of  the  labor  and  compulsory  education  laws  apply  to 
different  industries,  or  to  places  of  different  sizes,  or  only  to  the  time 
when  schools  are  in  session.  The  accompanying  chart  shows  the 
exact  application  of  each  of  these  sections. 


1 Labor  Law,  secs.  71, 72,  73, 75,  76,  and  secs.  162, 163,  164, 165, 166,  and  167.  For  the  text  of  these  sections 
see  pp.  120-122,  124. 

2 Labor  Law,  secs.  43,  56,  59, 76, 1G7,  and  172.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  116, 118, 119,  122, 124. 

3 Labor  Law,  secs.  73  and  165.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  122, 124. 

4 Education  Law,  sec.  630,  subsec.  2.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  128. 


112 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


The  minimum  age  of  14  applies  to  employment,  first,  in  any  place 
in  the  State  in  factories  at  any  time; 1 second,  in  cities  and  villages 
having  a~  population  of  3,000  or  more  in  mercantile  establishments, 
business  offices,  telegraph  offices,  restaurants,  hotels,  apartment 
houses,  theaters  and  other  places  of  amusement,  bowling  alleys, 
barber  shops,  and  shoe-polishing  establishments,  in  the  distribution 
or  transmission  of  merchandise,  articles,  or  messages,  and  in  the  dis- 
tribution or  sale  of  articles  at  any  time;2  and  third,  anywhere  in 
the  State  “in  any  business  or  service  whatever”  during  “any  part 
of  the  term  during  which  the  public  schools  of  the  district  or  city  in 
which  the  child  resides  are  in  session.”  3 But  the  section  of  the  law 
which  prohibits  employment  under  14  in  factories  specifically  pro- 
vides that  ‘ ‘ nothing  herein  contained  shall  prevent  a person  engaged 
in  farming  from  permitting  his  children  to  do  farm  work  for  him 
upon  his  farm;”  and  also  that  “boys  over  the  age  of  12  years  may 
be  employed  in  gathering  produce,  for  not  more  than  six  hours  in 
any  one  day,  subject  to  the  requirements”  of  the  education  law.4  The 
employer  is  responsible  for  violation  of  any  minimum- age  require- 
ment. 

Employment  certificates  are  required  of  children  from  14  to  16 
years  of  age  for  employment,  first,  in  any  place  in  the  State  in  fac- 
tories,5 mercantile  establishments,  business  or  telegraph  offices,  res- 
taurants, hotels,  and  apartment  houses,  and  in  the  distribution  or 
transmission  of  merchandise  or  messages; 6 second,  in  first  and 
second  class  cities  in  any  occupation; 7 and  third,  in  cities  and  vil- 
lages having  a population  of  3,000  or  more  in  theaters  and  other 
places  of  amusement,  bowling  alleys,  barber  shops,  and  shoe-polishing 
establishments,  in  the  distribution  of  articles  other  than  merchandise 
and  messages,  and  in  the  sale  of  articles.8  In  addition,  school-record 
certificates  are  required  for  employment  of  children  14  to  16  years 
of  age  in  any  occupation  and  in  any  place  where  employment  certifi- 
cates are  not  required,9  i.  e.,  in  places  of  less  than  3,000  inhabitants 
in  theaters  and  other  places  of  amusement,  bowling  alleys,  barber 
shops,  shoe-polishing  establishments,  in  the  distribution  or  trans- 
mission of  articles  other  than  merchandise  or  messages,  and  in  the 
distribution  or  sale  of  articles;  and  anywhere  outside  of  first  and 
second  class  cities  in  any  occupation  whatever  not  specifically  men- 
tioned, except  that  in  places  of  over  5,000  inhabitants  children  must 
hold  employment  certificates  in  order  to  be  exempt  from  school 
attendance.  It  is  to  be  noted  particularly  that  children  employed 
by  peddlers  or  in  places  of  amusement  in  the  smaller  cities  are  not 
required  to  hold  employment  but  only  school-record  certificates.  The 
principal  significance  of  this  lies  in  the  fact  that  amusement  resorts, 


1 Labor  Law,  sec.  70.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  120. 

2 Labor  Law,  sec.  162.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  124. 

3 Education  Law,  sec.  626,  subsec.  1.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  126.  In  order  to  receive  their 

full  apportionment  of  public  moneys  all  schools  must  be  in  session  at  least  180  days.  Education  Law,  sec. 
492  as  amended  by  Acts  of  1913,  ch.  511. 

^ Labor  Law,  sec.  70.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  120. 

6 Labor  Law,  sec.  70;  Education  Law,  sec.  626,  subsecs.  2 and  3.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  seepp.  120, 
126. 

c Education  Law,  sec.  626,  subsecs.  2 and  3.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  126. 

i Education  Law,  sec.  626,  subsec.  3.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  126.  Cities  of  the  first  class  have  a 
population  of  175,000  or  more;  cities  of  the  second  class,  a population  of  between  50,000  and  175,000;  cities  of 
the  third  class,  a population  of  less  than  50,000;  villages  may  vary  widely  in  population;  towns  are  munici- 
pal corporations  comprising  the  inhabitants  within  their  boundaries.  The  village  is  a part  of  the  town 
but  the  city  is  not.  Towns  have  no  stipulated  population  in  New  York  State. 

8 Labor  Law,  sec.  162.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  124. 

s Education  Law,  sec.  626,  subsec.  2.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  126. 


ANALYSIS  OF  AF 

[Ce 


Places  of  empli 


(1)  Factories 


(2)  Mercantile  establishments 
Business  offices 
Telegraph  offices 
Restaurants 
Hotels 

Apartment  houses 
Distribution  or  transmissio: 
sages 


(3)  Theaters  or  other  places  of 
Bowling  alleys 
Barber  shops 

Shoe-polishing  establishme 
Distribution  or  transmissic 
merchandise  or  messages 
Distribution  or  sale  of  artic 


(4)  Other  occupations 


i The  compulsory  educatic 
superintendent  of  schools"  and 
assumed  that  every  city  or  sch 

46446° — 17.  (To  fae 


ANALYSIS  OF  APPLICATION  OF  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  LAWS  OF  NEW  YORK  STATE 

[Certificate  requirements  for  employment  and  for  exemption  from  school  attendance  of  children  14  to  16  years  of  age.] 


Places  of  employment. 

Law. 

Purpose  for  which 
certificate  is  re- 
quired. 

Kind  of  certificate  in  specified  localities. 

(1)  Cities  of  first  and 
second  class. 

Cities  or  school  districts  having  population  of— 

(2)  5,000  and  over.’ 

(3)  3,000  to  5, 000.  (4)  Under  3,000. 

(1)  Factories 

Labor 
(1)  Sec.  70 

(1)  Employment 

Employment  certificate  (enforced  by  factoiy  inspectors) 

Education 
(3)  Sec.  626 

Employment  certificate 

(4)  Sec.  621 

(2)  Exemption  from 
school  attendance 

Employment  certificate  and  regular 
employment 

Regular  and  lawful  employment  in 
useful  work 

(5)  Sec.  624 

Employment  certificate  and  regular 
employment 

(2)  Mercantile  establishments 
Business  offices 
Telegraph  offices 
Restaurants 
Hotels 

Apar  tment  houses 

Distribution  or  transmission  of  merchandise  or  mes- 
sages 

Labor 

(2)  Sec.  162 

(1)  Employment 

Employment  certificate 

(Enforced  by  mer-  I (Enforced  by  local  health  depart-  No  Pr°vision 
cantile  inspectors)  ments) 

Education 
(3)  Sec.  626 

Employment  certificate 

(4)  Sec.  621 

(2)  Exemption  from 
school  attendance 

Employment  certificate  and  regular 
employment 

Regular  and  lawful  employment  in 
useful  work 

(5)  Sec.  624 

Employment  certificate  and  regular 
employment 

(3)  Theaters  or  other  places  of  amusement 
Bowling  alleys 
Barber  shops 

Shoe-polishing  establishments 
Distribution  or  transmission  of  articles  other  than 
merchandise  or  messages 
Distribution  or  sale  of  articles 

Labor 

(2)  Sec.  162 

(1)  Employment 

Emp 

(Enforced  by  mer- 
cantile inspectors) 

iloyment  certificate 

(Enforced  by  local  health  depart-  No  Provision 
ments) 

Education 
(3)  Sec.  626 

Employment  cer- 
tificate 

School-record  certificate 

(4)  Sec.  621 

(2)  Exemption  from 
school  attendance 

Employment  certificate  and  regular 
employment 

Regular  and  lawful  employment  in 
useful  work 

(5)  Sec.  624 

School-record  certificate  and  regular 
employment 

(4)  Other  occupations 

Labor 

No  provision 

Education 
(3)  Sec.  626 

(1)  Employment 

Employment  cer- 
tificate 

School-record  certificate 

(4)  Sec.  621 

(2)  Exemption  from 
school  attendance 

Employment  certificate  and  regular 
employment 

Regular  and  lawful  employment  in 
useful  work 

School-record  certificate  and  regular 
employment 

(5)  Sec.  624 

1 The  compulsory  education  law,  secs.  621  and  624,  distinguishes  between  a child  “residing  in  a city  or  school  district  having  a population  of  5,000  or  moreand  employing  a 
‘■perintendent  of  schools”  and  one  “residing  elsewhere  than  in  a city  or  school  district  having  a population  of  5, 000  or  more  and  employing  a superintendent  of  schools.”  It  is  here 
assumed  that  every  city  or  school  district  having  a population  of  5,000  or  more  employs  a superintendent  of  schools. 

46446°— 17.  (To  face  page  112.) 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


113 


including  dance  halls,  skating  rinks,  etc.,  are  frequently  situated  in 
small  suburbs  of  large  cities.  The  occupations  not  mentioned 
would  include,  of  course,  domestic  work — for  example,  nurse  maid; 
farm  work,  such  as  picking  fruit;  and  other  miscellaneous  oc- 
cupations. Though  the  majority  of  employers  and  of  children 
are  covered  by  the  employment-certificate  provisions  there  appear 
to  be  many  for  whom  only  school-record  certificates  are  required. 

The  first  thing  discovered  in  examining  the  various  sections  of  the 
law  is  that  the  minimum  age  for  employment  and  the  ages  when 
either  employment  or  school-record  certificates  are  required  do  not 
exactly  dovetail  because  they  do  not  apply  to  exactly  the  same  places 
of  employment.  For  a child  under  16  to  stay  out  of  school  anywhere 
for  any  purpose  he  must  have  some  form  of  certificate.1  For  employ- 
ment out  of  school  hours  or  during  school  vacations,  however,  three 
out  of  the  five  sections  relating  to  employment  certificates,  each  of 
which  has  a different  application,  provide  only  for  issuing  certificates 
to  children  from  14  to  16  years  of  age  and  therefore  make  no  provision 
for  children  under  14  who,  nevertheless,  may  be  employed  in  certain 
places  during  school  vacations.  The  section  of  the  labor  law  relating 
to  factories,  for  example,  specifically  permits  boys  over  12  to  be  em- 
ployed in  gathering  produce.  If  between  14  and  16  years  of  age  such 
a boy  apparently  might  be  required  to  have  an  employment  certifi- 
cate 2 whether  working  during  vacation  or  during  the  term  that  schools 
were  in  session;  but  if  between  12  and  14 — the  very  period  when  it  is 
most  important  to  prove  that  he  is  actually  of  an  age  to  be  legally 
employed — nothing  in  the  law  appears  to  prevent  his  working  during 
vacations  without  any  documentary  evidence  of  the  legality  of  his 
employment.3  Moreover,  no  minimum  age  is  fixed  and  no  form  of 
employment  certificate  is  required  during  school  vacations  for  chil- 
dren under  14  for  any  occupation  or  in  any  place  not  specifically  men- 
tioned in  the  labor  law — i.  e.,  (1)  employment  anywhere  in  the  State 
in  factories4  and  (2)  employment  in  cities  of  over  3,000  inhabitants 
in  mercantile  establishments,  business  offices,  telegraph  offices,  res- 
taurants, hotels,  apartment  houses,  theaters  or  other  places  of  amuse- 
ment, bowling  alleys,  barber  shops,  shoe-polishing  establishments, 
or  in  the  distribution  or  transmission  of  merchandise,  articles,  or  mes- 
sages, or  in  the  distribution  or  sale  of  articles.5  In  the  former  case 
the  child  who  can  gather  produce  during  vacation  without  a certificate 
from  the  time  he  is  12  until  he  is  14,  apparently  may  have  to  obtain  a 
certificate,  even  for  vacation  work,  as  soon  as  he  becomes  14.  In  the 
latter  case,  too,  the  child  who  from  the  time  he  is  physically  capable 
of  any  useful  labor  until  he  is  14  can  be  legally  employed  without  a 


1 Education  Law,  sec.  624.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  126. 

2 Labor  Law,  sec.  70.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  120. 

3 Such  a case  is  not  covered  (1)  by  Labor  Law,  sec.  70,  because  this  section  requires  certificates  only  for 
children  "between  the  ages  of  14  and  16”;  (2)  by  Labor  Law,  sec.  162,  because  this  type  of  employment  is 
not  mentioned  as  covered  by  this  section,  and  even  if  it  could  by  any  stretch  be  considered  to  be  covered, 
this  section  applies  only  to  cities  and  villages  having  a population  of  over  3,000;  (3)  by  Education  Law, 
sec.  626,  because  this  section  requires  certificates  only  for  children  "between  14  and  16  years  of  age”;  (4) 
by  Education  Law,  sec.  624,  because  this  section  applies  only  to  school  attendance,  and  therefore  does  not 
cover  vacation  employment;  or  (5)  by  Education  Law,  sec.  621,  for  both  of  the  two  last-given  reasons.  A 
child  under  14  is  not  exempted  from  school  attendance,  even  for  employment,  and  Education  Law, 
sec.  626,  subsec.  1,  makes  it  illegal  to  employ  a child  "in  any  business  or  service  whatever,  for  any  part  of 
the  term  during  which  the  public  schools  of  the  district  or  city  in  which  the  child  resides  are  in  session.” 
This  appears  to  make  it  illegal  to  employ  any  child  under  14  after  school  hours  while  school  is  in  session, 
and  therefore  restricts  their  employment  to  school  vacations. 

* Labor  Law,  sec.  70.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  120. 

5 Labor  Law,  sec.  162.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  124. 

46446°— 17 8 


114  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 

certificate  during  the  long  school  vacations — in  some  nonfactory 
occupations  anywhere  and  in  any  nonfactory  occupation  in  a com- 
munity which  has  less  than  3,000  inhabitants — apparently  has  to  ob- 
tain some  kind  of  a certificate  for  such  work  after  he  becomes  14 
years  of  age.1 

An  analysis2  of  the  exact  application  of  the  sections  of  the  labor  and 
education  laws 3 which  require  certificates  for  employment  or  for 
exemption  from  school  attendance  of  children  from  14  to  16  years  of 
age  increases  rather  than  decreases  the  complexity.  To  discover 
for  what  occupations,  in  what  localities,  and  at  what  times  such  a 
child  must  have  either  an  employment  certificate  or  a school-record 
certificate  requires  the  careful  consideration  of  four  different  places 
of  employment  or  groups  of  such  places,4  four  classes  of  localities,5 
and  two  elements  of  time.6  These  provisions  are  contained  in  five 
separate  sections  of  two  distinct  laws. 

Of  these  five  sections  only  two  apply  to  the  same  places  of  employ- 
ment and  the  same  localities  at  the  same  times,  and  even  these  two 
differ  somewhat  in  their  requirements.7  One  section  of  the  labor 
law" 8 applies  only  to  factories,  but  to  factories  anywhere  in  the  State. 
The  other  section  of  the  labor  law  applies  to  mercantile  establishments 
and  to  a list  of  other  places 9 — some  but  not  by  any  means  all  of 
which  are  covered  by  one  section  of  the  education  law.  In  other 
words,  the  places  of  employment  mentioned  in  the  section  of  the 
labor  law  referring  to  mercantile  establishments  must  be  divided  into 
two  groups,  one  of  which  is  covered  by  requirements  similar  to  those 
of  the  labor  law  relating  to  factories  and  the  other  by  entirely 
different  requirements  in  the  education  law.  Moreover,  the 
occupations  not  mentioned  at  all  in  the  labor  law  constitute  a 
fourth  group  covered  only  by  the  education  law.10  The  section  of 
the  labor  law  relating  to  mercantile  and  other  establishments  11  does 
not  apply  to  cities  and  villages  of  less  than  3,000  population;  two 
sections  of  the  education  law  12  create  differences  between  cities  and 


1 Doubt  is  thrown  upon  this  interpretation,  however,  by  the  fact  that  the  first  part  of  sec.  626  of  the  edu- 
cation law,  the  only  one  relating  to  employment  and  not  merely  to  school  attendance,  prohibits  the  employ- 
ment of  a child  under  14  “in  any  business  or  service  whatever”  only  during  “any  part  of  the  term  dining 
which  the  public  schools  of  the'district  or  city  in  which  the  child  resides  are  in  session.”  Though  in  the 
subsections  relating  to  certificates  no  mention  is  made  of  this  limitation  to  school-terms,  it  might  be  argued 
that  this  first  provision  limited  the  application  of  the  entire  section. 

2 The  results  of  such  an  analysis  are  presented  in  tabular  form  on  the  chart  facing  p.  112. 

3 Labor  Law,  secs.  70  and  162;  Education  Law,  secs.  621,  624,  and  626.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see 
pp. 120,  124, 125,  126. 

4(1)  Factories;  (2)  mercantile  establishments,  business  offices,  telegraph  offices,  restaurants,  hotels, 
apartment  houses,  distribution  or  transmission  of  merchandise  or  messages;  (3)  theaters  or  other  places 
of  amusement,  bowling  alleys,  barber  shops,  shoe-polishing  establishments,  distribution  or  transmission 

Of  articles  other  than  merchandise  or  messages,  distribution  or  sale  of  articles;  and  (4)  ofher  occupations. 

6  (1 ) Cities  of  the  first  and  second  classes;  and  (2)  cities  or  school  districts  having  over  5,000,  (3)  from  3,000 
to  5,000,  and  (4)  under  3,000  inhabitants. 

6 Employment  (1)  during  school  hours  and  (2)  outside  of  school  hours. 

7 Education  Law,  secs.  621  and  624.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  125,  126.  The  first  of  these  sec- 
tions provides  that  every  child  must  attend  school,  and  the  second  that  every  person  in  parental  relation  to 
a child  must  send  the  child  to  school.  These  two  sections  both  distinguish  between  (1 ) childr  en  residing  in 
cities  or  school  districts  having  a population  of  5,000  or  more  and  employing  a superintendent  of  schools, 
and  (2)  children  residing  elsewhere.  For  the  first  class  of  children  the  provisions  of  the  two  sections  are 
practically  the  same,  that  children  from  14  to  16  years  of  age  must  attend  school  unless  they  have  employ- 
ment certificates  and  are  regularly  employed.  They  are  worded  differently,  however.  For  the  second 
class  of  children— those  living  in  cities  or  school  districts  having  less  than  5,000  inhabitants— the  first 
section  provides  for  exemption  from  school  attendance  if  “regularly  andlawfully  engaged  in  any  useful 
employment  or  service,”  and  the  second  requires  for  such  exemption  either  an  employment  certificate 
and  regular  employment  in  a factory  or  mercantile  establishment,  business  or  telegraph  office,  restaurant, 
hotel,  apartment  house,  or  in  the  distribution  or  transmission  of  merchandise  or  messages;  or  else  a school- 
record  certificate  and  regular  employment  in  some  other  occupation  or  place. 

8 Labor  Law,  sec.  70.  ' For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  126. 

9 Labor  Law,  sec.  162.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  124. 

10  Education  Law,  secs.  621,  624,  and  626.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  125,126. 

11  Labor  Law,  sec.  162.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  124. 

12  Education  Law,  s6cs.  621  and  624.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  125,126. 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YT)RK. 


115 


school  districts  of  under  5,000  population  and  those  of  5,000  and  over; 
and  the  third  section  of  the  education  law1  establishes  for  cities  of  the 
first  and  second  classes  different  requirements  from  those  for  the  rest 
of  the  State.  Finally,  two  sections  of  the  education  law 2 relate  only 
to  school  attendance  and  therefore  do  not  affect  vacation  employment 
or  employment  before  or  after  school  hours,  while  the  third  section 
of  the  education  law  and  both  sections  of  the  labor  law3  relate  to 
employment  at  any  time. 

Careful  analysis  makes  the  law  finally  comprehensible,  as  it  brings 
out  the  fact  that  everywhere  in  the  State  a child  between  14  and  16 
must  have  either  an  employment  or  a school-record  certificate,  and 
that  “regular  employment’ ’ is  required  for  exemption  from  school 
attendance — in  other  words,  such  a child  must  be  either  at  school  or 
at  work  while  the  schools  are  in  session.  This  fact  does  not,  how- 
ever, obviate  the  practical  disadvantages — especially  from  the  point 
of  view  of  enforcement — of  laws  so  complicated  that  their  exact 
application  is  difficult  to  determine.  Nor  are  these  disadvantages 
obviated  by  the  fact  that,  if  overlapping  provisions  apparently  re- 
quiring both  employment  and  school-record  certificates  are  overlooked 
on  the  assumption  that  the  latter  can  be  ignored  as  themselves  pre- 
requisites to  obtaining  the  former,  it  is  possible  after  careful  study  to 
discover  where  and  at  what  times  employment  certificates,  and  where 
and  at  what  times  only  school-record  certificates  are  necessary  for 
the  employment  of  children  from  14  to  16  years  of  age. 


1 Education  Law,  sec.  626.  For  the  text  of  this  section  see  p.  126. 

2 Education  Law,  secs.  621  and  624.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  125,126. 

3 Labor  Law,  secs.  70, 162;  Education  Law,  sec.  626.  For  the  text  of  these  sections  see  pp.  120, 124, 126. 


LAWS  RELATING  TO  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATES. 

In  effect  Jan.  1, 1916. 

Note.  — f The  duties,  authority,  and  powers  relating  to  the  enforcement  of  labor  laws  here- 
tofore exercised  by  the  commissioner  of  labor,  the  deputy  commissioner  of  labor,  and  the 
industrial  board,  have  been  transferred  by  chapter  674  of  the  Acts  of  1915  to  the  industrial 
commission.  In  every  case  the  new  enforcing  authority  has  been  indicated  in  the  text  by 
an  insertion  in  brackets,  the  former  enforcing  powers  being  omitted .] 

REGULATED  OCCUPATIONS. 

DEFINITIONS. 

Terms  used  in  labor  laws. — Employee.  The  term  “ employee/’  when  used  in  this 
chapter,  means  a mechanic,  workingman  or  laborer  who  works  for  another  for  hire. 

Employer.  The  term  “employer,”  when  used  in  this  chapter,  means  the  person 
employing  any  such  mechanic,  workingman  or  laborer,  whether  the  owner,  proprietor, 
agent,  superintendent,  foreman  or  other  subordinate. 

Factory;  work  for  a factory.  The  term  factory,  when  used  in  this  chapter,  shall 
be  construed  to  include  any  mill,  workshop,  or  other  manufacturing  or  business 
establishment  and  all  buildings,  sheds,  structures  or  other  places  used  for  or  in  con- 
nection therewith,  where  one  or  more  persons  are  employed  at  labor,  except  dry 
dock  plants  engaged  in  making  repairs  to  ships,  and  except  power  houses,  generating 
plants,  barns,  storage  houses,  sheds  and  other  structures  owned  or  operated  by  a 
public  service  corporation,  other  than  construction  or  repair  shops,  subject  to  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  public  service  commission  under  the  public  service  commission 
law.  Work  shall  be  deemed  to  be  done  for  a factory  within  the  meaning  of  this  chapter 
whenever  it  is  done  at  any  place,  upon  the  work  of  a factory  or  upon  any  of  the  mate- 
rials entering  into  the  product  of  the  factory,  whether  under  contract  or  arrangement 
with  any  person  in  charge  of  or  connected  with  such  factory  directly  or  indirectly 
through  the  instrumentality  of  one  or  more  contractors  or  other  third  persons. 
******* 

Mercantile  establishment.  The  term  “mercantile  establishment,’ ’ when  used  in 
this  chapter,  means  any  place  where  goods,  wares  or  merchandise  are  offered  for  sale. 

Tenement  house.  The  term  “tenement  house,”  when  used  in  this  chapter,  means 
any  house  or  building,  or  portion  thereof,  which  is  either  rented,  leased,  let  or  hired 
out,  to  be  occupied,  or  is  occupied  in  whole  or  in  part  as  the  home  or  residence  of  three 
families  or  more  liying  independently  of  each  other,  and  doing  their  cooking  upon  the 
premises,  and  includes  apartment  houses,  flat  houses  and  all  other  houses  so  occupied, 
and  for  the  purposes  of  this  chapter  shall  be  construed  to  include  any  building  on  the 
same  lot  with  any  such  tenement  house  and  which  is  used  for  any  of  the  purposes 
specified  in  section  one  hundred  of  this  chapter. 

" Whenever,  in  this  chapter,  authority  is  conferred  upon  the  [industrial  commission], 
it  shall  also  be  deemed  to  include  [its]  deputies  or  a deputy  acting  under  [its]  direc- 
tion. [Consolidated  Laws  1909  volume  3 Labor  Chapter  31  article  1 section  2 as 
amended  by  1913  Chapter  529,  by  1914  Chapter  512,  and  by  1915  Chapter  650] 

Court  decision. — A factory  is  a structure  or  plant  where  something  is  made  or  manufactured  from  raw 
or  partly  wrought  materials  into  forms  suitable  for  use.— Shannahan  v.  Empire  Engineering  Corporation, 
204  N.  Y.  543  (1913). 

Opinion.— Departments  maintained  in  department  stores,  clothing  stores,  and  millinery  shops,  in  which 
articles  are  made  are  factories.— Attorney  General  (1913). 

ALL  REGULATED  OCCUPATIONS. 

ENFORCEMENT. 

Industrial  commission  to  be  head  of  the  department  of  labor. — There  shall  be  a depart- 
ment of  labor,  the  head  of  which  shall  be  the  industrial  commission.  * * * [C  L 
1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  3 s 40  as  amended  by  1915  C 674] 

Towers  of  industrial  commission;  hindering  commissioners  or  their  deputies , etc.,  pro- 
hibited.— 1.  The  commissioners,  deputy  commissioners,  secretary  and  other  officers 

116 


LAWS  RELATING  TO  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATES.  117 

and  assistants  of  the  commission  may  administer  oaths  and  take  affidavits  in  matters 
relating  to  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  commission. 

2.  No  person  shall  interfere  with,  obstruct  or  hinder  by  force  or  otherwise  the  com- 
missioners, deputy  commissioners,  or  any  officer,  agent  or  employee  of  the  department 
of  labor  while  in  the  performance  of  their  duties,  or  refuse  to  properly  answer  ques- 
tions asked  by  such  officers  or  employees  pertaining  to  the  provisions  of  this  chapter, 
or  refuse  them  admittance  to  any  place  which  is  affected  by  the  provisions  of  this 
chapter.  * * * [CL  1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  3 s 43  as  amended  by  1915  C 674] 

Powers  of  industrial  commission;  investigations , etc. — The  commission  shall  have 
power  to  make  investigations  concerning  and  report  upon  the  conditions  of  labor 
generally  and  upon  all  matters  relating  to  the  enforcement  and  effect  of  the  provisions 
of  this  chapter  and  of  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  commission.  Each  member  of 
the  commission  and  the  secretary  shall  have  power  to  administer  oaths  and  take  affi- 
davits and  to  make  personal  inspections  of  all  places  to  which  this  chapter  applies. 
The  commission  shall  have  power  to  subpoena  and  require  the  attendance  of  wit- 
nesses and  the  production  of  books  and  papers  pertinent  to  the  investigations  and 
inquiries  hereby  authorized,  and  to  examine  them  in  relation  to  any  matter  it  has 
power  to  investigate,  and  to  issue  commissions  for  the  examination  of  witnesses  who 
are  out  of  the  State  or  unable  to  attend  before  the  commission,  or  excused  from  attend- 
ance. [C  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  3-a  s 51  as  added  by  1913  C 145  and  amended  by 
1915  C 674] 

Regulations  of  industrial  commission. — (1)  The  commission  shall  have  power  to  make, 
amend  and  repeal  rules  and  regulations  for  carrying  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this 
chapter,  applying  such  provisions  to  specific  conditions  and  prescribing  means,  meth- 
ods and  practices  to  effectuate  such  provisions. 

******* 

(5)  The  rules  and  regulations  of  the  commission  shall  have  the  force  and  effect  of 
law  and  shall  be  enforced  in  the  same  manner  as  the  provisions  of  this  chapter. 

(6)  No  provision  of  this  chapter  specifically  conferring  power  on  the  commission  to 
make  rules  and  regulations  shall  limit  the  power  conferred  by  this  section.  [C  L 1909 
v 3 Labor  C 31  art  3-a  s 51-a  as  added  by  1915  C 674] 

Opinion.—' The  [industrial  commission]  may  adopt  rules  and  regulations  for  the  safety  of  factories  more 
stringent  than  corresponding  provisions  of  the  Labor  Law.— Attorney  General  (1913). 

First  deputy  industrial  commissioner  to  be  inspector  general;  bureau  of  inspection;  divi- 
sions— The  bureau  of  inspection,  subject  to  the  supervision  and  direction  of  the  [in- 
dustrial commission],  shall  have  charge  of  all  inspections  made  pursuant  to  the  provi- 
sions of  this  chapter,  and  shall  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  assigned  to  it  by 
the  [industrial  commission].  The  first  deputy  [industrial  commissioner]  shall  be  the 
inspector  general  of  the  State,  and  in  charge  of  this  bureau  subject  to  the  direction 
and  supervision  of  the  [industrial  commission],  except  that  the  division  of  industrial 
hygiene  shall  be  under  the  immediate  direction  and  supervision  of  the  [industrial 
commission].  Such  bureau  shall  have  four  divisions  as  follows:  Factory  inspection, 
homework  inspection,  mercantile  inspection  and  industrial  hygiene.  There  shall  be 
such  other  divisions  in  such  bureau  as  the  [industrial  commission]  may  deem  necess- 
ary. In  addition  to  their  respective  duties  as  prescribed  by  the  provisions  of  this 
chapter,  such  divisions  shall  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  assigned  to  them  by 
the  [industrial  commission],  [C  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  4 (as  renumbered  by  1913 
C 145)  s 53  as  amended  by  1913  C 145] 

Appointment  of  factory  and  mercantile  inspectors. — 1.  Factory  inspectors.  There 
shall  not  be  less  than  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  factory  inspectors,  not  more  than 
thirty  of  whom  shall  be  women.  Such  inspectors  shall  be  appointed  by  the  [indus- 
trial commission]  and  may  be  removed  by  [it]  at  any  time.  The  inspectors  shall  be 
divided  into  seven  grades.  Inspectors  of  the  first  grade,  of  whom  there  shall  not  be 
more  than  ninety-five,  shall  each  receive  an  annual  salary  of  one  thousand  two  hundred 
.dollars;  inspectors  of  the  second  grade,  of  whom  there  shall  be  not  more  than  fifty, 
'shall  each  receive  an  annual  salary  of  one  thousand  five  hundred  dollars;  inspectors  of 
the  third  grade,  of  whom  there  shall  be  not  more  than  twenty-five,  shall  each  receive  an 
annual  salary  of  one  thousand  eight  hundred  dollars;  inspectors  of  the  fourth  grade, 
of  whom  there  shall  be  not  more  than  ten,  shall  each  receive  an  annual  salary  of  two 
thousand  dollars  and  shall  be  attached  to  the  division  of  industrial  hygiene  and  act  as 
investigators  in  such  division;  inspectors  of  the  fifth  grade,  of  whom  there  shall  be 
not  more  than  nine,  one  of  whom  shall  be  able  to  speak  and  write  at  least  five  European 
languages  in  addition  to  English,  shall  each  receive  an  annual  salary  of  two  thousand 
five  hundred  dollars  and  shall  act  as  supervising  inspectors;  inspectors  of  the  sixth 
grade,  of  whom  there  shall  be  not  less  than  three  and  one  of  whom  shall  be  a woman, 
shall  act  as  medical  inspectors  and  shall  each  receive  an  annual  salary  of  two  thousand 


118 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


five  hundred  dollars;  inspectors  of  the  seventh  grade,  of  whom  there  shall  be  not  less 
than  four,  shall  each  receive  an  annual  salary  of  three  thousand  five  hundred  dollars; 
all  of  the  inspectors  of  the  sixth  grade  shall  be  physicians  duly  licensed  to  practice 
medicine  in  the  State  of  New  York.  Of  the  inspectors  of  the  seventh  grade  one  shall 
be  a physician  duly  licensed  to  practice  medicine  in  the  State  of  New  York,  and  he 
shall  be  the  chief  medical  inspector;  one  shall  be  a chemical  engineer;  one  shall  be  a 
mechanical  engineer,  and  an  expert  in  ventilation  and  accident  prevention;  and  one 
shall  be  a civil  engineer,  and  an  expert  in  fire  prevention  and  building  construction. 

2.  Mercantile  inspectors.  The  [industrial  commission]  may  appoint  from  time  to 
time  not  more  than  twenty  mercantile  inspectors  not  less  than  four  of  whom  shall  be 
women  and  who  may  be  removed  by  [it]  at  any  time.  The  mercantile  inspectors  may 
be  divided  into  three  grades  but  not  more  than  five  shall  be  of  the  third  grade.  Each 
mercantile  inspector  of  the  first  grade  shall  receive  an  annual  salary  of  one  thousand 
dollars;  of  the  second  grade  an  annual  salary  of  one  thousand  two  hundred  dollars; 
and  of  the  third  grade  an  annual  salary  of  one  thousand  five  hundred  dollars.  [C  L 
1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  4 (as  renumbered  by  1913  C 145)  s 54  as  amended  by  1913  C 145] 

Factory-inspection  districts;  appointment  of  chief  factory  inspectors , etc. — For  the  in- 
spection of  factories,  there  shall  be  two  inspection  districts  to  be  known  as  the  first 
factory  inspection  district  and  the  second  factory  inspection  district.  The  first  fac- 
tory inspection  district  shall  include  the  counties  of  New  York,  Bronx,  Kings,  Queens, 
Richmond,  Nassau  and  Suffolk.  The  second  factory  inspection  district  shall  include 
all  the  other  counties  of  the  State.  There  shall  be  two  chief  factory  inspectors  who 
shall  be  appointed  by  the  [industrial  commission]  and  who  may  be  removed  by  [it] 
at  any  time  and  each  of  whom  shall  receive  a salary  of  four  thousand  dollars  a year. 
The  inspection  of  factories  in  each  factory  inspection  district  shall,  subject  to  the 
supervision  and  direction  of  the  [industrial  commission],  be  in  charge  of  a chief  fac- 
tory inspector  assigned  to  such  district  by  the  [industrial  commission].  The  [indus- 
trial commission]  may  designate  one  of  the  supervising  inspectors  as  assistant  chief 
factory  inspector  for  the  first  district,  and  while  acting  as  such  assistant  chief  factory 
inspector  he  shall  receive  an  additional  salary  of  five  hundred  dollars  per  annum. 
[C  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  4 (as  renumbered  by  1913  C 145)  s 55  as  added  bv  1913 
C 145] 

Duties  and  poivers  of  industrial  commission , factory  inspectors , etc. — 1.  The  [indus- 
trial commission]  shall,  from  time  to  time,  divide  the  State  into  sub-districts,  assign 
one  factory  inspector  of  the  fifth  grade  to  each  sub-district  as  supervising  inspector, 
and  may  in  [its]  discretion  transfer  such  supervising  inspector  from  one  sub-district 
to  another;  [it]  shall  from  time  to  time,  assign  and  transfer  factory  inspectors  to  each 
factory  inspection  district  and  to  any  of  the  divisions  of  the  bureau  of  inspection; 
[it]  may  assign  any  factory  inspector  to  inspect  any  special  class  or  classes  of  factories 
or  to  enforce  any  special  provisions  of  this  chapter;  and  [it]  may  assign  any  one  or 
more  of  them  to  act  as  clerks  in  any  office  of  the  department. 

2.  The  [industrial  commission]  may  authorize  any  deputy  [industrial  commissioner] 
or  assistant  and  any  agent  or  inspector  in  the  department  of  labor  to  act  as  a factory 
inspector  with  the  full  power  and  authority  thereof. 

3.  The  [industrial  commission],  the  first  deputy  [industrial  commissioner]  and  his 
assistant  or  assistants,  and  every  factory  inspector  and  every  person  duly  author- 
ized pursuant  to  sub-division  two  of  this  section  may,  in  the  discharge  of  [its  or]  his 
duties  enter  any  place,  building  or  room  which  is  affected  by  the  provisions  of  this 
chapter  and  may  enter  any  factory  whenever  [it  or]  he  may  have  reasonable  cause  to 
believe  that  any  labor  is  being  performed  therein. 

4.  The  [industrial  commission]  shall  visit  and  inspect  or  cause  to  be  visited  and 
inspected  the  factories,  during  reasonable  hours,  as  often  as  practicable,  and  shall 
cause  the  provisions  of  this  chapter  and  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  [industrial 
commission]  to  be  enforced  therein. 

5.  Any  lawful  municipal  ordinance,1  by-law  or  regulation  relating,  to  factories,  in 
addition  to  the  provisions  of  this  chapter  and  not  in  conflict  therewith,  may  be  ob-. 
served  and  enforced  by  the  [industrial  commission].  [C  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  4* 
(as  renumbered  by  1913  C 145)  s 56  as  amended  by  1913  C 145] 

Duties  of  division  of  homework  inspection. — The  division  of  homework  inspection 
shall  be  in  charge  of  an  officer  or  employee  of  the  department  of  labor  designated  by 
the  [industrial  commission]  and  shall,  subject  to  the  supervision  and  direction  of  the 
[industrial  commission],  have  charge  of  all  inspections  of  tenement  houses  and  of  labor 
therein  and  of  all  work  done  for  factories  at  places  other  than  such  factories.  [C  L 
1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  4 (as  renumbered  by  1913  C 145)  s 57  as  added  by  1913  C 145] 


1 With  the  possible  exception  of  New  York  City  ordinances  (City  of  New  York  v.  Trustees,  of  Sailors’ 
Snug  Harbor,  85  App.  Div.  355,  ail’d  180  N.  Y.  527,  and  opinion  by  Attorney  General,  Jan.  16,  1904). 


LAWS  RELATING  TO  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATES. 


119 

Appointment  of  chief  mercantile  inspector. — The  division  of  mercantile  inspection 
shall  be  under  the  immediate  charge  of  the  chief  mercantile  inspector,  but  subject  to 
the  direction  and  supervision  of  the  [industrial  commission].  The  chief  mercantile 
inspector  shall  be  appointed  and  be  at  pleasure  removed  by  the  [industrial  commission] , 
and  shall  receive  an  annual  salary  not  to  exceed  four  thousand  dollars.  [C  L 1909  v 3 
Labor  C 31  art  4 (as  renumbered  by  1913  C 145)  s 58  as  amended  by  1914  C 333] 

Mercantile  inspection  districts;  duties  and  powers  of  industrial  commission , mercantile 
inspectors,  etc. — 1.  The  [industrial  commission]  may  divide  the  cities  of  the  first  and 
second  class  of  the  State  into  mercantile  inspection  districts,  assign  one  or  more  mer- 
cantile inspectors  to  each  such  district,  and  may  in  his  discretion  transfer  them  from 
one  such  district  to  another;  he  may  assign  any  of  them  to  inspect  any  special  class 
or  classes  of  mercantile  or  other  establishments  specified  in  article  twelve  of  this 
chapter,  situated  in  cities  of  the  first  and  second  class,  or  to  enforce  in  cities  of  the 
first  or  second  class  any  special  provision  of  such  article. 

2.  The  [industrial  commission]  may  authorize  any  deputy  [industrial  commissioner] 
or  assistant  and  any  agent  or  inspector  in  the  department  of  labor  to  act  as  a mercan- 
tile inspector  with  the  full  power  and  authority  thereof. 

3.  The  [industrial  commission],  the  chief  mercantile  inspector  and  his  assistant  or 
assistants  and  every  mercantile  inspector  or  acting  mercantile  inspector  may  in  the 
discharge  of  [its  or]  his  duties  enter  any  place,  building  or  room  in  cities  of  the  first 
or  second  class  which  is  affected  by  the  provisions  of  article  twelve  of  this  chapter, 
and  may  enter  any  mercantile  or  other  establishment  specified  in  said  article,  situated 
in  the  cities  of  the  first  or  second  class,  whenever  [it  or]  he  may  have  reasonable  cause 
to  believe  that  it  is  affected  by  the  provisions  of  article  twelve  of  this  chapter. 

4.  The  [industrial  commission]  shall  visit  and  inspect  or  cause  to  be  visited  and 
inspected  the  mercantile  and  other  establishments  specified  in  article  twelve  of  this 
chapter  situated  in  cities  of  the  first  and  second  class,  as  often  as  practicable,  and  shall 
cause  the  provisions  of  said  article  and  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  [industrial  com- 
mission] to  be  enforced  therein. 

5.  Any  lawful  municipal  ordinance,  by-law  or  regulation  relating  to  mercantile  or 
other  establishments  specified  in  article  twelve  of  this  chapter,  in  addition  to  the  pro- 
visions of  this  chapter  and  not  in  conflict  therewith,  may  be  enforced  by  the  [industrial 
commission]  in  cities  of  the  first  and  second  class.  [C  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  4 (as 
renumbered  by  1913  C 145)  s 59  as  amended  by  1913  C 145] 

Duties  and  powers  of  division  of  industrial  hygiene. — The  inspectors  of  the  seventh 
grade  shall  constitute  the  division  of  industrial  hygiene,  which  shall  be  under  the 
immediate  charge  of  the  [industrial  commission].  The  [industrial  commission]  may 
select  one  of  the  inspectors  of  the  seventh  grade  to  act  as  the  director  of  such  division, 
and  such  director  while  acting  in  that  capacity  shall  receive  an  additional  compensa- 
tion of  five  hundred  dollars  a year.  The  members  of  the  division  of  industrial  hygiene 
shall  make  special  inspections  of  factories,  mercantile  establishments  and  other  places 
subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  chapter,  throughout  the  State,  and  shall  conduct  spe- 
cial investigations  of  industrial  processes  and  conditions.  The  commissioner  of  labor 
[industrial  commission]  shall  submit  to  the  industrial  board  [industrial  commission] 
the  recommendations  of  the  division  regarding  proposed  rules  and  regulations  and 
standards  to  be  adopted  to  carry  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  chapter  and  shall 
advise  said  board  [commission]  concerning  the  operation  of  such  rules  and  standards 
and  as  to  any  changes  or  modifications  to  be  made  therein.  The  members  of  such 
division  shall  prepare  material  for  leaflets  and  bulletins  calling  attention  to  dan- 
gers in  particular  industries  and  the  precautions  to  be  taken  to  avoid  them;  and  shall 
perform  such  other  duties  and  render  such  other  services  as  may  be  required  by  the 
[industrial  commission].  The  director  of  such  division  shall  make  an  annual  report 
to  the  [industrial  commission]  of  the  operation  of  the  division,  to  which  may  be  at- 
tached the  individual. reports  of  each  member  of  the  division  as  above  specified,  and 
same  shall  be  transmitted  to  the  legislature  as  part  of  the  annual  report  of  the  [in- 
dustrial commission].  [0  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  4 (as  renumbered  by  1913  C 145) 
s 60  as  added  by  1913  C 145] 

Duties  and  powers  of  medical  inspectors. — The  inspectors  of  the  sixth  grade  shall  con- 
stitute the  section  of  medical  inspection  which  shall,  subject  to  the  supervision  and 
direction  of  the  director  of  the  division  of  industrial  hygiene,  be  under  the  immediate 
charge  of  the  chief  medical  inspector.  The  section  of  medical  inspection  shall  inspect 
factories,  mercantile  establishments  and  other  places  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this 
chapter  throughout  the  State  with  respect  to  conditions  of  work  affecting;  the  health 
of  persons  employed  therein  and  shall  have  charge  of  the  physical  examination  and 
medical  supervision  of  all  children  employed  therein  and  shall  perform  such  other 
duties  and  render  such  other  services  ao  the  [industrial  commission]  may  direct.  [0 
L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  4 (as  renumbered  by  1913  C 145)  s 61  as  added  by  1913  C 145] 


120  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


Powers  of  industrial  commission;  information  to  be  furnished  upon  request ; hindering 
commissioners  or  their  deputies , etc.,  prohibited;  penalty. — The  owner,  'operator,  mana- 
ger or  lessee  of  any  mine,  factory,  workshop,  warehouse,  elevator,  foundry,  machine 
shop  or  other  manufacturing  establishment,  or  any  agent,  superintendent,  subordi- 
nate, or  employee  thereof,  and  any  person  employing  or  directing  any  labor  affected 
by  the  provisions  of  this  chapter,  shall,  when  requested  by  the  [industrial  commission], 
furnish  any  information  in  his  possession  or  under  his  control  which  [said  commission] 
is  authorized  to  require,  and  shall  admit  [it]  or  [its]  duly  authorized  representative  to 
any  place  which  is  affected  by  the  provisions  of  this  chapter  for  the  purpose  of  inspec- 
tion. A person  refusing  to  admit  such  [industrial  commission],  or  person  authorized 
by  [it],  to  any  such  establishment,  or  to  furnish  [it]  any  information  requested,  or  who 
refuses  to  answer  or  untruthfully  answers  questions  put  to  him  by  such  [industrial 
commission],  in  a circular  or  otherwise,  shall  forfeit  to  the  people  of  the  State  the  sum 
of  one  hundred  dollars  for  each  refusal  or  untruthful  answer  given,  to  be  sued  for  and 
recovered  by  the  [industrial  commission]  in  [its]  name  of  office.  The  amount  so  re- 
covered shall  be  paid  into  the  State  treasury.  [C  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  5 (as  renum- 
bered by  1913  C 145)  s 64  as  amended  by  1913  C 145] 

Factories  to  be  registered  with  State  department  of  labor. — The  ovTner  of  every  factory 
shall  register  such  factory  with  the  State  department  of  labor,  giving  the  name  of  the 
owner,  his  home  address,  the  address  of  the  business,  the  name  under  which  it  is  car- 
ried on,  the  number  of  employees  and  such  other  data  as  the  [industrial  commission] 
may  require.  . Such  registration  of  existing  factories  shall  be  made  within  six  months 
after  this  section  takes  effect.  Factories  hereafter  established  shall  be  so  registered 
within  thirty  days  after  the  commencement  of  business.  Within  thirty  days  after  a 
change  in  the  location  of  a factory  the.  owner  thereof  shall  file  with  the  [industrial 
commission]  the  new^  ad  dress  of  the  business,  together  with  such  other  information  as 
the  [industrial  commission]  may  require.  [C  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  6 s 69  as  added 
by  1912  C 335] 

FACTORIES. 

MINIMUM  AGE  AND  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATES. 

Employment  under  14  prohibited;  certificates  required  from  14  to  16;  farm  worh  excepted 
under  certain  conditions. — No  child  under  the  age  of  fourteen  years  shall  be  employed, 
permitted  or  suffered  to  work  in  or  in  connection  with  any  factory  in  this  State,  or  for 
any  factory  at  any  place  in  this  State.  . No  child  between  the  ages  of  fourteen  and  six- 
teen years  shall  be  so  employed,  permitted  or  suffered  to  work  unless  an  employment 
certificate,  issued  as  provided  in  this  article,  shall  have  been  theretofore  filed  in  the 
office  of  the  employer  at  the  place  of  employment  of  such  child.  Nothing  herein  con- 
tained shall  prevent  a person  engaged  in  farming  from  permitting  his  children  to  do 
farm  work  for  him  upon  his  farm.  Boys  over  the  age  of  twelve  years  may  be  employed 
in  gathering  produce,  for  not  more  than  six  hours  in  any  one  day,  subject  to  the  re- 
quirements of  chapter  twenty-one  of  the  laws  of  nineteen  hundred  and  nine,  entitled 
“An  act  relating  to  education,  constituting  chapter  sixteen  of  the  Consolidated  Laws,  ” 
and  all  acts  amendatory  thereof.  [C  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  6 s 70  as  amended  by 
1913  C 529] 

Court  decisions.— Under  a former  section,  of  which  this  is  an  amendment,  the  following  decisions  were 
rendered:  Violation  is  a misdemeanor  and  prima  facie  evidence  of  negligence  on  the  part  of  the  employer; 
and  a child  employed  in  violation  of  the  statute  does  not  assume  the  risk  of  such  employment  and  can  not 
be  held  guilty  of  contributory  negligence.— Marino  v.  Lehmaier,  173  N.  Y.  530,  66  N.  E.  572  (1901);  Sitts  v. 
Waiontha  Co.,  94  App.  Div.  38  (1904);  Lee  v.  Sterling  Silk  Mfg.  Co.,  115  App.  Div.  589, 93  N.  Y.  S.  560  (1906); 
Fortune  v.  Hall,  122  App.  Div.  250  (1906);  Kenyon  v.  Sanford  Mfg.  Co.,  119  App.  Div.  570  (1907);  Danaher  v. 
American  Mfg.  Co.,  126  App.  Div.  385  (1908);  Koester  v.  Rochester  Candy  Works,  194  N.  Y.  92  (1909).  The 
prohibition  is  absolute  and  ignorance  of  the  child’s  age  is  no  defense.— City  of  New  York  v.  Chelsea  Jute 
Mills,  43  Misc.  266,  88  N.  Y.  S.  1085  (1904).  But  an  officer  of  a corporation  who  has  directed  that  no  child 
shall  be  employed  contrary  to  law  is  not  liable  if  a subordinate,  without  his  knowledge,  illegally  employs  a 
child.— Peopled.  Taylor,  192  N.  Y.  398  (1908).  Where  a girl,  15  years  old,  without  an  employment  certifi- 
cate, was  injured  by  defects  in  machinery,  the  master  was  liable.— Crowley  v.  American  Druggist  Syndicate, 
138  N.  Y.  S.  642,  152  App.  Div.  775  (1912). 

Opinion. — A child  under  14  years  of  age  may  not  be  employed  in  a factory  or  mercantile  establishment 
which  is  owned  or  controlled  by  the  child’s  parents.— Attorney  General  (1912). 

EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATES  AND  RECORDS. 

Commissioner  of  health  to  issue  certificates;  age , school,  and  health  records  required; 
method  of  issuing. — Such  certificate  shall  be  issued  by  the  commissioner  of  health  or 
the  executive  officer  of  the  board  or  department  of  health  of  the  city,  town  or  village 
where  such  child  resides,  or  is  to  be  employed,  or  by  such  other  officer  thereof  as  may 
be  designated  by  such  board,  department  or  commissioner  for  that  purpose,  upon  the 


LAWS  RELATING  TO  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATES. 


121 


application  of  the  parent  or  guardian  or  custodian  of  the  child  desiring  such  employ- 
ment. Such  officer  shall  not  issue  such  certificate  until  he  has  received,  examined, 
approved  and  filed  the  following  papers  duly  executed,  viz:  The  school  record  of  such 
child  properly  filled  out  and  signed  as  provided  in  this  article;  also,  evidence  of  age 
showing  that  the  child  is  fourteen  years  old  or  upwards,  which  shall  consist  of  the 
evidence  thereof  provided  in  one  of  the  following  subdivisions  of  this  section  and 
which  shall  be  required  in  the  order  herein  designated  as  follows: 

(a)  Birth  certificate:  A duly  attested  transcript  of  the  birth  certificate  filed  accord- 
ing to  law  with  a registrar  of  vital  statistics  or  other  officer  charged  with  the  duty  of 
recording  births,  which  certificate  shall  be  conclusive  evidence  of  the  age  of  such  child . 

(b)  Certificate  of  graduation:  A certificate  of  graduation  duly  issued  to  such  child 

showing  that  such  child  is  a graduate  of  a public  school  of  the  State  of  New  York  or 
elsewhere,  having  a course  of  not  less  than  eight  years,  or  of  a school  in  the  State  of 
New  York  other  than  a public  school,  having  a substantially  equivalent  course  of 
study  of  not  less  than  eight  years’  duration,  in  which  a record  of  the  attendance  of  such 
child  has  been  kept  as  required  by  article  * * * [23]  of  the  education  law:  Pro- 

vided, That  the  record  of  such  school  shows  such  child  to  be  at  least  fourteen  years 
of  age. 

(c)  Passport  or  baptismal  certificate:  A passport  or  a duly  attested  transcript  of  a 
certificate  of  baptism  showing  the  date  of  birth  and  place  of  baptism  of  such  child. 

.(d)  Other  documentary  evidence:  In  case  it  shall  appear  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
officer  to  whom  application  is  made,  as  herein  provided,  for  an  employment  certificate, 
that  a child  for  whom  such  certificate  is  requested,  and  who  has  presented  the  school 
record,  is  in  fact  over  fourteen  years  of  age,  and  that  satisfactory  documentary  evidence 
of  age  can  be  produced,  which  does  not  fall  within  any  of  the  provisions  of  the  pre- 
ceding subdivisions  of  this  section,  and  that  none  of  the  papers  mentioned  in  said 
subdivisions  can  be  produced,  then  and  not  otherwise  he  shall  present  to  the  board  of 
health  of  which  he  is  an  officer  or  agent,  for  its  action  thereon,  a statement  signed  by 
him  showing  such  facts,  together  with  such  affidavits  or  papers  as  may  have  been  pro- 
duced before  him  constituting  such  evidence  of  the  age  of  such  child,  and  the  board  of 
health,  at  a regular  meeting  thereof,  may  then,  by  resolution,  provide  that  such  evi- 
dence of  age  shall  be  fully  entered  on  the  minutes  of  such  board,  and  shall  be  received 
as  sufficient  evidence  of  the  age  of  such  child  for  the  purpose  of  this  section. 

(e)  Physicians’  certificates:  In  cities  of  the  first  class  only,  in  case  application  for 
the  issuance  of  an  employment  certificate  shall  be  made  to  such  officer  by  a child’s 
parent,  guardian,  or  custodian  who  alleges  his  inability  to  produce  any  of  the  evidence 
of  age  specified  in  the  preceding  subdivisions  of  this  section,  and  if  the  child  is  appar- 
ently at  least  fourteen  years  of  age,  such  officer  may  receive  and  file  an  application 
signed  by  the  parent,  guardian  or  custodian  of  such  child  for  physicians’  certificates. 
Such  application  shall  contain  the  alleged  age,  place  and  date  of  birth,  and  present  resi- 
dence of  such  child,  together  with  such  further  facts  as  may  be  of  assistance  in  deter- 
mining the  age  of  such  child.  Such  application  shall  be  filed  for  not  less  than  ninety 
days  after  date  of  such  application  for  such  physicians’  certificates,  for  an  examination 
to  be  made  of  the  statements  contained  therein,  and  in  case  no  facts  appear  within  such 
period  or  by  such  examination  tending  to  discredit  or  contradict  any  material  state- 
ment of  such  application,  then  and  not  otherwise  the  officer  may  direct  such  child  to 
appear  thereafter  for  physical  examination  before  two  physicians  officially  designated 
by  the  board  of  health,  and  in  case  such  physicians  shall  certify  in  writing  that  they 
have  separately  examined  such- child  and  that  in  their  opinion  such  child  is  at  least 
fourteen  years  of  age  such  officer  shall  accept  such  certificates  as  sufficient  proof  of  the 
age  of  such  child  for  the  purposes  of  this  section.  In  case  the  opinions  of  such  physi- 
cians do  not  concur,  the  child  shall  be  examined  by  a third  physician  and  the  concur- 
ring opinions  shall  be  conclusive  for  the  purpose  of  this  section  as  to  the  age  of  the 
child. 

Such  officer  shall  require  the  evidence  of  age  specified  in  subdivision  (a)  in  prefer- 
ence to  that  specified  in  any  subsequent  subdivision  and  shall  not  accept  the  evidence 
of  age  permitted  by  any  subsequent  subdivision  unless  he  shall  receive  and  file  in 
addition  thereto  an  affidavit  of  the  parent  showing  that  no  evidence  of  age  specified 
in  any  preceding  subdivision  or  subdivisions  of  this  section  can  be  produced.  Such 
affidavit  shall  contain  the  age,  place  and  date  of  birth,  and  present  residence  of  such 
child,  which  affidavit  must  be  taken  before  the  officer  issuing  the  employment  cer- 
tificate, who  is  hereby  authorized  and  required  to  administer  such  oath  and  who  shall 
not  demand  or  receive  a fee  therefor.  Such  employment  certificate  shall  not  be  issued 
until  such  child  further  has  personally  appeared  before  and  been  examined  by  the 
officer  issuing  the  certificate,  and  until  such  officer  shall,  after  making  such  examina- 
tion, sign  and  file  in  his  office  a statement  that  the  child  can  read  and  legibly  write 


122 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


simple  sentences  in  the  English  language  and  that  in  his  opinion  the  child  is  fourteen 
years  of  age  or  upwards  and  has  reached  the  normal  development  of  a child  of  its  age, 
and  is  in  sound  health  and  is  physically  able  to  perform  the  work  which  it  intends  to  do. 
Every  such  employment  certificate  shall  be  signed,  in  the  presence  of  the  officer 
issuing  the  same,  by  the  child  in  whose  name  it  is  issued.  In  every  case,  before  an 
employment  certificate  is  issued,  such  physical  fitness  shall  be  determined  by  a 
medical  officer  of  the  department  or  board  of  health,  who  shall  make  a thorough 
physical  examination  of  the  child  and  record  the  result  thereof  on  a blank  to  be  fur- 
nished for  the  purpose  by  the  State  [industrial  commission]  and  shall  set  forth  thereon 
such  facts  concerning  the  physical  condition  and  history  of  the  child  as  the  [indus- 
trial commission]  may  require.  [C  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  6 s 71  as  amended  by  1912 
C 333] 

Court  decision.— Employment  of  a child  between  14  and  16  in  violation  of  the  two  preceding  sections 
is  negligence.  The  child  can  not  be  guilty  of  contributory  negligence  or  assume  the  risks  of  employment.— 
Pragotto  v.  Plunkett,  99  N.  Y.  361, 113  App.  Div.  648  (1906). 

Opinion. — The  requirement  of  an  examination  as  to  physical  fitness  is  of  State-wide  application  and  is 
not  limited  to  cities  of  the  first  class.  Attorney  General  (1912). 

Contents  of  certificate. — Such  certificate  shall  state  the  date  and  place  of  birth  of 
the  child,  and  describe  the  color  of  the  hair  and  eyes,  the  height  and  weight  and  any 
distinguishing  facial  marks  of  such  child,  and  that  the  papers  required  by  the  preced- 
ing section  have  been  duly  examined,  approved  and  filed  and  that  the  child  named 
in  such  certificate  has  appeared  before  the  officer  signing  the  certificate  and  been 
examined.  [C  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  6 s 72] 

Contents  of  school  record;  educational  requirements. — The  school  record  required  by 
this  article  shall  be  signed  by  the  principal  or  chief  executive  officer  of  the  school 
which  such  child  has  attended  and  shall  be  furnished,  on  demand,  to  a child  entitled 
thereto  or  to  the  board,  department  or  commissioner  of  health.  It  shall  contain  a 
statement  certifying  that  the  child  has  regularly  attended  the  public  schools  or  schools 
equivalent  thereto,  or  parochial  schools,  for  not  less  than  one  hundred  and  thirty  days 
during  the  twelve  months  next  preceding  his  fourteenth  birthday,  or  during  the 
twelve  months  next  preceding  his  application  for  such  school  record  and  is  able  to 
read  and  write  simple  sentences  in  the  English  language,  and  has  received  during 
such  period  instruction  in  reading,  spelling,  writing,  English  grammar  and  geography 
and  is  familiar  with  the  fundamental  operations  of  arithmetic  up  to  and  including 
fractions  and  has  completed  the  work  prescribed  for  the  first  six  years  of  the  public 
elementary  school  or  school  equivalent  thereto  or  parochial  school  from  which  such 
school  record  is  issued.  Such  school  record  shall  also  give  the  date  of  birth  and  resi- 
dence of  the  child  as  shown  on  the  records  of  the  school  and  the  name  of  its  parent 
or  guardian  or  custodian.  [C  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  6 s 73  as  amended  by  1913 
C 144] ‘ 

Enforcement:  duties  and  powers  of  industrial  commission;  list  of  certificates  to  he  sent 
to  industrial  commission;  blank  certificates,  etc. — The  board  or  department  of  health  or 
health  commissioner  of  a city,  village  or  town,  shall  transmit,  between  the  first  and 
tenth  day  of  each  month,  to  the  [industrial  commission],  a list  of  the  names  of  all  chil- 
dren to  whom  certificates  have  been  issued  during  the  preceding  month  together  with 
a duplicate  of  the  record  of  every  examination  as  to  the  physical  fitness,  including 
examinations  resulting  in  rejection.  In  cities  of  the  first  and  second  class  all  employ- 
ment certificates  and  school  records  required  under  the  provisions  of  this  chapter 
shall  be  in  such  form  as  shall  be  approved  by  the  [industrial  commission].  In  towns; 
villages  or  cities  other  than  cities  of  the  first  or  second  class,  the  [industrial  commission] 
shall  prepare  and  furnish  blank  forms  for  such  employment  certificates  and  school 
records.  No  school  record  or  employment  certificate  required  by  this  article,  other 
than  those  approved  or  furnished  by  the  [industrial  commission]  as  above  provided, 
shall  be  used.  The  [industrial  commission]  shall  inquire  into  the  administration  and 
enforcement  of  the  provisions  of  this  article  by  all  public  officers  charged  with  the 
duty  of  issuing  employment  certificates,  and  for  that  purpose  the  [industrial  commis- 
sion] shall  have  access  to  all  papers  and  records  required  to  be  kept  by  all  such  officers. 
[C  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  6 s 75  as  amended  by  1913  C 144] 

Lists  required  under  16;  certificates  to  he  returned  to  child  or  parent;  evidence  of  age  may 
he  required  for  child  apparently  under  16;  false  statement  a misdemeanor;  evidence  of  ille- 
gal employment. — Each  person  owning  or  operating  a factory  and  employing  children 
therein  shall  keep,  or  cause  to  be  kept  in  the  office  of  such  factory,  a register,  in  which 
shall  be  recorded  the  name,  birthplace,  age  and  place  of  residence  of  all  children  so 
employed  under  the  age  of  sixteen  years.  Such  register  and  the  certificate  filed  in 
such  office  shall  be  produced  for  inspection  upon  the  demand  of  the  [industrial  commis- 
sion]. On  termination  of  the  employment  of  a child  so  registered,  and  whose  certifi- 


LAWS  RELATING  TO  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATES. 


123 


cate  is  so  filed,  such  certificate  shall  be  forthwith  surrendered  by  the  employer  to  the 
child  or  its  parent  or  guardian  or  custodian.  The  [industrial  commission]  may  make 
demand  on  any  employer  in  whose  factory  a child  apparently  under  the  age  of  six- 
teen years  is  employed  or  permitted  or  suffered  to  work,  and  whose  employment 
certificate  is  not  then  filed  as  required  by  this  article,  that  such  employer  shall  either 
furnish  [it]  within  ten  days,  evidence  satisfactory  to  [it]  that  such  child  is  in  fact 
over  sixteen  years  of  age,  or  shall  cease  to  employ  or  permit  or  suffer  such  child  to 
work  in  such  factory.  The  [industrial  commission]  may  require  from  such  employer 
the  same  evidence  of  age  of  such  child  as  is  required  on  the  issuance  of  an  employment 
certificate;  and  the  employer  furnishing  such  evidence  shall  not  be  required  to  fur- 
nish any  further  evidence  of  the  age  of  the  child.  A notice  embodying  such  demand 
may  be  served  on  such  employer  personally  or  may  be  sent  by  mail  addressed  to  him 
at  said  factory,  and  if  served  by  post  shall  be  deemed  to  have  been  served  at  the  time 
when  the  letter  containing  the  same  would  be  delivered  in  the  ordinary  course  of  the 
post.  When  the  employer  is  a corporation  such  notice  may  be  served  either  personally 
upon  an  officer  of  such  corporation,  or  by  sending  it  by  post  addressed  to  the  office  or 
the  principal  place  of  business  of  such  corporation.  The  papers  constituting  such 
evidence  of  age  furnished  by  the  employer  in  response  to  such  demand  shall  be  filed 
with  the  [industrial  commission]  and  a material  false  statement  made  in  any  such 
paper  or  affidavit  by  any  person,  shall  be  a misdemeanor.1  In  case  such  employer 
shall  fail  to  produce  and  deliver  to  the  [industrial  commission]  within  ten  days  after 
such  demand  such  evidence  of  age  herein  required  by  [it],  and  shall  thereafter  con- 
tinue to  employ  such  child  or  permit  or  suffer  such  child  to  work  in  such  factory, 
proof  of  the  giving  of  such  notice  and  of  such  failure  to  produce  and  file  such  evidence 
shall  be  prima  facie  evidence  in  any  prosecution  brought  for  a violation  of  this  article 
that  such  child  is  under  sixteen  years  of  age  and  is  unlawfully  employed.  [C  L 1909 
v 3 Labor  C 31  art  6 s 76] 

Certificates  of  physical  fitness  may  he  required  from  14  to  16;  revocation  of  employment 
certificates. — 1.  All  children  between  fourteen  and  sixteen  years  of  age  employed  in 
factories  shall  submit  to  a physical  examination  whenever  required  by  a medical 
inspector  of  the  State  department  of  labor.  The  result  of  all  such  physical  exami- 
nations shall  be  recorded  on  blanks  furnished  for  that  purpose  by  the  [industrial  com- 
mission], and  shall  be  kept  on  file  in  such  office  or  offices  of  the  department  as  the 
[industrial  commission]  may  designate. 

2.  If  any  such  child  shall  fail  to  submit  to  such  physical  examination,  the  [industrial 
commission]  may  issue  an  order  canceling  such  child’s  employment  certificate. 
Such  order  shall  be  served  upon  the  employer  of  such  child  who  shall  forthwith  deliver 
to  an  authorized  representative  of  the  department  of  labor  the  child’s  employment 
certificate.  A certified  copy  of  the  order  of  cancellation  shall  be  served  on  the  board 
of  health  or  other  local  authority  that  issued  the  said  certificate.  No  such  child  whose 
employment  certificate  has  been  canceled,  as  aforesaid,  shall,  while  said  cancellation 
remains  unrevoked,  be  permitted  or  suffered  to  work  in  any  factory  of  the  State  before 
it  attains  the  age  of  sixteen  years.  If  thereafter  such  child  shall  submit  to  the  physical 
examination  required,  the  [industrial  commission]  may  issue  an  order  revoking  the 
cancellation  of  the  employment  certificate  and  may  return  the  employment  certificate 
to  such  child.  Copies  of  the  order  of  revocation  shall  be  served  upon  the  former  em- 
ployer of  the  child  and  the  local  board  of  health  as  aforesaid. 

3.  If  as  a result  of  the  physical  examination  made  by  a medical  inspector  it  appears 
that  the  child  is  physically  unfit  to  be  employed  in  a factory,  such  medical  inspector 
shall  forthwith  submit  a report  to  that  effect  to  the  [industrial  commission]  winch  shall 
be  kept  on  file  in  the  office  of  the  [industrial  commission],  setting  forth  in  detail  his 
reasons  therefor,  and  the  [industrial  commission]  may  issue  an  order  canceling  the 
employment  certificate  of  such  child.  Such  order  of  cancellation  shall  be  served, 
and  the  child’s  employment  certificate  delivered  up,  as  provided  in  subdivision  two 
hereof,  and  no  such  child  while  the  said  order  of  cancellation  remains  unrevoked  shall 
be  permitted  or  suffered  to  work  in  any  factory  of  the  State  before  it  attains  the  age 
of  sixteen  years.  If  upon  a subsequent  physical  examination  of  the  child  by  a medical 
inspector  of  the  department  of  labor  it  appears  that  the  physical  infirmities  have 
been  removed,  sucn  medical  inspector  shall  certify  to  that  effect  to  the  [industrial 
commission],  and  the  [industrial  commission]  may  thereupon  make  an  order  revoking 
the  cancellation  of  the  employment  certificate  and  may  return  the  certificate  to  such 
child.  The  order  of  revocation  shall  be  served  in  the  manner  provided  in  subdivi- 
sion two  hereof.  [C  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  6 s 76-a  as  added  by  1913  C 200] 


1 For  penalty  for  misdemeanor,  see  page  131  (Consolidated  Laws  1909,  volume  4,  Penal,  chapter  40,  article 
174,  section  1937). 


124 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


EDUCATIONAL  REQUIREMENTS. 

COMPULSORY  SCHOOL  ATTENDANCE. 

Enforcement:  lists  of  alien  children  to  he  procured  hy  industrial  commission. — 
*****  •*  * 

2.  The  [industrial  commission]  shall  procure  with  the  consent  of  the  Federal  authori- 
ties complete  lists  giving  the  names,  ages,  and  destination  within  the  State  of  all  alien 
children  of  school  age,  and  such  other  facts  as  will  tend  to  identify  them,  and  shall 
forthwith  deliver  copies  of  such  lists  to  the  commissioner  of  education  or  the  several 
boards  of  education  and  school  boards  in  the  respective  localities  within  the  State  to 
which  said  children  shall  be  destined,  to  aid  in  the  enforcement  of  the  provisions  of 
the  education  law  relative  to  the  compulsory  attendance  at  school  of  children  of 
school  age.  [C  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  11  (as  renumbered  by  1913  C 145)  s 153  as 
added  by  1910  C 514  and  amended  by  1912  C 543] 

MERCANTILE  ESTABLISHMENTS,  THEATERS,  STREET  TRADES,  MES- 
SENGERS, ETC. 

APPLICATION  OF  ACT. 

Certain  cities. — The  provisions  of  this  article  shall  apply  to  all  villages  and  cities 
which  at  the  last  preceding  State  enumeration  had  a population  of  three  thousand  or 
more.  [C  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  12  (as  renumbered  by  1913  C 145)  s 160] 

MINIMUM  AGE  AND  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATES  AND  RECORDS. 

Employment  under  14  prohibited;  certificates  required  from  14  to  16. — No  child  under 
the  age  of  fourteen  years  shall  be  employed  or  permitted  to  work  in  or  in  connection 
with  any  mercantile  or  other  business  or  establishment  specified  in  the  preceding 
section  [mercantile  establishment,  business  office,  telegraph  office,  restaurant,  hotel, 
apartment  house,  theater  or  other  place  of  amusement,  bowling  alley,  barber  shop, 
shoe-polishing  establishment,  or  in  the  distribution  or  transmission  of  merchandise, 
articles  or  messages,  or  in  the  distribution  or  sale  of  articles].  No  child  under  the  age 
of  sixteen  years  shall  be  so  employed  or  permitted  to  work  unless  an  employment 
certificate,  issued  as  provided  in  this  article,  shall  have  been  theretofore  filed  in  the 
office  of  the  employer  at  the  place  of  employment  of  such  child.  [C  L 1909  v 3 Labor 
C 31  art  12  (as  renumbered  by  1913  C 145)  s 162  as  amended  by  1911  C 866] 

Commissioner  of  health  to  issue  certificates;  age , school , and  health  records  required; 
method  of  issuing. — [This  section  is  practically  identical  with  section  71,  article  6 of 
this  chapter.]  [C  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  12  (as  renumbered  by  1913  C 145)  s 163 
as  amended  by  1913  C 144] 

Contents  of  certificates. — [This  section  is  practically  identical  with  section  72,  article 
6 of  tills  chapter.]  [C  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  12  (as  renumbered  by  1913  C 145)  s 164] 
Contents  of  school  records;  educational  requirements  .—-[This  section  is  practically 
identical  with  section  73,  article  6 of  this  chapter.]  [G  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  12 
(as  renumbered  by  1913  C 145)  s 165  as  amended  by  1913  C 144] 

Enforcement:  duties  and  powers  of  industrial  commission;  lists  of  certificates  to  he 
sent  to  industrial  commission;  hlanh  certificates,  etc. — [This  section  is  practically  iden- 
tical with  section  75,  article  6 of  this  chapter.]  [0  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  12  (as 
renumbered  by  1913  C 145)  s 166  as  added  by  1913  C 144] 

Lists  required  under  16;  certificates  to  he  returned  to  child  or  parent;  evidence  of  age 
may  he  required  for  child  apparently  under  16;  false  statement  a misdemeanor;  evidence 
of  illegal  employment. — [This  section  is  practically  identical  with  section  76,  article 
6 of  this  chapter,  except  that  in  section  76  the  provisions  are  enforced  by  the  [in- 
dustrial commission]  and  in  this  section  by  the  [industrial  commission]  in  cities  of  the 
first  and  second  classes  and  by  the  health  officers  in  other  cities,  villages,  etc.]  [C  L 
1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  12  (as  renumbered  by  1913  C 145)  s 167  as  amended  by  1913 
O 145] 

ALL  REGULATED  OCCUPATIONS. 

ENFORCEMENT. 

Duties  and  powers  of  industrial  commission,  health  commissioners,  etc. — Except  in 
cities  of  the  first  and  second  class  the  board  or  department  of  health  or  health  com- 
missioners of  a town,  village  or  city  affected  by  this  article  shall  enforce  the  same 


LAWS  RELATING  TO  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATES. 


125 


and  prosecute  all  violations  thereof.  Proceedings  to  prosecute  such  violations  must 
be  begun  within  sixty  days  after  the  alleged  offense  was  committed.  All  officers  and 
members  of  such  boards  or  department[s],  all  health  commissioners,  inspectors  and 
other  persons  appointed  or  designated  by  such  boards,  departments  or  commissioners 
may  visit  and  inspect,  at  reasonable  hours  and  when  practicable  and  necessary,  all 
mercantile  or  other  establishments  herein  specified  within  the  town,  village  or  city 
for  which  they  are  appointed.  No  person  shall  interfere  with  or  prevent  any  such 
officer  from  making  such  visitations  and  inspections,  nor  shall  he  be  obstructed  or 
injured  by  force  or  otherwise  while  in  the  performance  of  his  duties.  All  persons 
connected  with  any  such  mercantile  or  other  establishment  herein  specified  shall 
properly  answer  all  questions  asked  by  such  officer  or  inspector  in  reference  to  any 
of  the  provisions  of  this  article.  In  cities  of  the  first  and  second  class  the  [indus- 
trial commission]  shall  enforce  the  provisions  of  this  article,  and  for  that  purpose  [said 
commission]  and  [its]  subordinates  shall  possess  all  powers  herein  conferred  upon  town, 
village,  or  city  boards  and  departments  of  health  and  their  commissioners,  inspectors, 
and  other  officers,  except  that  the  board  or  department  of  health  of  said  cities  of  the 
first  and  second  class  shall  continue  to  issue  employment  certificates  as  provided  in 
section  one  hundred  and  sixty-three  of  this  chapter.  [0  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  12 
(as  renumbered  by  1913  C 145)  s 172  as  amended  by  1913  C 145] 

Copy  of  law  to  be  posted  under  certain  conditions. — A copy  or  abstract  of  applicable 
provisions  of  this  chapter  and  of  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  [industrial  commission] 
to  be  prepared  and  furnished  by  the  [industrial  commission]  shall  be  kept  posted  by 
the  employer  in  a conspicuous  place  on  each  floor  of  every  mercantile  or  other  estab- 
lishment specified  in  article  twelve  of  this  chapter  situated  in  cities  of  the  first  or  second 
class,  wherein  three  or  more  persons  are  employed  who  are  affected  by  such  pro- 
visions. [G  L 1909  v 3 Labor  C 31  art  12  (as  renumbered  by  1913  C 145)  s 173  as 
amended  by  1913  0 145] 

EDUCATIONAL  REQUIREMENTS. 

COMPULSORY  SCHOOL  AND  EVENING  AND  CONTINUATION  SCHOOL  ATTENDANCE. 

Instruction  required. — The  instruction  required  under  this  article  shall  be: 

1 . At  a public  school  in  which  at  least  the  six  common  school  branches  of  reading, 
spelling,  writing,  arithmetic,  English  language  and  geography  are  taught  in  English. 

2.  Elsewhere  than  a public  school  upon  instruction  in  the  same  subjects  taught  in 
English  by  a competent  teacher.  [C  L 1910  v 8 Education  C 16  art  23  s 620] 

Children  from  7 to  14 in  certain  cities,  from  8 to  14  in  certain  other  cities,  and  from  14 
to  16  if  not  regularly  and  lawfully  employed. — 1.  Every  child  within  the  compulsory 
school  ages,  in  proper  physical  and  mental  condition  to  attend  school,  residing  in  a 
city  or  school  district  having  a population  of  five  thousand  or  more  and  employing  a 
superintendent  of  schools,  shall  regularly  attend  upon  instruction  as  follows: 

(a)  Each  child  between  seven  and  fourteen  years  of  age  shall  attend  the  entire 
time  during  which  the  school  attended  is  in  session,  which  period  shall  be  not  less 
than  one  hundred  and  sixty  days  of  actual  school. 

(b)  Each  child  between  fourteen  and  sixteen  years  of  age  not  regularly  and  law- 
fully engaged  in  any  useful  employment  or  service,  and  to  whom  an  employment 
certificate  has  not  been  duly  issued  under  the  provisions  of  the  labor  law,  shall  so 
attend  the  entire  time  during  which  the  school  attended  is  in  session. 

2.  Every  such  child,  residing  elsewhere  than  in  a city  or  school  district  having  a 
population  of  five  thousand  or  more  and  employing  a superintendent  of  schools,  shall 
attend  upon  instruction  during  the  entire  time  that  the  school  in  the  district  shall  be 
in  session  as  follows: 

(a)  Each  child  between  eight  and  fourteen  years  of  age. 

(b)  Each  child  between  fourteen  and  sixteen  years  of  age  not  regularly  and  law- 
fully engaged  in  any  useful  employment  or  service.  * * * [0  L 1910  v 8 Educa- 
tion C 16  art  23  s 621  as  amended  by  1911  C 710  and  by  1913  C 511] 

Boys  from  14  to  16  to  attend  evening  or  continuation  schools  and  girls  from  14  to  16  to 
attend  continuation  schools  under  certain  conditions. — 1.  Every  boy  between  fourteen 
and  sixteen  years  of  age,  in  a city  of  the  first  class  or  a city  of  the  second  class  in  pos- 
session of  an  employment  certificate  duly  issued  under  the  provisions  of  the  labor 
law,  who  has  not  completed  such  course  of  study  as  is  required  for  graduation  from 
the  elementary  public  schools  of  such  city,  and  who  does  not  hold  either  a certificate 
of  graduation  from  the  public  elementary  school  or  the  preacademic  certificate  issued 
by  the  regents  or  the  certificate  of  the  completion  of  an  elementary  course  issued  by 
the  education  department,  shall  attend  the  public  evening  schools  of  such  city,  or 


126  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


other  evening  schools  offering  an  equivalent  course  of  instruction,  for  not  less  than 
six  hours  each  week,  for  a period  of  not  less  than  sixteen  weeks. 

2.  When  the  board  of  education  in  a city  or  district  shall  have  established  part- 
time  and  continuation  schools  or  courses  of  instruction  for  the  education  of  young 
persons  between  fourteen  and  sixteen  years  of  age  who  are  regularly  employed  in  such 
city  or  district,  said  board  of  education  may  require  the  attendance  in  such  schools  or 
on  such  courses  of  instruction  of  any  young  person  in  such  a city  or  district  who  is  in 
possession  of  an  employment  certificate  duly  issued  under  the  provisions  of  the  labor 
law,  who  has  not  completed  such  courses  of  study  as  are  required  for  graduation  from  the 
elementary  public  schools  of  such  city  or  district,  or  equivalent  courses  of  study  in 
parochial  or  other  elementary  schools,  who  does  not  hold  either  a certificate  of  gradua- 
tion from  the  public  elementary  school  or  a preacademic  certificate  of  the  completion 
of  the  elementary  course  issued  by  the  education  department,  and  who  is  not  other- 
wise receiving  instruction  approved  by  the  board  of  education  as  equivalent  to  that 
provided  for  in  the  schools  and  courses  of  instruction  established  under  the  provisions 
of  this  act.  The  required  attendance  provided  for  in  this  paragraph  shall  be  for  a 
total  of  not  less  than  thirty-six  weeks  per  year,  at  the  rate  of  not  less  than  four  and  not 
more  than  eight  hours  per  week,  and  shall  be  between  the  hours  of  eight  o’clock  in  the 
morning  and  five  o’clock  in  the  afternoon  of  any  working  day  or  days. 

3.  The  children  attending  such  part-time  or  continuation  schools  as  required  in 
paragraph  two  of  this  section  shall  be  exempt  from  the  attendance  on  evening  schools 
required  in  paragraph  one  of  this  section.  [0  L 1910  v 8 Education  C 16  art  23  s 622  as 
amended  by  1913  C 748] 

Regulations  for  attendance  at  other  than  public  schools. — If  any  such  child  shall  so 
attend  upon  instruction  elsewhere  than  at  a public  school,  such  instruction  shall  be 
at  least  substantially  equivalent  to  the  instruction  given  to  children  of  like  age  at  the 
public  school  of  the  city  or  district  in  which  such  child  resides;  and  such  attendance 
shall  be  for  at  least  as  many  hours  each  day  thereof  as  are  required  of  children  of  like 
age  at  public  schools;  and  no  greater  total  amount  of  holidays  and  vacations  shall  be 
deducted  from  such  attendance  during  the  period  such  attendance  is  required  than  is 
allowed  in  such  public  schools  to  children  of  like  age.  Occasional  absences  from  such 
attendance,  not  amounting  to  irregular  attendance  in  the  fair  meaning  of  the  term, 
shall  be  allowed  upon  such  excuses  only  as  would  be  allowed  in  like  cases  by  the  gen- 
eral rules  and  practice  of  such  public  school.  [C  L 1910  v 8 Education  C 16  art  23 
s 623] 

Children  from  7 to  14  in  certain  districts  and  from  14  to  16  unless  regularly  and  lav  fully 
employed;  from  8 to  16  in  other  districts , unless  regularly  and  lawfully  employed , etc. — 
Every  person  in  parental  relation  to  a child  within  the  compulsory  school  ages  and  in 
proper  physical  and  mental  condition  to  attend  school,  shall  cause  such  child  to 
attend  upon  instruction,  as  follows: 

1.  In  cities  and  school  districts  having  a population  of  five  thousand  or  above, 
every  child  between  seven  and  sixteen  years  of  age  as  required  by  section  six  hundred 
and  twenty-one  of  this  act  unless  an  employment  certificate  shall  have  been  duly  issued 
to  such  child  under  the  provisions  of  the  labor  law  and  he  is  regularly  employed 
thereunder. 

2.  Elsewhere  than  in  a city  or  school  district  having  a population  of  five  thousand 
or  above,  every  child  between  eight  and  sixteen  years  of  age,  unless  such  child  shall 
have  received  an  employment  certificate  duly  issued  under  the  provisions  of  the  labor 
law  and  is  regularly  employed  thereunder  in  a factory  or  mercantile  establishment, 
business  or  telegraph  office,  restaurant,  hotel,  apartment  house  or  in  the  distribution 
or  transmission  of  merchandise  or  messages,  or  unless  such  child  shall  have  received 
the  school  record  certificate  issued  under  section  six  hundred  and  thirty  of  this  act 
and  is  regularly  employed  elsewhere  than  in  the  factory  or  mercantile  establishment, 
business  or  telegraph  office,  restaurant,  hotel,  apartment  house  or  in  the  distribution 
or  transmission  of  merchandise  or  messages.  [C  L 1910  v 8 Education  C 16  art  23  s 624] 

Penalty  for  preceding  section. — A violation  of  section  six  hundred  and  twenty-four 
shall  be  a misdemeanor,  punishable  for  the  first  offense  by  a fine  not  exceeding  five 
dollars,  or  five  days’  imprisonment,  and  for  each  subsequent  offense  by  a fine  not 
exceeding  fifty  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  not  exceeding  thirty  days,  or  by  both 
such  fine  and  imprisonment.  * * * [CL  1910  v 8 Education  C 16  art  23  s 625] 

ALL  OCCUPATIONS -EDUCATIONAL  REQUIREMENTS. 

MINIMUM  AGE  AND  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATES. 

j Employment  under  14  prohibited  during  school  hours;  employment  and  school  record 
certificates  required  from  14  to  16  for  employment  in  certain  occupations  elsewhere  them  in 
cities  of  the  first  and  second  class;  employment  certificates  required  from  14  to  16  in  cities  of 
the  first  and  second  class. — It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person,  firm  or  corporation: 


LAWS  RELATING  TO  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATES. 


127 


1.  To  employe  [employ]  any  child  under  fourteen  years  of  age,  in  any  business  or 
service  whatever,  for  any  part  of  the  term  during  which  the  public  schools  of  the 
district  or  city  in  which  the  child  resides  are  in  session. 

2.  To  employ,  elsewhere  than  in  a city  of  the  first  class  or  a city  of  the  second  class, 
in  a factory  or  mercantile  establishment,  business  or  telegraph  office,  restaurant, 
hotel,  apartment  house  or  in  the  distribution  or  transmission  of  merchandise  or  mes- 
sages, any  child  between  fourteen  and  sixteen  years  of  age  who  does  not  at  the  time  of 
such  employment  present  an  employment  certificate  duly  issued  under  the  provisions 
of  the  labor  law,  or  to  employ  any  such  child  in  any  other  capacity  who  does  not  at 
the  time  of  such  employment  present  a school  record  certificate  as  provided  in  section 
six  hundred  and  thirty  of  this  chapter. 

3.  To  employ,  any  child  between  fourteen  and  sixteen  years  of  age  in  a city  of  the 
first  class  or  a city  of  the  second  class  who  does  not,  at  the  time  of  such  employment, 
present  an  employment  certificate,  duly  issued  under  the  provisions  of  the  labor  law. 
[C  L 1910  v 8 Education  C 16  art  23  s 626] 

Note.— [The  provisions  for  employment  certificates  as  provided  for  in  this  article  are  apparently  super- 
seded by  articles  6 and  12,  chapter  31,  volume  3,  Labor,  Consolidated  Laws  1909.] 

Certificates  to  be  displayed  from  14  to  16. — The  employer  of  any  child  between  four- 
teen and  sixteen  years  of  age  in  a city  or  district  shall  keep  and  shall  display  in  the 
place  where  such  child  is  employed,  the  employment  certificate  and  also  his  evening, 
part-time  or  continuation  school  certificate  issued  by  the  school  authorities  of  said  city 
or  district  or  by  an  authorized  representative  of  such  school  authorities,  certifying 
that  the  said  child  is  regularly  in  attendance  at  an  evening,  part-time  or  continuation 
school  of  said  city  as  provided  in  section  six  hundred  and  thirty-one  of  this  chapter. 
[C  L 1910  v 8 Education  C 16  art  23  s 627  as  amended  by  1913  C 748] 

Penalty  for  illegal  employment. — Any  person,  firm,  or  corporation,  or  any  officer, 
manager,  superintendent  or  employee  acting  therefor,  who  shall  employ  any  child 
contrary  to  the  provisions  of  sections  six  hundred  and  twenty-six  and  six  hundred 
and  twenty-seven  hereof  shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  the  punishment 
therefor  shall  be  for  the  first  offense  a fine  of  not  less  than  twenty  dollars  nor  more  than 
fifty  dollars;  for  a second  and  each  subsequent  offense,  a fine  of  not  less  than  fifty 
dollars  nor  more  than  two  hundred  dollars.  [C  L 1910  v 8 Education  C 16  art  23  s 
628  as  amended  by  1913  C 748] 

Court  decision.— The  section  of  which  this  is  an  amendment  was  held  constitutional.— City  of  New  York 
v.  Chelsea  Jute  Mills,  43  Misc.  266,  88  N.  Y.  S.  1085  (1904).  # 

COMPULSORY  SCHOOL  ATTENDANCE. 

Enforcement:  duties  of  teachers;  misdemeanor. — An  accurate  record  of  the  attendance 
of  all  children  between  seven  and  sixteen  years  of  age  shall  be  kept  by  the  teacher  of 
every  school,  showing  each  day  by  the  year,  month,  day  of  the  month  and  day  of  the 
week,  such  attendance,  and  the  number  of  hours  in  each  day  thereof;  and  each 
teacher  upon  whose  instruction  any  such  child  shall  attend  elsewhere  than  at  school, 
shall  keep  a like  record  of  such  attendance.  Such  record  shall,  at  all  times,  be  open 
to  the  attendance  officers  or  other  person  duly  authorized  by  the  school  authorities  of 
the  city  or  district,  who  may  inspect  or  copy  the  same;  and  every  such  teacher  shall 
fully  answer  all  inquiries  lawfully  made  by  such  authorities,  inspectors,  or  other  per- 
sons, and  a willful  neglect  or  refusal  so  to  answer  any  such  inquiry  shall  be  a mis- 
demeanor.1 [C  L 1910  v 8 Education  C 16  art  23  s 629] 

SCHOOL-RECORD  CERTIFICATES. 

. School  authorities  to  issue  certificates;  contents  of  certificate. — 1.  A school-record  cer- 
tificate shall  contain  a statement  certifying  that  a child  has  regularly  attended  the 
public  schools,  or  schools  equivalent  thereto,  or  parochial  schools,  for  not  less  than 
one  hundred  and  thirty  days  during  the  twelve  months  next  preceding  his  fourteenth 
birthday  or  during  the  twelve  months  next  preceding  his  application  for  such  school 
record,  and  that  he  is  able  to  read  and  write  simple  sentences  in  the  English  language 
and  has  received  during  such  period  instruction  in  reading,  writing,  spelling,  English 
grammar  and  geography  and  is  familiar  with  the  fundamental  operations  of  arithmetic 
up  to  and  including  fractions,  and  has  completed  the  work  prescribed  for  the  first 
six  years  of  the  public  elementary  school,  or  school  equivalent  thereto,  or  parochial 
school,  from  which  such  school  record  is  issued.  Such  record  shall  also  give  the  date 
of  birth  and  residence  of  the  child,  as  shown  on  the  school  records,  and  the  name  of 
the  child’s  parents,  guardian  or  custodian. 


1 For  penaltv  for  misdemeanor, 
174,  section  1937). 


see  p.  131  (Consolidated  Laws  1909,  volume  4,  Penal,  chapter  40,  article 


128 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


2.  A teacher  or  superintendent  to  whom  application  shall  be  made  for  a school- 
record  certificate  required  under  the  provisions  of  the  labor  law  shall  issue  a school- 
record  certificate  to  any  child  who,  after  due  investigation  and  examination,  may  be 
found  to  be  entitled  to  the  same  as  follows: 

a.  In  a city  of  the  first  class  by  the  principal  or  chief  executive  of  a school. 

b.  In  all  other  cities  and  in  school  districts  having  a population  of  five  thousand  or 
more  and  employing  a superintendent  of  schools,  by  the  superintendent  of  schools  only. 

c.  In  all  other  school  districts  by  the  principal  teacher  of  the  school. 

d.  In  each  city  or  school  district  such  certificate  shall  be  furnished  on  demand 
to  a child  entitled  thereto  or  to  the  board  or  commissioner  of  health.  [C  L 1910  v 8 
Education  C 16  art  23  s 630  as  amended  by  1913  C 101] 

School  authorities  to  issue  evening  or  continuation  school  certificates;  requirements 
for  and  contents  of  certificates. — The  school  authorities  in  a city  or  district,  or  officers 
designated  by  them,  are  hereby  required  to  issue  to  each  child  lawfully  in  attendance 
at  an  evening,  part-time  or  continuation  school,  an  evening,  part-time  or  continuation 
school  certificate  at  least  once  in  each  month  during  the  months  said  evening,  part-time 
or  continuation  school  is  in  session  and  at  the  close  of  the  term  of  said  evening,  part- 
time  or  continuation  school:  Provided,  That  said  child  has  been  in  attendance  upon 
said  evening  school,  for  not  les3  than  six  hours  each  week  or  upon  said  part-time  or 
continuation  school  for  not  less  than  four  hours  each  week,  for  such  number  of  weeks 
as  will,  when  taken  in  connection  with  the  number  of  weeks  such  evening,  part-time 
or  continuation  school  respectively,  shall  be  in  session  during  the  remainder  of  the 
current  or  calendar  year,  make  up  a total  attendance  on  the  part  of  said  child  in  said 
evening  school,  of  not  less  than  six  hours  per  week  for  a period  of  not  less  than  sixteen 
weeks  or  in  said  part-time  or  continuation  school,  of  not  less  than  four  hours  per  week 
for  a period  of  not  less  than  thirty-six  weeks.  Such  certificate  shall  state  fully  the 
period  of  time  which  the  child  to  whom  it  is  issued  was  in  attendance  upon  such  even- 
ing, part-time  or  continuation  school.  [C  L 1910  v 8 Education  C 16  art  23  s 631  as 
amended  by  1913  C 748] 

ENFORCEMENT. 

Duties  and  powers  of  attendance  officers  and  superintendent  of  schools,  etc. — 1.  The 
school  authorities  of  each  city,  union  free  school  district,  or  common  school  district 
whose  limits  include  in  whole  or  in  part  an  incorporated  village,  shall  appoint  and 
may  remove  at  pleasure  one  or  more  attendance  officers  of  such  city  or  district,  and 
shall  fix  their  compensation  and  may  prescribe  their  duties  not  inconsistent  with  this 
article  and  make  rules  and  regulations  for  the  performance  thereof;  and  the  superin- 
tendent of  schools  shall  supervise  the  enforcement  of  this  article  within  such  city  or 
school  district. 

2.  The  town  board  of  each  town  shall  appoint,  subject  to  the  written  approval 
of  the  school  commissioner  of  the  district,  one  or  more  attendance  officers,  whose 
jurisdiction  shall  extend  over  all  school  districts  in  said  town,  and  which  are  not  by 
this  section  otherwise  provided  for,  and  shall  fix  their  compensation,  which  shall  be 
a town  charge;  and  such  attendance  officers,  appointed  by  said  board,  shall  be  remov- 
able at  the  pleasure  of  the  school  commissioner  in  whose  commissioner  district  such 
town  is  situated.  [C  L 1910  v 8 Education  C 16  art  23  s 632] 

Po  wers  of  truant  officers. — 

******* 

3.  A truant  officer  in  the  performance  of  his  duties  may  enter,  during  business  hours, 
any  factory,  mercantile  or  other  establishment  within  the  city  or  school  district  in 
which  he  is  appointed  and  shall  be  entitled  to  examine  employment  certificates  or 
registry  of  children  employed  therein  on  demand.  [C  L 1910  v 8 Education  C 16  art 
23  s 633] 

PENALTIES. 

Hindering  attendance  officers,  etc.,  a misdemeanor  .—Airy  person  interfering  with  an 
attendance  officer  in  the  lawful  discharge  of  his  duties  and  any  person  owning  or  operat- 
ing a factory,  mercantile  or  other  establishment  who  shall  refuse  on  demand  to  exhibit 
to  such  attendance  officer  the  registry  of  the  children  employed  or  the  employment 
certificate  of  such  children  shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor.1  [C  L 1910  v 8 Educa- 
tion C 16  art  23  s 634] 

School  moneys  may  he  withheld  from  cities  and  districts  not  enforcing  law. — 1.  The  com- 
missioner of  education  shall  supervise  the  enforcement  of  this  law  and  he  may  with- 
hold one-half  of  all  public  school  moneys  from  any  city  or  district,  which,  in  his  judg- 


' Fcr  penalty  for  misdemeanor,  see  page  131  (Consolidated  Laws  1909,  volume  4,  Penal,  chapter  40,  article 
Iri,  section  1937). 


LAWS  RELATING  TO  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATES. 


129 


ment,  willfully  omits  and  refuses  to  enforce  the  provisions  of  this  article,  after  due 
notice,  so  often  and  so  long  as  such  willful  omission  and  refusal  shall,  in  his  judgment, 
continue.  * * * [CL  1910  v 8 Education  C 16  art  23  s 636] 

SCHOOL  CENSUS. 

Enumeration  of  children  from  4 to  18;  duties  of  permanent  census  hoard  in  cities  of  the 
first  class  except  New  York. — A permanent  census  board  is  hereby  established  in  each 
city  of  the  first  class,  except  the  city  of  New  York.  In  the  city  of  New  York  provision 
shall  be  made  by  the  board  of  education  for  taking  a school  census  in  connection  with 
the  work  of  enforcing  the  compulsory  education  law.  Such  permanent  census  board 
shall  consist  of  the  mayor,  the  superintendent  of  schools,  the  police  commissioner  or 
officer  performing  duties  similar  to  those  of  a police  commissioner.  The  mayor  shall  be 
the  chairman  of  such  board.  Such  board  shall  have  power  to  make  such  rules  and 
regulations  as  may  be  necessary  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  article.  Such 
board  shall  have  power  to  appoint  a secretary  and  such  clerks  and  other  employees 
as  may  be  necessary  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  article  and  to  fix  the  salaries 
of  the  same.  Such  board  shall  ascertain  through  the  police  force,  the  residences  and 
employments  of  all  persons  between  the  ages  of  four  and  eighteen  years  residing 
within  such  cities  and  shall  report  thereon  from  time  to  time  to  the  school  authorities 
of  such  cities.  Under  the  regulations  of  such  board,  during  the  month  of  October, 
nineteen  hundred  and  nine,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  police  commissioners  in  such 
cities  of  the  first  class  to  cause  a census  of  the  children  of  their  respective  cities  to  be 
taken.  Thereafter  such  census  shall  be  amended  from  day  to  day  by  the  police,  pre- 
cinct by  precinct,  as  changes  of  residence  occur  among  the  children  of  such  cities 
within  the  ages  prescribed  in  this  article  and  as  other  persons  come  within  the  ages 
prescribed  herein  and  as  other  persons  within  such  ages  shall  become  residents  of 
such  cities,  so  that  said  board  shall  always  have  on  file  a complete  census  of  the  names 
and  residences  of  the  children  between  such  ages  and  of  the  persons  in  parental  rela- 
tion thereto.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  persons  in  parental  relation  to  any  child  residing 
within  the  limits  of  said  cities  of  the  first  class  to  report  at  the  police  station  house  of 
the  precinct  within  which  they  severally  reside,  the  following  information: 

1.  Two  weeks  before  any  child  becomes  of  the  compulsory  school  age  the  name  of 
such  child,  its  residence,  the  name  of  the  person  or  persons  in  parental  relation 
thereto,  and  the  name  and  location  of  the  school  to  which  such  child  is  sent  as  a pupil. 

2.  In  case  a child  of  compulsory  school  age  is  for  any  cause  removed  from  one 
school  and  sent  to  another  school,  or  sent  to  work  in  accordance  with  the  labor  law, 
all  the  facts  in  relation  thereto. 

3.  In  case  the  residence  of  a child  is  removed  from  one  police  precinct  to  another 
police  precinct,  the  new  residence  and  the  other  facts  required  in  the  two  preceding 
subdivisions. 

4.  In  case  a child  between  the  ages  of  four  and  eighteen  becomes  a resident  of  one 
of  said  cities  of  the  first  class  for  the  first  time  the  residence  and  such  other  facts  as  the 
census  board  shall  require.  Such  census  shall  include  all  persons  between  the  ages 
of  four  and  eighteen  years,  the  day  of  the  month  and  the  year  of  the  birth  of  each  of 
such  persons,  their  respective  residences  by  street  and  number,  the  names  of  their 
parents  or  guardians,  such  information  relating  to  illiteracy  and  to  the  enforcement 
of  the  law  relating  to  child  labor  and  compulsory  education  as  the  school  authorities 
of  the  State  and  of  such  cities  shall  require  and  also  such  further  information  as  such 
authorities  shall  require.  [0  L 1910  v 8 Education  C 16  art  24  s 650  as  amended  by 
1914  C 480]  # 

Enumeration  of  children  from  4 to  18  in  New  York  City;  duties  of  bureau  of  compulsory 
education,  school  census , and  child  ivelfare. — The  board  of  education  shall  have  power 
to  establish  a bureau  of  compulsory  education,  school  census  and  child  welfare  and 
subject  to  the  provisions  of  law  and  of  this  act,  the  said  board  shall  have  power  to 
make  by-laws,  rules,  regulations  and  prescribe  forms  for  the  proper  performance  of 
the  duties  of  all  persons  employed  in  and  under  the  direction  of  said  bureau.  On 
the  nomination  of  the  board  of  superintendents  the  board  of  education  shall  have 
power  to  appoint  a director  and  an  assistant  director  of  the  said  bureau  for  a term  of 
six  years  each,  and  such  attendance  officers,  enumerators,  clerks  and  other  employees 
as  may  be  necessary,  and  to  fix  their  salaries  within  the  proper  appropriation;  to 
assign  a chief  attendance  officer,  and  one  or  more  attendance  officers  as  supervising 
attendance  officers  for  such  periods  as  may  be  prescribed  in  the  by-laws  of  the  board 
of  education.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  for  the  position  of  director  or  of  assistant 
director  of  the  said  bureau  who  has  not  one  of  the  following  qualifications:  (a)  Gradua- 
tion from  a college  or  university  recognized  by  the  University  of  the  State  of  New 

46446°— 17 9 


130  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


York,  together  with  five  years’  experience  in  teaching  or  supervision  since  graduation, 
(b)  A principal’s  license  for  any  of  the  boroughs  of  the  city  of  New  York  obtained  as 
the  result  of  an  examination,  together  with  ten  years’  experience  in  teaching  or  super- 
vision. The  director  and  assistant  director  shall  be  participants  in  the  teachers’ 
retirement  fund  under  section  ten  hundred  and  ninety-two  of  the  charter  of  the 
city  of  New  York  and  be  subject  to  its  provisions.  Attendance  officers  employed 
under  the  direction  of  the  said  bureau  shall  perform  duties  in  connection  with  the 
enforcement  of  the  compulsory  education  law,  in  the  taking  of  a school  census, 
and  in  connection  with  the  employment  of  children  under  the  labor  law,  and 
such  other  duties,  not  inconsistent  with  this  act,  as  the  director  of  the  bureau  or 
the  board  of  education  may  prescribe.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  persons  in  parental 
relation  to  any  child  between  the  ages  of  four  and  eighteen  years  residing  in  the  city 
of  New  York  to  give  to  the  educational  authorities  of  the  district  within  which  they 
severally  reside,  all  the  information  prescribed  in  section  six  hundred  and  fifty  of 
article  twenty-four  of  the  education  law  of  the  State  relating  to  such  child,  and  such 
other  information  as  may  be  required.  Persons  in  parental  relation  who  withhold 
such  information  shall  be  liable  to  the  penalty  prescribed  in  section  six  hundred  and 
fifty-three  of  article  twenty-four  of  the  education  law  of  the  State.  It  shall  be  the 
duty  of  attendance  officers,  acting  as  census  enumerators,  to  collect  the  information 
prescribed  in  section  six  hundred  and  fifty  of  article  twenty-four  of  the  education 
law  and  such  other  information  as  the  State  commissioner  of  education  or  the  board 
of  education  may  require.  The  director  of  the  bureau  of  compulsory  education, 
school  census  and  child  welfare,  herein  established,  shall,  subject  to  the  by-laws  of 
the  board  of  education  and  in  its  name,  enforce  the  compulsory  education  law,  direct 
attendance  officers  in  their  duty,  commit  and  parole  truant  and  delinquent  children 
and  proceed  against  those  in  parental  relation  in  the  manner  provided  in  section  six 
hundred  and  thirty-five  of  chapter  one  hundred  and  forty  of  the  laws  of  nineteen 
hundred  and  ten  as  amended,  any  provision  of  the  said  law  os  of  section  ten  hundred 
and  seventy-eight  of  the  charter  of  the  city  of  New  York  to  the  contrary  notwith- 
standing. The  assistant  director  shall  perform  such  duties  in  connection  with  the 
supervision  of  the  school  census,  or  otherwise,  as  the  director,  subject  to  the  by-laws 
of  the  board  of  education,  may  prescribe.  Under  the  direction  of  the  board  of  edu- 
cation the  city  superintendent  of  schools  shall  have  a general  supervision  of  the 
bureau  of  compulsory  education,  school  census  and  child  welfare.  On  or  about  May 
first,  nineteen  hundred  and  fourteen,  the  board  of  education  shall  ascertain  the  infor- 
mation required  by  section  six  hundred  and  fifty  of  article  twenty-four  of  the  educa- 
tion law  of  the  State  relating  to  a census  of  all  persons  within  the  city  of  New  York 
between  the  ages  of  four  and  eighteen  years  of  age.  Thereafter  such  census  shall 
be  amended  from  day  to  day  by  attendance  officers,  clerks  and  other  employees 
under  the  supervision  of  the  director,  as  changes  of  residence  occur  among  children 
of  such  city  within  the  ages  prescribed  in  this  article,  and  as  other  persons  come 
within  the  ages  prescribed,  and  as  other  persons  within  such  ages  shall  become  resi- 
dents of  such  city,  so  that  the  said  board  of  education  in  its  census  bureau  shall  always 
have  on  file  a complete  census  of  the  names  and  residences  of  the  children  between 
such  ages  and  of  the  persons  in  parental  relation  thereto.  [Greater  New  York  Charter 
1901  C 461  s 1069  subdivision  8 as  added  by  1914  C 479] 

Enumeration  of  children  from  4 to  18;  duties  of  permanent  census  hoard  or  school  authori- 
ties in  other  than  cities  of  the  first  class. — A permanent  census  board  may  be  established 
in  any  city  not  of  the  first  class,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  this  article.  If 
a census  board  shall  not  be  established  in  such  cities,  then,  during  the  month  of  Oc- 
tober, nineteen  hundred  and  nine,  and  in  the  month  of  October  every  fourth  year 
thereafter,  the  school  authorities  of  every  city,  not  a city  of  the  first  class,  shall  take  a 
census  of  the  children  of  their  respective  cities.  Such  census  shall  include  the  infor- 
mation required  from  the  cities  of  the  first  class  as  provided  in  section  six  hundred 
and  fifty  of  this  chapter.  [C  L 1910  v 8 Education  C 16  art  24  s 651] 

Enumeration  of  children  from  5 to  18;  duties  of  hoards  of  trustees  in  school  districts. — 
The  board  of  trustees  of  every  school  district  shall  annually  on  the  thirtieth  day  of 
August  cause  a census  of  all  children  between  the  ages  of  five  and  eighteen  years  to 
be  taken  in  their  respective  school  districts.  Such  census  shall  include  the  infor- 
mation required  from  cities  as  provided  in  this  article.  [C  L 1910  v 8 Education  C 
16  art  24  s 652] 

Penalty  for  false  information,  etc. — A parent,  guardian  or  other  person  having  under 
his  control  or  charge  a child  between  the  ages  of  four  and  eighteen  years  who  with- 
holds or  refuses  to  give  information  in  his  possession  relating  to  such  child  and  required 
under  this  article,  or  any  such  parent,  guardian  or  other  person  who  gives  false  infor- 
mation in  relation  thereto,  shall  be  liable  to  and  punished  by  fine  not  exceeding  twenty 
dollars  or  by  imprisonment  not  exceeding  thirty  days.  [C  L 1910  v 8 Education  C 16 
art  24  s 653] 


LAV/S  RELATING  TO  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATES. 


131 


ALL  REGULATED  OCCUPATIONS. 

PENALTIES. 

Violation  of  labor  laws  and  false  statements. — Any  person  who  violates  or  does  not 
comply  with  any  provision  of  the  labor  law,  any  provision  of  the  industrial  code, 
any  rule  or  regulation  of  the  [industrial  commission]  * * * or  any  lawful  order 
of  the  [industrial  commission];  and  any  person  who  knowingly  makes  a false  state- 
ment in  or  in  relation  to  any  application  made  for  an  employment  certificate  as  to  any 
matter  required  by  articles  six  * * * of  the  labor  law  to  appear  in  any  affidavit, 
record,  transcript  or  certificate  therein  provided  for,  is  guilty  of  a misdemeanor  and 
upon  conviction  shall  be  punished,  except  as  in  this  chapter  otherwise  provided,  for 
a first  offense  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  twenty  nor  more  than  fifty  dollars ; for  a second 
offense  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  fifty  nor  more  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  dollars, 
or  by  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  thirty  days  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprison- 
ment; for  a third  offense  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  or 
by  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  sixty  days,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprison- 
ment. [C  L 1909  v 4 Penal  C 40  art  120  s 1275  as  amended  by  1913  C 349] 

Misdemeanor. — A person  convicted  of  a crime  declared  to  be  a misdemeanor,  for 
which  no  other  punishment  is  specially  prescribed  by  this  chapter,  or  by  any  other 
statutory  provision  in  force  at  the  time  of  the  conviction  and  sentence,  is  punishable 
by  imprisonment  in  a penitentiary,  or  county  jail,  for  not  more  than  one  year,  or  by 
a fine  of  not  more  than  five  hundred  dollars,  or  by  both.  [C  L 1909  v 4 Penal  C 40 
art  174  s 1937] 


AMENDMENTS  TO  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  LAW. 

In  effect  Feb.  1,  1917. 

[Acts  of  1916,  eh.  465,  sec.  1,  amending  Labor  Law,  sec.  71.  Section  2 of  the  same  act  amends  Labor  Law, 
sec.  163,  to  read  exactly  like  section  71  as  amended.  Portions  in  brackets  were  in  the  original  law  but  are 
omitted  in  the  amendment;  portions  in  italics  were  not  in  the  original  law  but  are  added  in  the  amendment.! 

Employment  certificate , how  issued. — Such  certificate  shall  be  issued  by  the  com- 
missioner of  health  or  the  executive  officer  of  the  board  or  department  of  health  of  the 
city,  town  or  village  where  such  child  resides[,]  or  is  to  be  employed,  or  by  such  other 
officer  thereof  as  may  be  designated  by  such  board,  department  or  commissioner  for 
that  purpose,  upon  the  application  of  the  parent  [or],  guardian  or  custodian  of  the 
child  desiring  such  employment.  Such  officer  shall  not  issue  such  certificate  until 
he  has  received,  examined,  approved  and  filed  the  following  papers  duly  executed, 
namely:  The  school  record  of  such  child  properly  filled  out  and  signed  as  provided  in 
this  article;  also,  evidence  of  age  showing  that  the  child,  is  fourteen  years  old  or  up- 
wards, which  shall  consist  of  the  evidence  thereof  provided  in  one  of  the  following 
subdivisions  of  this  section  and  which  shall  be  required  in  the  order  herein  designated 
as  follows: 

(a)  Birth  certificate [:],*  passport  or  baptismal  certificate.  A duly  attested  transcript 
of  the  birth  certificate  filed  according  to  law  with  a registrar  of  vital  statistics  or  other 
officer  charged  with  the  duty  of  recording  births [,  which  certificate  shall  be  conclusive 
evidence  of  the  age  of  such  child.];  or  a passport;  or  a duly  attested  transcript  of  a cer- 
tificate of  baptism  showing  the  date  of  birth  of  such  child. 

[(b)  Certificate  of  graduation.  A certificate  of  graduation  duly  issued  to  such 
child  showing  that  such  child  is  a graduate  of  a public  school  of  the  State  of  New  York 
or  elsewhere,  having  a course  of  not  less  than  eight  years,  or  of  a school  in  the  State  of 
New  Yrork  other  than  a public  school,  having  a substantially  equivalent  course  of 
study  of  not  less  than  eight  years’  duration,  in  which  a record  of  the  attendance  of 
such  child  has  been  kept  as  required  by  article  twenty  of  the  education  law,  provided 
that  the  record  of  such  school  shows  such  child  to  be  at  least  fourteen  years  of  age. 

(c)  Passport  or  baptismal  certificate.  A passport  or  a duly  attested  transcript  of  a 
certificate  of  baptism  showing  the  date  of  birth  and  place  of  baptism  of  such  child.] 
[(d)]  (6)  Other  documentary  evidence.  In  case  it  shall  appear  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  officer  to  whom  application  is  made,  as  herein  provided,  for  an  employment 
certificate,  that  a child  for  whom  such  certificate  is  requested [,]  and  who  has  presented 
the  school  record,  is  in  fact  over  fourteen  years  of  age,  and  that  satisfactory  documen- 
tary evidence  of  age  can  be  produced,  which  does  not  fall  within  any  of  the  provisions 
of  the  preceding  subdivisions  of  this  section,  and  that  none  of  the  papers  mentioned 
in  said  subdivisions  can  be  produced,  then  and  not  otherwise  he  shall  present  to  the 
board  of  health  of  which  he  is  an  officer  or  agent,  for  its  action  thereon,  a statement 
signed  by  him  showing  such  facts,  together  with  such  [affidavits  or]  papers  as  may  have 
been  produced  before  him  constituting  such  evidence  [of  the  age  of  such  child,  and 
the  board  of  health,  at  a regular  meeting  thereof,  may  then,  by  resolution,  provide 
that  such  evidence  of  age  shall  be  fully  entered  on  the  minutes  of  such  board,  and 
shall  be  received  as  sufficient  evidence  of  the  age  of  such  child  for  the. purpose  of  this 
section].  The  commissioner  of  health , or  when  officially  authorized , the  issuing  officer  of 
the  board  or  department  of  health  may  then  accept  such  evidence  as  sufficient  as  to  the  age 
of  such  child,  and  a record  of  such  evidence  shall  be  fully  entered  on  the  minutes  of  the  board 
at  the  next  meeting  thereof  . 

l(e)]  (c)  Physicians’  certificates.  In  cities  of  the  first  class  only,  in  case  application 
for  the  issuance  of  an  employment  certificate  shall  be  made  to  such  officer  by  a child’s 
parent,  guardian  or  custodian  who  alleges  his  inability  to  produce  any  of  the  evidence 
of  age  specified  in  the  preceding  subdivisions  of  this  section,  and  if  the  child  is  appar- 
ently at  least  fourteen  years  of  age,  such  officer  may  receive  and  file  an  application 
signed  by  the  parent,  guardian  or  custodian  of  such  child  for  physicians’  certificates. 
Such  application  shall  contain  the  alleged  age,  place  and  date  of  birth,  and  present 
residence  of  such  child,  together  with  such  further  facts  as  may  be  of  assistance  in 
determining  the  age  of  such  child.  Such  application  shall  be  filed  for  not  less  than 
[ninety]  sixty  days  after  date  of  such  application  for  such  physicians’  certificates,  for 
an  examination  to  be  made  of  the  statements  contained  therein,  and  in  case  no  facts 

132 


LAWS  RELATING  TO  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATES. 


133 


appear  within  such  period  or  by  such  examination  tending  to  discredit  or  contradict 
any  material  statement  of  such  application,  then  and  not  otherwise  the  officer  may 
direct  such  child  to  appear  thereafter  for  physical  examination  before  two  physicians 
officially  designated  by  the  board  of  health,  and  in  case,  such  physicians  shall  certify 
in  writing  that  they  have  separately  examined  such  child  and  that  in  their  opinion 
such  child  is  at  least  fourteen  years  of  age  such  officer  shall  accept  such  certificates  as 
sufficient  proof  of  the  age  of  such  child  for  the  purposes  of  this  section.  In  case  the 
opinions  of  such  physicians  do  not  concur,  the  child  shall  be  examined  by  a third 
physician  and  the  concurring  opinions  shall  be  conclusive  for  the  purpose  of  this  section 
as  to  the  age  of  such  child. 

Such  officer  shall  require  the  evidence  of  age  specified  in  subdivision  (a)  in  prefer- 
ence to  that  specified  in  any  subsequent  subdivision  and  shall  not  accept  the  evidence 
of  age  permitted  by  any  subsequent  subdivision  unless  he  shall  receive  and  file  in 
addition  thereto  an  affidavit  of  the  parent  showing  that  no  evidence  of  age  specified 
in  any  preceding  subdivision  or  subdivisions  of  this  section  can  be  produced.  Such 
affidavit  shall  contain  the  age,  place  and  date  of  birth,  and  present  residence  of  such 
child,  which  affidavit  must  be  taken  before  the  officer  issuing  the  employment  certifi- 
cate, who  is  hereby  authorized  and  required  to  administer  such  oath  and  who  shall 
not  demand  or  receive  a fee  therefor. 

Such  employment  certificate  shall  not  be  issued  until  such  child  further  has  per- 
sonally appeared  before  and  been  examined  by  the  officer  issuing  the  certificate,  and 
until  such  officer  shall,  after  making  such  examination,  sign  and  file  in  his  office  a 
statement  that  the  child  can  read  and  [legibly]  write  correctly  simple  sentences  in  the 
English  language  and  that  in  his  opinion  the  child  is  fourteen  years  of  age  or  upwards 
and  has  reached  the  normal  development  of  a child  of  its  age,  and  is  in  sound  health 
and  is  physically  able  to  perform  the  work  which  it  intends  to  do.  Every  such  em- 
ployment certificate  shall  be  signed,  in  the  presence  of  the  officer  issuing  the  same,  by 
the  child  in  whose  name  it  is  issued.  In  every  case,  before  an  employment  certificateis 
issued,  such  physical  fitness  shall  be  determined  by  a,  medical  officer  of  the  department 
or  board  of  health,  who  shall  make  a thorough  physical  examination  of  the  child  and 
record  the  result  thereof  on  a blank  to  be  furnished  for  the  purpose  by  the  [State  com- 
missioner of  labor]  industrial  commission  and  shall  set  forth  thereon  such  facts  con- 
cerning the  physical  condition  and  history  of  the  child  as  the  [commissioner  of  labor] 
industrial  commission  may  require. 

In  case  the  evidence  of  age , filed  as  in  this  section  provided,  shows  such  child  to  he  fourteen 
years  old  hut  fails  to  show  such  child  to  he  fifteen  years  old,  no  employment  certificate  shall 
he  issued  unless  such  child,  in  addition  to  complying  with  all  the  requirements  of  this  section 
and  producing  the  school  record  described  in  section  seventy-three,  shall  also  present  a cer- 
tificate of  graduation  properly  issued  in  the  name  of  such  child,  from  a public  elementary 
school,  or  school  equivalent  thereto  or  parochial  school,  or  a preacademic  certificate  issued 
by  the  regents,  or  a certificate  of  the  completion  of  an  elementary  course  issued  by  the  education 
department . 


FORMS  USED  IN  THE  ADMINISTRATION  OF  EMPLOYMENT- 
CERTIFICATE  LAWS. 


[The  words  in  italics  are  as  entered  by  hand  on  the  blank  forms,  but  all  names  and  addresses,  except  those 
of  some  of  the  officials,  are  fictitious.  Lines  inclosed  in  brackets  []  are  interpolated  and  do  not  appear  in 
the  forms  as  used.] 

[Form  1.  See  p.  13.] 

University  of  the  State  of  New  York, 

The  State  Department  of  Education. 


SCHOOL  RECORD. 

To  the  Board  of  Health  City  of  Little  Falls : 

Gentlemen:  I hereby  certify  that  Rosa  Spence  was  a pupil  in  Lincoln  school  in  the  city  of  Little 
Falls,  State  of  New  York;  that  her  attendance  at  the  said  school  was  not  less  than  130  days  during 
the  12  months  next  preceding  her  14th  birthday  or  the  12  months  next  preceding  her  application  for  a 
school-record  certificate ; that  she  is  able  to  read  and  write  simple  sentences  in  the  English  language  and 
received  during  such  period  instruction  in  English  in  reading,  writing,  spelling,  English  language  and 
geography  and  is  familiar  with  the  fundamental  operations  of  arithmetic  up  to  and  including  fractions 
and  has  completed  the  work  prescribed  for  the  first  six  years  of  the  public  elementary  school,  or  school 
equivalent  thereto,  or  parochial  school;  that  according  to  the  records  of  the  above-named  school  said  pupil 
was  born  on  the  10th  day  of  Sept.,  1900  resides  at  110  W.  Main  St.  in  the  city  of  Little  Falls  and 
the  name  of  her  parent,  guardian,  or  custodian  is  John  Spence. 

[Signed]  John  De  Long, 

Superintendent,  principal  or  chief  executive  officer  of  school. 

(Dated)  Oct  12,  1914. 


This  certificate  when  issued  should  be  given  to  the  child  entitled  to  it,  who  should  present  it  to  the  local 
board  of  health  if  an  employment  certificate  is  desired;  otherwise  it  is  to  be  retained  by  the  child. 

An  exact  record  of  all  certificates  issued  shall  be  kept  on  file.  Such  record  in  part  should  contain  the 
name,  age  and  residence  of  each  child  to  whom  a certificate  was  granted,  with  the  number  of  days’  attend- 
ance credited  to  each  within  the  period  prescribed  in  the  statute;  also  the  date  on  which  the' certificate 
was  issued. 

Section  1275  of  the  penal  law: 

Any  person  who  knowingly  makes  a false  statement  in  or  in  relation  to  any  application  made  for  an 
employment  certificate  as  to  any  matter  required  by  articles  6 and  11  of  the  labor  law  to  appear  in  any 
affidavit,  record,  transcript  or  certificate  therein  provided  for,  is  guilty  of  a misdemeanor  and  upon  con- 
viction shall  be  punished  for  a first  offense  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  $20  nor  more  than  $50;  for  a second 
offense  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  $50  normore  than  $250,  or  by  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  30  days,  or 
by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment;  for  a third  offense  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  $250,  or  by  imprisonment 
for  not  more  than  60  days,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment. 

John  Huston  Finley, 
President  of  the  University. 

Approved  by  State  Department  of  Labor. 


[Form  2a.  See  p.  31.] 

This  certificate  is  effective  throughout  the  State  and  until  the  owner  is  16  years  of  age  unless  sooner  re  voked- 
No.  846.  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE. 

Issued  pursuant  to  sections  71  and  163  of  the  labor  law  of  the  State  of  New  York,  chapter  36,  laws  of  1909, 

as  amended. 

The  Department  of  Health  of  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  upon  application  duly  made  pursuant  to  law,  grants 
this  certificate  to  John  Baker  and  it  is  hereby  certified  that  this  child,  who  is  described  below,  personally 
(Name  of  child.) 

appeared  before  the  undersigned  official  and  was  by  him  examined  and  found  qualified  for  employment 
under  the  labor  law;  it  is  further  certified  that  documentary  evidence  of  the  age  and  education  of  said 
child,  as  required  by  law,  has  been  duly  examined,  approved,  and  made  a part  of  the  records  of  the  above 
department,  and  that  by  careful  examination  the  physical  fitness  of  the  said  child  has  been  determined 
by  the  medical  examiner  of  the  above  department  and  that  such  physical  examination  has  been  recorded 
as  required  by  law. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  CHILD. 

Place  of  birth  Utica,  N.  Y.  Date  of  birth  June  21,  1900. 

Color  of  hair  Brown.  Color  of  eyes  Blue. 

Height  4 feet  6 inches.  Weight  100. 

Distinguishing  facial  marks  none. 

The  Board  of  Health. 

JonN  Baker,  By  F.  W.  Sears, 

Signature  of  child  named  in  the  above  certificate.  Signature  of  official  issuing  certificate. 

Date  July  2, 1915. 

N.  B.— This  certificate  must  be  filed  with  the  employer,  and  must  be  kept  on  file  in  the  office  at  the 
place  of  employment  during  the  period  of  such  employment.  It  shall  be  surrendered  to  the  child,  its  parent, 
guardian,  or  custodian  upon  the  termination  of  the  child’s  employment. 

(OVER) 


134 


FORMS  USED  IN  ADMINISTRATION, 


135 


[Form  2b.  See  p.  31.] 

This  certificate  is  effective  throughout  the  State  and  until  the  owner  is  16  years  of  age  unless  sooner  revoked. 

No.  7548.  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE. 

Issued  pursuant  to  sections  71  and  163  of  the  labor  law  of  the  State  of  New  York,  chapter  36,  Laws  of  1909, 

as  amended. 

The  Department  of  Health  of  City  of  New  York,  upon  application  duly  made  pursuant  to  law,  grants 
this  certificate  to  Laurence  Flynn  and  it  is  hereby  certified  that  this  child,  who  is  described  below,  per- 
(Name  of  child.) 

sonally  appeared  before  the  undersigned  official  and  was  by  him  examined  and  found  qualified  for  employ- 
ment under  the  labor  law;  it  is  further  certified  that  documentary  evidence  of  the  age  and  education  of 
said  child,  as  required  by  law,  has  been  duly  examined,  approved,  and  made  a part  of  the  records  of  the 
above  department,  and  that  by  careful  examination  the  physical  fitness  of  the  said  child  has  been  deter- 
mined by  the  medical  examiner  of  the  above  department  and  that  such  physical  examination  has  been 
recorded  as  required  by  law. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  CHILD. 


Place  of  birth  Rochester , N.  Y. 
Color  of  hair  Brown. 

Height  5 feet  5\  inches. 
Distinguishing  physical  marks 


Date  of  birth  Aug.  7, 1899. 

Color  of  eyes  Blue. 

Weight  103  lbs. 

sex  Male. 

The  Board  of  Health. 


Laurence  Flynn  By  John  J.  O’Brien, 

Signature  of  child  named  in  the  above  certificate.  Signature  of  official  issuing  certificate. 

Address  173  W.  21st.  St.  Date  March  12, 1914. 

N.  B.— This  certificate  must  be  filed  with  the  employer,  and  must  be  kept  on  file  in  the  office  at  the  place 
of  employment  during  the  period  of  such  employment.  It  shall  be  surrendered  to  the  child,  its  parent, 
guardian,  or  custodian  upon  the  termination  of  the  child’s  employment. 

(OVER) 


[Forms  2a  and  2b  (reverse).  See  p.  31.] 

IMPORTANT. 


NOTICE  TO  EMPLOYERS. 

Factories:  In  factories  the  child  presenting  this  certificate  shall  not  be  permitted  to  work  before  8 o’clock 
in  the  morning  or  after  5 o’clock  in  the  afternoon,  or  for  more  than  8 hours  in  any  one  day  or  more  than 
six  days  in  any  one  week.  (Section  77,  Labor  Law.) 

Special  attention  is  called  to  occupations  at  which  children  can  not  be  employed,  enumerated  in 
section  93,  Labor  Law. 

Mercantile  establishments:  In  mercantile  establishments  the  child  presenting  this  certificate  shall 
not  be  permitted  to  work  before  8 o’clock  in  the  morning  or  after  6 o’clock  in  the  evening,  or  for  more 
than  8 hours  in  any  one  day  or  more  than  six  days  in  any  one  week.  (Section  161,  Labor  Law.) 


(Form  3.  See  p.  80.] 

Thomas  Blake. 

Signature  of  child. 

14  Pitt  St. 

Home  address. 

London,  Eng'  Nov.  10, 1899 
Place  and  date  of  birth. 

John  & Mary  Blake. 

Father’s  and  mother’s  name. 

Packing. 

Work  actually  engaged  in. 

July  9, 1914.  $5.  8 i 

When  employed.  Wages.  Daily  hours. 

8 5 i 

Commence.  Stop  work.  Noon  day  recess 

Roibt.  Walton,  foreman. 

By  whom  employed. 

National  Cigar  Co. 

Business  title  of  firm  or  company. 

17  Monroe  St. 

Address. 

J.  K.  Smith,  supt.  of  factory. 

Person  in  authority  seen  by  deputy. 

Nov.  3, 1914 • 3 p.  m. 

Date  of  inspection.  Time  of  day. 

J.  C.  Howard. 

Factory  inspector. 


136  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK 


[Form  4.  See  p.  80.] 

State  of  New  York, 

[seal]  Department  of  Labor, 

Bureau  of  Factory  Inspection. 

Albany,  April  13, 1914. 

In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  section  76  of  chapter  36,  Laws  of  1909,  as  amended,  you  are  hereby 
directed  to  furnish  to  this  department,  within  ten  days,  proper  evidence  that  the  child  named  herein  and 
who  is  now  employed,  permitted  or  suffered  to  work  in  your  manufacturing  establishment,  is  in  fact  over 
sixteen  years  of  age:  (For  the  kind  of  evidence  that  will  be  considered,  see  the  back  of  this  sheet.) 

Name  and  address  of  child  (as  furnished  to  inspector  at  time  of  inspection). 

Mary  J . Dixon,  43  Williams  Street. 

Failing  to  furnish  the  evidence  herein  called  for  you  must  immediately  cease  to  employ  or  permit  or 
suffer  such  child  to  work  in  your  factory. 

M.  Lewis, 

(over)  Chief  Factory  Inspector. 


[Form  4 (reverse).  See  p.  80.] 

Evidence  herein  called  for  shall  consist  of: 

(a)  Birth  certificate:  A duly  attested  transcript  of  the  birth  certificate  filed  according  to  law  with  a 
registrar  of  vital  statistics  or  other  officer  charged  with  the  duty  of  recording  births,  which  certificate  shall 
be  conclusive  evidence  of  the  age  of  such  child. 

(b)  Certificate  of  graduation:  A certificate  of  graduation  duly  issued  to  such  child  showing  that  such 
child  is  a graduate  of  a public  school  of  the  State  of  New  Y ork  or  elsewhere,  having  a course  of  not  less  than 
eight  years,  or  of  a school  in  the  State  of  New  Y ork  other  than  a public  school,  having  a substantially  equiva- 
lent course  of  study  of  not  less  than  eight  years’  duration,  in  which  a record  of  the  attendance  of  such  child 
has  been  kept  as  required  by  the  compulsory  education  law,  provided  that  the  record  of  such  school  shows 
such  child  to  be  over  sixteen  years  of  age. 

(c)  Passport  or  baptismal  certificate:  A passport  or  a duly  attested  transcript  of  a certificate  of  baptism 
showing  the  date  of  birth  and  place  of  baptism  of  such  child. 

(d)  Other  evidence:  In  cases  where  it  is  impossible  to  produce  any  one  of  the  above-mentioned  docu- 
ments, there  shall  be  sent  to  the  commissioner  of  labor  a duly  acknowledged  affidavit  from  the  parent  or 
guardian  of  said  child;  the  affidavit  shall  state  the  name,  residence,  date,  and  place  of  birth  of  said  child, 
and  that  none  of  the  documentary  evidence  mentioned  above  can  be  produced.  There  shall  also  be  sub- 
mitted in  connection  therewith  a further  affidavit  or  affidavits,  from  at  least  two  physicians,  stating  that 
after  due  examination  they  are  of  the  opinion  that  said  child  is  upwards  of  the  age  of  sixteen  years. 


FORMS  USED  IN  ADMINISTRATION 


137 


[Form  5.  See  p.  81.] 


CO 

Building  file  No.  348765. 

^ ! co 

Formerly 

(Reg.  insp.  No.  436  L.  B.— S.  B.  No.  28. 

; ^ 

Give  old  business  title  or  address  if 

F.  I.\ 

o • 

changed  in  12  months. 

(Special Dist.  No.  2-49. 

% 

Name  John  Doc  Co. 

Co 

A *S  ® 

If  unincorporated  and  operating  under 

Purpose  of  visit. 

an  assumed  business  title,  also  add 

name  of  proprietor. 

No.  265  Elm  St.  City  or  village  N.  Y.  County  N.  Y.  Boro.  Man. 


Front  or  rear. 

/ 

Incorporated — President’s  name  J.B.  Jones  Address  295  Monroe  A ve.,  N.  Y.  C. 

V 

Owner,  agent,  or  lessee  of  building  George  Blake  Address  32  Wall  St.,  N . Y.  C. 
No.  of  buildings  1 1 Stories  12 

In  entire  plant.  Building  covered  by  this  report.  (Of  bldg,  insp.) 

]/ 

9th.  Ten.— Factory. 

Floors  occupied.  T.  H.  Sep.  shop.  Registered. 

Women’s  coats  & suits.  Coats. 

Chief  product  manufactured  or  work  done.  Specific  product  of  bldg.  insp. 

Wool.  ’ yt 

Principal  raw  material  used.  Work  done  outside  factory. 

9/ 14/15  James  Green.  Peter  Spruce.  Mgr. 

Date  of  last  inspection.  By  whom.  Person  in  authority  seen.  His  position. 


S* 


Employees. 

Hours. 

Sex  and  age. 

In  office,  mes- 
sengers, etc. 

In  workshops. 

[ Total. 

xA 

& 

3 

Pi 

o 

[ On  short  day. 

[ Total  per  week.  1 

M 18+ 

37 

37 

9 

5 

50 

M 16  18 

M 14  16 

F 21+  . 

3 

3 

10(9) 

5 

54 

F 16-21.. 

2 

8 

10 

10(9) 

5 

54 

F 14-16.. 

1 

1 

8 

5 

45 

Total 

2 

49 

51 

X 

X 

X 

C.  under  14 

X 

X 

X 

Largest 

no.inyr. 

2 

49 

51 

X 

X 

X 

SUMMARY  REPORT  AND  CERTIFICATE  OF  INSPECTOR. 

This  is  to  certify  that  on  careful  inspection  of  the 
factory  workrooms,  conditions  were  found  to  be  in 
substantial  compliance  with  the  law  and  Industrial 
Code  rules,  relative  to  subjects  enumerated  below, 
except  where  indicated  in  the  negative,  supplemented 
by  orders  on  back  of  card. 

Employment  and  hours  of  labor  of  children— Male 
minors— Women  Yes.  §8-A  Yes. 

V V »/  |/ 

Health— Comfort— Ventilation— Sanitary  conditions 
and  conveniences  No.  ]/ 

Guarding  switchboards  — Elevators  — Machinery— In- 
spection of  boilers  No. 

Work  rooms:  Lighting— Maintenance— Occupancy- 
Exits— Fire  prevention  Yes. 

Rules:  Special  to  foundries Special  to  milling 

industry 

Posting : L a w s— R u 1 es— S ch  edul  es— N otices— Certifi- 
cates—Permits  No  Mealtime  Yes  Wages  Yes. 
Ten.-Factory— No.  hor.  exits  0 No.  exit  stairs  2 
(§94) 

No.  fire  escapes  0 — No.  elevators  2. 

(Rule  380.) 


Proprietors  at  work  0 W ork  in  1 shifts  

Work  nights?^  No.  at  work  37  On  Sunday?  0 No.  at  work  — 

4/17/16  Rose  Richards, 
Date  of  inspection.  Factory  inspector. 


[Form  5 (reverse).  See  p.  81.] 

Orders: 

Post  laws  and  hours  of  labor.  Complied. 

Prohibit  the  use  of  towels  in  common. 

Provide  a dressing  room  for  the  use  of  females,  such  room  to  have  at  least  one  window  opening  to  the  outer  air 
and  to  be  inclosed  by  means  of  solid  partitions  or  walls  and  to  contain  at  least  sixty  (60)  square  feet  for  the  first 
ten  (10)  persons  and  an  additional  two  (2)  square  feet  for  each  person  in  excess  of  ten  (10). 

Provide  at  least  two  couches  or  beds  in  your  factory  for  the  use  of  females. 

Whitewash  walls  of  water-closet  compartments  used  by  males. 

Orders  on  building  card  to  owner. 

Examined  by  G.G.  H.  4/27/16.  Notice  sent  4/29/16. 

Date.  Occ.-L.  D.— C.  L.— S.  R.— I.  H.— C.  Card  filed. 


138  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


[Form  6.  See  p.  81.] 


C.  L. 


Insp.  No Supv.  Dist. 


S.  I 

Purpose  of  visit  (if  special). 


Name  American  Candy  Co. 

Or  business  title  of  firm 
or  corporation. 

Name  and  address  John  Bruce. 

Of  person  directly  responsible  for 
hiring  children. 


Address  New  York  City. 
City  or  village. 


County. 


Superintendent. 
Relation  to  busi- 


Dcc.  6, 1914. 
Date  of  inspection. 


Children  under  14  years  or  without  certificates. 


Name  and  address. 
Bessie  Jennings. 


Statement  of  inspector. 


Place  of  birth. 
Jersey  City,  N.  J. 


Date  of  birth. 
Nov.  4, 1901. 


Work  engaged  in. 
Packing. 


Child  stated  she  told  employer  she  was  over  16;  child  is  small. 

A.  J.  Green . 


Inspector. 


Children  alleged  to  be  over  16  but  apparently  under  16,  employed  without  certificate. 


Name  and  address. 
James  Lanson. 


Place  of  birth. 
N.  Y.  City. 


Alleged  date  of  birth.  Work  engaged  in. 
Mar.  4, 1899.  Cleaning. 


A.  J.  Green  j Inspector. 

Date  notice  mailed.  Person  mailing.  Time.  Place  mailed.  Evidence  received.  Examined  by. 


[Form  6 (reverse).  See  p.  81.] 

[Both  sides  of  this  form  are  never  used  at  the  same  time.] 


Insp.  No.  127.  Supv.  Dist.  1-37. 


I.  H. 


S.  I.  A.  366. 

Purpose  of  visit  (if  special). 


Name  Jones  & Smith.  Address  145  Main  St.,  N.  Y.  N.  Y. 

Or  business  title  Of  firm  or  City  or  village.  County 

corporation. 

Name  and  address  John  Jones.  Partner. 

Of  person  directly  responsible  Relation  to  business, 
for  fixing  hours  of  labor  of 
child. 

Date  of  inspection  1/13/16.  5.30  p.  m. 

When  child  was  found  working  illegal  hours.  Hour  and  minute. 

Employed  j/ over  8 hours  daily— before  8 a.  m. — (/after  5 p.  m.  (/Certificate  filed.  Prohib.  employment. 
Name  and  address  Mary  Brown,  68  Howe  St.,  N.  Y.  C.  9 8 a.  m.  6 p.  m. 

Of  child  found  at  work.  Daily  hours.  Commence  work.  Stop  work. 

60  m. 

Noonday  recess. 

I found  Mary  Brown,  who  will  be  16  yrs.  old  Sept.  13,  ’16,  employed  at  5.30  p.  m.  cleaning  chocolate  pans. 
Subsequent  visit  (within  48  hours,  if  violation  was  not  clearly  established  at  time  of  inspection). 

Date 

Of  reinvestigation.  Hour  and  minute.  Violation  continued.  Evidence  secured. 


Person  in  authority  seen.  Date  referred  to  counsel. 

Remarks 


Statement  of  counsel:  Prosecution  begun. 
Report  on  children  employed  illegal  hours. 


A . J.  Green, 

Inspector. 


Adolph  Rutgers. 
Counsel. 


2/3/16. 

Date. 


[New  York  City  Form  1.  See  p.  23.] 

Name  Belisario  MantiTli. 

Address  229  E.  14th  St. 

New  York  Dec.  12,  1913. 

Application  for  an  employment  certificate. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  HEALTH 
BUREAU  OF  CHILD  HYGIENE 


Passport. 

[On  margin:] 
M 43827. 


7a. 


FORMS  USED  1 1ST  ADMINISTRATION, 


139 


[New  York  City  Form  2.  See  p.  23.] 


Department  of  Health, 

Of  the  City  of  New  York, 
Division  of  Child  Hygiene. 

State  of  New  York,] 

City  of  New  York  Ass: 

County  of  Queens  \ 


Marie  Klein,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says  that  she  resides  at  No.  47  Stockholm  Street,  New 
York  City,  and  is  the  parent  of  Mary  Klein,  that  she  is  unable  to  accompany  said  child  to  the  office 
of  the  Department  of  Health,  and  hereby  authorizes  Anna  Klein  to  act  as  custodian  of  said  child  in 
obtaining  her  employment  certificate. 

Marie  Klein. 


(Witnesses,  if  signature  is  by  mark  “X.”) 


Name  of  Witness 
Address  of  Witness 


Name  of  Witness 


Address  of  Witness. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to,  before  me,l 
this  3rd  day  of  April  191 4 I 

[SeaZ.]  ' August  Sellars, 

Notary  Public , 
i $438  A.  Y.  County. 

(If  this  affidavit  is  made  by  mark  “ X,”  there  must  be  two  witnesses  to  the  mark  “X,”  and  each  witness 
must  sign  his  or  her  name  and  state  his  or  her  address  directly  beneath  his  or  her  name.) 


[New  York  City  Form  3.  See  p.  23.] 

STATEMENT  OF  PERSON  SIGNING  APPLICATION  FOR  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFI6ATE. 

I Sarah  Small  residing  at  1245  George  St.,  Manhattan  having  been  duly  sworn,  depose  and  say 
that  in  the  case  of  Harry  James  applying  for  an  employment  certificate  this  day,  mother  is  dead 
and  father  is  in  Idaho  and  that  he  is  residing  with  me  for  the  year. 

I furthermore  depose  and  say  that  under  these  circumstances,  I am  acting  in  the  capacity  as  guardian 
of  said  Harry  James. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to,  before  me,  this  12th  day  of  March,  191 5. 

J.  V.  Mann. 


[New  York  City  Form  4.  See  p.  24.] 


Department  of  Health, 

Of  the  City  of  New  York, 

Bureau  of  Records. 

Borough  of  Manhattan. 

No.  of  certificate  17469. 

This  is  to  certify  that 
John  P.  Wallace 


was  born  on  Jan.  18,  1899, 


Mar.  26,  1914. 


according  to  the  records  of  this  department. 

Shirley  W.  Wynne,  M.  D., 

Assistant  Registrar. 


[New  York  City  Form  5.  See  p.  24.] 

Department  of  Health, 

The  City  of  New  York, 

Bureau  of  Records. 

Borough  of  Manhattan. 

This  is  to  certify  that  a search  has  been  made  of  the  records  of  birth  of  this  borough  and  the  name  of 
George  A.  Halley,  said  to  have  been  born  I eh.  19,  1900,  has  not  been  found. 

Shirley  W.  Wynne,  M.  D., 

Assistant  Registrar. 

A pril  4,  191 4- 


140  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


[New  York  City  Form  6.  See  p.  24.] 

SCHOOL  RECORD. 

To  the  Board  of  Health  of  the  Department  of  Health  of  the  City  of  New  York. 

Gentlemen: 

This  is  to  certify  that  George  Kelley  of  No.  4 Madison  St.,  has  attended  school  No.  St.  Agnes 
School  situated  at  N o.  153  E.  13  Street  in  the  Borough  of  Man.,  City  of  New  York,  1\0  days  dining 
the  twelve  months  next  preceding  its  fourteenth  birthday  (or  next  preceding  its  application  for  this  school 
record);  and  that  said  child  is  able  to  read  and  write  simple  sentences  in  the  English  language,  and  has 
received  during  such  period  instruction  in  reading,  spelling,  writing,  English  grammar  and  geography, 
is  familiar  with  the  fundamental  operations  of  arithmetic  up  to  an  including  fractions,  and  has  completed 
the  work  prescribed  for  the  first  six  years  of  the  public  elementary  schools,  or  school  equivalent  thereto, 
or  parochial  schools. 

The  school  record  gives  the  date  of  birth  of  said  child  as  Sept.  30,  1899;  name  of  parent  (guardian  or 
3ustodian)  John  Kelley. 

Dated,  Mar.  4,  1914. 

Sister  Mary  Antoinette. 

Signature  of  principal  or  chief  executive  officer  of  the  school. 

(The  law  requires  the  school  record  to  be  signed  by  the  principal  or  chief  executive  officer  of  the  school 
and  it  must  be  furnished  to  any  child  who  after  due  examination  and  investigation  may  be  entitled  thereto. 
The  school  record  must  contain,  among  other  things,  a statement  certifying  that  the  child  has  regularly 
attended  the  public  schools  or  schools  equivalent  thereto,  or  parochial  schools,  for  not  less  than  130  days 
during  the  twelve  months  next  preceding  its  fourteenth  birthday,  or  during  the  twelve  months  next  pre- 
ceding its  application  for  this  school  record. 

Section  384L  of  the  Penal  Code  makes  it  a misdemeanor  for  any  person  to  make  a false  statement  in  or  in 
relation  to  any  application  for  an  employment  certificate.) 

this  is  not  a permit  to  work. 


[New  York  City  Form  7.  See  p.  24.] 


To  the  Board  of  Health,  the  City  of  New  York. 

I hereby  certify  that  Charles  Willey,  residing  at 
attended- 
P.  S.  No. 


Department  of  Education, 

The  City  of  New  York. 
Borough  of  Man., 

Date  May  19,  191 4. 

77  Madison  St.,  in  the  City  of  New  York  has 


5 Dist. 

7 Borough 

160  days 

Borough . 

days 

Borough. 

days 

Borough . 

days 

Principal 

Principal 

Principal 


Principal. 

An  aggregate  of  160  days  during  the  twelve  months  next  preceding  his  fourteenth  birthday,  or  during 
the  twelve  months  next  preceding  the  date  of  this  certificate ; that  said  child  is  able  to  read  and  write  simple 
sentences  in  the  English  language  and  has  received  instruction  during  such  period  in  reading,  spelling, 
writing,  English  grammar,  and  geography,  and  is  familiar  with  the  fundamental  operations  of  arithmetic 
up  to  and  including  fractions,  and  has  competed  the  work  prescribed  for  the  first  six  years  of  the  public 
elementary  school  or  school  equivalent  thereto,  or  parochial  school;  and  is  in  the  7 A grade  and  further- 
more, that  said  child,  according  to  the  records  of  above-named  school,  was  born  on  Jan.  10,  1899,  and 
that  its  parent,  guardian,  or  custodian  is  Henry  Willey. 

Mary  Bruce, 

Principal. 

Results  of  academic  examination  conducted  by  district  superintendent. 

On  May  4,  1914- 


Arithmetic,  B.  Writing  from  dictation,  C. 

English,  C.  Oral  reading,  B. 

(Written  composition.) 

(Signed)  Mary  Bruce. 


Principal,  P.  S.  No.  5. 

Penal  Law— Art.  120— Sec.  1275— Subd.  8. 

“Any  person  who  makes  a false  statement  in  or  in  any  relation  to  any  application  made  for  an  employ- 
ment certificate  as  to  any  matter  required  by  Articles  6 and  11  of  the  Labor  Law  to  appear  in  any  affidavit, 
record,  transcript,  or  certificate  therein  provided  for,  is  guilty  of  a misdemeanor  and  upon  conviction  shall 
be  punished  for  a first  offense  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  twenty  nor  more  than  fifty  dollars;  for  a second 
offense  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  fifty  nor  more  than  two  hundred  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  for  not  more 
than  thirty  days,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment;  for  a third  offense  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  two 
hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  sixty  days,  or  by  both  such  fine  and 
imprisonment.” 

Note.  — This  is  a certificate  of  school  attendance  only.  A permit  to  work  must  be  obtained  from  the 
board  of  health. 

A school  certificate  must  not  be  issued  to  any  child  under  fourteen  years  of  age,  or  in  any  grade  lower 
than  7 A (seventh  year,  first  half.) 


FORMS  USED  IN  ADMINISTRATION, 


141 


[New  York  City  Form  8.  See  p.  25.] 

> Department  of  Health,  The  City  of  New  York, 

Borough  of  Manhattan,  149  Centre  Street. 

APPLICATION  AND  AFFIDAVIT  FOR  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE. 

State  of  New  York,  City  of  New  York,  County  of  N.  Y.  ss .: 

Abraham  Goldstein  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says:  That  he  is  the  applicant  above  named,  and 
resides  at  No.  123  E.  20th  St.,  in  the  City  of  New  Y ork,  Borough  of  Man.;  that  deponent  is  the  parent, 
guardian,  custodian  of  Isidore  Goldstein  and  hereby  makes  application  for  an  employment  certificate 
Name  of  child. 

to  be  issued  in  the  name  of  said  child;  that  the  said  child  was  born  at  Russia  in on  the  10th  day 

of  Aug.  in  the  year  1899  and  is  15  years  of  age. 

Deponent  further  says  that  he  is  informed  by  the  officer  to  whom  this  application  is  made  for  an  employ- 
ment certificate, that  the  evidence  of  age  of  said  child  must  be  presented  in  the  following  order,  namely, 

(a)  birth  certificate;  (b)  certificate  of  graduation;  (c)  passport  or  baptismal  certificate;  (d)  other  docu- 
mentary evidence;  (e)  physicians’  certificates. 

And  deponent  further  says  that  the  paper  now  produced  for  filing  in  the  Department  of  Health  of  the 
City  of  New  Y ork,  is  the  transcript  of  birth  record  of  the  said  child ; and  that  the  child  who  is  named  in  the 

said  paper  as  Isidore  Goldstein  is  the  child  now  appearing  with  me,  whose  true  name  is , and  for 

whom  deponent  makes  the  application  aforesaid,  and  no  evidence  of  age  specified  in  any  of  the  preceding 
subdivisions  of  the  law,  as  above  set  forth,  can  be  produced. 

Sworn  to  before  me  this  22  day  of  Sept.,  1914. 

Abraham  Goldstein. 
Signature  of  parent,  guardian,  custodian, 
Isidore  Goldstein, 
Signature  of  child. 

John  J.  O’Brien. 

Signature  of  officer  issuing  the  certificate. 


STATEMENT  OF  A MEDICAL  OFFICER  OF  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  HEALTH. 

I hereby  certify  that  Isidore  Goldstein,  the  above-named  child,  has in  my  opinion,  reached  the 

normal  development  of  a child  of  its  age,  and  is in  sound  health  and  is physically  able  to  per- 

form the  work  which  it  intends  to  do. 

Wm.  T.  Gardner,  M.D. 
Signature  of  a medical  officer  of  the  board  of  health. 


STATEMENT  OF  OFFICER  ISSUING  THE  CERTIFICATE. 


I hereby  certify — 

1.  That  the  following  papers  relating  to  the  above-named  child  have  been  filed  in  this  office: 

(a)  Its  school  record,  filled  out  and  signed,  as  required  by  law. 

(b)  Transcript  of  birth  record  (its  transcript  of  birth  record,  certificate  of  graduation,  passport  or 
baptismal  certificate,  other  documentary  evidence  or  physicians’  certificate). 

(c)  Affidavit  and  application  of  the  parent,  guardian,  or  custodian  of  the  child,  showing  the  place  and 
date  of  its  birth. 

2.  That  said  child  has  appeared  before  me  and  has  been  examined  and  that  said  child  is  able  to  read  and 
legibly  write  simple  sentences  in  the  English  language,  and  is,  in  my  opinion,  14  years  of  age  or  upwards. 

3.  That  said  child  has in  my  opinion,  reached  the  normal  development  of  a child  of  its  age,  and 

is in  sound  health  and  is physically  able  to  perform  the  work  which  it  intends  to  do,  as  appears 

by  the  statement  of  the  examining  physician. 

John  J.  O’Brien, 

Signature  of  officer  issuing  the  certificate. 


[New  Yorlt  City  Form  8 (reverse).  See  p.  25.] 

Application  No.  7043. 

Name  of  child,  Isidore  Goldstein. 

Address,  123  E.  20th  St. 

Date  of  birth,  Aug.  10,  1899. 

Place  of  birth,  Russia. 

Color  of  hair,  Black. 

Color  of  eyes,  Black. 

Height,  5 ft.  5-3/4  in. 

Weight,  102  lbs. 

Color,  White. 

Mother  tongue,  Hebrew. 

Birthplace  of  father,  Russia. 

Distinguishing  characteristics: 


142 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK, 


[New  York  City  Form  9.  See  p.  25.] 

Name,  James  Collins.  Address,  75  Monroe  St. 

Held  for  Defective  vision. 

Date  held,  May  10, 1015. 

Treated  for  Astigmatism. 

Date  treated,  May  20,  1915. 

Treated  by  Dr.  Philip  Snow. 

Final  disposition,  Certificate  granted. 

Remarks:  


Wm.  T.  Gardner. 

Medical  Inspector. 


CASES  TEMPORARILY  WITHHELD. 


Bureau  of  child  hygiene. 


Division  of  employment  certificates. 


[New  York  City,  Form  10.  See  p.  26.] 

Department  of  Health,  the  City  of  New  York, 

Sanitary  Bureau,  Division  of  Child  Hygiene. 

Borough  of  Manhattan, 

New  York,  Mar.  27,  191^. 

Mrs.  Levy. 

Sir:  You  are  informed  that  your  application  made  for  an  employment  certificate  for  Sol  Levy  can  not 
be  granted  on  account  of  physical  incapacity. 

Respectfully, 

S.  Josephine  Baker,  M.  D., 
Director  of  the  Bureau  of  Child  Hygiene. 


[New  York  City,  Form  11.  See  p.  20.] 


Name,  De  Pina  Luige. 

Residence,  4&  Driggs  A re. 


Date  of  refusal,  2/27/1  f. 


REFUSED. 

CAUSE  OF  REFUSAL. 
Malnutrition. 


Refusal  No. 
1287. 


[New  York  City  Form  12.  See  p.  27.] 


Department  of  Health,  the  City  of  New  York, 

Sixth  Avenue  and  55th  Street, 

Sanitary  Bureau,  Division  of  Child  Hygiene, 

New  York,  Mar.  26,  1914. 

To  the  Board  of  Health: 

Gentlemen: 

In  the  following  case  it  appears  to  my  satisfaction  that 

August  Mathews, 

residing  at  Columbus  Ave.,  in  the  Borough  of  Manhattan,  City  of  New  York,  the  child  for  whom  an 
employment  certificate  is  requested,  and  who  has  presented  a schoolrecord,  is  in  fact  over  fourteen  years 
of  age;  that  satisfactory  documentary  evidence  of  age  can  be  produced  which  does  not  fall  within  any  of  the 
provisions  of  the  subdivisions  preceding  subdivision  (d),  of  sections  71  and  163  of  chapter  291  of  the  laws  of 
1907,  and  that  none  of  the  papers  mentioned  in  said  preceding  subdivisions  can  be  produced,  and  I therefore 
present  to  the  board  of  health,  for  its  action,  this  statement  signed  by  me  showing  such  facts,  and  I also 
submit  the  following  affidavits  and  papers  which  have  been  produced  before  me  constituting  evidence  of 
age  of  such  child,  viz: 

Census  record. 


Respectfully  submitted. 


Mary  Taylor , 


Clerk. 


(The  board  may , by  resolution,  provide  that  such  evidence  shall  be  entered  on  the  minutes  of  the  board, 
and  shall  be  received  as  sufficient  evidence  of  the  age  of  such  child  for  the  purposes  of  this  section.) 


FORMS  USED  IN  ADMINISTRATION. 


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143 


By  order  of  the  chief  of  division. 


144 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK, 


[New  York  City  Form  13.  See  p.  27.] 

Department  of  Health,  the  City  of  New  York, 

Borough  of  Manhattan. 


APPLICATION  FOR  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  AND  FOR  PHYSICIANS’  CERTIFICATE  OF  AGE. 

New  York,  Sept.  25,  1913. 

To  the  Board  of  Health,  City  of  New  York: 

Gentlemen: 

I,  the  undersigned,  hereby  make  application  for  an  employment  certificate  under  the  provisions  of  the 
labor  law  of  the  State  of  New  York,  to  be  issued  to  and  in  the  name  of 


Ida  Goldmark, 


the  child  of  which  I am  the  mother , and  who  resides  at  653  Fifth  Street,  in  the  City  of  New  York, 
Borough  of  Manhattan;  and  I hereby  further  make  application  for  physicians’  certificates. 

Ida  Goldmark, 

Signature  of  child. 

Her 

X Celia  Goldmark. 
mark.  Signature  of  parent. 

AFFIDAVIT. 


State  of  New  York, 

City  of  New  York,  County  of  JV.  Y.  ss.: 

Celia  Goldmark , being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says: 

That  she  is  the  applicant  above  named  and  resides  at  No.  653  Fifth  Street,  in  the  City  of  New  York, 
Borough  of  Manhattan. 

Deponent  is  the  parent  mother  of  the  child  above  named. 

That  deponent  asks  for  the  issuance  of  physicians’  certificates  on  which,  together  with  a school  record, 
an  employment  certificate  may  be  issued  in  accordance  with  the  labor  law  of  the  State  of  New  York. 

Her 


X Celia  Goldmark. 


Sworn  to  before  me  this  25  day  of  September  1913. 


mark. 


Mary  Taylor. 

Signature  oi  officer  issuing  certificate. 


I hereby  certify  that  the  child  above  named  was  produced  before  me  and  is  apparently  at  least  fourteen 
years  of  age,  and  I hereby  receive  the  foregoing  application  for  physicians’  certificates  and  file  the  same 
this  date. 

Dated  New  York,  Sept.  25,  1913. 

Mary  Taylor. 


Not  less  than  ninety  days  having  elapsed  since  the  date  of  the  filing  of  this  application  for  physicians’ 
certificates,  and  no  facts  appearing  within  such  period  nor  after  an  examination  of  the  statements  con- 
tained in  said  application  tending  to  discredit  or  contradict  any  material  statement  of  such  application, 
I hereby  direct  the  child  named  in  said  application  to  appear  ior  physical  examination  before  two  phy- 
sicians designated  by  the  board  of  health. 

Dated  New  York,  Mar.  26,  191 4. 

John  J.  O'Brien. 

We,  Wm.  T.  Gardner,  M.  D.,  and  J.  L.  Blumcnthal,  M.  D.,  physicians  officially  designated  by 

the  board  of  health,  hereby  certify  that the  child  named  in  the  within  application,  appeared 

this  day  before  us  for  physical  examination;  and  we  hereby  severally  further  certify  that  we  have  sepa- 
rately examined  such  child,  and  that  in  our  opinion,  the  said  child  is  at  least  fourteen  years  of  age. 

Wm.  T.  Gardner,  M.  D. 

J.  L.  Blumenthal,  M.  D. 

(In  case  the  opinions  of  such  physicians  do  not  concur,  the  child  shall  be  examined  by  a third  physician 
and  the  concurring  opinion  shall  be  conclusive  for  the  purpose  oi  the  law  as  to  the  age  of  the  child.) 

Deponent  further  says  that  the  said  child  is  15+  years  of  age;  that  she  was  born  at  Russia  on  the 
14  day  of  August,  1898,  and  that  the  present  residence  of  said  child  is  653  Fifth  St.,  in  the  Borough 
of  Manhattan,  City  of  New  York. 

This  deponent,  your  petitioner  for  physicians’  certificates,  also  alleges  that  she  is  unable  to  produce  any 
of  the  evidence  of  age  of  said  child  above  mentioned,  specified  in  sections  71  and  163  oi  the  labor  law  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  namely: 

(a)  Birth  certificate; 

(b)  Certificate  of  graduation; 

(c)  Passport  or  baptismal  certificate; 

(d)  Other  documentary  evidence. 

That  the  following  facts  are  presented  for  the  consideration  of  the  officer  to  whom  application  is  made 
for  the  issuance  of  an  employment  certificate,  to  assist  in  determining  the  age  of  said  child,  namely: 


Goldmark. 

Application  No.  2369. 


PHYSICIANS’  CERTIFICATE. 


Sept.  25,  1913. 
Dec.  25, 1913. 
Notified  31241191/,. 


FORMS  USED  IN  ADMINISTRATION. 


145 


[New  York  City  Form  14.  See  p.  32  ] 

Department  of  Health,  The  City  of  New  York, 

Division  of  Child  Hygiene, 

New  York,  March  15, 1914. 

I,  Harry  K.  Fellows , an  applicant  for  duplicate  employment  certificate,  hereby  state:  That  emuloy- 
ment  certificate  No.  7023  issued  by  the  Department  of  Health  of  the  City  of  New  York  on  the  tenth 
day  of  March,  1914,  has  been  lost  in  the  following  manner:  Fell  out  of  a hook  on  my  way  home,  and, 
after  making  a diligent  search  I have  been  unable  to  find  same. 

1 therefore  request  that  a duplicate  certificate  be  issued. 

(Signature)  Harry  K.  Fellows, 

(Address)  143  West  20th  St. 


[New  York  City  Form  15.  See  p.  33  ] 


Eugene  W.  Scheffer,  Secretary. 


Department  of  Health,  City  of  New  York, 

Bureau  of  Child  Hygiene, 

Date  Dec.  7,  1916. 


This  is  to  certify  that  the  department  of  health  has  investigated  the  proof  of  age  of 

John  Smith, 

who  resides  at  7,25  Spruce  St., 

and  whose  signature  is  hereto  affixed,  and  is  satisfied  that  the  said  minor  is  over  sixteen  years  of  age,  and 
therefore  entitled  to  work  without  an  employment  certificate. 

This  application  for  an  employment  certificate  is  hereby  refused,  as  the  applicant  is  over  age. 

The  department  of  health  will  not  issue  duplicates  of  this  paper. 

Mary  L.  Morrison, 

Chief,  Division  of  Employment  Certificates. 

John  Smith. 
(Signature  of  child.) 

S.  J.  Baker, 

Director,  Bureau  of  Child  Hygiene. 


[New  York  City  Form  16.  See  p.  36  ] 

Department  of  Health, 

The  City  of  New  York. 

I,  the  undersigned,  hereby  certify  that  the  information  noted  below  is  a correct  copy  of  the  facts 
contained  in  a certain  birth  certificate  presented  as  documentary  evidence  of  age  of  the  child  whose  name 
(birth  certificate  passport) 
appears  thereon. 

Name  of  child,  Rose  Pokrvisky. 

Date  of  birth  or  age  given,  Nov.  14, 1899. 

Name  of  father,  Levi  Pokrvisky. 

Name  of  mother,  Sarah  Pokrvisky. 

Birthplace,  Austria. 

(Signed)  John  O'Brien.  . 

(Officer  issuing  paper.) 

Copy  or  translation  made  by  J.  V.  Madison. 

Original  returned  to  Rose  Pokrvisky. 

(Signature  of  child.) 

Jacob  Sobel,  M.  D., 

Borough  Chief. 

Date  May  3, 1914. 


New  York  City  Form  17.  See  p.  37.] 

Department  of  Health,  The  City  of  New  York, 

Division  of  Child  hygiene. 

I,  the  undersigned,  hereby  certify  that  a certain  diploma  bearing  date  Jan.  29  191 4,  was  this  day 
presented  and  exhibited  to  the  department  of  health  of  the  City  of  New  York  to  aid  in  securing  an  employ- 
ment certificate  under  the  provisions  of  the  labor  law  of  the  State  of  New  York  and  in  lieu  of  the  school 
record  required  by  said  law.  That  said  diploma  was  issued  to  and  bears  the  name  of  Ida  Goddard;  that 
said  diploma  was  issued  by  Dept,  of  Educ.  (Public  School.  No.  15),  situated  in  the  City  of  New  York, 
Borough  of  Man.,  and  certifies,  among  other  things,  that  said  child  has  satisfactorily”  completed  the 
course  for  elementary  schools. 

Jacob  Sobel,  M.  D., 

Chief  of  the  Division. 

New  York,  Mar.  25,  1914. 

46446°— 17 10 


146 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK, 


[New  York  City  Form  18.  See  p.  38.] 

New  York, 

To  the  Board  of  Health.* 

Gentlemen: 

I hereby  certify  that,  according  to  the  records  of  the  church  or  congregation  of 

Church  of  Our  Lady  of  Loretto, 

(Corporate  name  of  church.) 


Mar.  27,  191$. 


situated  at  303  Elizabeth  St. 
Messina  Blandino  was  born  at 
(Child’s  full  name.) 

Oct.  29, 1899,  and  that 
(Date  of  baptism.) 


[Place  seal  here.] 


N.  Y.  C.  on  September  26,  1899, 
(Place  of  birth.)  (Date  of  birth.) 
she  was  1 month  of  age  at  that  date. 


was  baptized  at  said  church 


(Signed)  Enrico  C.  Luigi, 

Minister. 

Church  of  Our  Lady  of  Loretto, 

Church. 
Jacob  Sobel,  M.  D. 


[New  York  City  Form  19.  See  p.  39.] 


City  of  New  York,  State  of  New  York,  County  of  New  York,  ss: 

Max  Mushnitzky,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says:  That  on  the  1st  day  of  March,  1913,  deponent 
was  the  rabbi  of  the  congregation  situated  at  228  Christopher  Ave.t  Brooklyn,  and  that  on  said  date 
Leon  Spielman  was  Barmitzvah  at  the  synagogue  of  the  above-mentioned  congregation. 

Deponent  further  states  that  he  was  present  on  said  date,  at  which  time  said  Leon  Spielman  began 
to  lay  the  phylacteries  according  to  Jewish  rites.  That  a record  was  made  in  the  said  congregation  of  the 
date 'when  the  said  boy  was  Barmitzvah  as  aforesaid  and  the  date,  according  to  said  records,  is  March  1, 
1913,  and  that  no  boy  can  be  Barmitzvah  until  he  has  reached  thirteen  years  of  age. 


Sworn  to  before  me  this  27th  day  of  March,  191L 


Max  Mushnitzky. 
Delia  Jacobson. 


[Seal  of  Commissioner  of  deeds— Notary  public,  New  York  City,  applied  at  foot  of  paper.] 


[New  York  City  Form  20.  See  p.  39.] 


Department  of  Education,  the  City  of  New  York, 

Bureau  of  Attendance,  154-156  East  68th  Street. 


CENSUS  AGE  CERTIFICATE. 


Nov.  14, 1914. 

This  is  to  certify  that  according  to  the  records  of  this  office  dated  Mar.  10, 1914,  Bessie  Poland,  residing 
at  that  time  at  11  Mulberry  St.,  Man.,  was  recorded  by  the  census  enumerator  as  follows: 

Date  of  birth,  Jan.  4, 1900. 

John  W.  Davis, 


Director. 


[New  York  City  Form  21.  See  p.  55.] 

EXAMINATIONS  FOR  SCHOOL  RECORDS. 

March  19, 1914. 

Dictation: 

“ Here,  Harold,”  I said,  “is  some  money.  Go  buy  yourself  some  more  marbles,  and  when  you  have  them, 
keep  them  to  play  with.  But  don’t  play  for  keep's;'  it  is  gambling,  and  the  gambler  deserves  to  lose.” 

Bill: 

Mrs.  White  bought  of  Blank  & Company  14  yards  silk  at  $2  1/2  per  yard,  6 doz.  rolls  tape  at  450  a dozen, 
6 waists  at  $2  1/3  each,  16  bolts  ribbon  at  12  1/20  each.  Make  out  a receipted  bill  for  same. 

Arithmetic: 

1.  A chest  containing  62  5/16  pounds  was  found  to  hold  12  1/4  pounds  spoiled  tea.  How  many  pounds 
of  good  tea  were  there  left? 

2.  What  is  the  cost  of  25  bushels  of  wheat  at  81  1/20  a bushel? 

3.  A ship  sails  7,812  miles  in  36  days.  How  far  does  it  sail  in  one  day? 

Beading: 

Fourth  year.  Character  Building  Reader.  “The  Boy  Who  Tried.”  Page  36. 


March  5,  1914. 

Dictation: 

Long,  long  ago,  a ship  full  of  people  was  sailing  across  the  ocean  to  this  land.  These  people  were  called 
Pilgrims.  Pilgrim  means  wanderer,  and  these  people  were  wandering  from  place  to  place  in  search  of  a 
home  where  they  could  worship  God  as  they  thought  right. 

Bill: 

Mr.  James  Blank  bought  of  Thomas  Smith  3 yards  of  lace  at  650  a yard,  3 doz.  handkerchiefs  at  $4.75 
a dozen,  44  yards  silk  at  $1.15  a yard,  and  a table  cloth  for  $8.  Make  out  and  receipt  bill  for  the  same. 
Arithmetic: 

1.  A farmer  had  275  sheep  and  sold  3/5  of  them.  How  many  had  he  left? 

2.  William  is  11  3/4  years  old  and  Thomas  is  9 5/12  years  old.  How  much  older  than  Thomas  is  William? 

3.  At  $7.50  each  how  many  barrels  of  flour  can  be  bought  for  $637? 

Reading: 

Heath’s  Fourth  Reader.  “The  Three  Giants.”  Page  18. 

(Six  took  the  examination  of  March  5th  and  passed.] 

[Continued  on  opposite  page.] 


FORMS  USED  IN  ADMINISTRATION, 


147 


February  6,  1914. 

Arithmetic: 

1.  If  I place  $30  in  a savings  bank  at  3 1/2%  interest,  how  much  interest  will  be  due  me  at  the  end  of 
6 months? 

2.  Market  prices  are  as  follows:  Round  steak,  25<J;  a pound;  ham,  28<J;  a pound;  mutton,  24<;  a pound; 
veal  chops,  29<t  a pound.  Find  amount  of  bill  if  you  should  buy  2 pounds  of  round  steak,  1/2  lb.  ham, 
4 3/4  lb.  mutton.  Make  a bill.  Receipt  it. 

3.  A man  employed  80  girls  in  his  factory.  He  had  to  reduce  his  force  15%.  How  many  girls  did  he 
have  to  discharge? 

4.  A man  had  three  pieces  of  muslin.  One  contained  6 1/2  yd.,  another  23  2/3  yd.,  and  another  13  1/8 
yd.  He  sold  17  3/4  yd.  How  many  yards  had  he  left? 

5.  I bought  654j  worth  of  sugar.  If  sugar  is  worth  6 1/2$  a pound,  how  many  pounds  should  the  grocer 
give  me? 

6.  If  a man  earns  $13.50  a week,  and  saves  one-fourth  of  the  wages,  how  much  does  he  save  in  a year? 

7.  Mental  work. 

(a)  Tell  time. 

(b)  Cost  of  100  books  at  12  1/2$  each. 

(c)  Cost  of  3 handkerchiefs  if  they  are  sold  at  75$  a half  dozen? 

(d)  I spent  $2.16  and  73$.  How  much  change  from  a hve-dollar  bill? 

(e)  Sheffield  milk  is  9$  a quart.  The  month’s  bill  was  $2.70.  How  many  quarts  of  milk  had  been 
bought? 

8.  Divide  $16,239.17  by  102.06. 

9.  Multiply  $13,655  by  38  2/5. 

10.  Add  dictate: 

$107.39 

870.93 

82.16 

1,217.61 

24.03 

69.97 

513.80 

76.44 

500.17 


Spelling: 

citizens 

injure 

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does 

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permits 

Broadway 

punctuality 

fifteenth 

mayor 


majority 

obedience 

favored 

Chicago 

superintendent 


manager 
writing 
pleasing 
to-day’s  paper 
whose  name  is 


Letter: 

Write  a business  letter  making  an  application  for  a position. 


Dictation: 

By  teaching  all,  especially  the  children  of  America,  to  speak  our  common  language;  to  understand  and 
love  liberty;  to  honor  the  flag;  to  respect  the  Government  and  to  aid  in  strengthening  and  perfecting  our 
laws  and  institutions. 

The  pride  of  a nation  is  in  its  children  and  youth.  Its  hope  and  security  are  in  their  intelligence,  mo. 
rality  and  patriotism. 

Reading: 

Baker  and  Carpenter  Sixth  Year  Language  Reader. 


148 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


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FORMS  USED  IN  ADMINISTRATION, 


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150  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK, 


[New  York  City  Form  23.  See  p.  67.] 


Department  of  Education. 


Original. 


Bureau  of  Attendance. 


REPORT  OF  POLICE  OFFICER  ON  CHILD  FOUND  ON  STREET  DURING  SCHOOL  HOURS. 


Kappo,  Maurice. 

1.  Family  name  of  child.  Given  name. 

Kappo. 

2.  Family  name  of  parent  or  guardian. 


1 I 27  f ’08  [ y 1 

I Born  month.  | Day.  | Year.  | Boy.  | Girl. 
Sallus.  Mary. 

Father’s  given  name.  Mother’s. 


242  Monroe. 

3.  Residence.  Number.  Street. 

Wall  and  Chilton  Sts. 

4.  Where  found. 

9.35  a.  m. 

5.  Hour. 

6. 

Return,  114  M 4-24-I6 

7.  Returned  to  public  school.  Mo.  Da.  Yr. 

8.  Disposition. 

2 £2  4-26-16-1.30  McDuffy. 

9. 

Truant.  Likes  to  move  around  business  district. 

10 

Returned  by  mother  to  school  4126116.  McDuffy. 

11. 

Family  unbroken. 

12. 


M 


Borough.  | 


Front. 


W.  6543. 

Patrolman. 

Emma  Black. 
Principal. 


V I 4 \ v' 

Rear.  | Floor.  | Apt.  No. 

Block  number. 

Consecutive  office  number. 
76540 

District  ass’gnm’t  number. 

Date  received. 

Date  referred. 

Date  received. 

Date  referred. 

Date  reported. 


[New  York  City  Form  24.  See  p.  71.] 

Department  of  Education.  by  residence— amending  list— by  families.  Bureau  of  Attendance. 


FORMS  USED  IN  ADMINISTRATION. 


151 


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Permanent  Census  Board.  employment  record.  The  City  of  New  York. 


152 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


Employer.  Employer.  Employer. 

Place  of  business.  Place  of  business.  Place  of  business. 

Occupation.  Occupation.  Occupation. 

Date  taken— Date  given  up.  Date  taken— Date  given  up.  Date  taken— Date  given  up. 


FORMS  USED  IN  ADMINISTRATION. 


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. I hereby  certify  that  the  above  report  is  correct:  James  Brown, 

Date  4127116.  Shield  No.  92.  Enumerator. 


154  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK, 


[New  York  City  Form  27.  See  p.  71.] 


Department  of  Education.  Bureau  of  Attendance. 

PATROLMAN’S  REPORT  ON  FAMILY’S  CHANGE  OF  RESIDENCE. 


Number. 

Street. 

Floor. 

Apt.  No. 

Place  from  which  removed,  17 

W.  11th 

3 

302 

Place  to  which  removed,  25 

E.  17  th 

5 

■ 517 

Family  name  of  father  or  mother. 

Given  name. 

Number 
children 
under  16. 

Given  names  of  children. 

Schultz 

Sara 

S 

Henrn . Mam. 

Frederick. 

The  foregoing  information  was  obtained  at  the  first  address  /. 
“ “ “ “ “ “ “ second  address 


Precinct. 

Mo.  da.  yr. 

Shield  No. 

Patrolman’s  signature. 

5 

817115 

317 

Michael  Doyle. 

[New  York  City  Form  28.  See  p.  75.] 

(A  copy  of  this  form  is  sent  daily  to  the  compulsory  attendance  department.] 

Department  of  Health, 

The  City  of  New  York. 

To  the  Commissioner  of  Labor. 

Sir:  In  compliance  with  the  requirements  of  the  labor  law  you  are  hereby  notified  that  the  department 
of  health  has  issued  the  following  employment  certificates  during  the  month  of  April  1916. 

Borough  of  Manhattan. 


No.  of 
certifi- 
cate. 

Date  of  issue. 

Names. 

! 

Residence. 

School 

Issued 

by 

Date  of  birth. 

Month. 

Day. 

No. 

Street. 

record. 

public 

school. 

M 1+968 
M 1+969 
M 1+970 
M 1+971 
M 1+972 
M 1+973 
M 1+971+ 
M 1+97  5 
M 1+976 
M 1+977 
M 1+978 

Apr. 

1 

Brown,  Harold 

Grade. 
grad . . 

11 

Maple 

19 

Bk. 

July  211' 01. 
Apr.  ll+\'00. 
Nov.  SO/’OO. 
Feb.  161’ 02. 
Feb.  281’ 01. 

Jones,  Mary 

7 A.. 

22 

Birch 

39 

tt 

U 

Smith  John 

. 8 A.. 

33 

Elm 

- 19 

89 

Ci 

u 

White  Tinrn 

..  8 B . 

U 

55 

Evergreen . . . 

87 

(l 

(( 

Block,  Max  

7 A.. 

Poplar 

. 1 

77 

u 

U 

(Ireen.  Nora 

7 B . 

66 

Spruce 

90 

Oct.  l+,!’0l. 
Nov.  91’ 00. 

(i 

u 

Holstein , Celia, 

...7  B . 

Walnut 

Par. 

<( 

(( 

TiPiisky  Ella,  , 

8 B 

88 

Pine 

\ 

62 

Jan.  101’ 02. 

(( 

<1 

Murphy , Louis 

75.. 

99 

Willow 

1 

Par. 

May  7)’ 01. 

u 

u 

Steinhaus  Rachel 

7 A. 

187 

Hickory 

62 

Sept.  281’ 00. 
Dec.  29/ ’01. 

u 

(( 

~Pn.rn.tim.  Anna 

8 A 

298 

Redwood. 

56 

FORMS  USED  IN  ADMINISTRATION 


155 


[New  York  City  Form  29.  See  p.  75.] 


DEPARTMENT  OF  EDUCATION— NOTICE  TO  DISCHARGE  ON  ISSUANCE  OF  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE. 


1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 


6. 

7. 


27 

1 Bx  | 

4-13-16 

7594 

School  in  which  registered. 

Boro. 

Mo.  Da.  Yr. 

E mplo  y .cer  t . number. 

Newton. 

Nelly. 

| 9-12-01 

Family  name  of  child. 

Given  name. 

Born  Mo.  Da.  Yr. 

483 

Jackson. 

| 3 j Man. 

Number. 

Street. 

Floor.  Boro. 

7.  | 

3579 

1 47 

Class  or  grade. 

Investigation  number. 

Discharge  number. 

White  & Co. 

1 

Tailor. 

Name  of  employer. 

Nature  of  business. 

57  Washington  St. 
Place  of  business. 


Sewing. 

Nature  of  employe’s  work  or  position. 


$4.25 

Wages. 


O 


[New  York  City  Form  30.  See  p.  76.] 

Department  of  Education.  Original.  Bureau  of  Attendance. 

NOTICE  OF  REFUSAL  OF  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  BY  DEPARTMENT  OF  HEALTH. 


Brown. 

Family  name  of  child.  I 

Samuel.  2 

Given  name.  | Born— Month.  | 

10  01 
Day.  | Year. 

V 

1 Boy. 

| Girl. 

Joseph. 

Family  name  of  parent  or  guardian.  | Father’s  given  name. 

16-18.  1 Park.  [ 

Mary. 
Mother ’s. 
1 V 1 3 1 

18 

Number. 

Street.  | Front. 

| Rear.  | 

Floor,  j 

Apt.  No. 

Cause  of  refusal. 
Phys.  inc.  10147. 


77654 

Consecutive  ref.  No. 

132246 

Dist.  assignment  No. 


Officer’s  report,  Attending  Johnson  High. 


5th  term. 

4/24/16  p.m.  4/25/16  2.10.  4/25/16. 

4/26/16  9 a.  m.  McDvffg, 

Attendance  Officer. 


Date  received. 
Date  referred. 

Date  reported. 


Disposition 


Family  unbroken. 


[New  York  City  Form  31.  See  p.  76.] 


Name,  John  Brown.  Age  14 . Yrs.  3.  Mos. 
Address,  12  E.  9th  St.  School,  17.  Grade,  7 A. 


Refused. 

Height. 

Weight. 

Cause  of  refusal. 

Med.  insp. 

May  4,  ’ 15 

5 ft.  5 in 

90 

Cardiac  

Brice. 

Revisits 

| 

' 1 

1 

Granted. 

No.  of  certificate. 

PHYSICAL  INCAPACITY  CARD. 


156 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


[New  York  City  Form  32.  See  p.  76.] 


Department  of  Health,  City  of  New  York, 

Bureau  of  Child  Hygiene,  Division  of  Employment  Certificates, 

Borough  of  Manhattan, 

New  York,  Aprils,  1915. 

To  the  Borough  Chief. 

Sir:  I have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  in  relation  to  the  issuance  of  employment  certifi- 
cates during  the  week  ending  April  22, 1916. 


Summary  of  action  taken  on  employment  certificates. 


Applications  pending  beginning  of  week 125 

New  applications  received 113 


Employment  certificates  granted 126 

Employment  certificates  refused is 

Applications  made  pending 94 


Duplicates 


238 


238 

19 


Employment  certificates  refused. 

Insufficient  tuition „ . 

Insufficient  education 


Under  age 2 

Overage 3 

Physical  incapacity 13 

18 

Malnutrition 3 

Cardiac 1 

Pulmonary 

Miscellaneous 9 


Number  previously  withheld 
New  cases 

Certificates  granted 

Cases  otherwise  terminated. . . 
Cases  now  pending 


Number  examined 

Defective  teeth  only 

Defective  associated 

Defective  vision 

Acute  eye  diseases 

Defective  hearing 

Teeth 

Cardiac 

Pulmonary 

Mouth  breathing 

Hypertrophied  tonsils . . . 

Palate 

Glands 

Anemia 

Malnutrition 

Hernia 

Nervous  diseases 

Skin 

Goitre 

Orthopedic 

Respectfully  submitted. 


Applications  temporarily  withheld. 

80 

9 


21 

9 

59 


Physical  examinations. 


89 


89 


101 


107 

28 


0 


25 

1 

0 

7 

13 

0 

n 

1 

3 

0 

0 

0 

2 
1 


John  J.  O’Brien, 

Issuing  officer 

Katherine  E.  Mary  son. 

Medical  examiner. 


FORMS  USED  IN  ADMINISTRATION. 


157 


No.  76. 

[Buffalo  Form  1.  See  p.  28.] 

DEPARTMENT  OF  HEALTH,  BUFFALO— APPLICATION  FOR  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  OF  CHILD  BETWEEN 
THE  AGES  OF  14  AND  16  YEARS  IN  MANUFACTURING,  MERCANTILE,  AND  OTHER  ESTABLISHMENTS. 

Germany. 

To  the  Department  of  Health,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Application  is  hereby  made  for  an  employment  certificate  for  Elsie  Samuels. 

Signature  of  child. 

Pauline  Samuels, 

Signature  of  parent  or  guardian  or  custodian. 

Address,  346  Davey  St. 

School  record  of  Elsie  Samuels. 

According  to  the  laws  of  1903  the  principal  or  chief  executive  officer  of  the  school  which  such  child 
attended  shall  furnish,  on  demand,  a certificate  containing  the  following  facts: 

To  the  Department  of  Health  of  the  City  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Gentlemen:  I,  the  undersigned,  the  principal  (or  chief  executive  officer)  of  the  public  school  No. 
43,  situated  at  No.  Lovejoy  & Gold  St.,  in  the  city  of  Buffalo,  do  hereby  certify  that  Elsie  Samuels, 
the  child  hereinafter  referred  to,  has  regularly  attended  the  said  school  one  hundred  and  eighty-eight  days 

(Write  the  number  of  days.) 

during  the  twelve  months  next  preceeding  its  fourteenth  birthday  ( or  next  preceding  its  application  for 
this  school  record);  and  that  said  child  is  able  to  read  and  write  simple  sentences  in  the  English  language, 
and  has  received  during  such  period  instruction  in  reading,  spelling,  writing,  English  language  and  geogra- 
phy, and  is  familiar  with  the  fundamental  operations  of  arithmetic  up  to  and  including  fractions,  and  has 
completed  the  work  of  the  first  six  years  of  the  public  elementary  school  or  school  equivalent  thereto  or 
parochial  school  from  which  such  school  record  is  issued. 

The  said  school  record  gives  the  date  of  birth  of  said  child  as  July  16,  1899,  residence,  346  Dasey  St.; 
and  the  name  of  its  parents  (guardian  or  custodian)  as  Herman  Samuels. 

Frederick  W.  Frost, 
Principal  or  chief  executive  officer  of  the  school. 

Dated,  June  25. 

(The  law  requires  the  school  record  to  be  signed  by  the  principal  or  chief  executive  officer  of  the  school 
and  it  must  be  furnished  to  any  child  who,  after  due  examination  and  investigation,  may  be  entitled 
thereto.  The  school  record  must  contain,  among  other  things,  a statement  certifying  that  the  child  has 
regularly  attended  the  public  schools  or  schools  equivalent  thereto,  or  parochial  schools,  for  not  less 
than  130  days  during  the  twelve  months  next  preceding  its  fourteenth  birthday,  or  during  the  twelve 
months  next  preceding  its  application  for  this  school  record.) 

(over) 

[On  the  left  margin:] 

This  is  not  a child-labor  certificate  and  must  not  be  accepted  as  such. 


[Buffalo  Form  1 (reverse).  See  p.  28  ] 

Filing  No.  2443. 

Date,  9/3/14. 

I hereby  certify  that  the  within-named  applicant 
personally  appeared  before  me  on  this  date,  was  ex- 
amined, and  complied  with  all  legal  requirements, 
and  is  entitled  to  an  employment  certificate. 

J.  D.  Baldwin, 
Officer  issuing  the  certificate. 


[On  the  right  margin,  running  down:] 

Section  384, 1,  5,  of  the  Penal  Code  as  amended  by  chapter  507,  Laws  of  1907. 

Any  person  who  knowingly  makes  a false  statement  in  or  in  relation  to  any  application  made  for  an 
employment  certificate  as  to  any  matter  required  by  articles  6 and  11  of  the  labor  law  to  appear  in  any 
affidavit,  record,  transcript,  or  certificate  therein  provided  for,  is  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  upon  con- 
viction shall  be  punished  for  a first  offense  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  20  nor  more  than  50  dollars;  for  a second 
offense,  by  a fine  not  less  than  50  nor  more  than  200  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  30  days 
or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment;  for  a third  offense  by  a fine  of  not  less  than  250  dollars,  or  by 
imprisonment  for  not  more  than  60  days,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment. 


158 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK, 


[Buffalo  Form  2.  See  p.  28.] 

No.  85. 

State  of  New  York,  County  of  Erie,  City  of  Buffalo,  ss: 

Rose  Jackson,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says  that  she  is  the  mother  of  John  Jackson,  the 
child  for  whom  an  employment  certificate  is  desired;  that  the  said  child  was  born  in  Rochester,  TV.  Y., 
on  the  3d  day  of  Aug.,  1899;  but  that  it  is  impossible  to  produce  any  of  the  documentary  evidence 
relative  to  the  age  of  this  child,  as  required  by  subdivision  two  of  section  71,  and  section  163,  chapter  518, 
laws  of  1905,  for  the  following  reasons:  Birth  is  not  recorded.  ( See  letter.)  Has  no  diploma  ana  has  not 
been  baptized.  Metropolitan  Life  Insurance  Policy  No.  33098,  dated  June  10,  1909,  gives  child’s  age  at  next 
birthday  as  10  years,  and  this  affidavit  is,  therefore,  made  in  accordance  with  subdivision  three  of  said 
section. 

Rose  Jackson. 

Subscribed  and* sworn  to  before  me  this  3rd  day  of  Sept.,  1914. 

J.  C.  Lynch. 

To  the  Board  of  Health  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.: 

I hereby  certify  that  I have  investigated  and  examined  all  the  facts  and  evidence  submitted  relative  to 
the  application  of  John  Jackson  for  an  employment  certificate,  and  am  satisfied  that  said  child  is  entitled 
to  such  certificate,  and,  therefore,  recommend  that  a certificate  be  granted. 

J.  C.  Lynch. 

At  a meeting  of  the  Board  of  Health  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,held  on  the  7th  day  of  Sept.,  1914,  the  following 
action  was  taken  on  the  above  application  of  Rose  Jackson  for  employment  certificate  for  John  Jackson. 
Certificate  granted. 

Ac  oust  Sawyer, 
Secretary  Board  of  Health. 


[Buffalo  Form  3.  See  p.28.] 


Department  of  Health, 

The  City  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

APPLICATION  FOR  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE  AND  FOR  PHYSICIANS’  CERTIFICATE  OF  AGE. 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  1,  1914. 

To  the  Department  of  Health,  City  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Gentlemen: 

I,  the  undersigned,  hereby  make  application  for  an  employment  certificate  under  the  provisions  of  the 
labor  law  of  the  State  of  New  York,  to  be  issued  to  and  in  the  name  of  John  Jardine,  the  child  of  which 
I am  the  mother,  and  who  resides  at  9 E.  Balcom  Street,  in  the  City  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.;  and  I hereby 
further  make  application  for  physicians’  certificates. 

John  Jardinr,  Rose  Jardine, 

Signature  of  child.  Signature  of  parent. 

AFFIDAVIT. 

State  of  New  York,  City  of  Buffalo,  County  of  Erie,  ss: 

Rose  Jardine,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says: 

That  she  is  the  applicant  above  named  and  resides  at  No.  9 E.  Balcom  Street,  in  the  City  of  Buffalo, 
Deponent  is  the  parent  mother  of  the  child  above  named. 

Deponent  further  says  that  the  said  child  is  14  years  of  age;  that  he  was  born  at  Amiens,  France, 
on  the  16th  day  of  July,  1 900,  and  that  the  present  residence  of  said  child  is  9 E.  Balcom  St.,  Buf- 
falo, N.  Y. 

This  deponent,  your  petitioner  for  physicians’  certificates,  also  alleges  that  she  is  unable  to  produce  any 
of  the  evidence  of  age  of  said  child  above  mentioned,  specified  in  sections  71  and  163  of  the  labor  law  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  namely: 

(a)  Birth  certificate; 

(b)  Certificate  of  graduation; 

(c)  Passport  or  baptismal  certificate; 

(d)  Other  documentary  evidence. 

That  the  following  facts  are  presented  for  the  consideration  of  the  officer  to  whom  application  is  made 
for  the  issuance  of  an  employment  certificate,  to  assist  in  determining  the  age  of  said  child,  namely, 
birth  is  not  recorded.  ( See  letter.)  Has  no  diploma  and  has  not  been  baptized;  is  not  insured,  and  has  no  docu- 
mentary evidence  of  any  sort. 


[Buffalo  Form  3 (reverse).  See  p.  28.] 

That  the  school  record  filed  herewith  is  the  school  record  of  the  child  above  named,  and  deponent  asks 
for  the  issuance  of  physicians’  certificates  on  which,  together  with  the  said  school  record,  an  employment 
certificate  may  be  issued  in  accordance  with  the  labor  law  of  the  State  of  New  York. 

Rose  Jardine. 

Sworn  to  before  me  this  1st  day  of  Aug.,  19 14- 

J.  C.  Lynch, 

Signature  of  officer  issuing  certificate. 

I hereby  certify  that  the  child  above  named  was  produced  before  me  and  is  apparently  at  least  fourteen 
years  of  age,  and  I hereby  receive  the  foregoing  application  for  physicians’  certificates  and  file  the  same 
this  date. 

Dated  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  1,  1914- 

J.  C.  Lynch. 

Not  less  than  ninety  days  having  elapsed  since  the  date  of  the  filing  of  this  application  for  physicians’ 
certificates,  and  no  facts  appearing  within  such  period  nor  after  an  examination  of  the  statements  con- 
tained in  said  application  tending  to  discredit  or  contradict  any  material  statement  of  such  application, 


FORMS  USED  IN  ADMINISTRATION. 


159 


I hereby  direct  the  child  named  in  said  application  to  appear  for  physical  examination  before  two  physicians 
designated  by  the  department  of  health. 

Dated  Buffalo,  N.  Y„  No>\  1,  19/4- 

J.  C.  Lynch. 

We,  D.  V.  McClure,  M.  D.,and  J.  A . Wahlz,  M.  D.,  physicians  officially  designated  by  the  depart- 
ment of  health,  hereby  certify  that  John  Jardine,  the  child  named  in  the  within  application,  appeared 
this  day  before  us  for  physical  examination;  and  we  hereby  severally  further  certify  that  we  have  sepa- 
rately examined  such  child,  and  that  in  our  opinion,  the  said  child  is  at  least  fourteen  years  of  age. 

D.  V.  McClure,  M.  D. 

J.  A.  Wahlz  M.  D. 

(In  case  the  opinions  of  such  physicians  do  not  concur,  the  child  shall  be  examined  by  a third  physician, 
and  the  concurring  opinion  shall  be  conclusive  for  the  purpose  of  the  law  as  to  the  age  of  the  child.) 

[Along  right  margin,  below  printed  matter:] 

Application  No.  2003. 


PHYSICIANS’  CERTIFICATE. 


[Buffalo  Form  4.  See  p.  32.] 


TRANSCRIPT  OF  LABOR  CERTIFICATE.  \ 

No.  of  transcript,  1000.  \ 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  12,  194. 

No.  of  employment  certificate 

Fee,  $1.00.  'g 

State  of  New  York,  County  of  Erie,  City  of  Buffalo,  ss.  -2 

Florence  Price  being  duly  sworn  deposes  and  says  that  she  is  the  mother  of  Rose  Price:  § 

that  said  child  had  an  employment  certificate;  that  according  to  my  information  and  belief,  said 
employment  certificate  was  destroyed  in  the  following  manner:  ® 

Placed  in  the  bottom  of  clothes  basket  and  was  put  in  water.  — . 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  12th  day  of  Nov.,  19T5. 

J.  Lynch,  \ 

Officer  issuing  certificate.  : 

[To  right  of  stub:] 


Fee,  $1.00. 


TRANSCRIPT  OF  LABOR  CERTIFICATE,  DEPARTMENT  OF  HEALTH,  BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 

Nov.  12, 

No.  of  transcript,  1000. 


194. 


I Hereby  Certify  that  the  following  is  a true  copy  of  the  record  of  child  labor  certificate  on  file  in  the 
department  of  health  of  the  city  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  the  original  having  been  destroyed  as  per  sworn 
statement  filed  this  day. 

Francis  E.  Fronzak,  M.  D., 

Health  Commissioner. 

Attest: 


This  certificate  is  effective  throughout  the  State  and  until  the  owner  is  16  years  of  age  unless  sooner  revoked. 
No. 

EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE. 

Issued  pursuant  to  sections  71  and  163  of  the  labor  law  of  the  State  of  New  York,  chapter  36,  Laws  of  1909, 

as  amended. 

The  department  of  health  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  upon  application  duly  made  pursuant  to  law,  grants  this 
certificate  to 

Rose  Price, 

(Name  of  child.) 

and  it  is  hereby  certified  that  this  child,  who  is  described  below,  personally  appeared  before  the  under- 
signed official  and  was  by  him  examined  and  found  qualified  for  employment  under  the  labor  law;  it  is 
further  certified  that  documentary  evidence  of  the  age  and  education  of  said  child,  as  required  by  law, 
has  been  duly  examined,  approved,  and  made  a part  of  the  records  of  the  above  department,  and  that 
by  careful  examination  the  physical  fitness  of  the  said  child  has  been  determined  by  the  medical  exam- 
iner of  the  above  department  and  that  such  physical  examination  has  been  recorded  as  required  by  law. 

Description  of  child. 

Place  of  birth,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Date  of  birth,  Mar.  5,  1899. 

Color  of  hair,  Black.  Color  of  eyes,  Brown. 

Height,  5 feet  2 inches.  Weight,  98. 

Distinguishing  facial  marks.  Large  mole. 

Rose  Price, 

Signature  of  child  named  in  the  above  certificate. 

The  Health  Commissioner, 
By  J.  Lynch, 

Signature  of  official  issuing  certificate. 

Date  Feb.  6, 1914. 

N.  B. — This  certificate  must  be  filed  with  the  employer,  and  must  be  kept  on  file  in  the  office  at  the  place 
of  employment  during  the  period  of  such  employment.  It  shall  be  surrendered  to  the  child,  its  parent, 
guardian,  or  custodian  upon  the  termination  of  the  child’s  employment. 

(OVER) 


160  EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


[Buffalo  Form  4 (reverse).  See  p.  32.] 

IMPORTANT. 

NOTICE  TO  EMPLOYERS. 

Factories:  In  factories  the  child  presenting  this  certificate  shall  not  he  permitted  to  work  before  8 o’clock 
in  the  morning  or  after  5 o’clock  in  the  afternoon,  or  for  more  than  8 hours  in  any  one  day  or  more  than 
six  days  in  any  one  week.  (Section  77,  Labor  Law.) 

Special  attention  is  called  to  occupations  at  which  children  can  not  be  employed,  enumerated  in  sec- 
tion 93,  Labor  Law. 

Mercantile  establishments:  In  mercantile  establishments  the  child  presenting  this  certificate  shall 
not  be  permitted  to  work  before  8 o’clock  in  the  morning  or  after  6 o’clock  in  the  evening,  or  for  more 
than  8 hours  in  any  one  day  or  more  than  six  days  in  any  one  week.  (Section  161,  Labor  Law.) 


[Buffalo  Form  5.  See  p.  71.] 

Precinct.  Block. 

BUFFALO  SCHOOL  CENSUS. 

Name,  Mary  Kelley.  Sex,  Female. 

Month,  day,  and  year  of  birth,  Mch.  15,  1902.  Address,  4 Prospect  St. 

Birthplace,  Buffalo.  School,  No.  7. 

Defects,  Color,  White. 


Employed?  No.  Employer’s  name, 

Labor  cert.?  

How  many  years  working?  

Can  read  and  write  English?  Yes. 

Patrolman’s  shield  No.  17. 

Leave  this 
space  blank. 


Parent. 

Name,  James  Kelley. 

Birthplace,  Ireland. 

Years  in  IT.  S.,  20.  Native  language,  English. 


[Buffalo  Form  6.  See  p.  72.] 

Precinct,  5.  buffalo  school  census. 


Name,  Mary  Kelley. 

Sex, 

Female. 

Color, 

White. 

Parent’s  name,  James  Kelley. 

Where  born,  Ireland.  Years  in  U.  S.,  20. 

Address, 

4 Prospect  St. 

School, 
No.  7. 

Block,  94. 

Month,  dav,  and  year  of  birth. 
Mch.  15,  1902. 

Where  born. 
Buffalo. 

Years  in  U.  S. 

Physical  or  mental  defects, 

Read  or  write  English,  Yes.  Other,  No. 

Employer’s 

name. 

Employer’s  address. 

Truant  report. 

Remarks. 

Labor  cert. 

Enumerate 

W Ti  rnu  ' i 

i.  ’ 17 

[Buffalo  Form  7.  See  p.  72.] 

BUFFALO  SCHOOL  CENSUS. 


I have  this  4th  day  of  June  1915,  move 
43  Highland  jig6 

By  order  of 

F.  F.  Klincr, 

J.  B.  Wall, 

Police  Commissioners. 

M.  Regan, 

Supt.  of  Police. 


Thomas  Ryan  from  27  Williams  'gY^j.6  to 


John  L.  Bowers, 

Owner. 


FORMS  USED  IN  ADMINISTRATION 


161 


[Buffalo  Form  8.  See  p.  72.] 

BUFFALO  SCHOOL  CENSUS. 


Name,  Jane  Brown.  School,  7. 
Age,  14.  Address,  14  Prospect  St. 
Parent’s  name,  James  Brown. 

Remarks,  

Date,  


[Buffalo  Form  9 (postal  card).  See  p.  76.] 

School  No.  3.  Date,  April  15,  1915. 

The  following  person  has  heen  furnished  to-day  with  attendance  papers  for  the  purpose  of  securing 
labor  certificate: 

Name,  Walter  J.  Blake. 

Address,  3 Dustin  Place. 

Age,  14.  Day,  month,  and  year  of  birth,  Aprils , 1901. 

Parent’s  name,  Samuel  K.  Blake. 

Remarks, 

Grade,  

Cornelius  Pearson, 

Principal. 


£3 


£3* 

0 


[Buffalo  Form  10.  See  p.  76.] 

BUFFALO  SCHOOL  CENSUS— CHILD-LABOR  CERTIFICATE  REPORT. 

The  following  certificates  were  issued  by  the  board  of  health  during  the  week  ending  June  7 1915. 


Child’s  name. 

Address. 

Age. 

School. 

Cert.  No. 

Sarah  Green 

5 Whitest 

14 

No.  16 

70S 

Charles  Fowler 

875  River  St 

15 

“ 8 

70't 

Louis  Poiriet 

9 Riverside  Ave 

14 

- 11 

7 05 

Signed  William  B.  Drake. 


[Rochester  Form  1.  See  p.  41.] 

Office  of  the  Board  of  Health. 
State  of  New  York,  County  of  Monroe,  City  of  Rochester,  ss. 

Mary  Welch,  being  duly  sworn,  says  that  she  is  the  ■father-  mother,  guardian,  duly  appointed  person 
having  legal  custody  and  control  of  Fred  Welch,  an  infant;  that  said  infant  is  aged  14  years;  was  born 
at  Rochester,  in  the  State  of  New  York,  on  the  22  day  of  October,  1 899. 

That  deponent  makes  this  affidavit  for  the  purposes  mentioned  in  section  2 of  chapter  409  of  the  Laws 
of  1886,  as  amended  by  chapter  991  of  the  Laws  of  1896,  and  section  3 of  chapter  384  of  the  Laws  of  1896, 
regulating  the  employment  of  women  and  children  in  manufacturing  and  mercantile  establishments, 

Mary  Welch. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  this  17  day  of  June  1900,  before  me. 

Florence  Weis, 

Commissioner  of  Deeds. 

Extract  from  chapter  384  of  Laws  of  1896. 

“It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  notary  public  or  other  officer  authorized  and  empowered  by  law  to  admin- 
ister to  any  person  an  oath,  to  demand  or  receive  a fee  for  taking  or  administering  an  oath,  to  a parent  of, 
guardian  of,  or  person  in  parental  relation  to  any  child  as  to  the  age  of  such  child,  where  the  affidavit  thus 
taken  is  used  or  intended  to  be  used  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  a certificate  as  provided  for  in  the  foregoing 
section,  from  any  board  or  department  of  health  or  health  commissioner  or  commissioners  as  herein  set 
forth.” 

[Stamped  across  face:] 

This  to  certify  that  this  child  is  14  years  of  age  or  more. 

46446°— 17 11 


162 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK, 


[Rochester  Form  2.  See  p.  72.] 


Street. 

(5) 

No. 

Ii 

Date,  Nov.  6,  19 15. 

Street. 

(9) 

a 4 N 15. 
No. 

(4).,. . 

(3) 

(8) : 

(2) 

(7) 

(1)  Arlington  Place 

15 

(6) 

Child’s  name,  Annie  L.  Bray 

Beyv  White. 
Girl.  Negro. 

Occupation. 
Milliner’s  assistant. 

Age  last  Bom,  month, 

birthday,  Sept. 

14 

Day.  Year.  Born  in 
7 1901  Rochester. 

Years 
in  IT.  S. 
V 

School. 

Grade. 

School 

Grade. 

Age  Birth  Bapt. 

proven  cert.  cert, 

by  V 

Pass-  Bible.  Other  document  (state 
port.  kind). 

1 

2 

3 

4 

Parent  or  guardian,  Born  in,  Salem , Mass. 

Frank  Bray. 

Years 
in  U.  S. 

i/ 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Physically  Out  of  school. 

Mentally  unable  to  attend  until—  y'  191 

13 

14 

Cause,  ^ I Doctor,  y1 

15 

16 

17 

18 

If  working,  reason  for  leaving  school.  Economic  need.  Work  cert.  7U. 

Left  school  1 Trade  desired,  Milliner. 

in  the  month  of  Sept.,  1915. 

19 

20...,. 

Remarks 

Information  from  tether— mother.  Form  13. 1 Precinct  1 

| No.  13.  \ 

Shield 
No.  45. 

[On  the  left  margin:] 

School  Census  Board,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


[Rochester  Form  2 (reverse).  See  p.  72.J 

FOR  ALL  POSITIONS  WHICH  THE  CHILD  HAS  HELD. 


Employer’s  name. 

Kind  of  work  done  by 
child. 

Time  of  start- 
ing. 

Time  of  leav- 
ing. 

Weekly  wages. 

Month. 

Year. 

Month. 

: Year. 

At 

the 

start. 

Next 

can- 

vas. 

. 

Next 

can- 

vas. 

At 

the 

time 

of 

leav- 

ing. 

1.  Jordan  & Co 

Assistant  milliner 

Sept... 

1915 

V 

V 

1 

93 

V 

V 

V 

2 

3 

4 

1 1 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

.. 

12 

13 

14 

FORMS  USED  IN  ADMINISTRATION, 


163 


No.  23. 


[Rochester  Form  3.  See  p.  73.] 

SCHOOL  CENSUS  BOARD. 


Wallace  B.  Scaggs. 


Nov. 


7. 


Jan.  13, 
Boy. 

’01. 


19 16. 

I In 
7 
n 


Name. 


14  White  St. 


Born  Mo.  I Day.  I Year. 


Address. 

Horace  L.  Scaggs. 


Left  Peabody  School  at  the  6 Grade. 


Parent’s  name. 
Not 

attending. 

\ Home 

In.  w.  c. 

Unlawful 

absence. 

No. 

White  & Co.  W.  C. 

5 Wingate  Lane. 

Employed  by 
Messenger. 

Doyle. 

Working  without  certificate. 


Kind  of  work  of  child. 


Reported  to 


Remarks. 

Required  to  obtain  certificate. 


Disposition. 


Signed 


Allen  Rowley. 


No.  3. 


[Rochester  Form  4 (postal  card.).  See  p.  77.] 

REPORT  ON  CHANGE  OF  ADDRESS  WITHIN  DISTRICT  AND  ISSUING  SCHOOL  RECORD. 


Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  15,  1915. 

School  No.  17.  Grade,  7.  Teacher,  Mary  Tompkins. 

Name,  Susan  Kennedy. 

New  address. 

Former  address. 

Date  of  birth,  February  16,  1900. 

Month.  Day.  Year. 

Date  school  record  issued,  Jan.  12,  1915. 

Pupil  -wiU  (will  not)  remain  in  school. 

N.  B.— Send  permanent  record  card  to  efficiency  bureau  if  pupil  obtaining  school  record  leaves  school. 


[Utica  Form  1.  See  p.  30.] 


Department  of  Public  Safety, 

City  of  Utica,  N.  Y., 

Bureau  of  Health. 

APPLICATION  FOR  EMPLOYMENT  CERTIFICATE,  MANUFACTURING,  MERCANTILE,  AND  OTHER  ESTABLISHMENTS 
To  the  Health  Officer,  City  of  Utica. 

Application  is  hereby  made  for  an  employment  certificate  for 
Mary  Evans. 


Mary  Evans. 

Signature  of  child. 


Address,  80  Canal  St. 

Lena  Evans, 

Signature  of  parent,  guardian,  or  custodian. 

Address,  80  Canal  St. 

AFFIDAVIT. 


State  of  New  York,  Oneida  County,  ss. 

Lena  Evans,  being  duly  sworn,  says  that  she  is  father;  mother,  guardian  of  M ary  Evans;  that  the 
said  Mary  Evans  was  born  at  Cadasia,  N.  Y.,  on  the ' 20th  day  of  February,  1898,  and  that  she 
is  14  years  of  age. 

Lena  Evans. 

Sworn  to  before  me  this  18th  day  of  June,  1912. 

Chas.  L.  Pringle, 

Commissioner  of  Deeds  in  and  for  the  City  of  Utica,  N.  Y. 

[OVER] 


[Utica  Form  I (reverse).  See  p.  30.] 

STATEMENT  OF  OFFICER  ISSUING  THIS  CERTIFICATE. 

I hereby  certify : 

1.  That  the  following  papers  relating  to  the  above-named  child  have  been  filed  in  this  office. 

(a)  Its  school  record  filled  out  and  signed  as  required  by  law. 

(b)  Affidavit  (its  passport  or  a transcript  of  its  birth  certificate  or  baptismal  certificate  or  a religious 
record  showing  its  date  and  place  of  birth.) 

(c)  j/Affidavit  of  the  parent,  guardian,  or  custodian  of  the  child,  showing  the  place  and  date  of  its  birth. 
That  said  child  has  appeared  before  me  and  has  been  examined. 

Chas.  L.  Pringle, 
Signature  of  officer  issuing  the  certificate. 


164 


EMPLOYMENT-CERTIFICATE  SYSTEM  IN  NEW  YORK. 


[Albany  Form  1.  See  p.  62.] 


To  George  W.  Barrows, 

25  So.  Main  St. 


Office  of  the 

Superintendent  of  Public  Schools, 

Albany,  N.  Y.,  April  1,  191 4. 


Your  attention  is  respectfully  called  to  the  following  extract  from  the  act  of  the  Legislature  of  the  State 
of  New  York,  entitled  “An  act  to  provide  for  the  compulsory  education  of  children,”  passed  May  12,  1894, 
as  amended  by  chapter  140  of  the  Laws  of  1910. 


EXTRACT  FROM  THE  LAW. 


§ 626.  Unlawful  employment  of  children  and  penalty  therefor.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person, 
firm,  or  corporation: 

1.  To  employe  1 any  child  under  14  years  of  age,  in  any  business  or  service  whatever,  for  any  part  of  the 
term  during  which  the  public  schools  of  the  district  or  city  in  which  the  child  resides  are  in  session. 

2.  To  employ,  elsewhere  than  in  a city  of  the  first  class  or  a city  of  the  second  class,  in  a factory  or  mer- 
cantile establishment,  business  or  telegraph  office,  restaurant,  hotel,  apartment  house,  or  in  the  distribu- 
tion or  transmission  of  merchandise  or  messages,  any  child  between  14  and  16  years  of  age  who  does  not  at 
the  time  of  such  employment  present  an  employment  certificate  duly  issued  under  the  provisions  of  the 
labor  law,  or  to  employ  any  such  child  in  any  other  capacity  who  does  not  at  the  time  of  such  employment 
present  a school-record  certificate  as  provided  in  section  630  of  this  chapter. 

3.  To  employ  any  child  between  14  and  16  years  of  age  in  a city  of  the  first  class  or  a city  of  the  second 
class  who  does  not,  at  the  time  of  such  employment,  present  an  employment  certificate,  duly  issued  under 
the  provisions  of  the  labor  law. 

§ 627.  Employer  must  display  record  certificate  and  evening  certificate.  The  employer  of  any  child 
between  14  and  16  years  of  age  in  a city  of  the  first  class  or  a city  of  the  second  class  shall  keep  and  shall 
display  in  the  place  where  such  child  is  employed,  the  employment  certificate  and  also  his  evening  school 
certificate  issued  by  the  school  authorities  of  said  city  or  by  an  authorized  representative  of  such  school 
authorities,  certifying  that  the  said  boy  is  regularly  in  attendance  at  an  evening  school  of  said  city  as  pro- 
vided in  section  631  of  this  chapter. 

§ 628.  Punishment  for  unlawful  employment  of  children.  Any  person,  firm,  or  corporation,  or  any 
officer,  manager,  superintendent  or  employee  acting  therefor,  who'  shall  employ  any  child  contrary  to  the 
provisions  of  section  626  hereof,  shall  be  guilty  of  a misdemeanor,  and  the  punishment  therefor  shall  be  for 
the  first  offense  a fine  of  not  less  than  $20  nor  more  than  $50;  for  a second  and  each  subsequent  offense, 
a fine  of  not  less  than  $50  nor  more  than  $200. 

Please  record  the  names  of  all  children  between  the  ages  of  fourteen  and  sixteen  years,  employed  in 
your  establishment,  on  this  paper,  and  mail  the  same  to 

C.  Edward  Jones, 

Superintendent  of  Public  Schools,  Albany,  N.  Y. 


1 So  in  original. 


Name. 

Age. 

Residence. 

Employment 
certificate 
(yes  or  no). 

Sarah  Graham 

15 

Uh 

15\ 

10  North  Ave 

Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 

James  Brewster 

131  Auburn  St 

Herman  Schultz 

77  Arlington  St 

Respectfully  submitted. 

(Sign  here)  George  W.  Barrows. 


Albany  Form  1 (reverse).  See  p.  62.] 
Children  employed 
By 


...191.. 


Herman  Schultz, 
Your  cooperation 
is  earnestly  desired. 


[Albany  Form  2 (postal  card).  See  p.  62.] 

Evening  School  No.  5. 

Albany,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  26,  1915. 

reported  as  being  in  your  employment,  was  absent  from  school  last  night. 

in  the  administration  of  the  compulsory  law  relative  to  attendance  at  evening  school 

C.  Edward  Jones, 

Supt.  Schools. 
W.  Jones, 

Principal  Evening  School  No.  5. 


O 


A 


Ut'i'-’'  

';ir°riLUHOr< 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR 

CHILDREN’S  BUREAU  * j 

JULIA  C.  LATHROP.  Chief 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON 
CHILD  LABOR 


LIBRARY 


COMPILED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF 

H.  H.  B.  MEYER 

CHIEF  BIBLIOGRAPHER.  LIBRARY  OF  CONGRESS 
WITH  THE  ASSISTANCE  OF 

LAURA  A.  THOMPSON 

LIBRARIAN.  CHILDREN’S  BUREAU 


INDUSTRIAL  SERIES  No.  3 

Bureau  Publication  No.  18 


V/ASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1916 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  CHILDREN’S  BUREAU. 

Annual  Reports: 

First  Annual  Report  of  the  Chief,  Children’s  Bureau,  to  the  Secretary  of  Labor, 
for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1913.  20  pp.  1914. 

Second  Annual  Report  of  the  Chief,  Children’s  Bureau,  to  the  Secretary  of  Labor, 
for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1914.  19  pp.  1914. 

Third  Annual  Report  of  the  Chief,  Children’s  Bureau,  to  the  Secretary  of  Labor, 
for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1915.  26  pp.  1915. 

Care  of  Children  Series: 

No.  1.  Prenatal  Care,  by  Mrs.  Max  West.  41  pp.  3d  ed.  1913.  Bureau  pub- 
lication No.  4. 

No.  2.  Infant  Care,  by  Mrs.  Max  West.  87  pp.  1914.  Bureau  publication  No.  8. 

Dependent,  Defective,  and  Delinquent  Classes  Series: 

No.  1.  Laws  Relating  to  Mothers’  Pensions  in  the  United  States,  Denmark,  and 
New  Zealand.  102  pp.  1914.  Bureau  publication  No.  7. 

No.  2.  Mental  Defectives  in  the  District  of  Columbia:  A brief  description  of  local 
conditions  and  the  need  for  custodial  care  and  training.  39  pp.  1915.  Bureau 
publication  No.  13. 

Infant  Mortality  Series: 

No.  1.  Baby-saving  Campaigns:  A preliminary  report  on  what  American  cities 
are  doing  to  prevent  infant  mortality.  93  pp.  4th  ed.  1914.  Bureau  pub- 
lication No.  3. 

No.  2.  New  Zealand  Society  for  the  Health  of  Women  and  Children:  An  example 
of  the  methods  of  baby-saving  work  in  small  towns  and  rural  districts.  19  pp. 

1914.  Bureau  publication  No.  6. 

No.  3.  Infant  Mortality:  Results  of  a field  study  in  Johnstown,  Pa.,  based  on 
births  in  one  calendar  year,  by  Emma  Duke.  93  pp.  and  9 pp.  illus.  1915. 
Bureau  publication  No.  9. 

No.  4.  Infant  Mortality  in  Montclair,  N.  J.:  A study  of  infant  mortality  in  a 
suburban  community.  36  pp.  1915.  Bureau  publication  No.  11. 

No.  5.  A Tabular  Statement  of  Infant- Welfare  Work  by  Public  and  Private 
Agencies  in  the  United  States.  114  pp.  1916.  Bureau  publication  No.  16. 

Industrial  Series: 

No.  1.  Child  Labor  Legislation  in  the  United  States,  by  Helen  L.  Sumner  and 
Ella  A.  Merritt.  1131  pp.  1915.  Bureau  publication  No.  10. 

Analytical  tables  of  laws  of  all  States  and  text  of  laws  of  each  State. 

No.  2.  Administration  of  Child  Labor  Laws: 

Part  I.  Employment  Certificate  System,  Connecticut.  69  pp.  2 charts. 

1915.  Bureau  publication  No.  12. 

Part  II.  Employment  Certificate  System,  New  York.  — pp.  3 charts. 

1916.  Bureau  publication  No.  17. 

No.  3.  List  of  References  on  Child  Labor.  161  pp.  1916.  Bureau  publication 
No.  18. 

Miscellaneous  Series: 

No.  1.  The  Children’s  Bureau:  A circular  containing  the  text  of  the  law  estab- 
lishing the  bureau  and  a brief  outline  of  the  plans  for  immediate  work.  5 pp. 
1912.  Bureau  publication  No.  1. 

No.  2.  Birth  Registration:  An  aid  in  preserving  the  lives  and  rights  of  children. 
20  pp.  3d  ed.  1914.  Bureau  publication  No.  2. 

No.  3.  Handbook  of  Federal  Statistics  of  Children:  Number  of  children  in  the 
United  States,  with  their  sex.  age,  race,  nativity,  parentage,  and  geographic 
distribution.  106  pp.  2d  ed.  1914.  Bureau  publication  No.  5. 

No.  4.  Child-Welfare  Exhibits:  Types  and  preparation,  by  Anna  Louise  Strong, 
Ph.  D.  58  pp.  and  16  pp.  illus.  1915.  Bureau  publication  No.  14. 

No.  5.  Baby  Week  Campaigns.  Suggestions  for  communities  of  various  sizes. 
64  pp.  1915.  Bureau  publication  No.  15. 

2 


14uaO«(  v.  3 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


6&(f.7 

IAiS.vs 

/^ki\  TS 


Page. 

Letter  of  tra  nsmittal 5 

Bibliographies: 

Child  labor 7-8 

Related  subjects: 

Apprenticeship 8 

Compulsory  education 8 

Eight-hour  day 8 

Industrial  education 8-9 

Industrial  hygiene 9 

Minimum  wage 9-10 

Mothers’  pensions 10 

Vocational  guidance 10-11 

ted  States  and  General 11-44 

Legislation : 

State  legislation  and  enforcement 44-54 

Uniform  legislation 54 

Federal  control 54-59 

Speeches  in  Congress 59-62 

Statistics 62-63 

sign  countries: 

General 63-65 

Austria-Hungary 65-66 

Belgium . . 66-67 

France 67-69 

Germany 69-73 

Great  Britain 73-82 

Colonies 82-83 

Italy 83-84 

The  Netherlands 84 

Russia 84-85 

Norway  and  Sweden 85 

Spain 85-86 

Switzerland 86-87 

Other  countries 87-88 

ustries : 

Agriculture 88-90 

Canneries 90-92 

Clothing 92 

Glass 92-94 

Home  work 94-97 

Mercantile  establishments 98-99 

Mines  and  quarries 99-100 


x 


3 


4 


TABLE  OF  CONTEXTS. 


Industries — Continued.  Page. 

Textiles 101-105 

Miscellaneous  industries 106-107 

Stage 107-108 

Street  trades 109-116 

Educational  aspects 117-132 

Juvenile  occupations  and  Employment  bureaus 133-136 

Health  of  working  child 136-141 

Author  index 143-152 

Subject  index 153-161 


* 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Labor, 

Children's  Bureau, 
Washington,  June  30,  1916. 

Sir:  Herewith  I transmit  a list  of  references  on  child  labor. 

The  first  edition  of  this  list  was  compiled  by  Mr.  A.  P.  C.  Griffin  and 
was  published  by  the  Library  of  Congress  in  1906.  This  second  edi- 
tion was  begun  in  1914,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  H.  H.  B.  Meyer, 
chief  bibliographer  of  the  Library  of  Congress,  but  the  material  was 
transferred  to  the  Children’s  Bureau  because  the  Library  of  Congress 
was  committed  to  the  completion  of  certain  larger  publications,  which 
made  it  impracticable  for  the  Library  to  publish  this  list  at  present. 

Miss  Laura  A.  Thompson,  librarian  of  the  Children’s  Bureau,  has 
assisted  in  the  preparation  of  the  list,  but  the  great  bulk  of  the  work 
has  been  done  by  the  Library  of  Congress. 

The  Children’s  Bureau  wishes  to  express  its  appreciation  of  the 
privilege  of  being  associated  with  the  Library  of  Congress  in  this 
publication. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

Julia  C.  Latiirop,  Chief. 

Hon.  William  B.  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Labor. 


NOTE. 


The  reports  of  the  State  bureaus  of  labor  and  the  reports  of  the 
departments  of  factory  inspection  have  been  included  only  where  a 
special  investigation  has  been  made  or  where  special  statistics  have 
been  given.  Most  of  the  reports  of  the  bureaus  of  labor  contain  sta- 
tistics of  children  employed  and  reference  to  the  inspection  of  child 
labor  where  there  is  no  special  department  of  factory  inspection.  No 
reference  has  been  made  to  the  child-labor  laws  as  found  in  these  or 
similar  reports,  as  these  are  covered  by  the  compilation  made  by  the 
Children’s  Bureau.  (See  No.  577  in  this  list.) 

The  numbers  at‘  the  end  of  the  titles  are  the  shelf  numbers  of  the 
books  in  the  Library  of  Congress. 

6 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR 


BIBLIOGRAPHIES. 

CHILD  LABOR. 

1 Bloomfield,  Meyer.  The  school  and  the  start  in  life;  a study  of  the  relation 

between  school  and  employment  in  England,  Scotland,  and  Germany.  Wash- 
ington, Govt,  print,  off.,  1914.  143  p.  23cm.  (U.  S.  Bureau  of  education. 

Bulletin,  1914,  no.  4.  Whole  no.  575.)  HF5381.B5 

Bibliography:  p.  133-142. 

2 British  association  for  labour  legislation.  Child  labour  in  the  United  King- 

dom. A study  of  the  development  and  administration  of  the  law  relating  to  the 
employment  of  children.  By  Frederic  Keeling.  London,  P.  S.  King  & son, 
1914.  xxxii,  326  p.  25£cm,  ‘ HD6250.G7B75 

“ Bibliography  of  the  employment  of  children  in  the  United  Kingdom”:  p.  [309]— 319. 

3 Bullock,  Edna  Dean,  comp.  Selected  articles  on  child  labor.  2d  and  enl.  ed. 

White  Plains,  N.  Y.,  and  New  York  city,  The  H.  W.  Wilson  company,  1915. 
xxvi,  238  p.  20cm.  (Debaters’  handbook  series)  HD6250.U3B85  1915 

Bibliography:  p.  [xi]-xxvi. 

4 Clopper,  Edward  Nicholas.  Child  labor  in  city  streets.  New  York,  The  Mac- 

millan co.,  1912.  ix,  280  p.  18cm.  HD6231.C5 

Bibliography:  p.  245-254. 

5 Freeman,  Arnold.  Boy  life  & labour;  the  manufacture  of  inefficiency.  Lon- 

don, P.  S.  King  & son,  1914.  252  p.  22cm.  HD6250.G75B5 

“Bibliography  of  juvenile  labour”:  p.233-248. 

6 Keeling,  Frederic.  The  labour  exchange  in  relation  to  boy  and  girl  labour. 

London,  P.  S.  King  & son,  1910.  76  p.  21cm. 

Bibliography:  p.  73-76. 

7 Massachusetts.  Bureau  of  statistics.  Industrial  home  work  in  Massachu- 

setts . . . Boston,  Wright  & Potter  print,  co.,  1914.  183  p.  23cm.  (Its  Labor 

bulletin  no.  101)  HC107.M4A3,no.l01 

Bibliography:  p.  152-177. 

8  Labor  bibliography.  1912-1914.  Boston,  1913-1915.  3 v.  23^cm. 

Z7164.L1M4 

Found  also  in  Annual  report  on  the  statistics  of  labor,  1912,  1914,  1915. 

1912:  Child  labor:  p.  7-9.  1913:  Child  labor:  p.  4-10.  1914:  Child  labor:  p.  6-9. 

9 Tennessee.  State  library,  Nashville.  Legislative  reference  dept.  Index 

of  legislative  reference  material.  Nashville,  Tenn.,  McQuiddy  printing  com- 
pany, 1915.  85  p.  22cm.  Z7161.T38 

Child  labor:  p.  67-69. 

10  Texas.  University.  Dept,  of  extension.  Public  discussion  and  infor- 

mation division.  Compulsory  education  and  child  labor.  Austin,  Tex., 
University  of  Texas  [1910]  11  p.  23cm.  (Bulletin  of  the  University  of  Texas. 
Extension  ser.)  Z7161.T45,no.7a 

. 7 


8 

n 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR, 


IT.  S.  Bureau  of  labor  statistics.  Subject  index  of  the  publications  of  the 

United  States  Bureau  of  labor  statistics  up  to  May  1,  1915.  September,  1915. 

Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1915.  233  p.  23^cm.  (Bulletin  of  the  United 

States  Bureau  of  labor  statistics,  whole  no.  174.  Miscellaneous  series,  no.  11) 

„ . . . , . _ Z1223.L184 

C hildren  m industry:  p.  43~4o. 

Library  of  Congress.  Division  of  bibliography.  List  of  books 

(with  references  to  periodicals)  relating  to  child  labor.  Comp,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Appleton  Prentiss  Clark  Griffin,  chief  bibliographer.  Washington, 
Govt,  print,  off.,  1906.  66  p.  25|cm.  Z881.U5 

RELATED  SUBJECTS. 

APPRENTICESHIP. 

Bray,  Reginald  Arthur.  Boy  labour  and  apprenticeship.  London,  Constable 
& co.,  1911.  xi,  248  p.  19cm. 

"List  of  authorities”:  p.  241-244. 

Dunlop,  Olive  Jocelyn,  and  Richard  D.  Denman.  English  apprenticeship  & 
child  labour;  a history,  by  O.  J.  Dunlop,  with  a supplementary  section  on  the 
modern  problem  of  juvenile  labour,  by  0.  J.  Dunlop  and  R.  D.  Denman. 
London  [etc.]  T.F.  Unwin,  1912.  390  p.  23(’m.  HD4885.G7D8 

Bibliography:  p.  355-363. 

Wright,  Carroll  Davidson.  The  apprenticeship  system  in  its  relation  to  indus- 
trial education.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1908.  116  p.  23cm..  (U.  S. 
Bureau  of  education.  Bulletin,  1908,  no.  6)  Llll.A6,1908,no6 

" List  of  references  relating  to  the  education  of  apprentices”:  p.  87-92. 

COMPULSORY  EDUCATION. 

Compulsory  school  attendance.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  oh.,  1914.  137  p. 

23em.  (U.  S.  Bureau  of  education.  Bulletin,  1914,  no.  2.  Whole  no.  573) 

Llll.A6,1914,no.2 

Bibliography  of  compulsory  education  in  the  United  States:  p.  131-134. 

EIGHT -HOUR  DAY. 

U.  S.  Library  of  Congress.  Division  of  bibliography.  List  of  books,  with 
references  to  periodicals,  relating  to  the  eight-hour  working  day  and  to  limita- 
tion of  working  hours  in  general.  Comp,  under  the  direction  of  Appleton  Pren- 
tiss Clark  Griffin,  chief  bibliographer.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1908. 
24  p.  25|cm.  Z881.U5 

INDUSTRIAL  EDUCATION. 


Brundage,  Howard  D.,  and  Charles  R.  Richards.  A selected  bibliog- 
raphy on  industrial  education.  (In  National  education  association.  Journal 
of  proceedings  and  addresses,  1910.  Winona,  Minn.,  1910.  p.  766-773.) 

L13.N4  1910 

Columbia  university.  Teachers  college.  School  of  industrial  arts.  An- 
notated list  of  books  relating  to  industrial  arts  and  industrial  education.  New 
York  city,  Teachers  college,  Columbia  university,  1911.  50  p.  23cm.  (Tech- 
nical education  bulletin,  no.  6)  Z7911.C73 

Dean,  Arthur  Davis.  The  worker  and  the  state;  a study  of  education  for  indus- 
trial workers.  New  York,  The  Century  co.,  1910.  355  p.  20cm. 

"Bibliography  of  vocational  education”:  p.  345-355. 

Kansas  City,  Mo.  Public  library.  A reading  list*on  vocational  education. 
Kansas  City,  Mo.,  Kansas  City  public  library,  1915.  44  p.  16£  x 9cm.  (Special 

library  list.  no.  10)  Z5814.T4K2 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


9 


22  Lapp,  John  A.,  and  Carl  H.  Mote.  Learning  to  earn;  a plea  and  a plan  for  voca- 

tional education.  Indianapolis,  The  Bobbs-Merrill  company,  [<T915]  9 p.  1., 
421  p.  19  Ym.  LC1045.L3 

Bibliography:  p.  [379J-389. 

“ Organizations  interested  in  vocational  training”:  p.  [391]— 394. 

23  New  York  (State).  Department  of  labor.  A selected  bibliography  on 

industrial  education.  (In  its  Annual  report.  8th,  1907-08.  Albany,  1909. 
p.  357-394)  HD8053.N7A2,pt.3 

24  Education  dept.  Division  of  vocational  schools.  A list  of  helpful 

publications  concerning  vocational  instruction.  Prepared  by  Lewis  A.  Wilson. 
Albany,  The  University  of  the  state  of  New  York,  1914.  41  p.  23cm.  (Uni- 
versity of  the  state  of  New  York  bulletin,  no.  569)  Z7911.N52 

25  Richards,  Charles  R.  Selected  bibliography  on  industrial  education.  [Asbury 

Park,  N.  J.,  Kinmonth  press]  1907.  32  p.  23cm.  (National  society  for  the 

promotion  of  industrial  education.  Bulletin  no.  2)  T61.N27,no.2 

26  Sadler,  Michael  Ernest.  Continuation  schools  in  England  & elsewhere;  their 

place  in  the  educational  system  of  an  industrial  and  commercial  state.  2d  ed. 
Manchester,  University  press,  1908.  779  p.  23cm.  (Publications  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Manchester.  Educational  series,  no.  1)  LC5215.S25 

“Short  bibliography”:  p.  750-754. 

27  IT.  S.  Bureau  of  education.  Bibliography  of  industrial,  vocational,  and  trade 

education.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1913.  92  p.  23cm.  (Its  Bulletin, 

1913,  no.  22.  Whole  no.  532)  LC1043.U6 

28  Bureau  of  labor.  Industrial  education.  Washington,  Govt,  print. 

off.,  1911.  822  p.  23cm.  (Annual  report  of  the  commissioner  of  labor.  25th. 
1910)  * HD8051.A3  1910 

“Selected  bibliography  on  industrial  education”:  p.  519-539. 

INDUSTRIAL  HYGIENE. 

29  Bibliography  on  industrial  hygiene.  Trial  list  of  references  on  occupational 

diseases  and  industrial  hygiene  prepared  by  the  American  association  for  labor 
legislation,  United  States  Bureau  of  labor  [and]  Library  of  Congress.  American 
labor  legislation  review,  June,  1912,  v.  2:  367-417.  LID7833.A55,v.2 

30  Rambousek,  Josef.  Industrial  poisoning  from  fumes,  gases  and  poisons  of 

manufacturing  processes;  . . . tr.  and  ed.  by  Thomas  M.  Legge.  London, 
E.  Arnold,  1913.  xiv,  360  p.  illus.  22cm.  HD7263.R4 

“References”:  p.339-354. 

31  TJ.  S.  Bureau  of  labor  statistics.  Library.  Books  and  periodicals  on  acci- 

dent and  disease  prevention  in  industry  in  the  library  of  the  Bureau  of  labor 
statistics.  [Washington,  Govt,  print.  off7~1916]  23  p.  23 Ym- 

Z7164.L1U667 

32  Surgeon-general’s  office.  Library.  Occupations  and  trades  (Dis- 

eases and  hygiene  of).  (In  its  Index  catalogue.  Washington,  1881-1916.  1st 
ser.  v.  10,  p.  67-83;  2d  ser.  v.  5,  p.  481-482,  v.  12,  p.  69-74)  Z6676.U6 

References  to  current  material  will  be  found  in  the  Index  medicus.  Z6660.I4 

MINIMUM  WAGE. 

33  New  York.  Public  libr ary . The  minimum  wage;  a preliminary  list  of  selected 

references.  New  York,  1913.  9 p.  26£em.  Z7164.W1N5 

Prepared  by  G.  C.  Williamson. 

“Reprinted  at  the  New  York  public  library  from  the  Bulletin,  August,  1913.” 


10 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


34  Reeder,  Charles  Wells.  Bibliography  on  the  minimum  wage.  {In  Ohio 

Industrial  commission.  Dept,  of  investigation  and  statistics.  Report,  no.  1. 
Columbus,  O.,  1914.  24cm.  p.  23-33)  HD8053.O3A3,no.l 

35  Ryan,  John  Augustine.  A living  wage;  its  ethical  and  economic  aspects. 

New  York,  London,  The  Macmillan  co.,  1912.  346  p.  19cm.  (The  Macmillan 
standard  library)  HB301.R98 

“Works  of  reference”:  p.  333-340. 

36  Verrill,  Charles  Henry.  Minimum-wage  legislation  in  the  United  States  and 

foreign  countries.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1915.  335  p.  23cm.  (Bul- 
letin of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  labor  statistics,  whole  no.  167.  Miscella- 
neous series,  no.  8)  Z7164.W1Y3 

Issued  also  as  House  doc.  1676,  U.  S.,  63d  Cong.,  3d  sess. 

A select  list  of  references  to  books  and  periodicals  (in  English)  on  the  minimum  wage:  p.  321-328. 

37  Williamson,  Charles  C.  A list  of  selected  references  on  the  minimum  wage. 

{In  New  York  (State).  Factory  investigating  commission.  Third  report,  1914. 
Albany,  1914.  23cm.  Legislature,  1914.  Assembly  doc.  28.  p.383-413) 

HD8053.N7A5  1914 

MOTHERS’  PENSIONS. 

38  Meyer,  H.  H.  B.  Select  list  of  references  on  pensions  for  mothers,  motherhood 

insurance,  etc.  {In  Special  libraries,  Nov.  1913,  v.  4:  177-183.) 

Z671.S71,v.4 

• 

39  New  York  (State)  Commission  on  relief  for  widowed  mothers.  A 

bibliography  of  mothers’  pensions.  {In  its  Report.  1914.  Albany,  1914. 
23cm.  Legislature,  1914.  Senate  doc.  64.  p.  570-577)  HY699.N52 

40  U.  S.  Children’s  bureau.  Laws  relating  to  “Mothers’  pensions”  in  the 

United  States,  Denmark  and  New  Zealand.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off., 
1914.  102  p.  25cm.  (Dependent  children  series,  no.  1.  Bureau  publication 

no.  7)  HY697.U5 

Prepared  by  Miss  Laura  A.  Thompson,  librarian  of  the  Bureau. 

“List  of  references  on  ( Mothers  ’ pensions  ’ p.  98-102. 

VOCATIONAL  GUIDANCE. 

41  Bloomfield,  Meyer.  Youth,  school,  and  vocation.  Boston,  New  York  [etc.] 

Houghton  Mifflin  co.  [1915].  273  p.  19£cm.  HF5381.B63 

Bibliography:  p.  262-267. 

42  Brooklyn.  Public  library.  Choosing  an  occupation;  a list  of  books  and  refer- 

ences on  vocational  choice,  guidance,  and  training,  in  the  Brooklyn  public 
library.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  The  Brooklyn  public  library,  1913.  63  p.  19cm. 

Z5814.T4B8 

43  Chicago  school  of  civics  and  philanthropy.  Dept,  of  social  investigation. 

Finding  employment  for  children  who  leave  the  grade  schools  to  go  to  work; 
report  to  the  Chicago  woman’s  club,  the  Chicago  association  of  collegiate  alum- 
nae, and  the  Woman’s  city  club.  [Chicago,  Manz  engraving  company,  The 
Hollister  press,  1911]  56  p.  26cm.  HF5381.C6 

Selected'  bibliography  relating  to  employment  supervision,  p.  53-56. 

44  Hall,  Mary  E.  Yocational  guidance  through  the  library  . . . with  select  bib- 

liography by  John  G.  Moulton.  Chicago,  American  library"  association  pub- 
lishing board,  1914.  22  p 19 Ym.  Z7164.C81H2 

Reprinted  from  the  Massachusetts  library  club  bulletin,  January,  1914. 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


11 


45  Jacobs,  Charles  Louis,  comp.  A vocational  guidance  bibliography,  prepared 

for  school  and  public  libraries  and  arranged  especially  for  youths,  teachers,  and 
specialists.  Comp,  for  the  commissioner  of  industrial  and  vocational  educa- 
tion, by  C.  L.  Jacobs.  Jan.  1916.  [Sacramento]  California  state  print,  off., 
1916.  24  p.  22£cm.  (California.  State  board  of  education.  Bulletin  no.  12) 

46  New  York  (State)  Education  dept.  Division  of  vocational  schools.  A 

list  of  helpful  publications  concerning  vocational  instruction.  Prepared  by 
Lewis  A.  Wilson.  Albany,  The  University  of  the  state  of  New  York,  1914. 
cover-title,  [3]^1  p.  23cm.  (University  of  the  state  of  New  York  bulletin, 
no.  569)  Z7911.N52 

47  Parsons,  Frank.  Choosing  a vocation.  Boston  and  New  York,  Houghton 

Mifflin  company,  1909.  165,  [1]  p.  incl.  tables.  21cm.  HF5381.P24 

Bibliography:  p.  106-110. 

48  Philadelphia.  Board  of  public  education.  Pedagogical  library.  A work- 

ing library  on  vocational  guidance,  with  some  additional  titles  on  vocational 
education.  [Philadelphia,  Philadelphia  trades  school,  1913]  12  p.  23em. 
(Library  bulletin  no.  2)  Z5811.P45,no.2 

49  U.  S.  Bureau  of  education.  Library.  List  of  references  on  vocational  guid- 

ance, June,  1914-  [Washington,  1914-.]  23cm.  Z7164.C81U5 

Supplementary  editions  pub.  irregularly. 

UNITED  STATES  AND  GENERAL.* 

50  Abbott,  Edith.  A study  of  the  early  history  of  child  labor  in  America.  AmerL. 

can  journal  of  sociology,  July,  1908,  v.  14:  15-37.  HMl.A7,v.l4 

51  Women  in  industry;  a study  in  American  economic  history.  New  York 

and  London,  D.  Appleton  and  company,  1910.  xxii,  408  p.,  11.  incl.  tables. 
20|cm.  HD6095.A2 

Child  labor  in  America  before  1870,  p.  327-351. 

52  Abelsdorff,  Walter.  Frauen-  und  kinderarbeit  in  den  Vereinigten  Staaten  von 

Nordamerika.  Leipzig,  1914.  p.  166-206.  22|cm. 

“ Sonder-abdruek  aus  dem  Archiv  fur  soziale  hygiene  und  demographie,  9.  bd.,  2.  hft.  ” 

53  Abolition  of  child  labor  possible.  Journal  of  education,  Feb.  18,  1915,  v.  81: 

182.  Lll.J5,v.81 

54  Adams,  Thomas  Sewall,  and  Helen  L.  Sumner.  Labor  problems;  a text 

book.  New  York,  London,  The  Macmillan  company,  1905.  xv,  579  p.  21om. 

HD8072.A25 

Bibliography:  p.  15-16. 

Woman  and  child  labor,  by  H.  L.  S.:  p.  19-67.— Appendix  a.  Woman  and  child  labor  laws  in  the 
United  States. 

55  Addams,  Jane.  Child  labor.  {In  National  education  association.  Journal  of 

proceedings  and  addresses,  1905.  Winona,  Minn.,  1905.  23icm.  p.  259-261) 

L13.N4  1905 

56  Child  labor  and  pauperism.  {In  National  conference  of  charities  and 

correction.  Proceedings,  1903.  [Columbus,  O.]  1903.  23|cm.  p.  114-121) 

HV88.A3  1903 

57  Child  labor  legislation,  a requisite  for  industrial  efficiency.  American 

academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  May,  1905,  v.  25:  542-550. 

Hl.A4,v.25 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  2,  p.  130-138. 

HD6250.U3N2  no.2 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  13,  9 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l3 


* For  individual  states  see  Subject  index. 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


12 

58  Addams,  Jane.  Democracy  and  social  ethics.  New  York,  The  Macmillan 

company  [etc.,  etc.]  1902.  ix,  281  p.  19£cm.  (The  citizen’s  library  of  eco- 
nomics, politics,  and  sociology,  ed.  by  R.  T.  Ely)  HN64.A2 

Child  labor,  p.  40-46,  167-170;  Educational  methods,  p.  187-220. 

59  National  protection  for  children.  American  academy  of  political  and 

social  science,  Annals,  Jan.  1907,  v.  29:  57-60.  Hl.A4,v.29 

National  child  labor  committee,  Pamphlet  no.  47.  4 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.47 

Newer  ideals  of  peace.  New  York,  London,  The  Macmillan  company, 

1907.  xviii,  243  p.  19cm.  (The  citizen’s  library  of  economics,  politics,  and 
sociology,  ed.  by  R.  T.  Ely)  HN64.A25 

Protection  of  children  for  industrial  efficiency,  p.  151-179. 

61  A plea  for  more  play,  more  pay,  and  more  education  for  our  factory  girls 

and  boys.  [Chicago?]  Printed  for  private  distribution  [the  Chicago  association 
of  commerce,  1914?]  24  p.  17£cm.  HQ796.A25 

62  The  spirit  of  youth  and  the  city  streets.  New  York,  The  Macmillan  com- 

pany, 1909.  162  p.  19£cm.  HQ796.A3 

The  spirit  of  youth  and  industry,  p.  107-135. 

63  Ten  years  experience  in  Illinois.  American  academy  of  political  and 

social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911,  v.  38:  114-148.  Hl.A4,v.38 

63a  What  does  child  labor  reform  cost  the  community.  National  child  labor 

committee.  Pamphlet  no.  155.  6 p.  HD6250.U3N2,  no. 155 

64  Adler,  Felix.  The  attitude  of  society  toward  the  child  as  an  index  of  civiliza- 

tion. American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Jan.  1907, 
v.  29:  135-141.  Hl.A4,v.29 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  56.  7 p. 

HD5250.U3N2,no.56 

65  The  basis  of  the  anti-child  labor  movement  in  the  idea  of  American 

civilization.  American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals, 
Supplement,  July,  1908,  v.  32:  1-3.  Hl.A4,v.32 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  70.  3 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.70 

66  Child  labor  a menace  to  civilization.  American  academy  of  political  and 

social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911,  v.  38:  1-7.  Hl.A4,v.38 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  156.  8 p. 

IlD6250.U3N2,no.l56 

67  Child  labor  in  the  United  States  and  its  great  attendant  evils.  American 

academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  May,  1905,  v.  25:  417-429. 

Hl.A4,v.25 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  2,  p.  1-17;  Pamphlet  no.  11. 
2d  ed.  1907.  13  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.2;no.ll 

Same.  {In Louisiana.  Bureau  of  statistics  of  labor.  Report.  New  Orleans, 
La.  1906.  23cm.  p.  16-26)  HC107.L8A2  1904-05 

68  Adler,  Nettie.  Child  employment  and  juvenile  delinquency.  {In  Woman  in 

industry  from  seven  points  of  view.  London,  1908.  p.  121-141) 

HD6053.W7 

69  Alabama.  Dept,  for  inspection  of  jails,  almshouses,  cotton  mills,  fac- 

tories, etc.  Children  eligible  for  employment  in  the  mills,  factories,  and 
manufacturing  establishments  in  the  state  of  Alabama  for  the  year  1913.  W.  H. 
Oates,  M.  D.,  inspector.  Montgomery,  Ala.,  Brown  printing  company  [1913]. 
41  p.  23cm.  IID6250.U4A3  1913 


70 

71 

72 

73 

74 

75 

76 

77 

78 

79 

80 

81 

82 

83 

84 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


13 


Alabama.  Department  for  inspection  of  jails,  almshouses,  cotton  mills, 
factories,  etc.  Children  ineligible  for  employment  in  the  mills,  factories, 
and  manufacturing  establishments  in  the  state  of  Alabama.  W.  H.  Oates, 
M.  D.,  inspector.  Montgomery,  Ala.,  Brown  printing  company  [1913].  30 

p.  23cm.  HD6250.U4A3  1913a 

Copies  of  reports  of  Dr.  Bragg,  inspector  of  jails,  cotton  mills,  and 

almshouses.  To  the  governor,  July,  1907.  Montgomery,  Ala.,  Brown  printing 
co.  [1907]  15  p.  23£cm.  HD3663.A2A5  1907 

Governor,  1915-  (Charles  Henderson)  Message  to  the  Legislature 

of  Alabama.  Jan.  18,  1915.  Montgomery,  Brown  printing  co.,  1915.  47  p. 
23cm.  J87.A22  1915  Jan.l8a 

Child  labor:  p.  43-44. 

Alabama  child  labor  committee.  Child  labor  in  Alabama;  an  appeal  to  the 
people  and  press  of  New  England,  with  a resulting  correspondence.  Letters  from 
Mr.  J.  Howard  Nichols  and  Mr.  Horace  S.  Sears,  of  Boston,  and  from  Edgar 
Gardner  Murphy,  of  Montgomery,  Alabama,  in  relation  to  the  child  labor  bill, 
[n.  p.,  1901?]  40  p.  15icm. 

American  academy  of  political  and  social  science.  Social  legislation  and 
social  activity.  New  York,  Published  for  the  American  academy  of  political 
and  social  science  of  Philadelphia,  by  McClure,  Phillips  & company,  1902.  vii, 
304  p.  25cm.  HD8057.A5 

Pt.  IV.  The  child  labor  problem:  Child  labor  legislation,  by  Mrs.  Florence  Kelley.  Child  labor 
in  the  department  store,  by  F.  N.  Brewer.  Necessity  for  factory  legislation  in  the  South,  by  H. 
Robbins.  Child  labor  in  New  Jersey,  by  H.  F.  Fox.  Child  labor  in  Belgium,  by  E.  Dubois. 

Armstrong  association  of  Philadelphia.  A comparative  study  of  the  occu- 
pations and  wages  of  the  children  of  working  age  in  the  Potter  and  Durham 
schools,  Philadelphia.  [Philadelphia,  Printed  by  pupils  at  the  Philadelphia 
trades  school]  1913.  20  p.  23cm.  HD6250.U5P4 

Aronovici,  Carol.  The  Newport  survey  of  social  problems.  [Fall  River,  Mass., 
Munroe  press,  1912]  cover-title,  59  p.  incl.  tables.  26eiu.  HN80.N67A7 
Boy  problem:  Occupations,  wages,  unemployment,  !).  3-4;  Girl  problem:  Employment,  p.  6, 
42-43. 

Atherton,  Sarah  H.  Survey  of  wage-earning  girls  below  sixteen  years  of  age  in 
Wilkes-Barre,  Pennsylvania,  1915.  New  York  city,  National  consumers’ 
league  [1915]  65  p.  23^cm.  (Women  in  industry  series  no.  11) 

Bailey,  Mrs.  E.  L.  Conditions  of  child  employing  industries  in  the  South: 
Mississippi.  Child  labor  bulletin,  v.  2,  no.  1:  128-133.  HD.6250.U3N4,v.2. 

Baldwin,  B.  J.  History  of  child  labor  reform  in  Alabama.  American  academy 
of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911,  v.  38:  111- 
113.  Hl.A4,v.38 

Barnard,  Kate.  The  new  state  and  its  children.  American  academy  of  politi- 
cal and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1908,  v.  32:  173-175. 

Hl.A4,v.32 

Through  the  windows  of  destiny:  how  I visualized  my  life  work.  Good 

housekeeping,  Nov.  1912,  v.  55:  600-606.  TXl.G7,v.55 

Child  labor  banished  from  Oklahoma,  p.  602. 

Blascoer,  Frances.  The  industrial  condition  of  women  and  girls  in  Honolulu; 
a social  study.  Honolulu  [Paradise  of  the  Pacific  printers]  1912.  99,  [1]  p. 

23£cm.  (Honolulu  social  survey,  1st  study)  HD6220.Z6H62 

Boswell,  Helen  Varick,  chairman.  Industrial  and  child  labor  committee. 
Federation  bulletin,  Mar.  1909,  v.  6:  165-166.  IIQ1871.F3,v.6 

Industrial  conditions  and  child  labor.  Federation  bulletin,  Oct.  1909, 

v.  7:  18-19.  * IIQl871.F3,v.7 


14 

85 

86 

87 

88 

89 

90 

91 

92 

93 

94 

95 

96 

97 

98 

99 

100 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


Boswell,  M.  Louise.  Child  labor  and  need.  Child  labor  bulletin,  v.  2,  no.  1: 
17-26.  HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  194,  1913.  11  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l94 

Bowen,  Louise  Hadduck  (de  Koven)  “ Mrs.  J.  T.  Bowen.”  Safeguards  for  city- 
youth  at  work  and  at  play.  New  York,  The  Macmillan  co.,  1914.  241  p. 
19|cm.  HY1437.C4B6 

Legal  protection  in  industry:  p.  52-93. 

Britton,  James  A.  Child  labor  and  the  juvenile  court.  American  academy  of 
political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1909,  v.  33:  111-115. 

Hl.A4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  95.  5 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.95 

Brooks,  John  Graham.  Past  and  present  arguments  against  child  labor. 
American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Mar.  1906,  v.  27 : 
281-284.  Hl.A4,v.27 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  20,  p.  23-26;  Pamphlet  no. 
24.  4 p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.20,no.20a;no.24 

The  social  unrest;  studies  in  labor  and  soc  ialist  movements.  New  York, 

The  Macmillan  company;  [etc.,  etc.]  1903.  4 p.  1.,  394  p.  20£cm. 

HN64.B9 

Child  labor,  p.  27-29,  207-208,  252-257. 

Brown,  Edward  F.  The  neglected  human  resources  of  the  Gulf  coast  states. 
Child  labor  bulletin,  v.  2,  no.  1:  112-116.  HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

Bullock,  Edna  Dean,  comp.  Selected  articles  on  child  labor.  2d  and  enl.  ed. 
White  Plains,  N.  Y.,  and  New  York  city,  The  H.  W.  Wilson  company,  1915. 
xxvi,  238  p.  20cm.  (Debaters’ handbook  series)  HD6250.U3B85  1915 
Butler,  Elizabeth  Beardsley.  Sharpsburg:  a typical  waste  of  childhood.  ; 
(In  Wage-earning  Pittsburgh.  New  York,  1914,  p.  279-304)  HD8085.P6P6 

“The  working  children”:  p.  287-302. 

California.  Bureau  of  labor  statistics.  Child  labor.  (In  its  Report, 
1911-12,  p.  21-88,  521-529;  1913-14,  p.  20-21,  41-45)  HC107.C2A2  ; 

Industrial  welfare  commission.  Biennial  report.  1st,  1913-1914. 

[Sacramento?]  1915.  1 v.  22£cm.  HD6093.C2  ! 

Campbell,  M.  Edith.  State  child  labor  relief . American  academy  of  political  ! 
and  social  science,  Annals.  Supplement,  July,  1911,  v.  38:  80-84. 

Hl.A4,v.38 


Can  Georgia  do  it?  Outlook,  Aug.  15, 1914,  v.  107 : 888-889.  AP2.08,v.l07 

Carlton,  Frank  Tracy.  The  history  and  problems  of  organized  labor.  Boston, 
New  York  [etc.]  D.  C.  Heath  & company  [c1911]  xi,  483  p.  20cm. 

HD6508.C2 

Child  labor:  p.  379-407. 

The  industrial  situation;  its  effect  upon  the  home,  the  school,  the  wage 

earner  and  the  employer.  New  York,  Chicago  [etc.]  Fleming  H.  Revell  com- 
pany [c1914]  159  p.  mcm.  HD8072.C26 

Women  and  children  in  industry:  p.  7S-92. 

Catheron,  Allison  G.  The  Massachusetts  committee  on  social  welfare.  Sur- 
vey, Oct.  11,  1913,  v.  31:  47-48.  HVl.C4,v.31 

Chicago.  Child  welfare  exhibit,  1911.  The  child  in  the  city;  a handbook  of  j 
the  Child  welfare  exhibit  at  the  Coliseum,  May  11-May  25,  1911.  [Chicago, 
The  Blakely  printing  co.,  1911]  96  p.  illus.  25^cm.  HQ741.C6 

Saving  the  barren  years,  p.  25-27. 


101 

102 

103 

104 

105 

106 

107 

108 

109 

110 

U1 

112 

113 

114 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


15 


Chicago.  Child  welfare  exhibit,  1911.  The  child  in  the  city;  a series  of 
papers  presented  at  the  conferences  held  during  the  Chicago  child  welfare 
exhibit,  pub.  by  the  Department  of  social  investigation,  Chicago  school 
of  civics  and  philanthropy.  [Chicago,  Manz  engraving  company,  The  Hol- 
lister press]  1912.  xiii,  502  p.  plates.  22cm.  HV741.C4 

Part  V.— The  working  child:  The  standard  for  factory  inspection  in  Illinois,  by  Mary  E. Mc- 
Dowell: p.  273-277;  Efficiency  in  factory  inspection,  by  Florence  Kelley:  p.  278-286;  The  Illinois 
department  of  factory  inspection,  by  Edgar  T.  Davies:  p.  287-289;  The  street  trader  under  Illinois 
law,  by  Florence  Kelley:  p.  290-301;  The  artist  child,  by  S.  H.  Clark:  p.  302-309;  The  effect  of 
•irregular  hours  upon  the  health  of  the  child,  by  F.  S.  Churchill:  p.  310-312. 

Child  labor  conference.  Hartford,  Conn.,  1908.  Report  of  the  proceedings 
of  the  Child  labor  conference  held  at  Hartford,  December  4, 1908.  [Hartford, 
Printed  by  the  state]  1909.  cover-title,  44  p.  22cm.  HD6250.U4C8  1908 

Held  under  the  auspiees  of  the  Consumers’  league  of  Connecticut. 

From  23d  annual  report  Connecticut  Bureau  of  labor  statistics. 

Contents. — Child  labor  problem,  by  John  Coleman  Adams,  p.  3;  Actual  present  physical  state 
of  working  children  in  Connecticut,  by  Julia  Corcoran,  p.  4-5;  Future  results  of  child  labor,  by 
Florence  Kelley,  p.  5-8;  The  critical  character  of  the  age  period  from  fourteen  to  sixteen,  by  Oliver 
C.  Smith,  p.  8-13;  The  effect  of  premature  toil  upon  wages  and  standards  of  labor,  by  Owen  It. 
Lovejoy,  p.  13-16;  State  industrial  supervision  of  children  in  Germany  and  in  Connecticut,  by 
E.  W.  Lord,  p.  16-18;  Legislation  advocated  by  the  National  child  labor  committee,  by  Owen  R; 
Lovejoy,  p.  18-21;  Legislation  proposed  by  the  labor  unions,  by  Edward  M.  Roszelle,  p.  21-23. 
Enforcement  of  factory  laws  in  Connecticut,  by  Giles  Porter,  p.  23;  Proper  minimum  age  for 
working  children,  by  John  Mitchell,  p.  26-32. 

Child  labor  in  New  Jersey.  American  academy  of  political  and  social  science, 
Annals,  Jan.  1904,  v.  23;  183-184.  Hl.A4,v.23 

Child  labor  in  the  District  of  Columbia.  Charities,  Dec.  2,  1905,  v.  15:  270-271. 

HVl.C4,v.l5 

Child  labor  in  the  District  of  Columbia.  Survey,  Aug.  7,  1909,  v.  22:  612. 

HVl.C4,v.22 

Child  labor  in  the  South.  Survey,  July  12,  1913,  v.  30:  493-494. 

HVl.C4,v.30 

Child  labor  in  the  United  States  and  Massachusetts.  Massachusetts.  Bureau 
of  statistics  of  labor.  Bulletin,  July,  1904,  no.  32:  161-167. 

HC 107 . M4  A3,no . 32 

Child  slavery  in  America.  I.  The  child,  the  factory,  and  the  state,  by  Alzina 
Parsons  Stevens.  II.  Child  labor  an  obstacle  to  industrial  progress,  by  Alice 
L.  Woodbridge.  III.  Data  compiled  and  condensed  from  the  original  sources, 
by  Thomas  E.  Will.  IV.  Bibliography  of  child  labor,  compiled  by  Thomas  E. 
Will.  Arena,  June,  1894,  v.  10:  117-144.  AP2.A6,v.l0 

Chute,  Charles  L.  Child  labor  in  Pennsylvania.  Survey,  Jan.  25,  1913,  v.  29: 
541-542.  HVl.C4,v.29 

The  child  labor  problem  in  Pennsylvania.  Child,  Chicago,  Oct.  1912, 

v.  1:  9-12.  HQ750.A2C3,  v.l 

Clark,  Davis  Wasgatt.  American  child  and  Moloch  of  to-day;  child  labor 
primer.  Cincinnati,  Jennings  and  Graham;  New  York,  Eaton  and  Mains 
[c1907]  81,  [1]  p.  front,,  ports.  19£cm.  HD6250.U3C5 

Bibliography:  p.  [731-81. 

Cleland,  Ethel.  Child  labor:  Indiana.  American  political  science  review, 
May,  1911,  v.  5:  235-236.  JAl.A6,v.5 

Clopper,  Edward  N.  Child  labor  and  compulsory  education  in  rural  Ken- 
tucky. National  child  labor  committee.  New  York,  1909.  Pamphlet  no. 
120.  15  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.l20 

Child  labor  in  Indiana.  [New  York?  1909?]  16  p.  illus.  23cm. 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  91.  HD6250.U3N2,no.91 


16 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


115  Clopper,  Edward  N.  Child  labor  in  the  Ohio  Valley  states.  American 

academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1909, 
v.  33:  79-85.  Hl.A4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  97.  7 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.97 

116  Child  labor  in  the  smaller  towns  of  Missouri.  National  child  labor  com- 

mittee. New  York,  1910.  Pamphlet  no.  144.  8 p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.l44 

117  Child  labor  in  West  Virginia.  National  child  labor  committee.  New 

York,  1908.  Pamphlet  no.  86.  24  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.86 

118  Child  labor  in  West  Virginia  in  1910.  National  child  labor  committee. 

New  York,  1910.  Pamphlet  no.  142.  12  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.l42 

119  The  forward  movement  in  Missouri,  West  Virginia,  and  Indiana. 

American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July, 
1911,  v.  38:  149-153.  Hl.A4,v.38 

120  The  majesty  of  the  law  in  Mississippi.  Child  labor  bulletin,  Feb.  1914, 

v.  2,  no.  4:  54-58.  HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

121  Provided  however,  or  a bill  of  exceptions.  National  child  labor  com- 

mittee. New  York,  1914.  Pamphlet  no.  217.  11  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.217 

122  Colorado.  Bureau  of  labor  statistics.  Biennial  report.  Denver,  1888- 

1915.  HC107.C7A2 

Contents  relating  to  child  labor: 

1891-1892:  The  evils  of  child  labor:  p.  139-148;  Education  of  children:  p.  149-153. 

1901-1902:  Child  labor:  p.  280-292. 

1903-1904:  The  women  and  children’s  eight-hour  law:  p.  39-41. 

1909-1910:  Woman  and  child  labor  in  Colorado:  Our  women  and  children  labor  laws: 
p.  248-252. 

1913-1914:  Child  labor:  p.  60. 

123  Commons,  John  R.  and  Helen  L.  Sumner.  Labor  movement,  1820-1840. 

Cleveland,  The  Arthur  H.  Clark  co.,  1910.  392  p.  24|cm.  (A  Documentary 
history  of  American  industrial  society,  v.  5)  HC103.D63,v.5 

Child  labor:  a.  Children  in  the  factories  of  Massachusetts,  1825;  b.  Children  in  Philadelphia  fac- 
tories, 1830;  c.  Child  labor  at  Paterson,  N.  J.,  1835:  p.  57-66. 

124  Commons,  John  Rogers,  ed.  Trade  unionism  and  labor  problems;  ed.,  with 

an  introduction.  Boston,  New  York  [etc.]  Ginn  & company  [c1905]  2 p.  1., 
iii-xiv,  628  p.  21|cm.  (Selections  and  documents  in  economics,  ed.  by 
William  Z.  Ripley)  HD6483.C7 

Child  labor:  p.  242,  345,  423,  501,  506. 

125  Connecticut.  Bureau  of  labor  statistics.  Annual  report.  Hartford  [etc.] 

1874-1914.  HC107.C8A2 

Contents  relating  to  child  labor: 

5th  report,  1889:  Child  labor  by  Florence  fvellev:  p.  43-55. 

8th  report,  1892:  Child  labor:  p.  175-216.  Makes  a comparison  of  census  figures  of  1880  and 
1890  in  textile  industries,  as  to  Connecticut,  New  England,  and  United  States,  showing  rela- 
tive increase  or  decrease  in  women  and  children  employed. 

10th  report,  1894:  Child  labor:  p.  265-291.  Outlines  an  argument  to  raise  age  limit  of  chil- 
dren from  13  to  14  years. 

18th  report,  1902:  The  appendix:  Laws  relating  to  labor  and  labor  interests,  contains  the 
laws  regulating  the  employment  of  children. 

24th  report,  1909-10:  Child  labor.  Published  by  permission  of  American  association  for 
labor  legislation.  Summary  of  “Child  labor”  laws  by  Laura  Scott  . . . dealing  with  fifty 
sovereign  states  . . . : p.  107-200. 

126  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  labor  on  the  conditions  of  wage-earning 

women  and  girls.  Under  authority  of  chapter  233,  G.  S.  of  1913.  Charlotte 
Molyneux  Holloway,  industrial  investigator.  Hartford,  Published  by  the 
state,  1914.  139  p.  23cm.  HD6093.C8  1914 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


17 


127  Connecticut.  Commission  to  investigate  conditions  of  wage-earning 

women  and  minors.  Report  presented  to  the  General  assembly  of  1913. 
Hartford,  Published  by  the  state,  1913.  297  p.  incl.  tables.  23cm. 

HD6093.C8  1913a 

Appendices:  a.  Report  on  the  conditions  ...  in  the  cotton,  silk,  corset,  metal,  and  rubber 
industries  in  Connecticut.— b.  Report  on  the  conditions  of  women  in  alteration  rooms  of  cloak 
and  suit  departments  of  department  stores.— c.  General  tables. 

Another  issue  of  the  same  year  (80  p.)  contains  the  report  of  the  Commission  and  a part  of 
Appendix  A. 

128  Coon,  Charles  L.  The  dinner  toter.  American  academy  of  political  and  social 

science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911,  v.  38:  85-89.  Hl.A4,v.38 

129  Coulter,  Ernest  Kent.  The  children  in  the  shadow;  with  an  introduction  by 

Jacob  A.  Riis.  New  York,  McBride,  Nast  & company,  1913.  xvii  p.,  3 h, 
277  p.  incl.  front,  plates.  19Rm.  HV9106.N6C7 

The  child  of  bondage:  p.  177-198. 

130  Daniels,  Harriet  McDoual.  The  girl  and  her  chance;  a study  of  conditions 

surrounding  the  young  girl  between  fourteen  and  eighteen  years  of  age  in  New 
York  city,  prepared  for  the  Association  of  neighborhood  workers  of  New  York 
city.  New  York,  Chicago  [etc.]  Fleming  H.  Revell  company  [c1914]  95  p. 
incl.  tables,  diagrs.  19cm.  HQ798.D3 

The  industrial  situation:  p.  44-66. 

131  Davies,  Edgar  T.  The  present  situation  in  Illinois.  American  academy  of 

political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1909,  v.  33:  153-161. 

Hl.A4jV.33 

132  Davis,  Philip.  Child  labor  and  vagrancy.  Chautauquan,  May,  1908,  v.  50: 

416-424.  AP2.C48,v.50 

133  Dawley,  Thomas  Robinson.  The  child  that  toileth  not;  the  story  of  a gov- 

ernment investigation.  New  York,  Gracia  publishing  co.  [1912]  490  p. 
2Hcm.  ' HD6250.U3D3 

134  Dawson,  Lucile  F.  Shall  our  children  work?  Square  deal,  Dec.  1914,  v.  15: 

433-438.  HD6500.S7,v.l5 

135  Dealey,  James  Quayle.  The  child  welfare  movement  in  the  United  States. 

Child,  Aug.  1913,  v.  3:  1043-1048.  HQ750.A2C4,v.3 

135a  Dean,  Arthur  D.  Child-labor  or  work  for  children.  Craftsman,  Mar.  1914, 
v.  25:  515-521.  Nl.C85,v.25 

136  De  Lacy,  William  Henry.  Treatment  of  criminals  by  probation,  etc.  Message 

from  the  President  of  the  United  States,  transmitting  a communication  setting 
forth  some  reasons  why  the  more  modem  treatment  of  criminals  by  probation 
should  be  adopted  into  the  federal  procedure  [and  urging  the  early  passage  of 
an  anti-child-labor  law  for  the  District  of  Columbia  and  the  territories.  Wash- 
ington, Govt,  print,  off.,  1906]  5 p.  23om.  ([U.  S.]  59th  Cong.,  2d  sess. 
Senate.  Doc.  12)  HV9104.D3 

137  Delaware.  General  assembly.  Senate.  Report  of  the  Commission  on 

child  labor  to  the  General  assembly,  1913.  (In  Delaware.  General  Assembly, 
Senate.  Journal.  1913.  p.  79-87)  J87.D3  1913b 

138  Delaware  and  child  labor.  Outlook,  Apr.  14,  1915,  v.  109:  849. 

AP2.O8,v.l09 

139  De  Leon,  Edwin  W.  Accidents  to  working  children.  American  academy  of 

political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1909,  v.  33:  131-143. 

Hl.A4,v.33 


44193°— 16 2 


18 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


140  Devine,  Edward  T.  The  new  view  of  the  child.  American  academy  of 

political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1908,  v.  32:  4-10. 

Hl.A4,v.32 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  71.  7 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.71 

141  Doherty,  J.  B.  Child  labor.  (In  Virginia.  Child  welfare  conference,  Rich- 

mond, Va.,  May  22-25,  1911.  Addresses  and  discussions.  Richmond,  1911. 
23Vm.  p.  76-78.  Bound  with  Virginia.  State  board  of  charities  and  correc- 
tions. Third  annual  report,  1911)  HV86.V8  1911 

142  Draper,  Andrew  S.  Conserving  childhood.  New  York  city,  National  child 

labor  committee,  1909?  14  p*.  23cm.  (National  child  labor  committee. 

Pamphlet  no.  100)  HD6250.U3N2,no.l00 

143  Durland,  Kellogg-.  Child  labor  in  Pennsylvania.  Outlook,  May  9,  1903,  v. 

'74:  124-127.  * AP2.08,v.74 

144  Eastman,  Crystal.  Work-accidents  and  the  law.  New  York,  Charities  pub- 

lication committee,  1910.  xvi,  345  p.  24cm.  (The  Pittsburgh  survey;  find- 
ings in  six  volumes,  ed.  by  P.  U.  Kellogg)  HD8085.P6P6 

Work  accidents  to  children:  p.  45,  79-80,  83,  87-89,  97,  102-103. 

145  Eldman,  Benjamin  W.  Child  labor  in  New  York  city.  Van  Norden  maga- 

zine, Apr.  1908,  v.  3:  73-88.  HGl.V3,v.3 

146  Employers  campaigning  against  child  labor.  Survey,  May  8,  1915,  v.  34: 

129-130.  HVl.C4,v.34 

147  Engel,  Sigmund.  The  elements  of  child  protection,  by  Sigmund  Engel  . . . 

tr.  from  the  German  by  Dr.  Eden  Paul.  New  York,  The  Macmillan  co.,  1912. 
xi,  [1]  276  p.  22cm. 

Women’s  labour  and  child  labour:  p.  155-177. 

148  Eschenbrenner,  Josephine  J.  What  is  a child  worth?  [New  York,  National 

child  labor  committee,  1914]  6 p.  23cm.  (National  child  labor  committee. 
Pamphlet  no.  236) 

Reprinted  from  the  Child  labor  bulletin,  v.  3,  no.  1,  May,  1914. 

HD6250.U3N4,v.3 

149  Field,  Arthur  Sargent.  The  child  labor  policy  of  New  Jersey.  Cambridge, 

Mass.,  American  economic  association;  [etc.,  etc.,  c1909]  vi,  229  p.  25cm. 
(American  economic  association  quarterly.  Third  ser.,  vol.  xi,  no.  3) 

HBl.A5,3d  ser., vol. 11, no. 3 
HD6250.U4N55 

Health,  p.  43-44,  49-52,  117,  121,  195,  215.  Education,  p.  52-58,  157-167,  188,  197. 

150  Fish,  Frederick  P.  The  discipline  of  work.  (In  Child  conference  for  research 

and  welfare.  Proceedings  . . . 1910.  New  York  city,  1910.  23Vm-  v.  2: 

142-152.)  HQ750.A3C5,v.2 

151  Folks,  Homer.  Poverty  and  parental  dependence  as  an  obstacle  to  child  labor 

reform.  American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Jan.  1907, 
v.  29:1-8.  Hl.A4,v.29 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  41.  8 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.41 

152  Forbush,  William  Byron.  The  coming  generation.  New  York  and  London, 

D.  Appleton  and  company,  1912.  xix,  402  p.  fold.  tab.  19 Vm.  (The  social 
betterment  series,  ed.  by  S.  Matthews)  HQ755.F7 

Regulation  of  child  labor,  p.  275-285. 

153  Fox,  Hugh  F.  Child  labor  in  New  Jersey.  American  academy  of  political  and 

social  science,  Annals,  July,  1902,  v.  20:  189-200.  Hl.A4,v.20 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


19 


154  Frauen-  und  Kinderarbeit  in  den  Vereinigten  Staaten.  Germany.  Statisti- 

echesAmt.  Abteilung  fur  Arbeiterstatistik.  Reichs-Arbeitsblatt,  Aug.,  Dec. 
1912,  v.  10:  596-601;  930-939.  HD8441.A3,v.lO 

155  Frey,  John  P.  Social  cost  of  child  labor.  Child  labor  bulletin,  v.  1,  no.  1, 

June,  1912:  113-120.  HD6250.U3N4,v.l 

156  Furman,  Paul  N.  A school-master  governor  and  the  working  children.  Sur- 

vey, Mar.  13,  1915,  v.  33:  646-647.  HVl.C4,v.33 

157  Gibb,  Spencer  J.  The  irregular  employment  of  boys.  Commonwealth,  June- 

Aug.  1905,  v.  10:  173-174;  208-209;  235-236.  ‘ HN381.C7,v.l0 

158  Gompers,  Samuel.  The  A.  F.  of  L.’s  successful  fight  for  child  labor  laws. 

American  federationist,  Mar.,  Sept.  1912,  v.  19:  209-214;  707-711. 

HD8055.A5A2,v.l9 


159 

160 
161 

162 

163 


164 

165 


166 


167 


Child  labor.  American  federationist,  Mar.  1911,  v.  18:  216-217. 

HD8055.A5A2,v.l8 

Child  labor  in  the  South.  American  federationist,  July,  1901,  v.  8:  262- 

263.  HD8055.A5A2,v.8 

Children  or  parsimony — which  shall  prevail?  American  federationist, 

Apr!  1914,  v.  21:  313-315.  HD8055.A5A2 

Appropriation  for  Children’s  bureau. 

Making  child  labor  laws.effective.  American  federationist,  Apr.  1910, 

v.  17:  331-332.  ’ HD8055.A5A2,v.l7 

Organized  labor’s  attitude  toward  child  labor.  American  academy  of 

political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Mar.  1906,  v.  27:  337-341.  Hl.A4,v.27 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  20,  p.  79-83;  Pamphlet  no 
31.  5 p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.20;no.31 

Subterfuge  and  greed  in  North  Carolina  [Editorial]  American  federa- 
tionist, May,  1901,  v.  8:  163-164.  HD8055.A5A2,v.8 

Gordon,  Jean  M.  The  forward  step  in  Louisiana.  American  academy  of 
political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1909,  v.  33:  162-165. 

Hl.A4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  103.  4 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l03 

Why  the  children  are  in  the  factory.  American  academy  of  political 

and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1908,  v.  32:  67-71. 

Hl.A4,v.32 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  76.  5 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.76 

Same.  {In  National  conference  of  charities  and  correction.  Proceedings, 
1908.  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  1908.  23|cm.  p.346-351)  HV88.A3  1908 

Granger,  Mrs.  A.  O.  The  work  of  the  General  federation  of  women’s  clubs 
against  child  labor.  American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals, 
May,  1905,  v.  25:  516-521.  ‘ Hl.A4,v.25 


168  Guild,  Curtis.  Address:  The  eight-hour  day  for  children  under  sixteen,  Bos- 

ton, December  4,  1913.  Boston,  Mass.,  Anchor  linotype  printing  co.  [1913] 
8 p.  23cm.  HD6250.U4M48  1913 

Published  by  the  Massachusetts  child  labor  committee. 

169  Gunton,  George,  Child  labor  in  the  South.  Gunton’s  magazine,  Mar.,  Apr. 

1901,  v.  20:  253-254;  354-355.  Hl.G9,v.20 

170  Hale,  Edward  Everett.  Child  slavery  reform:  a mother’s  fight.  Woman’s 

home  companion,  Oct.  1906,  v.  33:  11,  20.  AP2.W714,v.33 


20 

171 

172 

173 

174 

175 

17G 

177 

178 

179 

180 

181 

182 

183 

184 

185 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


Hall,  George  A.  Unrestricted  forms  of  child  labor  in  New  York  state.  ( In 
New  York  state  conference  of  charities  and  correction.  Proceedings,  1911. 
Albany,  1911.  p.  91-103)  HV88.N7  1911 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  168.  14  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l68 

Harvey,  George.  Save  the  children  and  the  nation.  North  American  review, 
Dec.  7,  1906,  v.  183:  1209-1211.  AP2.N7,v.l83 

Harper’s  bazar,  Feb.  1907,  v.  41:  197-198.  TT500.H3,v.41 

Haworth,  Paul  Leland.  America  in  ferment.  Indianapolis,  The  Bobbs-Mer- 
rill  company  [c1915]  5 p.  1.,  477  p.  19£om.  (Problems  of  the  nations) 

HN64.H37 

Social  justice  for  workers:  Child  labor:  p.  192-200. 

Henderson,  Charles  Hanford.  Pay-day.  Boston  and  New  York,  Houghton 
Mifflin  company,  1911.  vi,  338,  [2]  p.  20cm.  HN64.H43 

An  appeal  for  a radical  readjustment  of  the  relations  of  men  educationally  and  industrially. 
The  case  of  the  children:  p.  Gl-70. 

Henderson,  Charles  It.  Duty  of  a rich  nation  to  take  care  of  her  children. 
American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar. 

1909,  v.  33:  20-22.  Hl.A4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  111.  p.  6-8. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.lll 

Protective  legislation.  American  journal  of  sociology,  Sept.  1908,  v.  14: 

207-210.  HMl.A7jV.14 

Hine,  Lewis  W.  Present  conditions  in  the  South.  Child  labor  bulletin,  Feb. 

1914,  v.  2,  no.  4:  59-69.  HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

“Unto  the  least  of  these”:  photographs  and  descriptions.  With  fore- 
word by  Charles  Edward  Russell.  Everybody’s  magazine,  July,  1909,  v.  21: 
75-87.  * AP2.E9jV.21 

Hirsch,  Emil  G.  Child  labor  from  the  employer’s  point  of  view.  American 
academy  of  political  and  social  science.  Annals,  May,  1905,  v.  25:  551-557. 

Hl.A4,v.25 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  2,  p.  139-145;  Pamphlet  no. 
4,  2d  ed.  1907.  7 p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.2,4 

Holmes,  John  Haynes.  Indifference  of  the  church  to  child  labor  reform. 
American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar. 

1910,  v.  35:  23-32.  Hl.A4,v.35 

Horton,  Isabelle.  Children’s  work.  {In  her  The  burden  of  the  city.  New 

York  [etc.],  1904.  20cm.  p.  149-193)  HV530.I18 

Hourwich,  Isaac  Aaronovich.  Immigration  and  labor;  the  economic  aspects 
of  European  immigration  to  the  United  States.  New  York  and  London,  G.  P. 
Putnam’s  sons,  1912.  xvii,  544  p.  illus.,  diagrs.  22|cm.  HD8081.A5H6 

Child  labor  and  immigration:  p.  26,  107,  318-324. 

Hubbard,  Elbert.  White  slavery  in  the  South.  Philistine,  May,  1902,  v.  14: 
161-178.  AP2.P54,v.l4 

American  federationist,  Apr.  1905,  v.  12:  205-209.  Same  article,  Slaughter 
of  the  innocents.  HD8055.A5A2,v.l2 

Hunter,  Robert.  Child  labor:  A social  waste.  Independent,  Feb.  12,  1903, 
v.  55:  375-379.  AP2.I53,v.55 

Poverty.  New  York,  London,  The  Macmillan  company,  1904.  xi, 

382  p.  plan.  20£cm.  HV31.H9 

The  child,  p.  190-2C0.  Appendix  E:  p.  351-358. 


186 

187 

188 

189 

190 

191 

192 

193 

194 

195 

196 

197 

198 

199 

200 

20  J 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


21 


Illinois.  Bureau  of  labor  statistics.  Biennial  report.  17th.  Child  labor. 
Springfield,  111.,  1915.  131  p.  tables.  22|cm.  HC107.I3A2 

“The  investigation  was  made  principally  to  ascertain  the  number  of  employers  favorable  to  a 
sixteen-year  minimum  age;  the  extent  of  education;  the  apparent  physical  and  mental  condition 
of  the  children;  their  cause  for  working  and  the  income  of  the  children  and  their  families.” 

Office  of  inspectors  of  factories  and  workshops.  Annual  report. 

20th-21st,  1912-1914.  Springfield,  111.,  1914.  2 v.  in  1.  22cm. 

HD3663.I3A2 

1912-1913:  Child  labor:  p.  11-29.  1913-1914:  Child  labor:  p.  11-32,  5G-73. 

An  Illustrated  handbook  of  the  industrial  exhibit  held  under  the  auspices  of 
the  Pennsylvania  child-labor  committee,  the  Consumers * league  of  Philadel- 
phia, the  New  Century  club,  the  Civic  club;  Horticultural  hall,  Philadelphia, 
Dec.  8-15,  1906.  [Philadelphia,  pub.  by  the  executive  committee  of  the  In- 
dustrial exhibit,  1906]  78  p.  21cm. 

Iseman,  Myre  St.  Wald.  Race  suicide.  New  York,  The  Cosmopolitan  press, 

1912.  216  p.  19cm.  HQ766.I7 

Contains  information  concerning  condition  and  statistics  of  child  labor  in  the  United  States. 
Jones,  Herschel  H.  Child  labor  in  Alabama,  photographs  by  Lewis  W.  Hine. 
Birmingham,  January,  1915.  [Birmingham,  Alabama  child  labor  committee, 
1915]  1 p.  1.,  8,  [1]  p.  illus.  23cm.  HD6250.U4A3  1915 

Jones,  Jerome.  Child  labor  and  low  wages.  Child  labor  bulletin,  May,  1913, 
v.  2,  no.  1:  52-55.  HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

Kandel,  I.  L.  Juvenile  employment.  U.  S.  Bureau  of  education.  Bulletin, 

1913,  v.  57:  151-158.  Llll.A6,v.57 

Kelley,  Mrs.  Florence.  The  child  breadwinner  and  the  dependent  parent. 

Child  labor  bulletin,  May,  1913,  v.  2,  no.  1:  1-6.  HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

Child  labor  in  the  Carolinas.  Charities  and  the  Commons,  Jan.  30,  1909, 

v.  21:  742.  HVl.C4,v.21 

Factory  inspection  in  Pittsburgh,  with  special  reference  to  the  condi- 
tions of  working  women  and  children.  (In  Wage-earning  Pittsburgh.  New 
York,  1914,  p.  189-216.)  HD8085.P6P6 

Judge-made  ignorance  in  Pennsylvania.  Charities  and  the  Commons, 

May  5,  1906,  v.  16:  189-190.  HVl.C4,v.l6 

Minimum-wage  boards.  American  journal  of  sociology,  Nov.  1911,  v. 

17:  303-314.  HMl.A7,v.l7 

Modern  industry  in  relation  to  the  family,  health,  education,  morality. 

New  York  [etc.]  Longmans,  Green,  and  co.,  1914.  147  p.  19|cm. 

HD2326.K4 

Child  labor:  See  Index,  p.  142. 

The  moral  dangers  of  premature  employment.  (In  National  conference 

of  charities  and  correction.  Proceedings,  1906.  [Columbus,  1906]  23cm. 
p.  157-164)  HV88.A3  1906 

The  responsibility  of  the  consumer.  American  academy  of  political 

and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1908,  v.  32:  108-112. 

IIl.A4,v.32 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  81.  5 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.81 

Standards  of  life  and  labor:  the  standard  minimum  age  for  beginning 

to  work  for  wages.  Twentieth  century  magazine,  Nov.,  Dec.  1911,  Feb. 
1912,  v.  5:  30-34,  104-107,  370-373.  * AP2.T88,v.5 


22 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


202  Kelley,  Mrs.  Florence,  and  Alzina  P.  Stevens.  Wage-earning  children.  (In 

Hull  house  maps  and  papers.  New  York,  1895.  22cm.  Library  of  economics 
and  politics,  no.  5.  p.  49-76.)  ITV4196.C4H9 

203  The  Kentucky  child  labor  association.  Survey,  Dec.  25,  1909,  v.  23:412. 

HVl.C4,v.23 

204  Key,  Ellen  Karolina  Sofia.  The  century  of  the  child.  New  York  & London, 

G.  P.  Putnam’s  sons  [1912]  339  p.  20cm.  HQ755.K5  1912 

Child  labour  and  the  crimes  of  children:  p.  316-339. 

205  Kinderarbeit  in  den  Vereinigten  Staaten.  Soziale  Praxis,  Jan.  6,  1910,  v.  19: 

346-348.  H5.S7,v.l9 

206  Kinderarbeit  in  den  Vereinigten  Staaten.  Germany.  Statistisches  Amt. 

Abteilung  fur  Arbeiterstatistik.  Reichs-Arbeitsblatt,  May,  1912,  v.  10:  353- 
357.  HD8441.A3,v.lO 

207  Kingsbury,  John  A.  Child  labor  and  poverty:  both  cause  and  effect.  Child 

labor  bulletin,  May,  1913,  v.  2,  no.  1:  27-34.  HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

208  Kirkland,  James  H.  Ethical  and  religious  aspects  of  child  labor.  American 

academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1908, 
v.  32:92-96.  Hl.A4,v.32 

National  child  labor  committee,  Pamphlet  no.  78.  5 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.78 

209  Ladoff,  Isador.  American  pauperism  and  the  abolition  of  poverty.  Chicago, 

C.  H.  Kerr  & company,  1904.  230  p.  17|em.  (Standard  socialist  series) 

HV91.L15 

The  children  of  poverty,  p.  50-92.  Pennsylvania  child  labor,  p.  93-102. 

210  Leonard,  Robert  J.  Some  facts  concerning  the  people,  industries,  and  schools 

of  Hammond  and  a suggested  program  for  elementary  industrial,  pre vocational, 
and  vocational  education.  Hammond,  Ind.,  1915.  v-viii,  165  p.  diagrs. 
23cm.  LA285.H3L3 

W ork  of  young  people  under  17  years  of  age:  p.  36-55. 

211  Leupp,  Constance.  A substitute  for  charity.  Pearson’s  magazine,  Jan.  1915, 

v.  33:103-113.  AP2.P35,v.33 

212  Levasseur,  Emile.  The  American  workman.  An  American  translation  by 

Thomas  S.  Adams  ...  ed.  by  Theodore  Marburg.  Baltimore,  The  Johns  Hop- 
kins press,  1900.  xx,  517  p.  23|cm.  [Johns  Hopkins  university  studies  in 
historical  and  political  science.  Extra  volume]  HD8072.L382 

Child  labor:  p.  105,  106,  121, 134,  137, 145-152,  152-170,  176, 482.  Wages  of  women  and  children: 
p.  336-358. 

213  Ley,  Frank  T.  The  child  labor  problem  in  Michigan:  address  at  Ann  Arbor, 

Mich.  Feb.  21,  1905.  (In  Michigan.  Bureau  of  labor.  Twenty-third  an- 
nual report.  Lansing,  1906.  23|cm.  p.  319-324.)  HC107.M5A2  1906 

214  Lindsay,  Samuel  McCune.  Child  labor:  a national  disgrace.  American 

academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Sept.  1906,  v.  28:  301-303. 

Hl.A4,v.28 

Overland  monthly,  Sept.  1906,  v.  48:  166-170.  AP2.09,v.48 

Federation  bulletin,  Oct.  1906,  v.  4:5-6.  HQ1871.F3,v.4 

215  — — — Child  labor  a national  problem.  American  academy  of  political  and 

social  science,  Annals,  Mar.  1906,  v.  27:  331-336.  Hl.A4,v.27 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  20,  p.  73-78;  Pamphlet 
no.  30.  6 p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.20;30 

216  Child  labor  in  the  United  States.  American  economic  association. 

Publications,  Feb.  1907,  3d  ser.  v.  8:  256-259.  HBl.A5,3d  ser.,v.8 

Discussion:  Gilman,  Charlotte  Perkins,  p.  260-262;  McLean,  Francis  H.  p.  262-267. 


217 

218 

219 

220 

221 

222 

223 

224 

225 

226 

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230 

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LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


23 


Lindsay,  Samuel  McCune.  Child  labor.  Report  of  the  [National  child 
labor]  committee.  ( In  National  conference  of  charities  and  correction.  Pro- 
ceedings, 1906.  [Columbus,  1906]  23cm.  p.150-157.)  HV88.A3  1906 

Discussion  on  child  labor,  p.  520-525. 

Exploring  the  new  world  for  children.  National  child  labor  committee. 

New  York,  1909.  Pamphlet  no.  118.  [4]  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.ll8 

Same.  {In  Child  conference  for  research  and  welfare,  Proceedings,  1909, 
New  York,  [1910]  24cm.  p.  139-143.)  HQ750.A3C5,v.l 

Lindsey,  Ben  B.  Juvenile  delinquency  and  employment.  Survey,  Nov.  4, 
1911,  v.  27:  1097-1100.  HVl.C4,v.27 

and  George  Creel.  Children  in  bondage.  Good  housekeeping,  July, 

1913,  v.  57:  14-22.  TXl.G7,v.57 

The  cost  of  child  labor.  Good  housekeeping,  Oct.  1913,  v.  57: 

505-512.  TX.G7,v.57 

The  great  American  cancer:  Child  labor  is  an  evil;  it  is  eating  at 

the  life  of  the  nation.  Good  housekeeping,  Dec.  1913,  v.  57:  775-781. 

TXl.G7,v.57 

Why  do  children  toil?  Good  housekeeping,  Aug.  1913,  v.  57: 

168-177.  TXl.G7,v.57 

London,  Jack.  The  apostate;  a parable  of  child  labor.  Girard,  Kan.,  The 
Appeal  to  reason,  1906.  cover-title,  15  [1]  p.  19cm.  HD6250.U3L7 

Lord,  Everett  W.  Child  labor  in  New  England.  American  academy  of 
political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1908,  v.  32:  31-39. 

Hl.A4,v.32 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  74.  9 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.74 

Louisiana.  Bureau  of  statistics  of  labor.  Report.  Baton  Rouge,  1902- 
1905.  3 v.  fold,  tables.  23cm.  HC107.L8A2 

1900-01:  Employment  of  children:  p.  83-85;  Children  as  gymnasts:  p.  92. 

1904-05:  Child  labor:  p.  13-50:  Child  labor  in  the  United  States  and  its  great  attendant  evils, 
by  Felix  Adler:  p.  16-26;  Child  labor  legislation  in  the  South,  by  Neal  L.  Anderson:  p.  26-40; 
What  constitute  effective  child  labor  laws,  by  Florence  Kelley:  p.  40-46. 

Love  joy,  Owen  It.  Aims  and  achievements  of  the  National  child  labor  com- 
mittee. {In  Child  conference  for  research  and  welfare.  Proceedings.  1910. 
New  York  city,  1910.  23Jcm.  v.  2:  160-171)  HQ750.A3C5,v.2 

The  child  in  industry.  {In  National  education  association.  Journal  of 

proceedings  and  addresses,  1909.  Winona,  1909.  24cm.  p.  726-733) 

L13.N4  1909 

National  child  labor  committee,  New  York.  1909.  Pamphlet  no.  119.  8 p. 

HD6250.U3N2, no.119 

Child  labor.  Philadelphia,  Boston  [etc.]  American  Baptist  publication 

society  [c1912]  30  p.  20om.  (Social  service  series)  HD6250.U3L8 

Published  for  the  Social  service  commission  of  the  Northern  Baptist  convention. 

Child  labor  and  family  disintegration.  Independent,  Sept.  27,  1906, 

v.  61:  748-750.  AP2.I53,v.61 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  58.  4 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.58 

Child  labor  and  philanthropy.  {In  National  conference  of  charities  and 

correction.  Proceedings.  Minneapolis,  1907.  p.  196-209)  HV88.A3  1907 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  62.  12  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.62 

Child  labor  and  the  church.  Methodist  review,  Oct.  1914,  v.  63: 

743-748. 


24 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


233 


234 


235 

236 

237 

238 

239 

240 

241 

242 


243 


244 


245 


246 


Lovejoy,  Owen  R.  Child  labor  campaign.  Academy  of  political  science. 
Proceedings,  July,  1912,  v.  4:  80-85.  H31.A4,v.4 

Child  labor  in  the  United  States.  (In  International  congress  of  hygiene 

and  demography.  Transactions,  loth,  1912,  v.  3:  1001-1010) 

RA422.I6  1912, v.3 

The  economic  folly  of  child  labor.  Economic  world,  July  31,  1915,  v. 

96:  142-143.  HG8011.M3,v.96 

Eight  hours  for  children  [Massachusetts].  Survey,  Oct.  11,  1913,  v. 

31:  58-59.  HVl.C4,v.31 

The  national  child  labor  movement.  (In  National  conference  of  chari- 
ties and  correction.  Proceedings,  1910.  Ft.  Wayne,  1910.  23£cm.  p.232-235) 

HY88.A3  1910 

Needs  of  the  anti-child  labor  movement.  (In  National  conference  of 

charities  and  correction.  Proceedings,  1908.  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  1908.  23Ym. 
p.  363-364)  * HV88.A3  1908 

Next  steps  in  the  child  labor  campaign.  Academy  of  political  science. 

Proceedings,  July,  1912,  v.  2:  80-85.  H31.A4,v.2 

Seven  years  of  child  labor  reform.  American  academy  of  political  and 

social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911,  v.  38:  31-38.  Hl.A4,v.38 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  161.  8 p. 

IlD6250.U3N2,no.l61 

A six  years’  battle  for  the  working  child.  American  review  of  reviews, 

Nov.  1910,  v.  42:  593-596.  AP2.R4,v.42 

National  child  labor  committee,  New  York.  Leaflet  no.  35.  Dec.  1910. 
15  p.  16cm.  HD6250.U3N18, no.35 

Social  standards  for  industry.  (In  National  conference  of  charities.and 

correction.  Proceedings,  1912.  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  1912.  23£om.  p.388-394) 

HV88.A3  1912 

Child  labor  bulletin,  Nov.  1912,  v.  1,  no.  3:  21-25.  IlD6250.U3N4,v.l 

Some  unsettled  questions  about  child  labor.  Charities  and  the  Com- 
mons, Jan.  16,  1909,  v.  21:  673-675.  HVl.C4;v.21 

American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement, 
Mar.  1909,  v.  33:  49-62.  Hl.A4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  108.  14  p. 

HD6250.U3N2, no.108 

Standards  of  living  and  labor.  (In  National  conference  of  charities  and 

correction.  Proceedings,  1912.  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  1912.  23cm.  p.  376-436) 

HV88.A3  1912 

Luther,  Seth.  An  address  to  the  working-men  of  New-England  on  the  state  of 
education  and  on  the  condition  of  the  producing  classes  in  Europe  and  America. 
With  particular  reference  to  the  effect  of  manufacturing  (as  now  conducted)  on 
the  health  and  happiness  of  the  poor,  and  on  the  safety  of  our  republic.  De- 
livered in  Boston,  Charlestown,  Mass.,  Portland,  Saco,  Me.,  and  Dover,  N.  H. 
By  Seth  Luther.  Boston,  The  author,  1832.  39  p.  22|cm. 

Miscellaneous  pamphlets,  v.  1161,  no.  2.  AC901.M5,v.ll61 

His  pamphlet  is  valuable  . . . eases  of  cruelty  to  children  are  described  in  detail  . . . the 
amount  of  child  labor  . . . must  have  been  relatively  almost  as  great  as  at  present.  The  labor 
movement  in  America.  By  Richard  T.  Ely.  New  York,  1905,  p.  4S-49. 

Macarthur,  W.,  and  others.  The  industrial  crime,  child  labor.  A symposium. 
American  federationist,  May,  1903,  v.  10:  339-360.  HD8055.A5A2,v.l0 


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250 

251 

252 

253 

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260 

261 

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263 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


25 


McCleary,  G.  F.  The  state  as  over-parent.  Albany  review,  Oct.  1907,  v.  2: 
46-59.  AP4.A343,v.2 

McCullough,  J.  A.  Conditions  of  child  employing  industries  in  the  South: 
South  Carolina.  Child  labor  bulletin,  May,  1913,  v.  2,  no.  1:  133-138. 

IID6250.U3N4,v.2 

McEnnis,  John  T.  The  white  slaves  of  free  America:  being  an  account  of  the 
sufferings,  privations,  and  hardships  of  the  weary  toilers  in  our  great  cities  as 
recently  exposed  by  Nell  Nelson,  of  the  Chicago  times.  Female  labor,  child 
labor,  contract  and  prison  labor.  By  John  T.  McEnnis.  Chicago,  R.  S.  Peale 
& company,  1888.  ix,  128  p.  incl,  illus.  23cm.  HD8072.M2 

Macfadyen,  Irene  M.  Ashby.  Abolish  child  labor.  American  federationist, 
Jan.  1902,  v.  9:  19-20.  IID8055.A5A2,v.9 

Child  life  vs.  dividends.  American  federationist,  May,  1902,  v.  9: 

215-223.  HD8055.A5A2,v.9 

In  part  in  Current  literature,  July,  1902,  v.  33:  77-79.  AP2.C95,v.33 

The  fight  against  child  labor  in  Alabama.  American  federationist,  May, 

1901,  v.  8:  150-157.  IlD8055.A5A2,v.8 

Report  to  the  Executive  committee  of  the  state,  on  the  history  of  child 

labor  legislation  in  Alabama.  By  Irene  M.  Ashby.  Montgomery,  Ala.,  1901. 
cover-title,  35  p.  21xlOom.  (Child  labor  in  Alabama.  Document  no.  1) 

IID6250.U4A3 

McKelway,  A.  J.  The  awakening  of  the  South  against  child  labor.  American 
academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Jan.  1907,  v.  29:  9-18. 

Hl.A4,v.29 

National  child  labor 'committee.  Pamphlet  no.  42.  10  p. 

IID6250.U3N2,no.42 

The  child  against  the  man.  Child  labor  bulletin,  Nov.  1913,  v.  2,  no. 3: 

52-59.  HD6250.TJ3N4,v.2 

Answer  to  George  F.  Stratton.  The  man  behind  the  child. 

Child  labor  and  citizenship.  (In  National  conference  of  charities  and 

correction.  Proceedings,  1908.  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  1908.  23£cm.  p.351-363) 

HV88.A3  1908 

Child  labor  and  its  attendant  evils.  Sewanee  review,  Apr.  1908,  v.  16: 

214-227.  AP2.S5,v.l6 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamplilet  no.  68.  16  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.68 

Child  labor  and  poverty.  Survey,  Apr.  12,  1913,  v.  30:  60-62. 

HVl.C4,v.30 

Child  labor  and  social  progress.  Charities  and  the  Commons,  Apr.  18, 

1908,  v.  20:  104-107.  HVl.C4,v.20 

Child  labor  and  the  home.  (In  National  conference  of  charities  and 

correction.  Proceedings,  Memphis,  Tenn.,  1914.  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  1914. 
23cm.  p.  333-339)  IIV88.A3  1914 

Child  labor  and  the  minimum  wage.  (In  National  conference  of  chari- 
ties and  correction.  Proceedings,  Seattle,  1913.  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.  1913. 
23cm.  p.  246-248)  HV88.A3  1913 

Child  labor  campaign  in  the  South.  Survey,  Oct.  21,  1911,  v.  27:  1023- 

1026.  IlVl.C4,v.27 

Child  labor:  history  and  present  status.  Methodist  review,  July,  1907, 

v.  56:  468-481. 


26 

264 

265 

266 

267 

268 

269 

270 

271 

272 

273 

274 

275 

276 

277 

278 

279 

280 

281 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


McKelway,  A.  J.  Child  labor  in  Georgia.  National  child  labor  committee, 
New  York,  1910.  Pamphlet  no.  138.  20  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.l38 

Child  labor  in  Georgia.  Child  labor  bulletin,  Aug.  1913,  v.  2,  no.  2, 

p.  53-79.  HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

Child  labor  in  Mississippi.  National  child  labor  committee,  New  York, 

1911.  Pamphlet  no.  169.  20  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.l69 

Child  labor  in  southern  industry.  American  academy  of  political  and 

social  science,  Annals,  May,  1905,  v.  25:  430-436.  Hl.A4,v.25 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  2,  p.  20-24;  Pamphlet  no. 
12,  7 p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.2;no.l2 

Child  labor  in  Tennessee.  National  child  labor  committee.  New 

York,  1911.  Pamphlet  no.  150.  16  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.l50 

Child  labor  in  the  Carolinas;  account  of  investigations  made  in  the 

cotton  mills  of  North  and  South  Carolina,  by  Rev.  A.  E.  Seddon,  A.  H.  Ulm, 
and  Lewis  W.  Hine,  under  the  direction  of  the  southern  office  of  the  National 
child  labor  committee.  [New  York?  1909]  [20]  p.  illus.  23em.  (Pam- 
phletfs]  no.  92)  HD6250.U3N2,no.92 

Child  labor  in  the  Carolinas.  Charities  and  the  Commons,  Jan.  30, 

1909,  v.  21:  743-757.  HVl.C4,v.21 

Child  labor  in  the  South.  American  academy  of  political  and  social 

science,  Annals,  Jan.  1910,  v.  35:  156-164.  Hl.A4,v.35 

Child  labor  in  the  South.  {In  National  conference  of  charities  and  cor- 
rection. Proceedings.  1909.  Fort  Wayne,  [1909].  23cm.  p.  38-42) 

HV88.A3  1909 

Child  labor  in  the  South.  Outlook,  Apr.  27,  1907,  v.  85:  999-1000. 

AP2.08,v.85 

Child  labor  in  Virginia.  National  child  labor  committee,  New  York. 

1911.  Pamphlet  no.  171.  12  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.l71 

The  child  labor  problem — a study  in  degeneracy.  American  academy 

of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Mar.  1906,  v.  27:  312-326. 

Hl.A4,v.27 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  20,  p.  54-68. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.20;no.20a 

The  extent  of  child  labor  in  the  South  and  needed  legislation.  {In 

Southern  sociological  congress.  2d , Atlanta,  1913.  The  South  mobilizing  for 
social  service;  addresses  delivered  at  the  Southern  sociological  congress  . . . 

' 1913.  Nashville,  1913.  24cm.  p.  234-241.)  HN79.A2S7  1913 

The  fight  for  child  labor  reform  in  the  Carolinas.  Charities  and  the 

Commons,  Mar.  20,  1909,  v.  21:  1224-1226.  HVl.C4,v.21 

The  fight  to  save  the  children.  World  to-day,  Apr.  1907,  v.  12:  427-430. 

AP2.W75,v.l2 

The  Florida  child  labor  campaign.  Survey,  July  12,  1913,  v.  30:  497- 

498.  HVl.C4,v.30 

How  the  fight  for  the  children  was  won  in  Georgia.  Woman ’s  home  com- 
panion, Oct.  1906,  v.  33:  18-19.  21.  AP2.W714,v.33 

The  leadership  of  the  child.  American  academy  of  political  and  social 

science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1908,  v.  32:  19-30.  Hl.A4,v.32 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  73.  12  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.73 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


27 


282  McKelway,  A.  J.  New  territory.  American  academy  of  political  and  social 

science,  Annals,  July,  1911,  supplement,  v.  38:  139-143.  Ill.A4,v.38 

283  Protecting  negro  child  workers  in  Virginia.  Survey,  Aug.  15,  1914, 

v.  32:  496.  HVl.C4,v.32 

284  Ten  years  of  child  labor  reform.  {In  National  conference  of  charities  and 

correction.  Proceedings,  Memphis,  Tenn.,  1914.  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  1914. 
23cm.  p.  138-146)  HV88.A3  1914 

285  Ten  years  of  child  labor  reform  in  the  South.  Child  labor  bulletin,  Feb. 

1914,  v.  2,  no.  4:  35-39.  HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

286  Two  corrections:  twelve-year  states.  Survey,  Mar.  9,  1912,  v.  27:  1918. 

HVi.C4,v.27 

287  McLeod,  Malcolm  J.  The  child  labor  question:  address  at  Detroit,  Aug.  22, 

1905.  {In  Michigan.  Bureau  of  labor.  Twenty-third  annual  report.  Lan- 
sing, 1906.  23icm.  p.  315-319)  HC107.M5A2  1906 

288  Women  wage  earners  and  child  labor  in  Michigan.  {In  Michigan. 

Bureau  of  labor.  Twenty-fourth  annual  report,  1907.  Lansing,  1907. 
23icm.  p.  323-329)  * 1IC107.M5A2  1907 

An  address  . . . before  the  State  federation  of  women’s  clubs  at  Benton  Harbor,  Mich.  Oct. 
18, 1906. 

289  Magruder,  Julia.  The  child-labor  problem:  fact  versus  sentimentality. 

North  American  review,  Oct.  1907,  v.  186:  245-256.  AP2.N7,v.l86 

290  Maine.  Bureau  of  industrial  and  labor  statistics.  Annual  report  of  the 

Bureau  of  industrial  and  labor  statistics  . . . lst-24th,  1887-1910.  Augusta, 
1888-1910.  24  v.  plates,  maps,  tables.  23cm.  HC107.M2A3 

21st,  1907:  Women  and  children  in  sardine  factories,  by  Eva  L.  Shorey:  p.  121-137;  Child  labor 
[Portland]  by  Eva  L.  Shorey:  p.  159-160;  Report  of  the  Inspector  of  factories:  Child  labor:  p. 
500-503. 

22d,  1908:  Child  labor:  p.  xi-xiv;  Industrial  conditions  surrounding  women  and  children 
in  the  textile  industry:  p.  1-83.  Early  factory  labor  in  New  England:  p.  63-81;  Shorter  workday 
for  women  and  minors:  p.  340-355. 

23d,  1909:  Statistics  of  children  employed  in  various  mills,  with  number  of  certificates  filed: 
p.  465. 

291  Dept,  of  labor  and  industry.  Biennial  report.  lst-2d.  1911-1914. 

Waterville,  Me.,  1913-1915.  2 v.  plates.  24cm.  HD8053.M2A3 

Continuation  of  the  “Annual  report  of  the  Bureau  of  industrial  and  labor  statistics.” 

1st,  1911-12:  Child  labor,  p.  13-18. 

2d,  1913-14:  Child  labor,  p.  160-183.  (Includes  results  of  investigation  of  the  home  conditions 
of  all  14-year-old  minors  employed  on  June  10, 1913.) 

292  Mangold,  George  Benjamin.  Child  problems.  New  York,  The  Macmillan 

company,  1910.  xv,  381  p.  19cm.  (The  citizen’s  library  of  economics, 
politics,  and  sociology,  ed.  by  R.  T.  Ely)  I1Q769.M25 

Child  labor,  p.  159-217;  Street  trades,  p.  198-199,  232. 

293  Problems  of  child  welfare.  New  York,  The  Macmillan  company,  1914. 

xv,  522  p.  20|cm.  (Social  science  text-books,  ed.  by  R.  T.  Ely) 

' HV713.M3 

Child  labor:  p.  269-341. 

294  Markham,  Edwin.  Children  in  bondage;  a complete  and  careful  presenta- 

tion of  the  anxious  problem  of  child  labor — its  causes,  its  crimes,  and  its  cure, 
by  Edwin  Markham,  Benjamin  B.  Lindsey,  and  George  Creel,  with  an  intro- 
duction by  Owen  R.  Lovejoy.  New  York,  Hearst’s  international  library  co., 
1914.  411  p.  front.,  plates.  21cm.  JID6250.U3M3 

“A  brief  bibliography”:  p.  403-405. 

295  Marot,  Helen.  Progress  in  Pennsylvania.  Protection  for  children  in  mills  and 

mines.  Charities,  June  10,  1905,  v.  14:  834-836.  HVl.C4,v.l4 


28  LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 

29G  Marx,  David.  Some  ancient  standards  of  child  protection.  Child  labor  bul- 
letin, May,  1913,  v.  2,  no.  1:  42-51.  HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  198.  11  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l98 

297  Maryland.  Bureau  of  industrial  statistics.  Report.  lst-24th,  1893-1915, 

Baltimore,  1894-1916.  24  v.  tables,  maps.  23-23£cm.  HC107.M3A15 

Contents  relating  to  child  labor: 

1893:  Child  labor:  p.  179-199.  An  investigation  undertaken  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Knights 
of  Labor  in  Baltimore  as  to  the  effects  of  child  labor  in  that  city;  with  letters  on  the  subject 
from  Cardinal  Gibbons,  Sidney  Sherwood,  and  others. 

1901:  Employment  of  children:  p.  175-178. 

1906:  The  new  child  labor  law:  Results  of  the  work  for  first  five  months:  p.  11-45. 

1907:  Results  of  work  in  enforcing  the  child  labor  law:  p.  13-70. 

1908:  Child  labor  law:  p.  9-10,  193-244,  256. 

1909:  Child  labor:  p.  7-8,  13-67,  81. 

1910:  Child  labor:  p.  7-8,  11-32;  Law  against  messenger  service:  p.  8, 14-15. 

1911:  Child  labor:  p.  7-8,  12-67. 

1912:  Child  labor:  p.  14-28;  New  child  labor  law:  p.  29-46;  Children  on  the  stage:  p.  46-47 

1913:  Child  labor:  Statistics  and  information:  p.7-75;  Child  labor  inspection  of  the  canning 
industry:  p.76-84;  General  child-labor  inspection:  p.85-92;  Newsboy  regulations:  p.93-106; 
Children  on  the  stage:  p.  107-122. 

1914:  Special  report  on  child  labor:  Issuance  of  employment  certificates:  p.9-67;  A study  of 
the  fifteen  largest  child  employing  industries,  by  Mildred  Rankin:  p.  68-99;  Report  of  medical 
examiner  for  female  applicants,  by  Anna  S.  Abercrombie:  p.  100-107;  Report  of  medical 
examiner  for  male  applicants,  by  John  C.  Travers:  p.  108-138;  Issuance  of  employment  cer- 
tificates in  the  counties,  by  Marie  L.  Rose:  p.  139-161;  Child  labor  inspection:  p.  162-190; 
Street  traders:  p.  191-197;  Children  on  the  stage:  p.  198-214. 

1915:  Maryland  child  laborers:  General  summary  and  introduction,  p.  1-14;  Retrospect  of 
tlrree  years’  work  under  the  present  child  labor  law,  p.  15-35;  The  bureau’s  stewardship  during 
1915,  p.  36-39;  The  contribution  of  the  children  of  Baltimore  tothe  world ’s  work  of  1915,by  Aimee 
Guggenheimer,  p.  40-75;  Why  children  seek  new  jobs,  p.  76-88;  Report  of  medical  examiners, 
p.  89-100;  Newsboys  and  other  street  traders,  by  Lettie  L.  Johnston,  p.  101-129;  Children  on 
the  stage,  p.  130-148;  Control  of  child  labor  in  western  Maryland  (Allegany,  Washington,  and 
Frederick  counties),  by  Marie  L.  Rose,  p.  149-179;  Issuance  of  employment  certificates  in  the 
counties  other  than  western  Maryland,  by  Mathilde  L.  Selig,  p.  180-191;  The  bureau  inspection 
during  1915,  by  Anna  Herkner,  p.  192-201;  Child  labor  inspection  of  the  eastern  shore  of 
Maryland,  by  Mathilde  L.  Selig,  p.  202-217. 

298  Massachusetts.  Commission  on  minimum  wage  boards.  Report  of  the 

Commission  on  minimum  wage  boards.  January,  1912.  Boston,  Wright  & 
Potter  printing  co.,  state  printers,  1912.  326  p.  23CD1.  ([General  court] 

House  [doc.]  1697.)  HD4918.M4 

Includes  statistics  on  the  employment  of  children. 

299  — — — Commission  to  investigate  the  inspection  of  factories,  work- 

shops, mercantile  establishments,  and  other  buildings.  Report,  Janu- 
ary, 1911.  Boston,  Wright  & Potter  printing  co.,  state  printers,  1911.  112  p. 

23cm.  HD3663.M4A5  1911 

The  appendix  includes  the  inspection  systems  of  Great  Britain,  Germany,  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  Wisconsin. 

The  enforcement  of  child  labor  laws  is  one  of  the  duties  in  all  of  the  systems. 

300  Constable  of  the  commonwealth.  Report  of  the  Hon.  Henry  K. 

Oliver,  deputy  state  constable,  especially  appointed  to  enforce  the  laws 
regulating  the  employment  of  children  in  manufacturing  and  mechanical 
establishments.  Boston,  Wright  & Potter,  state  printers,  1868.  95  p.  23cm. 
([General  court,  1868]  Senate  [doc.]  no.  21)  HD6250.U4M4 

331  Factory  children.  Report  upon  the  schooling  and  hours  of 

labor  of  children  employed  in  the  manufacturing  and  mechanical  establish- 
ments of  Massachusetts.  By  George  E.  McNeill,  deputy  state  constable. 
Boston,  Wright  & Potter,  state  printers,  1875.  76  p.  23£cm.  ([General  court, 

1875]  Senate.  [Doc.]  no.  50)  HD6250.U4M47  1875 


LIST  OF  PREFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


29 


302  Massachusetts.  General  court.  House  of  representatives.  Report  of 

the  special  committee  appointed  . . . 1913  to  investigate  the  conditions 
under  which  women  and  children  labor  in  the  various  industries  and  occupa- 
tions. January,  1914.  Boston,  Wright  & Potter  printing  co.,  1914.  194  p. 

25cm.  (House.  [Doc.]  no.  2126) 

“Labor  laws  of  other  states  relating  to  women  and  children”:  p.  107-194. 

303  Minimum  wage  commission.  Annual  report.  Boston,  1914-15. 

2 v.  in  1.  tables  (part  fold.)  diagrs.  23era.  HD4918.M5 

Bulletin  No.  1-11.  Boston,  1914-16.  HD4918.M55 

304  Massachusetts  child  labor  committee.  Report  . . . Jan.  1,  1912,  1914, 

1915.  [Boston,  1912-1915.]  3 v.  23cm. 

305  Miller,  Marion  Mills,  ed.  Great  debates  in  American  history,  from  the  debates 

in  the  British  Parliament  on  the  colonial  Stamp  act  (1764-1765)  to  the  debates 
in  Congress  at  the  close  of  the  Taft  administration  (1912-1913).  [The  national 
ed.]  New  York,  Current  literature  publishing  company  [c1913]  14  v.  fronts., 
illus.,  plates,  ports.  24cm.  E173.M64,v.ll 

Child  labor,  v.  11,  p.  288-320. 

306  Miller,  Wallace  E . The  child  labor  situation  in  Ohio  and  border  states.  Amer- 

ican academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Jan.  1907,  v.  29:  71-76. 

Ill.A4,v.29 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  49.  6 p. 

IID6250.U3N2,no.49 

307  Minnesota.  Bureau  of  labor.  Biennial  report.  St.  Paul  [etc.]  1888-1915. 

fold,  charts.  23cm.  * HC107.M6A2 

Contents  relating  to  child  labor: 

1889-1890:  The  second  chapter,  p.  154-233,  is  devoted  to  child  labor  and  presents  from  the 
“ Report  on  the  factory  system  of  the  United  States,”  by  Carroll  D.  Wright,  a short  review 
of  English  legislation,  with  a synopsis  of  the  Factory  act  of  1898,  as  far  as  it  applies  to  textile 
factories. 

1901-1902:  Child  labor:  p.  405-419. 

1903-1904:  Child  labor:  v.  1,  p.  83-91.  A general  review  of  the  conditions  of  employment  of 
children  in  the  various  industries. 

1905-1906:  Child  labor  in  Minnesota:  p.  269-342. 

1907-1908:  Child  labor:  p.  11-23;  Statistics:  p.  235-237.  The  child  woman:  the  girl  away 
from  home:  p.  235-240. 

1909-1910:  Child  labor:  p.  7-8, 58-123;  Messenger  service:  p.  609-610;  Compulsory  education 
law:  p.  611-613. 

1911-1912:  Child  labor:  p.  310-317. 

1913-1914:  Child  labor  legislation:  p.  23-25;  Report  on  women  and  children:  p.  122-144. 

308  Child  labor  bulletin  no.  2.  March,  1908.  St.  Paul,  1908.  1 

pam.  23cm.  HD6250.U4M63 

309  Special  report  of  child-labor  in  Minnesota.  1905.  Minneapolis, 

Press  of  Murphy-Travis  co.  [1905]  cover-title,  8 p.  22£em. 

I1D6250.U4M65  1905 

310  Missouri.  Bureau  of  labor  statistics  and  inspection.  Toilers  of  Missouri. 

Statistics  covering  organized  labor.  Jefferson  City  [1911].  236  p.  plates, 

ports,  (partly  fold.)  23cm.  HD6517.M8A4 

Child  labor  problem,  p.  145-147. 

311  — Senate  wage  commission  for  women  and  children.  Report  to  the 

Senate  of  the  48th  General  assembly  of  Missouri.  [Jefferson  City?]  1915. 
108  p.  23cm.  IID6061.M8 

Michael  Kinney,  chairman. 

312  Mitchell,  John.  Organized  labor,  its  problems,  purposes,  and  ideals,  and  the 

present  and  future  of  American  wage  earners.  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  American 
book  and  Bible  house  [1903]  xii,  436  p.  front.,  plates,  ports.  23£cm. 

IID6508.M6 


The  work  of  women  and  children:  p.  131-141. 


30 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


313  Montgomery,  Louise.  The  American  girl  in  the  stockyards  district.  Chi- 

cago, 111.,  The  University  of  Chicago  press  [1913]  vi,  70  p.  illus.  (plan) 
plates,  diagrs.  24cm.  (A  study  of  Chicago’s  stockyards  community  . . . An 
investigation  carried  on  under  the  direction  of  the  Board  of  the  University  of 
Chicago  settlement  and  the  Chicago  alumnae  club  of  the  University  of  Chi- 
cago. ii)  HN80.C5B6 

314  Morgan,  John  H.  Essentials  in  factory  inspection.  American  academy  of 

political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1908,  v.  32:  101-107. 

Hl.A4,v.32 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  80.  7 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.80 

315  Mosby,  Thomas  Speed.  The  problem  of  child  idleness.  North  American 

review,  July  5,  1907,  v.  185:  515-517.  AP2.N7,v.l85 

31G  Murdoch,  Mrs.  W.  L.  Conditions  of  child  employing  industries  in  the  South: 
Alabama.  Child  labor  bulletin,  May,  1913,  v.  2,  no.  1:  124-128. 

HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

317  Murphy,  Edgar  Gardner.  The  child  labor  question  in  Alabama:  a plea  for 

immediate  action.  National  child  labor  committee.  New  York,  1908.  Pam- 
phlet no.  59.  12  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.59 

318  Problems  of  the  present  South ; a discussion  of  certain  of  the  educational, 

industrial  and  political  issues  in  the  southern  states.  New  York  [etc.]  Long- 
mans, Green,  and  co.,  1909.  xi,  335  p.  incl.  tables.  20cm.  IJC107.A13M8 

The  industrial  revival  and  child  labor:  p.  95-125;  Child  labor  and  the  industrial  South:  p.  127, 
149,  309-329. 

319  Mussey,  Mabel  Hay  B.  Holding  the  mirror  up  to  industry:  The  Philadelphia 

exhibit.  Charities  and  the  Commons,  Jan.  5,  1907,  v.  17:  591-598. 

HVl.C4,v.l7 

320  National  child  labor  committee,  New  York.  [Child  labor.  Proceedings  of 

the  first  annual  meeting.]  Philadelphia,  American  academy  of  political  and 
social  science,  1905.  1 p.  1.,  221  p.  26cm.  (The  annals  of  the  American  acad- 
emy of  political  and  social  science,  vol.  xxv,  no.  3)  Hl.A4,v.25 

Contents.— Child  labor  in  the  United  States  [by]  F.  Adler.— Child  labor  in  southern  industry 
[by]  A.  J.  McKelway. — Children  in  American  street  trades  [by]  M.  E.  Adams. — Thetest  of  effective 
child  labor  legislation  [by]  O.  R.  Lovejoy. — Child  labor  legislation  and  methods  of  enforcement  in 
northern  central  states  [by]  H.  Erickson. — Child  labor  legislation  and  enforcement  in  NewEngland 
and  the  middle  states  [by]  Mrs.  Florence  Kelley.— Child  labor  legislation  in  the  South  [by]  N.  L. 
Anderson. — Child  labor  legislation  and  methods  of  enforcement  in  the  western  states  [by]  B.  B. 
Lindsey. — The  work  of  the  General  federation  of  women’s  clubs  [by]  Mrs.  A.  O.  Granger. — The 
operation  of  the  new  child  labor  law  in  New  Jersey  [by]  H.  F.  Fox. — Child  labor  legislation  [by] 
Jane  Addams. — Child  labor  from  the  employer’s  point  of  view  [by]  E.  G.  Hirsch. — The  school  as 
a force  arrayed  against  child  labor  [by]  J.  H.  Kirkland. — Proceedings  of  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
National  child  labor  committee.— Book  department.— Municipal  indebtedness:  a symposium. 

Also  published  as  National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  2. 

HD6250.U3N2, no.2 

321  [Child  labor  a menace  to  industry,  education  and  good  citizenship. 

Proceedings  of  the  second  annual  meeting.]  Philadelphia,  American  academy 
of  political  and  social  science,  1906.  203  p.  26cm.  (The  annals  of  the  Ameri- 
can academy  of  political  and  social  science,  vol.  xxvn,  no.  2) 

Hl.A4,v.27 

Contents. — Child  labor  in  the  southern  cotton  mills  [by]  A.  J.  McKelway. — Child  labor  at  the 
national  capital  [by]  C.  P.  Neill. — Past  and  present  arguments  against  child  labor  [by]  J.  G. 
Brooks. — The  physical  and  physiological  effects  of  child  labor  [by]  G.  M.  Kober. — The  federal 
government  and  the  working  children  [by]  Florence  Kelley. — Child  labor  in  the  coal  mines  [by] 
O.  R.  Lovejoy. — Child  labor  in  the  glass  industry  [by]  O.  R.  Lovejoy. — The  child  labor  problem— 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


31 


a study  in  degeneracy  [by)  A.  J.  McKelway.— The  operation  of  the  Illinois  child  labor  law  [by] 
Jane  Addams. — Child  labor  a national  problem  [by]  S.  McC.  Lindsay. — Organized  labor’s  attitude 
toward  child  labor  [by]  S.  Gompers. — Overwork,  idleness  or  industrial  education  [by]  W.  Noyes.— 
Parental  responsibility  for  child  labor  [by]  G.  Taylor. — The  operation  of  the  Wisconsin  child 
labor  law  [by]  E.  W.  Frost.— A business  man’s  view  of  child  labor  [by]  S.  W.  Woodward. — 
The  essentials  of  a child  labor  law  for  the  District  of  Columbia  [by]  H.  J.  Harris.— Proceedings 
of  the  second  annual  meeting  of  the  National  child  labor  committee.— Civic  organizations  and 
municipal  parties— a symposium  on  reform  organizations. — Book  department.— Department  of 
philanthropy,  charities  and  social  problems. 

Also  published  as  National  child  labor  committee,  Pamphlet  no.  20. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.20 

322  National  child  labor  committee.  Child  labor.  Proceedings  of  the  third 

annual  meeting.  Philadelphia,  American  academy  of  political  and  social 
science,  1907.  243  p.  illus.  26cm.  (The  annals  of  the  American  academy 

of  political  and  social  science,  vol.  xxix,  no.  1)  Hl.A4,v.29 

Contents.— Poverty  and  parental  dependence  as  an  obstacle  to  child  labor  reform  [by]  H. 
Folks.— The  awakening  of  the  South  against  child  labor  [by]  A.  J.  McKelway. — Some  of  the  ulti- 
mate physical  effects  of  premature  toil  [by]  A . H . Freiberg. — Child  labor  in  the  soft  coal  mines  [by] 
O.  R.  Lovejoy. — The  extent  of  child  labor  in  the  anthracite  coal  industry  [by]  O.  R.  Lovejoy.— 
Obstacles  to  the  enforcement  of  child  labor  legislation  [by]  Florence  Kelley. — National  protection 
for  children  [by]  Jane  Addams.— The  child  labor  laws  of  the  Ohio  Valley  [by]  J.  H.  Morgan.— 
The  child  labor  situtation in  Ohio  and  border  states  [by]  W.  E.  Miller.— Children  in  the  glass 
works  of  Illinois  [by]  Harriet  Van  der  Vaart. — Child  labor  and  the  public  schools  [by]  N.  C. 
Schaeffer.— The  value  of  publicity  in  reform  [by]  A.  T.  Vance.— The  enforcement  of  child  labor 
legislation  in  Illinois  [by]  E.  T.  Davies.— Child  labor  and  the  public  schools  [by]  S.  McC.  Lind- 
say.—Child  labor  and  the  public  schools  [by]  C.  W.  Dabney. — Child  labor  and  the  nation  [by] 
A.  J.  Beveridge. — The  difficulties  of  a factory  inspector  [by]  E.  T.  Davies. — The  enforcement  of 
child  labor  legislation  [by]  S.  Cadwallader. — The  attitude  of  society  toward  the  child  as  an 
index  of  civilization  [by]  F.  Adler. — Reports  from  state  and  local  child  labor  committees  and 
consumers’  leagues. — The  struggle  against  preventable  diseases.— A symposium. 

Also  published  as  National  child  labor  committee,  Pamphlet  no.  40. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.40 

323  Child  labor  and  social  progress.  Proceedings  of  the  fourth  annual  meet- 

ing of  the  National  child  labor  committee.  Philadelphia,  The  American 
academy  of  political  and  social  science,  1908.  iv,  177  p.  26cm.  (Supple- 
ment to  the  Annals  of  the  American  academy  of  political  and  social  science. 
July,  1908.)  IIl.A4,v.32 

Contents.— The  basis  of  the  anti-child  labor  movement  in  the  idea  of  American  civilization  [by] 
F.  Adler.— The  new  view  of  the  child  [by]  E.  T.  Devine.— Social  cost  of  accident,  ignorance  and 
exhaustion  [by]  C.  R.  Henderson.— The  leadership  of  the  child  [by]  A.  J.  McKelway.— Child  labor 
in  New  England  [by]  E.  W.  Lord.— Compulsory  education,  the  solution  of  the  child  labor  problem 
[by]  L.  W.  Parker. — Compulsory  education  in  the  South  [by]  G.  F.  Milton.— Why  the  children 
are  in  the  factory  [by]  J.  M.  Gordon. — The  education  of  mill  children  in  the  South  [by]  A.  E. 
Seddon.— The  function  of  education  in  abolishing  child  labor  [by]  O.  R.  Lovejoy. — Ethical  and 
religious  aspects  of  child  labor  [by]  J.  H.  Kirkland. — The  duty  of  the  people  in  child  protection 
[by]  H.  Smith. — Essentials  in  factory  inspection  [by]  J.  H.  Morgan.— The  responsibility  of  the 
consumer  for  child  labor  [by]  Florence  Kelley.— Children  on  the  streets  of  Cincinnati  [by]  E.  N. 
Clopper. — Reports  from  state  and  local  child  labor  committees. — National  child  labor  committee: 
Abstract  of  secretary’s  report  and  treasurer’s  report.  For  the  year  ending  Sept.  30,  1907. — • 
Proceedings  of  the  fourth  annual  meeting. 

Also  published  as  National  child  labor  committee,  Pamphlet  no.  69. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.69 

324  The  child  workers  of  the  nation.  Proceedings  of  the  fifth  annual  con- 

ference, Chicago,  Illinois,  January  21-23,  1909.  New  York,  1909.  iv,  256  p. 
23cm.  [Pamphlet  no.  94]  HD6250.U3N2,no.94 

tl  The  papers  in  this  volume  are  reprinted  from  the  March,  1909,  supplement  to  the  Annals  of  the 
American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  in  which  they  were  originally  published  as  the 
Proceedings  of  the  fifth  annual  conference  on  child  labor  held  under  the  auspices  of  the  National 
child  labor  committee,  Chicago,  111.,  January  21-23, 1909.  ” 

Contents.— Conserving  childhood,  by  A.  S.  Draper.— (i)  Duty  of  a rich  nation  to  take  care  of  her 
children,  by  I.  N.  Seligman.  (n)  Duty  of  a rich  nation  to  take  care  of  her  children,  by  C.  R.  Hen- 


32 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR, 


derson.— The  federal  Children’s  bureau,  a symposium,  by  L.  D.  Wald,  Jane  Addams,  Leo  Am- 
stein,  B.  B.  Lindsey,  H.  B.  Favill,  C.  R.  Henderson,  Florence  Kelley,  S.  McC.  Lindsay. — Some 
unsettled  questions  about  child  labor,  by  O.  R.  Lovejoy.— The  child  and  the  law,  by  A.  J.  McKel- 
way.— Child  labor  in  the  textile  industries  and  canneries  of  New  England,  by  E.  W.  Lord. — 
Child  labor  in  the  Ohio  Valley  states,  bj^  E.  N.  Clopper.— Practical  restrictions  on  child  labor  in 
textile  industries;  higher  educational  and  physical  qualifications,  by  Howell  Cheney.— Scholar- 
ships for  working  children,  by  Mrs.  Florence  Kelley.— Some  effects  of  improper  posture  in  factory 
labor,  by  A.  H.  Freiberg.— Child  labor  and  the  juvenile  court,  by  J.  A.  Britton.— Overworked 
children  on  the  farm  and  in  the  school,  by  Woods  Hutchinson. — Handicaps  in  later  years  from 
child  labor,  by  W.  E.  Harmon.— Accidents  to  working  children,  by  E.  W.  He  Leon.— Uniform 
systems  of  child  labor  statistics,  by  John  Williams.— The  present  situation  in  Illinois,  by  E.  T. 
Davies.— The  forward  step  in  Louisiana,  by  J.  M.  Gordon.— The  difficulties  of  child-labor  legis- 
lation in  a southern  state,  by  J.  R.  McDowell. — Reports  from  state  and  local  child  labor  com- 
mittees.—National  child  labor  committee,  fourth  annual  report  of  the  general  secretary  and 
treasurer.— The  proceedings  of  the  fifth  annual  conference  on  child  labor.— State  and  local  com- 
mittees in  co-operation  or  affiliation  with  the  National  child  labor  committee. — Recent  publica- 
tions of  the  National  child  labor  committee. — Members  of  the  National  child  labor  committee. 

325  National  child  labor  committee.  Child  employing  industries.  Proceedings 

of  the  sixth  annual  meeting  of  the  National  child  labor  committee.  Phila- 
delphia, The  American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  1910.  v,  274  p. 
26em.  (Supplement  to  the  Annals  of  the  American  academy  of  political  and 
social  science.  March,  1910)  Hl.A4,v.35 

HD6250.U3N2 

Contents.— Annual  address,  by  Felix  Adler.— Child  labor  legislation  in  Massachusetts,  by 
Curtis  Guild,  jr. — Antagonistic  forces — a symposium:  1.  False  economic  ideas,  by  Charles  F. 
Smith;  2.  Unequal  laws  an  impediment  to  child  labor  legislation,  by  S.  McC.  Lindsay;  3.  Indif- 
ference of  the  church  to  child  labor  reform,  by  John  Haynes  Holmes;  4.  Inadequate  schools,  by 
Everett  W.  Lord.— Justice  to  the  child,  by  Stephen  S.  Wise.— Children  in  the  textile  industry,  by 
John  Golden.— The  cotton  mill  a factor  in  the  development  of  the  South,  by  Mrs.  J.  Borden  Harri- 
man.— The  mill  or  the  farm,  by  A.  J.  McKelway. — “ Poor  white  folks,”  by  Hooper  Alexander.— 
The  Federal  children’s  bureau,  by  Owen  R.  Lovejoy.— Vocation— a symposium,  by  Everett  W. 
Lord,  David  Snedden.— Enforcement  of  child  labor  laws,  by  Homer  Folks.— Enforcement  of  child 
labor  laws  in  South  Carolina,  by  E.  J.  Watson.— Enforcement  of  child  labor  laws  in  New  Hamp- 
shire, by  Henry  C.  Morrison.— The  health  of  young  persons  in  Massachusetts  factories,  by  William 
C.  Hanson.— Child  labor  statistics,  by  Fred  S.  Hall.— Proof-of-age  records,  by  Jeanie  V.  Minor  — 
The  Providence  school  census  system,  by  Gilbert  E.  Whittemore.— The  Massachusetts  bureau  of 
statistics,  by  Frank  S.  Drown.— Child  labor  in  street  trades,  by  Edward  N.  Clopper.— Child  labor 
in  home  industries,  by  Mary  Van  Kleeck.— New  England’s  lost  leadership,  by  Mrs.  Florence 
Kelley.— Child  labor  in  canneries,  by  Pauline  Goldmark.— Relation  of  National  child  labor  com- 
mittee to  state  and  local  committees,  by  Edward  W.  Frost..— Reports  from  state  and  local  child 
labor  committees.— Reports  from  Southern  states,  by  A.  J.  McKelway.— Annual  report  of  the 
general  secretary. 

326  Uniform  child  labor  laws.  Proceedings  of  the  seventh  annual  confer- 

ence of  the  National  child  labor  committee.  Philadelphia,  The  American 
academy  of  political  and  social  science,  1911.  v,  224  p.  25em.  (Supplement 
to  the  Annals  of  the  American  academy  of  political  and  social  science.  July, 
1911)  I!l.A4,v.38 

HD6250.U3N3 

Contents.— Child  labor  a menace  to  civilization— Annual  address,  by  Felix  Adler.— The  con- 
servation of  childhood,  by  Theodore  Roosevelt. — Standards  proposed  by  United  States  commis- 
sion on  uniform  laws,  by  A.  T.  Stovall.— What  should  we  sacrifice  to  uniformity?  by  Florence 
Kelley.— Seven  years  of  child  labor  reform,  by  Owen  R.  Lovejoy.— The  cotton  mill:  The  Herod 
among  industries,  by  A.  J.  McKelway.— The  public  school  and  the  day’s  work,  by  Herman 
Schneider.— Child  labor  on  the  stage— a symposium,  by  Jane  Addams,  Henry  B.  Favill,  and  Jean 

M.  Gordon.— Poverty  and  parental  dependence  in  relation  to  child  labor  reform— a symposium: 
1.  Scholarships,  by  George  A.  Hall;  2.  State  child  labor  relief,  by  M.  Edith  Campbell;  3.  The 
dinner  toter,  by  Charles  L.  Coon.— Exclusion  of  children  from  dangerous  trades,  by  William  C. 
Hanson.— Child  labor  in  street  trades  and  public  places— a symposium:  1.  The  nickel  theatre,  by 
Maurice  Willows;  2.  The  newsboy,  by  George  A.  Hall;  3.  The  night  messenger  boy,  by  Edward 

N.  Clopper;  4.  Street  trades  and  reformatories,  by  Richard  K.  Conant;  5.  Street  trades,  by 
Florence  Kelley.— History  of  child  labor  reform  in  Alabama,  by  B.  J.  Baldwin.— Child  labor  legis- 
lation in  the  Carolinas,  by  John  P.  Hollis.— Child  labor  in  the  Gulf  coast  canneries,  by  Lewis  W. 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


33 


Hine.— The  glass  industry  and  child  labor  legislation,  by  Charles  L.  Chute. — The  coal  mines  of 
Pennsylvania,  by  Owen  R.  Lovejoy.— New  territory,  by  A.  J.  McKelway. — Ten  years’  experience 
in  Illinois,  by  Jane  Addams.— The  forward  movement  in  Missouri,  West  Virginia,  and  Indiana, 
by  Edward  N.  Clopper.— The  state  and  the  nation  in  child  labor  regulation,  by  William  E. 
Borah. — Reports  from  state  and  local  child  labor  committees.— Annual  report  of  the  general 
secretary. 

327  National  child  labor  committee.  Child  labor  and  education.  [Proceedings 

of  the  eighth  annual  conference]  New  York,  National  child  labor  committee 
[1912]  cover-title,  31.,  223  p.  diagrs.  23cm.  (The  child  labor  bulletin,  v.  1, 
no.  1)  IID6250.U3N4 

Contents.— National  aid  to  education,  by  Felix  Adler.— A substitute  for  child  labor,  by  P.  r. 
Claxton.— Child  labor  and  vocational  work  in  the  public  schools,  JiyE.O.  Holland.— C hild  labor 
and  vocational  guidance,  by  Helen  T.  Woolley. — Child  labor  and  the  future  development  of  the 
school,  by  C.  G.  Pearse.— The  dangers  and  possibilities  of  vocational  guidance,  by  Alice  P.  Bar- 
rows. — Relation  of  industrial  training  to  child  labor,  by  W.  E.  Elson.— Economic  value  of  educa- 
tion, by  M.  Edith  Campbell.— Need  of  compulsory  education  in  the  South,  by  W.  H.  Hand.— A 
federal  children’s  bureau,  by  A.  J.  Peters.— Federal  aid  to  education  a necessary  step  in  the  solu- 
tion of  the  child  labor  problem,  by  S.  McC.  Lindsay.— Part  time  schools,  by  Florence  Kelley. — 
Social  cost  of  child  labor,  by  J.  P.  Frey.— Child  labor  and  democracy,  by  A.  J.  McKelway.— 
Extending  medical  inspection  from  schools  to  mills,  by  G.  F.  Ross,  M.  D.— Child  labor  in  the  can- 
neries of  New  York  state,  by  Z.  L.  Potter.— How  to  interest  young  people,  by  Mrs.  Frederick 
Crane.— The  educational  test  for  working  children,  by  R.  K.  Conant.— A legislative  program  for 
South  Carolina,  by  J.  P.  Hollis.— Rejuvenation  of  the  rural  school,  by  Ernest  Burnham.— Rural 
child  labor,  by  J.  M.  Gillette.— Symposium:  Unreasonable  industrial  burdens  on  women  and 
children,  by  Florence  Kelley,  Millie  R.  Trumbull,  J.  A.  Ryan,  Jean  M.  Gordon. — Report  of  the 
general  secretary  for  seventh  fiscal  year. — Proceedings  of  the  eighth  annual  conference. 

328  Child  labor  and  poverty;  the  papers  and  addresses  and  discussions  of  the 

ninth  National  conference  on  child  labor,  held  at  Jacksonville,  Fla.,  March  13- 
17, 1913,  under  the  auspices  of  the  National  child  labor  committee.  New  York 
city,  National  child  labor  committee  [1913]  2 p.  1.,  174  p.  front.  23cm. 
(The  child  labor  bulletin,  v.  2,  no.  1)  HD6250.U3N4 

Contents.— The  child  breadwinner  and  the  dependent  parent  [by]  Mrs.  Florence  Kelley.— 
Child  wages  in  the  cotton  mills  [by]  Dr.  A.  J.  McKelway. — Child  labor  and  need  [by]  M.  L.  Bos- 
well.—Child  labor  and  poverty:  both  cause  and  effect  [by]  J.  A.  Kingsbury.— Shall  charitable 
societies  relieve  family  distress  by  finding  work  for  children.  Asymposium:  i [by]  R.T.Solen- 
sten.  n [by]  M.  H.  Newell. — Ancient  standards  of  child  protection  [by]  Rabbi  David  Marx.— 
Child  labor  and  low  wages  [by]  Jerome  Jones. — The  federal  Children’s  bureau  [by]  J.  C.  Lathrop.— 
How  to  make  child  labor  legislation  more  effective  [by]  Dr.  S.  McC.  Lindsay.— From  mountain 
cabin  to  cotton  mill  [by]  J.  C.  Campbell.— Social  welfare  and  child  labor  in  southern  cotton  mills 
[by]  Rev.  C.  E.  Weltner.— The  textile  industry  and  child  labor  [by]  R.  K.  Conant.— The  cam- 
paign in  North  Carolina.  The  mountain  whites,  by  one  of  them  [by]  W.  H.  Swift.— The  burden 
on  children  in  shrimp  and  oyster  canneries  [by]  L.  W.  Hine.— Neglected  human  resources  of  Gulf 
coast  states  [by]  E.  F.  Brown.— Child  labor  and  health  [by]  Dr.  W.  H.  Oates.— Developing  normal 
men  and  women  [by]  J.  M.  Gordon.— Conditions  in  child  employing  industries  in  the  South.  A 
symposium:  Alabama:  i [by]  Mrs.  W.  L.  Murdoch,  n Mississippi:  [by]  Mrs.  E.  L.  Bailey. 
South  Carolina:  m [by]  J.  A.  McCullough,  iv  [by]  E.  F.  Brown.— An  eight-hour  day  in  a ten- 
hour  state  [by]  Henry  Nichol.— Proceedings  of  the  ninth  National  conference  on  child  labor. 

329  Child  labor  a national  problem;  proceedings  of  the  tenth  annual  con- 

ference Gil  child  labor,  held  at  New  Orleans,  La.,  March  15-18,  1914,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  National  child  labor  committee.  New  York  city,  National 
child  labor  committee  (incorporated)  1914.  2 p.  1.,  200  p.  23cm.  (The  child 

labor  bulletin,  v.  3,  no.  1)  IIDG250.U3N4 

Contents.— The  child  labor  movement:  a movement  in  the  interests  of  civilization,  by  Felix 
Adler;  The  need  of  a constructive  appeal,  by  Jane  Addams;  Protection  for  American  children, 
by  Florence  Kelley;  The  abolition  of  child  labor  a national  duty,  by  Felix  Adler;  National  child 
labor  standards,  by  Samuel  McCune  Lindsay;  Law  without  enforcement,  by  A.  J.  McKelway; 
Child  labor,  a menace,  by  Pauline  M.  Newman;  Enlightening  the  public,  by  Mrs.  Percy  V. 
Pennypacker;  The  child  in  the  street,  by  James  H.  Blenk,  Archbishop  of  New  Orleans;  Why 
overlook  the  street  worker?  by  Edward  N.  Clopper;  Cutting  child  labor  out  of  the  vicious  circle, 
by  Owen  R.  Lovejoy;  The  high  cost  of  child  labor,  by  Lewis  W.  Hine;  Neglected  childhood  and 
defectiveness,  by  Alexander  Johnson;  Why  it  is  hard  to  get  good  child  labor  laws  in  the  South, 
by  Wiley  H.  Swift;  A report  from  South  Carolina,  by  Joseph  A.  McCullough;  Child  labor  reform 

44193°— 16 3 


34 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR, 


in  Alabama,  by  Mrs.  W.  L.  Murdoch;  The  last  stand  of  the  one  business  which  opposes  child 
labor  legislation  in  the  South  [cotton  manufactures]  by  Wiley  H.  Swift;  The  eight-hour  day  in 
Massachusetts  factories,  by  Richard  K.  Conant;  Tasks  in  the  tenements,  by  Lewis  W.  Hine; 
Ideal  child  labor  in  the  home,  by  Jessie  P.  Rich;  Sixteen  years  of  childhood  for  Ohio  girls,  by 
Ella  M.  Haas;  Proper  issuance  of  work  permits,  by  George  A.  Hall;  Woman’s  place  in  law  enforce* 
ment,  by  Anna  Herkner;  European  and  American  methods  of  training  factory  inspectors,  by 
Herschel  H.  Jones;  Enforcing  officials  and  the  courts,  by  Mornay  Williams;  Newspapers  and 
child  labor,  by  Anna  Rochester;  Cooperation  of  the  schools  in  reducing  child  labor,  by  Frank  M. 
Leavitt;  Heckling  the  schools,  by  Edward  N.  Clopper;  Agricultural  labor  and  school  attendance, 
by  Harry  M.  Bremer;  What  is  a child  worth?  by  Josephine  J.  Eschenbrenner;  Present  needs  and 
activities  of  the  National  child  labor  committee,  by  Owen  R.  Lovejoy;  Proceedings  of  tenth 
annual  conference;  Directory  of  state  and  local  child  committees, 

330  National  child  labor  committee.  Proceedings  of  the  eleventh  annual  con- 

ference. Part  1,  held  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Jan.  1915.  Part  2,  held  at  San 
Francisco,  Cal.,  May,  1915.  New  York,  National  child  labor  committee,  1915. 
131  p.  23cm.  (The  child  labor  bulletin,  v.  4,  no.  1,  2)  HD6250.U3N4 

Contents.— Part  1.  Child  labor  and  illiteracy,  by  Mrs.  Florence  Kelley;  Cooperative  administra- 
tion of  child  labor  laws,  by  A.  Herkner;  Effect  of  uniform  labor  standards  on  interstate  competi- 
tion, by  H.  P.  Kendall;  Demand  for  a square  deal  for  the  cotton  manufacturers  of  the  South,  by 
David  Clark,  with  discussion;  Symposium  on  a national  child’s  charter;  Some  secondary  con- 
siderations, by  W.  H.  Swift;  Precedents  for  federal  child  labor  legislation,  by  T.  I.  Parkman. 
Part  2.  The  child  labor  movement,  by  Felix  Adler;  Social  responsibility  for  child  labor,  by  Bishop 
Edwin  H.  Hughes;  Enforcement  in  Wisconsin,  by  James  D.  Beck;  Federal  control  of  child  labor, 
by  Owen  R.  Lovejoy;  Responsibility  of  the  federal  government,  by  Mrs.  Florence  Kelley;  Child 
labor  in  the  West;  Some  local  child  labor  problems  in  California,  by  Lewis  W.  Hine;  A charter  for 
childhood:  New  ideals  in  the  schools,  Jessica  B.  Peixotto;  The  right  to  play,  by  E.  D.  DeGroot; 
The  seven  sins  of  child  labor,  by  Felix  Adler. 

330a Proceedings  of  the  twelfth  annual  conference  on  child  labor,  Asheville, 

N.  C.,  February  3-6,  1916.  New  York,  National  child  labor  committee,  1916 
78  p.  23cm.  (The  child  labor  bulletin,  v.  5,  no.  1.) 

Contents. — Vocational  scholarships,  by  Lillian  D.  Wald;  Attempted  child  labor  legislation  in 
North  Carolina,  by  Zebulon  Weaver;  True  preparedness  in  greater  protection  to  childhood,  by 
Samuel  McCune  Lindsay;  Moving  forward  in  Alabama,  by  Mrs.  W.  L.  Murdoch;  The  effects  of 
child  labor  on  social  standards,  by  Mrs.  Thomas  W.  Lingle;  The  effect  of  child  labor  upon  com- 
munity life,  by  Eunice  Sinclair;  Pan-American  child  welfare,  by  Edward  N.  Clopper;  Organized 
labor  and  child  labor  reform,  by  James  F.  Barrett;  The  citizen  and  the  National  child  labor  commit- 
tee, by  Josephine  J.  Eschenbrenner;  Two  conceptions  of  child  employment,  by  Wiley  H.  Swift; 
Federal  child  labor  legislation,  by  Edward  Keating;  Child  labor  in  North  Carolina,  by  Dr.  George 
T.  Winston;  What  will  be  left  for  the  States  to  do  after  the  Keating  bill  becomes  a law?  by  Florence 
Kelley. 

331  8th-llth  annual  reports  of  the  general  secretary.  Owen  R.  Lovejoy. 

Child  labor  bulletin,  Nov.  1912,  v.  1;  1-25;  Nov.  1913,  v.  2:  12-32;  Nov.  1914, 
v.  3:  8-29;  Nov.  1915,  v.  4:  144-154.  HD6250.U3N4 

For  earlier  reports  see  Proceedings  of  the  committee. 

332  An  address  to  the  citizens  of  twelve  states  on  the  child  labor  laws  you 

should  enact  in  1914.  Child  labor  bulletin,  Nov.  1913,  v.  2,  no.  3:  33-43. 

HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

333  The  campaign  against  child  labor;  a monthly  department  officially  fur- 

nished. Woman’s  home  companion, ‘Jan.-Oct.  1907,  v.  34:  24;  58-59;  46-47; 
28;  24,  57;  22;  20;  22;  25;  13.  AP2.W714,v.34 

334  Can  we  afford  child  labor?  Including  the  exhibit  handbook  prepared 

to  accompany  the  twenty-five  panel  exhibit  at  the  exposition  in  San  Francisco. 
New  York  city,  National  child  labor  committee,  incorporated,  1915.  48  p. 

illus.,  diagrs.  22}om.  (The  child  labor  bulletin,  v.  3,  no.  4) 

HD6250.U3N4 

Contents.— Notes.  -Book  review  [by]  Anna  Rochester.— Gilds  at  work  and  why  they  work  [by] 
Helen  C.  Dwight. — Child  flower-makers  in  New  York  tenements  [by]  Eleanor  H.  Adler.— What 
the  government  says  about  cotton  mills  [by]  Anna  Rochester  and  Florence  Taylor.— The  high  cost 
of  child  labor;  exhibit  handbook,  with  photographs  by  the  staff  photographer,  Lewis  W.  Hine. 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR, 


35 


335  National  child  labor  committee.  Child  labor,  a study  course  on  its  extent, 

causes,  effects,  and  prevention.  New  York  city,  National  child  labor  com- 
mittee [1912?]  40  p.  '23cm.  (National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet 
no.  183) 

336  The  child  labor  bulletin.  Pub.  by  National  child  labor  committee. 

v.  1,  June,  1912-v.  5,  May,  1916.  New  York,  1912-1916.  5 v.  23cm. 

I1D6250.U3N4 

337  Child  labor  facts  for  sermon  use.  New  York  city,  1915.  4 p.  23cm. 

(Its  Pamphlet  no.  239,  Jan.  1915)  HD6250.U3N2,no.239 

338  Child  labor  in  1912.  New  York,  National  child  labor  committee,  1912. 

84  p.  23cm.  (The  child  labor  bulletin,  v.  1,  no.  3)  HD6250.U3N4,v.l 

Contents. — Child  labor  in  1912.  Eighth  annual  report  of  National  child  labor  committee.— 
Home  work  in  the  tenement  houses  of  New  York  city,  by  Owen  R.  Lovejoy;  Elizabeth  C.  Wat- 
son.—Employment  of  children  on  the  stage,  by  Owen  R.  Lovejoy.  A study  course  on  child  labor. 

339  Child  labor,  statistics,  causes,  effects,  prevention.  New  York  city 

[1912?]  22  p.  23cm.  ( Its  Pamphlet  no.  185) 

340  Child  labor  stories  for  children.  New  York  city,  National  child  labor 

committee  [1913]  81  p.  illus.  (1  col.)  23cm.  (The  child  labor  bulletin,  v.  2, 
no.  2)  HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

Contents. — A song  of  the  factory  [by]  J.  F.  Montague. — The  story  of  the  medicine  bottle. — 
Hymn  for  the  working  children  [by]  Fanny  J.  Crosby. — The  story  of  my  cotton  dress. — Dolly 
dear. — Mr.  Coal’s  story. — “To  little  sister.” — Declaration  of  dependence. — The  toll. — Two  little 
members. — What  some  children  have  done  for  the  working  children. — The  story  of  old  [by]  Jemima 
Luke.— We  need  love’s  tender  lesson  taught  [by]  Whittier.— Child  labor  in  Georgia,  a story  for 
grownups  [by]  A.  J.  McKelway. 

341  Child  labor  ten  years  after.  New  York,  National  child  labor  committee, 

1914.  75  p.  23cm.  (Child  labor  bulletin,  v.  3,  no.  3) 

HD6250.U3N4,v.3 

Contents. — Editorial  notes;  Tenth  annual  report  of  the  General  secretary;  The  extent  of  child 
labor  officially  measured,  by  Edward  N.  Clopper;  Child  labor  and  delinquency,  by  Fred  S.  Hall; 
Children  who  weave  silk,  by  Eleanor  H.  Adler;  Mortality  among  cotton  operatives,  by  Florence 
Taylor;  Dangerous  machines  in  the  metal  trades,  by  Helen  C.  Dwight. 

342  : Child  labor  in  canneries  . . . with  other  special  articles.  New  York 

city,  National  child  labor  committee,  1913.  3 p.  1.,  95  p.  incl.  plates,  maps. 

23cm.  (The  child  labor  bulletin,  v.  1,  no.  4)  HD6250.U3N4,v.l 

Contents. — Child  labor  and  poverty:  advance  program  of  the  9th  National  conference  on  child 
labor. — The  important  provisions  of  existing  child  labor  laws. — Child  labor  in  New  York  canning 
factories  [by]  E.  F.  Brown. — Day  and  night  in  a vegetable  canning  factory:  a personal  experi- 
ence [by]  J.  J.  Eschenbrenner. — Photographic  reproductions  of  children  in  fruit  and  vegetable, 
oyster,  and  shrimp  canneries.— Child  labor  and  health  [by]  O.  R.  Lovejoy.— Some  dangers  in  the 
present  movement  for  industrial  education  [by]  John  Dewey. — Overwork,  idleness  or  industrial 
education  [by]  William  Noyes. — The  child  that  toileth  not;  a reply  to  Mi’.  Dawley. 

343  The  clinker,  and  some  other  children.  New  York,  National  child 

labor  committee,  incorporated,  1914.  62  p.  illus.,  pi.  23cm. 

“Stories  and  verse  about  children  who  work. ” — Foreword.  HD6250.U3N5  1914 

344  Constitution.  American  academy  of  political  and  social  science, 

Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911,  v.  38:202-207.  Hl.A4,v.38 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  148.  4 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l48 

345  The  eight-hour  day  and  prohibition  of  night  work.  American  academy 

of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1910,  v.  35:239-274. 

Hl.A4,v.35 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  137.  36  p. 

HD6250.U3N2.no.137 


36 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


346  National  child  labor  committee.  The  federal  child  labor  bill;  program  of 

tenth  annual  conference  on  child  labor,  New  Orleans,  La.,  March  15-18,1914, 
with  a copy  of  the  federal  child  labor  bill  and  a memorandum  on  its  constitu- 
tionality. New  York  city,  National  child  labor  committee,  1914.  79  p.  illus., 
col.  diagr.  23cm.  (The  child  labor  bulletin,  v.  2,  no.  4)  HD6250.U3N4 

Contents. — Editorial  notes.— Program  of  tenth  annual  conference  on  child  labor. — Federal 
government  and  child  labor,  and  memorandum  on  the  Palmer  child  labor  bill  [by]  O.  R.  Love- 
joy.— Ten  years  of  child  labor  reform  in  the  South  [by]  A.  J.  McKelway. — The  eight-hour  day 
[by]  Anna  Rochester.— The  majesty  of  the  law  in  Mississippi  [by]  E.  N.  Clopper.— Present  condi- 
tions in  the  South  [by]  L.  W.  Hine.— Strawberry  pickers  of  Maryland  [by]  H.  M.  Bremer.— The 
work  of  England’s  certifying  surgeons  [by]  H.  H.  Jones. 

347  High  cost  of  child  labor  . . . exhibit-  handbook.  [New  York  city, 

1915]  20  p.  23cm.  ( Its  Pamphlet  no.  241,  Jan.  1915) 

HD6250.U3N2,no.241 

High  cost  of  child  labor.  Reprint  of  exhibit  handbook.  Child  labor  bulle- 
tin, Feb.  1915,  v.  3:  25-45.  HD6250.U3N4,v.3 

348  How  to  obtain  foreign  birth  certificates.  National  child  labor  commit- 

tee. New  York,  1909.  Pamphlet  no.  116.  8p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.ll6 

349  Leaflets]  New  York,  1904-1913.  38  pams.  illus.  15£cm. 

HD6250.U3N19 

350  Little  comrades  who  toil.  New  York  city,  1914.  84  p.  23cm.  (Child 

labor  bulletin,  Aug.  1914,  v.  3,  no.  2,  pt.  1)  HD6250.U3N4,v.3 

351  Pamphletjs].  National  child  labor  committee.  New  York,  1905-1916. 

260  pams.  illus.  23-24cm.  IID6250.U3N2 

The  pamphlets,  which  are  consecutively  numbered,  comprise  addresses  and  proceedings 
(reprinted  from  the  “Proceedings”),  annual  reports,  etc. 

352  Stories  about  the  other  child.  [New  York,  1913]  79  p.  25cm.  (Sup- 

plement to  the  Child  labor  bulletin,  v.  2,  no.  3,  Dec.  1913) 

HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

353  The  voice  of  the  church  against  child  labor.  National  child  labor  com- 

mittee. New  York,  1908.  Pamphlet  no.  89.  [4]  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.89 

354  National  conference  of  charities  and  correction.  Proceedings.  Boston 

[etc.]  1875-1915.  ports.,  map,  tables.  22^-24cm. 

A guide  to  the  study  of  charities  and  correction  by  means  of  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  National  conference  of  charities  and  correction,  using  thirty-four 
volume  1874  to  1907.  Comp,  by  Alexander  Johnson.  [Indianapolis?]  1908. 
xi,  353  p.  23cm.  HV88.A3 

Child  labor:  p.  144-150.  See  also  Indexes  to  subsequent  volumes. 

355  National  consumers’  league.  The  consumer’s  control  of  production:  the 

work  of  the  National  consumers’  league.  Philadelphia,  The  American  acad- 
emy of  political  and  social  science,  1909.  1 p.  L,  83  p.  25£cm.  (Supplement 

to  the  Annals  of  the  American  academy  of  political  and  social  science.  July, 
1909)  HD6957.U6N3 

HI.A4,v.34 

Partial  contents.— Work  at  night  by  girls  and  boys  under  21  years.  The  eight  hours  day  for 
working  children.  Investigations,  (a)  The  standard  of  living  of  working  girls  and  women  away 
from  home,  (b)  Children  illegally  at  work. 

356  National  federation  of  settlements.  Young  working  girls;  a summary  of 

evidence  from  two  thousand  social  workers,  ed.  by  Robert  A.  Woods  and  Albert 
J.  Kennedy,  its  secretaries;  with  an  introduction  by  Jane  Addams.  Boston 
and  New  York,  Houghton  Mifflin  company,  1913.  xiii,  185,  [1]  p.  19|cm. 

HQ798.N3 

357  Nearing,  Scott.  The  history  of  a Christmas  box.  Charities  and  the  Commons, 

Dec.  29,  1906,  v.  17:  555-558.  HVl.C4,v.l7 


358 

359 

3G0 

361 

362 

363 

364 

365 

366 

367 

368 

369 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


37 


Nearing,  Scott.  Social  adjustment.  New  York,  The  Macmillan  company; 
1911.  xvi-p.,  1 1.,  377  p.  19Ym.  HN64.N42 

Child  labor,  p.  243-265. 

— Social  religion;  an  interpretation  of  Christianity  in  terms  of  modern  life. 

New  York,  The  Macmillan  company,  1913.  xvi  p.,  2 1.,  227  p.  19Jcm. 

The  factory  child:  p.  73-88.  HN31.N4 

The  solution  of  the  child  labor  problem.  New  York,  Moffat,  Yard  and 

company,  1911.  viii,  145  p.  18Ym-  HD6231.N4 

Neill,  Charles  Patrick.  Child  labor  at  the  national  capital.  [Philadelphia? 
1906?]  11  p.  23cm.  HD6250.U4D6  1906a 

Also  published  as  National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphletno.  20,  p.  12—22; 
Pamphlet  no.  21.  11  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.20,21 

Charities  and  the  Commons,  Mar.  3,  1906,  v.  15:  795-800.  IiVl.C4,v.l5 
{In  TJ.  S.  Congress.  House.  Committee  on  the  District  of  Columbia. 
Report  of  hearings  . . . 1906,  ...  to  regulate  child  labor  in  the  District  of 
Columbia  . . . Washington,  1906.  23cm.  p.  55-59)  LC132.D6A3 

New  Jersey.  Bureau  of  statistics  of  labor  and  industries.  26th 
Annual  report,  1903.  Trenton,  1903.  illus.  23fcm.  HC107.N5A2 

The  social  aspect  of  child  labor  in  New  Jersey,  1903:  p.  241-421. 

Inspector  of  child  labor.  Annual  report,  1st,  1883.  Trenton,  N.  J., 

1883.  1 v.  22i°m.  IID6250.U4N5 

New  York  {State)  Bureau  of  labor  statistics.  Conditions  of  entrance  and 
advancement  in  individual  industries.  {In  its  26th  annual  report,  1908.  Pt. 
1:  p.  51-189)  HC107.N7A3  1908 

Factory  investigating  commission.  Preliminary  report.  Trans- 
mitted to  the  Legislature  March  1,  1912.  Albany,  The  Argus  company, 
printers,  1912.  3v.  plates  (part  fold.)  diagrs.  23cm.  HD8053.N7A4  1912 
Robert  F.  Wagner,  chairman. 

The  appendices  are  issued  also  separately,  as  reprints. 

Child  labor:  Extent  of  child  labor  in  New  York  state:  v.  1,  p.  101-106;  Appendix  VII:  Home 
work  in  the  tenement  houses  of  New  York  city,  Memoranda  by  Owen  R.  Lovejoy,  Elizabeth  C. 
Watson;  Photographs:  p.  571-584.  Answers  to  Questionnaire  on  Employment  of  women  and 
children:  p.  646-649.  See  also  Index  of  witnesses:  v.  2,  p.  iii-xxvi  for  references  to  child  labor. 

— Second  report.  Transmitted  to  the  Legislature  January  15, 1913. 

Albany,  J.  B.  Lyon  company,  printers,  1913.  2 v.  plates,  plans,  diagrs.  (part 

fold.)  23cm.  [Legislature,  1913.  Senate  doc.  36]  HD8053.N7A5  1913 

Robert  F.  Wagner,  chairman. 

Report:  Child  labor  in  the  canneries:  p.  127-143;  Child  labor:  p.  176-192.  Report  on  manu- 
facturing in  tenements  in  New  York  state,  by  Elizabeth  C.  Watson,  v.  2,  p.  667-755;  Industrial 
conditions  in  the  canning  industry  of  New  York  state,  by  Z.  L.  Potter,  v.  2,  p.  757-915;  Prelimi- 
nary report  on  employment  of  women  and  children  in  mercantile  establishments,  by  Pauline 
Goldmark  and  George  A.  Hall,  v.  2,  p.  1193-1270. 

See  also  Indexes  to  Third  and  Fourth  reports. 

New  York  child  welfare  exhibit,  1911.  Handbook  of  the  New  York  child 
welfare  exhibit  in  the  71st  regiment  armory  from  Jan.  18  to  Feb.  12,  1911. 
[New  York,  Blanchard  press,  1911]  82  p.  illus.  21cm.  HV709.N5  1911 

Work  and  wages,  p.  33-35. 

Newell,  Mary  H.  Shall  charitable  societies  relieve  family  distress  by  finding 
work  for  children?  Child  labor  bulletin,  May,  1913,  v.  2,  no.  1:  39-41. 

HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

Nichol,  Henry.  An  eight-hour  day  in  a ten-hour  state  [Tennessee].  Child 
labor  bulletin,  May,  1913,  v.  2,  no.  1:  142-144.  HD6250.U3N4,v.2 


38  LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 

370  North  Carolina.  Bureau  of  labor  and  printing.  Annual  report.  20th- 

27th.  1906-1913.  Raleigh,  N.  C.  [etc.]  1906-1913.  8 v.  plates,  tables. 

24|cm.  HC107.N8A2 

1906-1908:  Contain  letters  from  wage-earners,  manufacturers,  mill  men,  editors  and  publishers, 
and  farmers  in  regard  to  child  labor. 

1913:  Statistics  of  average  wages  paid  children,  1899-1912:  p.  210-212. 

371  Noyes,  William.  Overwork,  idleness,  or  industrial  education?  American 

academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Mar.  1906,  v.  27:  342-353. 

Hl.A4,v.27 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  20,  p.  84-95;  Pamphlet 
• no.  32.  2d  ed.  1907.  12  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.20;no.32 

372  Obenauer,  Marie  Louise,  and  Mary  Conyngton.  Employment  of  children 

in  Maryland  industries.  {In  U.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Bulletin,  Sept.  1911, 
no.  96:  466-4S7)  HD8051.A5,no.96 

373  — and  Bertha  von  der  Nienburg.  Effect  of  minimum-wage  determi- 

nations in  Oregon.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1915.  108  p.  23em.  (Bul- 
letin of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  labor  statistics,  whole  no.  176.  Women  in 
industry  series,  no.  6)  HD8051.A62,no.l76 

Issued  also  as  House  doc.  1709,  TJ.  S.,  63d  Cong.,  3d  sess.  Rates  of  pay  before  and  after  minimum- 
wage  determinations  of  girls  under  18  years  of  age:  p.  19-20. 

374  Ohio.  Industrial  commission.  Dept,  of  investigation  and  statistics. 

Industrial  accidents  in  Ohio,  January  1,  1914,  to  June  30,  1915.  Columbus,  O. , 
1916.  231  p.  23|cm.  {Its  Report  no.  21) 

Also  forms  Bulletin  of  the  Industrial  commission,  v.  3,  no.  1,  Mar.  1, 1916. 

Includes  statistics  of  accidents  to  minors  under  18  years  of  age. 

375  Oregon.  Board  of  inspectors  of  child  labor.  Report.  Salem,  Or.  1913-15. 

2 v.  23cm.  HD6250.U4O7 

376  Child  welfare  commission.  Biennial  report,  1913-14.  [Portland? 

Or.]  1915.  23em. 

377  Industrial  welfare  commission.  Biennial  report.  1st,  1913-14, 

Salem,  Or.,  1915.  15  p.  23cm.  HD6G93.072 

378  Pennsylvania.  Governor,  1915.  (Martin  G.  Brumbaugh)  Inaugural 

address,  Jan.  19,  1915.  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  W.  S.  Ray,  1915.  11  p.  23cm. 

Child  labor  recommendations:  p.  9.  J87.P42  1915  Jan.  19 

379  Pennsylvania  child  labor  committee.  Child  labor  and  the  people  of  Penn- 

sylvania. Third  annual  report,  1906-7.  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania  child 
labor  committee  1907.  31  p.  15|cm.  (Child  labor  leaflet,  no.  2) 

HD6250.U4P6 

380  Pennsylvania  three-ply  child  labor  campaign.  Survey,  Mar.  18,  1911,  v.  25: 

993-994.  HVl.C4,v.25 

Glass  factories:  messengers:  mines. 

381  Pratt,  E.  E Child  labor:  a rational  statement.  Arena,  June,  1907,  v.  37: 

613-619.  AI*2.A6,v.37 

382  Pray,  K.  L.  M.  Child  labor,  mothers,  and  manufacturers.  Survey,  Mar.  27, 

1915,  v.  33:  865.  HVl.C4,v.33 

383  The  Problem  of  child  labor  with  special  reference  to  Philadelphia.  Addresses 

by  Samuel  Zane  Batten;  Charles  Edwin  Fox;  Henry  J.  Gideon;  Joseph  II. 
Hegedorn;  and  Mrs.  Florence  Kelley.  City  club  of  Philadelphia.  City  club 
bulletin,  Feb.  5,  1913,  v.  6:  216-224.  . JS1216.C47,v.6 

384  Progressive  party.  New  York.  Legislative  committee.  Statement  as 

to  the  official  proposal  of  the  National  progressive  party  in  the  state  of  New 
York  for  a minimum  wage  act  (also  containing  the  text  of  the  party’s  official 
bill)  prepared  for  introduction  into  the  Legislature  of  the  state  of  New  York. 
[New  York]  The  Legislative  committee  of  the  National  progressive  party  in  the 
state  of  New  York,  1913.  14  p.  23cm.  [Its  Publications,  6]  HD4918.P8 


385 

386 

387 

388 

389 

390 

391 

392 

393 

394 

395 

396 

397 

398 

399 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


39 


Rauchberg,  Heinrich.  Die  Erhebung  iiber  Frauen-  und  Kinderarbeit  in  den 
Vereinigten  Staaten.  Archiv  fur  soziale  Gesetzgebung  und  Statistik,  1898, 
v.  12:  135-147.  H5.A8,v.l2 

Rhode  Island.  Bureau  of  industrial  statistics.  Fifth  annual  report,  1891. 
Providence:  E.  L.  Freeman  & son,  1892.  xiv,  191  p.  23cm. 

HC107.R4A2  1891 

Contents. — Laws  of  the  several  states  relative  to  the  employment  and  education  of  children, 
p.  3-21;  Opinions  and  remarks  of  superintendents,  members  of  committees,  principals  and 
teachers  of  schools,  clergymen,  and  physicians  relative  to  child  labor,  p.  22-62;  Census  of  children 
employed  by  occupations,  age,  place  of  birth,  parent  nativity,  and  sex,  p.  63-165;  Wages  of 
children,  p.  166-181;  School  attendance  and  absentees,  p.  185— i88. 

Richmond,  Mary  Ellen.  The  good  neighbor  in  the  modern  city.  Philadel- 
phia and  London,  J.  B.  Lippincott  company,  1907.  152  p.,  11.  16|cm.  (Sage 
foundation  publication)  HV4028.R53 

The  child  at  work,  p.  44-53. 

Roberts,  Peter.  Child  labor  in  eastern  Pennsylvania.  Outlook,  Dec.  17, 
1904,  v.  78:  982-985.  AP2.08,  v.78 

Robinson,  Clarence  C.  The  wage-earning  boy.  New  York  [etc.]  Association 
press,  1912.  108  p.  17%cm. 

Bibliography:  p.  [106J-108. 

Rochester,  Anna.  The  eight-hour  day  for  children.  National  child  labor 
committee.  New  York,  1914.  Pamphlet  no.  212.  16  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.212 

Reprinted  from  Child  labor  bulletin,  Feb.  1914,  v.  2,  no.  4. 

HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

— ; — What  do  American  people  want  for  their  children?  Survey,  Apr.  11, 
1914,  v.  32:  49.  ' HVl.C4,v.32 

Roosevelt,  Theodore.  The  conservation  of  childhood.  American  academy 
of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911,  v.  38:  8-16. 

Hl.A4,v.38 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  163.  8 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l63 

The  conservation  of  womanhood  and  childhood.  Outlook,  Dec.  23, 

1911,  v.  99:  1013-1019.  AP2.08,v.99 

The  conservation  of  womanhood  and  childhood.  New  York  and  London, 

Funk  & Wagnalls  company,  1912.  2 p.  1.,  84  p.  14^cm.  [The  leather-bound 

pocket  series]  HD6095.R7 

Where  I stand  on  child  labor  reform.  Woman’s  home  companion,  Jan. 

1907,  v.  34:  15.  AP2.W714,v.34 

Roseboro,  Viola  and  Marie  Best.  ‘Nora  Mahoney — a human  document:  a 
true  story  of  child  slavery  in  Philadelphia.  Woman’s  home  companion,  Aug. 
1906,  v.  33:  3-4.  AP2.W714,v.33 

Ross,  William  Edward.  What  do  you  care?  Pearson’s  magazine,  Apr.  1913, 
v.  29:  482.  AP2.P35,v.29 

National  child  labor  committee,  New  York.  Leaflet  no.  49,  Sept.  1913. 

HD6250.U3N19,no.49 

Sanville,  F.  L.  Daybreak  for  Pennsylvania’s  working  children.  Survey,  Feb. 

6,  1915,  v.  33:  481-486.  HVl.C4,v.33 

Seligman,  Isaac  N.  Duty  of  a rich  nation  to  take  care  of  her  children.  Ameri- 
can academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1909, 
v.  33:  15-19.  Hl.A4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  111.  5 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.lll 


40 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


400  Sewall.  Hannah  It.  Child  labor  in  the  United  States.  U.  S.  Bureau  of  labor. 

Bulletin,  May,  1904,  no.  52:  485-637.  HD8051.A5,no.52 

401  Smith,  Charles  F.  False  economic  ideas:  an  obstacle  to  child  labor  reform. 

American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar. 

1910,  v.  35:  13-15.  IIl.A4,v.35 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  133.  3 p. 

HD6250.U3N2, no.133 

402  Smith,  Hoke.  The  duty  of  the  people  in  child  protection.  American  academy 

of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1908,  a/.  32:  97-100. 

Hl.A4,y.32 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  79.  4 p. 

HD6250.U3N2, no.79 

403  Smyth,  Ellison  A.  Child  labor  in  the  South.  Outlook,  Mar.  30,  1907,  v.  85: 

769-771.  AP2.08,v.85 

404  Solensten,  R.  T.  Shall  charitable  societies  relieve  family  distress  by  finding 

work  for  children?  Child  labor  bulletin,  May,  1913,  v.  2,  no.  1:  35-39. 

HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

405  Sorge,  F.  A.  Frauen-  und  Kinderarbeit  in  den  Vereinigten  Staaten.  Neue 

Zeit,  Mar.  5,  12,  1904,  22.  Jahrg.:  716-723;  757-765.  IiX6.N6,v.22 

406  Southern  conference  on  woman  and  child  labor.  [Proceedings]  1913. 

[Memphis,  1913]  24  p.  23cm. 

407  Spahr,  Charles  B.  America’s  Avorking  people.  New  York,  London,  and  Bom- 

bay, Longmans,  Green  and  co.,  1900.  vi  p.,  1 1.,  261  p.  20cm.  HD8072.S72 
Factory  towns  in  New  England:  Child  labor:  p.  8-9;  Child  labor  at  the  South:  p.  36-41. 

408  Spargo,  John.  The  bitter  cry  of  the  children;  AAdth  an  introduction  by  Robert 

Hunter.  New  York,  London,  The  Macmillan  company,  1906.  xxiii,  337  p. 
front.,  plates,  facsim.,  diagrs.  20cm.  HV713.S7 

The  Avorking  child:  p.  125-217;  Remedial  measures:  Child  labor:  p.  256-.260;  A commissioner 
of  charities  on  child  labor:  p.  305-306;  Notes  and  authorities;  The  working  child:  p.  314-319. 

409  Stratton,  George  Frederic.  The  man  behind  the  child.  Outlook,  Sept.  20, 

1913,  v.  105:  137-140.  AP2.O8,v.l05 

AnsAvered  by  A.  J.  McKelway.  The  child  against  the  man. 

410  Sumner,  Mary  BroAvn.  What  the  government  found  when  it  broadened  out 

its  interest  in  boll-A\reevils  and  began  to  study  children.  Survey,  Dec.  16, 

1911,  v.  27:  1375-1377.  HVl.C4,v.27 

411  SAvan,  Charles  Herbert.  Le  travail  des  enfants  aux  Etats-Unis  d’Amerique. 

Revue  economique  internationale,  July,  1906,  v.  3:  69-115. 

IIB3.R5,1906,v.3 

412  SAvift,  W.  H.  The  campaign  in  North  Carolina.  The  mountain  whites — by  one 

of  them.  Child  labor  bulletin,  ifray,  1913,  v.  2,  no.  1:  96-104. 

HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  200,  1913. 

II D6250 . U3N2,  no . 200 

413  Talbert,  Ernest  Lynn.  Opportunities  in  school  and  industry  for. children  of 

the  stockyards  district.  Chicago  [University  of  Chicago  press]  1912.  vi,  64  p. 
24|-cm.  (A  study  of  Chicago’s  stockyards  community  ...  an  investigation 
carried  on  under  the  direction  of  the  Board  of  the  University  of  Chicago 
settlement.  1)  HN80.C5B6 

414  Taylor,  Graham.  Parental  responsibility  for  child  labor.  American  academy 

of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Mar.  1906,  v.  27:  354-356. 

Hl.A4,v.27 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  20,  p.  96-98;  Pamphlet  no. 
33.  2d  ed.  1907.  3 p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.20;no.33 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


41 


415  Tennessee.  Dept,  of  shop  and  factory  inspection.  First  annual  report. 

v.  1 and  suppl.  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Benson  ptg.  co.,  1914.  2 v.  22|fim. 

HD3663.T2A2&suppl. 

Special  child  labor  report — Results  of  enforcement  of  minor  labor  laws:  suppl.  p.  6-13. 

416  Todd,  Helen  M.  Why  the  children  work.  The  children’s  answer.  McClure’s 

magazine,  Apr.  1913,  v.  40:  68-79.  AP2.M2,v.40 

417  Tompkins,  Juliet  Wilbor.  Turning  children  into  dollars.  Success  magazine, 

Dec.  1905,  v.  8:  799-801,  859-860;  Jail.  1906,  v.  9:  15-17,  45-56. 

HF5386.A2S4,v.8,9 

418  Towson,  C.  R.  The  employer  of  boys.  (In  Applied  ideals  in  work  with  boys, 

by  C.  W.  Crampton,  and  others.  New  York,  1910.  18cm.  p.  239-256) 

IIQ797.A7 

419  TJlm,  Aaron  Hardy.  The  plea  of  the  child  laborer.  North  American  review, 

June,  1909,  v.  189:  890-899.  AP2.N7,v.l89 

420  TJ.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Index  of  all  reports  issued  by  bureaus  of  labor  statis- 

tics in  the  United  States,  prior  to  March  1, 1902.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off., 
1902.  287  p.  23~2cm  . Z7164.L1U6 

IID8053.A25  1902 

Contains  references  to  the  material  on  child  labor  contained  in  the  various  reports. 

421  Report  on  condition  of  woman  and  child  wage-earners  in  the 

United  States.  In  19  volumes.  Prepared  under  the  direction  of  Chas.  P. 
Neill,  commissioner  of  labor.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1910-13.  19  v. 

tables.  23cm.  (61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.  Senate.  Doc.645)  IID6093.A4 

Contents.— i.  Cotton  textile  industry.  1910.— ir.  Men’s  ready-made  clothing.  1911.— m. 
Glass  industry.  1911.— iv.  The  silk  industry.  1911— v.  Wage-earning  women  in  stores  and  fac- 
tories. 1910. — vi.  The  beginnings  of  child  labor  legislation  in  certain  states;  a comparative  study 
...  by  Elizabeth  Lewis  Otey.  1910.— vir.  Conditions  under  which  children  leave  school  to  go 
to  work.  1910.— vm.  Juvenile  delinquency  and  its  relation  to  employment.  1911.— ix.  History 
of  women  in  industry  in  the  United  States  ...  by  Helen  L.  Sumner.  1910.— x.  History  of 
women  in  trade  unions  ...  by  John  B.  Andrews  and  W.  D.  P.  Bliss.  1911.— xi.  Employment 
of  women  in  the  metal  trades  ...  by  Lucian  W.  Chaney.  1911.— xu.  Employment  of  women  in 
laundries.  1911.— xm.  Infant  mortality  and  its  relation  to  the  employment  of  mothers.  1912. — 
xiv.  Causes  of  death  among  woman  and  child  cotton-mill  operatives  ...  by  Arthur  R.  Perry, 
M.  D.  1912.— xv.  Relation  between  occupation  and  criminality  of  women,  by  Mary  Conyngton. 
1911.— xvi.  Family  budgets  of  typical  cotton-mill  workers  . . . by  Wood  F.  Worcester  and  Daisy 
Worthington  Worcester.  1911. — xvn.  Hookworm  disease  among  cotton-mill  operatives  ...  by 
Ch.  Wardell  Stiles.  1912.— xvm.  Employment  of  women  and  children  in  selected  industries. 
1913. — xix.  Labor  laws  and  factory  conditions.  1912. 

422  Work  and  wages  of  men,  women,  and  children.  Washington, 

Govt,  print,  off.,  1897.  671  p.  23cm.  (Annual  report  of  the  commissioner  of 

labor,  11th,  1895-96)  IID8051.A3  1895-96 

Carroll  D.  Wright,  commissioner. 

Issued  also  in  the  Congressional  series,  no.  3545,  as  House  Doc.  341,  54th  Cong.,  2d  sess. 

Contains  statistics  relative  to  the  occupations  and  earnings  of  women  and  children;  relative 
elficiency  of  women  and  children  and  of  men  engaged  in  same  occupations;  comparison  of  earn- 
ings of  women  and  children  and  of  men  of  the  same  grade  of  efficiency;  reasons  for  the  employment 
of  women  and  girls. 

423  Bureau  of  labor  statistics.  Summary  of  the  report  on  condition  of 

woman  and  child  wage  earners  in  the  United  States.  December,  1915.  Wash- 
ington, Govt,  print,  off.,  1916.  445  p.  23cm.  (Bulletin  of  the  United  States 
Bureau  of  labor  statistics,  whole  no.  175.  Women  in  industry  series,  no.  5) 

HD8051.A62,no.l75 

424  Children’s  bureau.  Annual  report.  lst-3d,  1913-1915.  Washington, 

Govt,  print,  off.,  1914-16.  3 v.  23cm  HV741.A3 

1913:  Child  labor  studies:  p.  9-10, 14-15. 

1914:  Child  labor:  p.  11-12. 

1915:  Physical  standards  for  industry:  p.  21-24. 


42 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  0 N CHILD  LABOR. 


425  TJ.  S.  Industrial  commission.  Reports.  Washington,  Government  print- 

ing office,  1900-1902.  19  v.  23cm.  HC101.A3 

Vols,  5,  7,  9, 12—1 7, 19,  contain  Evidence,  etc.,  on  child  labor. 

426  Valesh,  Eva  McDonald.  Three  notable  lines  of  labor  work.  American 

federationist,  Nov.  1901,  v.  8:  457-462.  HD8055.A5A2,v.8 

Child  labor,  p.  459-462. 

427  Van  Vorst,  Bessie  11  Mrs.  John  Van  Vorst.”  The  cry  of  the  children; 

human  documents  in  the  case  of  the  new  slavery.  Saturday  evening  post,  Mar. 
10,  Apr.  14,  28.  May  5,  19,  July  7,  28,  Aug.  18,  1906,  v.  178:  1-3,  28-29;  3-5; 
10-11;  11-13;  12-13;  26-27;  v.  179:  12-13;  17-18;  17-18. 

AP2.S2,v.l78,179 

428  The  cry  of  the  children;  a study  of  child-labor;  with  an  introduction  by 

Albert  J.  Beveridge.  New  York,  Moffat,  Yard  and  company,  1908.  xiii, 
9-246  p.  19Ym  HD6250.U3V3 

429  and  Marie  Van  Vorst.  The  woman  who  toils;  being  the  experiences 

of  two  ladies  as  factory  girls.  New  York,  Doubleday,  Page  & company,  1903. 
ix  p.,  3 1.,  303  p.  front.,  plates,  ports.  20-|cm.  HD6068.Y2 

Contents.— Van  Vorst,  Mrs.  J.:  Introductory.  In  a Pittsburg  factory.  Perry,  a New  York 
mill  town.  Making  clothing  in  Chicago.  The  meaning  of  it  all.— Van  Vorst,  M.:  Introductory. 
A maker  of  shoes  at  L ynn.  The  southern  cotton  mills.  The  child  in  the  southern  mills . 

The  Library  of  Congress  has  also  the  French  ed.  HD6068.V23 

430  Wald,  L.  D.  Children  and  work.  Atlantic  monthly,  June,  1915,  v.  115:  806- 

817.  AP2.A8,v.ll5 

431  Walling,  William  English.  Child  labor  in  the  North:  a great  national  evil. 

Ethical  record,  Dec.  1902-Jan.  1903,  v.  4:  39-42.  BJl.E6,v.4 

432  Watson,  E.  J.  South  Carolina  and  the  child  labor  problem.  An  address  at 

Boston,  Jan.  14,  1910,  before  the  National  child  labor  conference.  (In  South 
Carolina.  General  assembly.  Reports  and  resolutions.  Columbia,  S.  C., 
1910.  24Rm.  v.  3,  p.  379-388.)  J87.S6  1910p,v.3 

433  Watson,  Frank  D.  The  child  labor  situation  in  Pennsylvania.  Charities  and 

the  Commons,  Mar.  30,  1907,  v.  17:  1110-1112.  HVl.C4,v.l7 

434  Waudby,  William  S.  Children  of  labor.  Frank  Leslie’s  popular  monthly, 

Apr.  1903.  v.  55:  545-556.  AP2.A346,v.55 

435  Wayne,  Flynn.  Shall  our  children  be  foot-pounds  of  mechanical  power? 

National  magazine,  Boston,  Apr.  1914,  v.  40:  147-150.  AP2.N34,v.40 

436  Weaver,  Eli  W.  Getting  in  touch  with  the  employer.  Journal  of  education, 

Apr.  10,  1913,  v.  77:  396-398.  Lll.J5,v.77 

437  Wells,  Emilie  Louise.  Woman  and  child  wage  earners  in  the  United  States. 

American  economic  review,  June,  1912,  v.  2:  436-442.  HBl.E26,v.2 

438  Weyl,  Walter  Edward  and  A.  M.  Sakolski.  Conditions  of  entrance  to  the 

principal  trades.  (In  U.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Bulletin  67.  Washington, 
1906,  p.  680-780)  HD8051.A5,no.67 

The  employment  of  women  and  children:  p.  720-731. 

439  White,  Frank  Marshall.  The  babies  who  work.  Harper’s  weekly,  Jan.  8, 

1910,  v.  54:  12-13.  AP2.H32,v.54 

440  White  child  slavery;  a symposium:  I.  Helen  Campbell.  II.  Solomon  Schind- 

ler. III.  Florence'  Kelley  Wischnewetzsky.  IV.  Jennie  June  (Jane  C. 
Cooley)  V.  A.  A Chevaillier.  VI.  C.  Orchardson.  Arena,  April,  1890, 
v.  1:  589-603.  AP2.A6,v.l 


441 

442 

443 

444 

445 

446 

447 

448 

449 

450 

451 

452 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


43 


Willoughby,  William  Franklin,  i.  Child  labor,  by  William  F.  Willoughby, 
ii.  Child  labor,  by  Miss  Clare  de  Graff enried.  [Baltimore] : American  economic 
association,  1890.  149  p.  23cm.  (Publications  of  the  American  economic 

association.  [Monographs]  v.  5,  no.  2)  HBl.A5,v.5,no.2 

The  first  paper  by  William  F.  Willoughby  is  treated  under  the  following  divisions:  Introduc- 
tion. Child  labor  in  England.  Child  labor  in  the  United  States.  The  political  economy  of 
child  labor,  and  Social  aspect  of  child  labor. 

Wilmarth,  Raymond  O.  Child  labor,  District  of  Columbia.  Survey,  Sept.  11, 
1909,  v.  22:  813-814.  HVl.C4,v.22 

Wilmer,  C.  B.  Humanity  and  economics,  with  special  reference  to  child  labor. 
{In  National  conference  of  charities  and  correction.  Proceedings,  1903. 
[Columbus,  0.]  1903.  23cm.  p.  166-180)  HY88.A3  1903 

Wisconsin.  Bureau  of  labor  and  industrial  statistics.  Biennial  report. 
Madison,  1884-1911.  23|cm.  HC107.W6A2 

8th,  1897-98:  Special  inspections;  Child  labor:  p.  490-554. 

9th,  1899-1900:  Child  labor  in  the  United  States:  p.  264-406. 

14th,  1909-1910:  Child  labor  in  Wisconsin:  p.  499-574. 

15th,  1910-11:  Child  labor:  p.  59-96. 

Child  labor.  [From  the  Ninth  biennial  report  of  the  Bureau  of 

labor  and  industrial  statistics  of  Wisconsin]  Madison,  Democrat  printing  com- 
pany, state  printer,  1900.  cover-title,  [263]-406  p.  22^cm. 

Child  labor  in  England,  p.  275-286.  HD6250.U4W6  1900 

Child  labor  in  Wisconsin  during  1898  and  1899,  p.  287-384. 

“The  child  labor  law  and  the  state  as  parens  patriae.  By  August  Charles  Backus”:  p.  385-404. 

Industrial  commission.  Bulletin,  v.  i.  Madison,  Wis.,  1912.  300  p. 

22^cm.  HD8053.W6A3 

Partial  contents.— No.  2.  Child  labor  law:  Essential  points  of  the  law;  Opinions  of  courts 
and  experts;  List  of  books  and  articles. 

No.  4.  The  Industrial  commission  and  its  predecessors;  Child  labor:  p.  183-188;  Street  trades,  p. 
189-190;  Compulsory  education,  p.  191-201;  Apprenticeship,  p.  202-206. 

No.  4 A.  Apprenticeship  law. 

No.  5.  Compulsory  school  attendance.  Essential  points  of  the  law;  Comment  and  explanation; 
Opinions  of  the  courts. 

Women  and  children  in  industry.  Data  for  women’s  clubs  and 

other  civic  organizations.  [Madison,  1914]  22  p.  23cm.  HD6095.W6 

Bibliography:  p.  11-22. 

Wise,  Stephen  S.  Justice  to  the  child.  American  academy  of  political  and 
social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1910,  v.  35:  35-41.  Hl.A4,v.35 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  135.  7 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l35 

United  States  should  abolish  child  labor.  Pacific  monthly,  Aug.  1909, 

v.  22:  127-130.  AP2.P15,v.22 

Womer,  Parley  Paul.  The  church  and  the  labor  conflict.  New  York,  The 
Macmillan  company,  1913.  x p.,  1 1.,  302  p.  20cm.  HD6338.W7 

The  protection  of  the  wage-earning  woman  and  child:  p.  162-183. 

Wood,  Mrs.  Mary  I.  (Stevens)  The  history  of  the  General  federation  of 
women’s  clubs  for  the  first  twenty-two  years  of  its  organization.  New  York, 
The  History  department,  General  federation  of  women’s  clubs  [c1912]  x, 
445  p.  front.,  ports.,  facsims.  21cm.  HQ1903.G6W7 

Arousing  sentiment  for  the  working  child,  p.  144-148,  173-174,  201,  233. 

Woodward,  Margaret.  Welfare  of  the  child  who  works.  Suburban  life,  Jan, 
1914,  v.  18:  42-43.  AP2.S93,v.l8 


44 

453 

454 

455 

456 

457 

458 

459 

460 

461 

462 

463 

464 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


Woodward,  S.  W.  A business  man’s  view  of  child  labor.  American  academy 
of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Mar.  1906,  v.  27:  361-363. 

Hl.A4,v.27 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  20,  p.  103-105;  Pamphlet 
no.  35.  3 p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.20;no.35 

Charities  and  the  Commons,  Mar.  3,  1906,  v.  15:  800-801.  HVl.C4,v.l5 
Woolley,  Mrs.  Helen  (Thompson).  Charting  childhood  in  Cincinnati. 
Survey,  Aug.  9,  1913,  v.  30:  601-606.  IIVl.C4,v.30 

The  supervision  of  working  children  under  the  Ohio  law.  (In  National 

conference  of  charities  and  correction.  Proceedings,  Baltimore,  1915.  Chi-  . 
cago,  1915.  23em.  p.  526-528)  1915 

Worcester,  Daisy  Worthington.  New  champions  of  an  old  evil.  Pearson’s 
magazine,  July,  1914,  v.  32:  53-63.  AP2.P35,v.32 

LEGISLATION. 

STATE  LEGISLATION  AND ‘ENFORCEMENT. 

Addams,  Jane.  The  operation  of  the  Illinois  child  labor  law.  American 
academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Mar.  1906,  v.  27 : 327-330. 

Hl.A4,v.27 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  20,  p.  69-72;  Pamphlet  no. 

29.  4 p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.20;no.20a;no.29 

Alabama.  Dept,  for  inspection  of  jails,  almshouses,  cotton  mills,  fac- 
tories, etc.  Annual  report  1909.  Montgomery,  Ala.,  1910.  23em.  j 

I1D3663.A2A3 

HV8320.A17 

Compulsory  education:  p.  9-11;  Child  labor  laws  and  means  of  enforcement:  p,  11-13. 

‘Annual  report  of  the  factory  inspector,  1912.  Montgomery,  Ala., 

1913.  144  p.  22^cm.  HD6250.U4A2 

Devoted  to  the  enforcement  of  the  Child  labor  law. 

American  association  for  labor  legislation.  Child  labor  legislation,  1911- 
1915.  (In  American  labor  legislation  review,  Oct.  1911,  v.  1:  69-86;  Oct.  { 
1912,  v.  2:  456-464;  Oct.  1913,  v.  3:  364-378;  Nov.  1914,  v.  4:  451-461;  Dec. 
1915,  v.  5:  694-721)  HD7833.A55,v.l-5 

The  American  year  book;  a record  of  events  and  progress  1915.  New  York 
and  London,  D.  Appleton  and  company,  1916.  862  p.  20Ym. 

Child  labor:  p.  392-393;  Legislation:  p.  275,  442-443.  E171.A585  1915 

Published  annually  since  1910. 

Anderson,  Neal  L.  Child  labor  legislation  in  the  South.  American  academy 
of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  May,  1905,  v.  25:  491-507. 

Hl.A4,v.25 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  2.  p.  79-95. 

IlD6250.U3N2,no.2 

(In  Louisiana.  Bureau  of  statistics  of  labor.  Report.  New  Orleans,  La. 
1906.  23cm.  p.  26-40.)  HC107.L8A2  1904-05 

Barnard,  J.  Lynn.  Factory  legislation  in  Pennsylvania:  its  history  and  ad- 
ministration. Philadelphia,  Pub.  for  the  University,  1907.  xi,  178  p.  25£cm. 
(Publication  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  Series  in  political  economy 
and  public  law.  no.  19)  HD3626.U6P42 

Early  child  labor  laws,  p'.  18-24;  Child  labor  campaign  1903-1905,  p.  86-105;  Child  labor  code, 
p.  135-163. 

Breckinridge,  Sophonisba  P.  Beginnings  of  child  labor  legislation.  Survey, 
Oct.  21,  1911,  v.  27:  1044-1045.  HVl.C4,v.27 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


45 


465  Breckinridge,  Sophonisba  P.  Child-labor  legislation.  Elementary  school 

teacher,  June,  1909,  v.  9:  511-516.  Lll.E6,v.9 

466  Bremer,  H.  M.  Iowa’s  gains  in  child  labor  laws  and  a woman’s  reformatory. 

Survey,  May  8,  1915,  v.  34:  145-146.  HVl.C4,v.34 

467  Bureau  of  municipal  research,  New  York.  A report  on  the  Division  of  child 

hygiene,  Department  of  health,  with  constructive  suggestions.  Prepared  for 
the  committee  of  the  Board  of  estimate  and  apportionment  on  health,  hospitals 
and  charities  inquiries,  by  the  Bureau  of  municipal  research,  New  York  city. 
[New  York,  M.  B.  Brown  printing  & binding  co.]  1911.  69,  [6]  p.  incl.  forms 

. tr  ^ (2  fold.)  23cm.  RA609.B8 

Employment  certificates:  p.  27,  42,  49-51,  71. 

4f>8  Cadwallader,  Starr.  The  enforcement  of  child  labor  legislation.  American 
academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Jan.  1907,  v.  29:  132-134. 

Hl.A4,v.29 

469  California  child  labor  law  sustained.  Charities  and  the  Commons,  Feb.  3,  1906, 

v.  15:  573-574.  IIVl.C4,v.l5 

470  Campbell,  Robert  Argyll.  Child  labor  law — District  of  Columbia.  American 

political  science  review,  Feb.  1909,  v.  3:  56-58.  JAl.A6,v.3 

471  Labor  legislation — Oklahoma.  American  political  science  review, 

Aug.  1909,  v.  3:  404-406.  JAl.A6,v.3 

472  Campbell,  Willard  A.  Pennsylvania’s  new  child  labor  law.  American  indus- 

tries, Sept.  1915,  v.  16:  21-22.  IID4802.A6,v.l6 

Editorial  comment:  p.  8-9. 

473  Carrigan,  Thomas  Charles.  The  law  & the  American  child.  [Worcester, 

Mass.,  1911]  [121]— 183  p.  24cm.  HY723.C2 

Bibliography:  p.  181-183. 

Reprinted  from  the  Pedagogical  seminary,  June,  1911,  vol.  xviii,  p.  121-183. 

Lll.P4,v.l8 

474  Chandler,  H.  A.  E.  With  Arizona’s  first  legislature.  Survey,  Aug.  17,  1912, 

v.  28:  647-648.  IIVl.C4,v.28 

Child  labor  law,  p.  648. 

475  Child  labor.  Elementary  school  journal,  Jan.  1915,  v.  15:  232-233. 

Lll.E6,v.l5 

476  Child  labor  and  legislation  in  Pennsylvania.  Addresses  by  Rudolph  Blanken- 

burg;  Julia  C.  Lathrop;  Mrs.  Florence  Kelley;  Charles  L.  Chute;  and  Owen 
R.  Lovejoy.  City  club  of  Philadelphia.  City  club  bulletin,  Feb.  5,  1913, 
v.  6:  228-240.  JS1261.C47,v.6 

477  Child  labor  bills  pending  in  twenty-seven  legislatures.  Survey,  Mar.  6,  1915, 

v.  33:  601-602.  HVl.C4,v.33 

478  Child  labor  legislation.  Schedules  of  existing  statutes  and  the  standard  child 

labor  law,  embodying  the  best  provisions  of  the  most  effective  measures  now  in 
force.  Handbook  1908.  Comp,  by  Josephine  Goldmark,  National  consumers’ 
league,  New  York  city.  Philadelphia,  The  American  academy  of  political 
and  social  science  [1908]  cover-title,  68  p.  24|cm.  (Supplement  to  the 
Annals  of  the  American  academy  of  political  and  social  science.  May,  1908) 

Hl.A4,v.31 

Supplement  containing  changes  in  laws,  May,  1908,  to  August,  1909.  Pre- 
pared by  Josephine  J.  Eschenbrenner.  National  child  labor  committee,  New 
York.  Pamphlet  no.  117.  16  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.ll7 

479  Chute,  Charles  L.  Child  labor  laws  of  Illinois  unchanged.  Survey,  May  27, 

1911,  v.  26:  332-333.  HVl.C4,v.26 


46 

480 

481 

482 

483 

484 

485 

486 

487 

488 

489 

490 

491 

492 

493 

494 

495 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


Chute,  Charles  L.  The  enforcement  of  child  labor  laws.  Child  labor  bulle- 
tin, Aug.  1912,  v.  1 : 108-113.  HD6250.U3N4,v.l 

Uniform  law  for  night  work  in  Pennsylvania.  Survey,  Apr.  15,  1911, 

v.  26:  112-113.  HVl.C4,v.26 

Clopper,  Edward  N.  The  needs  of  Indiana  in  child  labor  legislation.  National 
child  labor  committee.  New  York,  1910.  Pamphlet  no.  143.  11  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l43 

Ohio’s  child  labor  relief  law.  Survey,  Mar.  26,  1910,  v.  23:  981-982. 

HVl.C4,v.23 

Commons,  John  Rogers  and  John  B.  Andrews.  Principles  of  labor  legisla-* 
tion.  New  York  and  London,  Harper  & brothers  [1916]  7 p.  1.,  524  p.  diagrs. 
21cm.  [Harper’s  citizens  series,  ed.  by  W.  F.  Willoughby]  HD7834.C65 
See  Index  under  Child  labor:  p.  500. 

Compulsory  school  attendance.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1914.  137  p. 

23cm.  (U.  S.  Bureau  of  education.  Bulletin,  1914,  no.  2.  Whole  no.  573) 

Llll.A6,1914,no.2 

Tables  showing  child  labor — employments  prohibited,  hours  of  labor,  certificates,  etc.:  p.56-77. 

Conflicting  reports  on  child  labor  law  of  Massachusetts.  Survey,  Jan.  24,  1914. 
v.  31:  483.  HVl.C4,v.31 

Connecticut.  Board  of  education.  Report  of  the  Board  of  education,  1912- 
1913.  Hartford  [etc.]  1913.  587  p.  24cm.  L128.B14 

Summary  of  the  important  features  of  the  enforcement  of  the  child  labor  law:  p.  73-93. 

Construction  of  child  labor  statutes.  Yale  law  journal,  Dec.  1913,  v.  23: 
175-179. 

Davies,  Edgar  T.  The  enforcement  of  child  labor  legislation  in  Illinois. 
American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Jan.  1907,  v.  29: 
93-103.  Hl.A4,v.29 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  54.  11  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.54 

and  Barney  Cohen.  Proposed  Illinois  child  labor  law.  Child, 

Chicago,  Mar.  1913,  v.  2:  29-36.  HQ750.A2C3,v.2 

Denson,  Daisy.  The  first  child  labor  law  enacted  in  North  Carolina.  Chari- 
ties, Apr.  25,  1903,  v.  10:  410-411.  HVl.C4,v.lO 

Dewavrin,  Maurice.  La  protection  legale  du  travail  des  femmes  et  des  enfants 
aux  Etats-Unis.  Revue  politique  et  parlementaire,  Oct.  10,  1910,  v.  66: 
102-115.  ' H3.R4,v.66 

Downey,  Ezekiel  Henry.  History  of  labor  legislation  in  Iowa.  Iowa  City, 
la..  State  historical  society  of  Iowa,  1910.  x p.,  1 1.,  283  p.  24Jcm.  (Iowa 
economic  history  series)  HD7835.I6D7 

Child  labor  legislation:  p.  110-147. 

Notes  and  references:  p.  239-246. 

Edwards,  Alba  M.  The  labor  legislation  of  Connecticut.  [New  York,  Pub. 
for  the  American  economic  association  by  the  Macmillan  company;  etc., 
etc.,  1907]  viii,  322  p.  25em.  (Publications  of  the  American  economic 
association.  Third  series,  vol.  viii,  no.  3)  HD7835.C8E2 

HBl.A5,3d  ser.v.8 

Child  labor,  p.  1-73;  Hours  of  labor,  and  the  economic  effects  of  the  restrictions  on  child  and 
woman  labor,  p.  74-99;  Digest  of  the  child  labor  laws  of  Connecticut,  p.  319-322. 

Erickson,  Halford.  Child  labor  legislation  and  methods  of  enforcement  in 
northern  central  states.  American  academy  of  political  and  social  science. 
Annals,  May,  1905,  v.  25:  467-479.  Hl.A4,v.25 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  2,  p.  55-67;  Pamphlet  no.  7, 
13  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.2;no.7 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


47 


496  Evans,  Orrena  Louise.  The  children’s  code  of  Ohio.  American  political 

science  review,  Nov.  1913,  v.  7:  647-650.  JAl.A6,v.7 

Child  labor,  p.  649-650. 

497  Fairchild,  Fred  Rogers.  The  factory  legislation  of  the  state  of  New  York. 

London,  For  the  American  economic  association  by  the  Macmillan  company; 
[etc.,  etc.]  1905.  iv  p.,  1 1.,  218  p.  24^cm.  (Publications  of  the  American 
economic  association.  3d  series,  vol.  vi,  no.  4)  HBl.A5,3d  ser.v.6 

Child  labor,  p.  109-143. 

498  Farnam,  Henry  W.  The  relation  of  state  and  federal  legislation  to  the  child 

labor  problem.  {In  Child  labor  conference.  Hartford,  Conn.,  1908.  Report 
of  the  proceedings  . . . [Hartford]  1909.  22cm.  p.  32-39) 

HD6250.U4C8  1908 

499  Folks,  Homer.  Enforcement  of  child  labor  laws.  American  academy  of 

political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1910,  v.  35:  91-95. 

Hl.A4,v.35 

500  Fox,  Hugh  F.  The  operation  of  the  new  child  labor  law  in  New  Jersey.  Ameri- 

can academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  May,  1905,  v.  25:  522-541. 

Hl.A4,v.25 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  2,  p.  110-129;  Pamphlet 
no.  15.  20  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.2;no.l5 

501  Freeman,  William.  The  legal  regulation  of  labor.  Lawyer  and  banker,  June, 

1914,  v.  7:  188-203. 

Construction  of  child  labor  statutes,  p.  193-197. 

502  Frost,  Edward  W.  The  operation  of  the  Wisconsin  child  labor  law.  American  • 

academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Mar.  1906,  v.  27:  357-360. 

Hl.A4,v.27 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  20,  p.  99-102;  Pamphlet 
no.  34.  4 p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.20;no.34 

503  Gordon,  Jean  M.  New  Louisiana  child  labor  law.  Charities  and  the  Com- 

mons, Dec.  26,  1908,  v.  21:  480-481.  HVl.C4,v.21 

504  Guild,  Curtis.  Child  labor  legislation  in  Massachusetts.  American  academy  of 

political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1910,  v.  35:  7-12. 

Hl.A4,v.35 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  129.  7 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l29 

505  Hall,  Fred  S.  Pennsylvania’s  child  labor  laws.  Survey,  May  29,  1909,  v.  22: 

321-324.  HVl.C4,v.22 

506  — ‘‘Poverty  exceptions”  in  child  labor  laws.  National  child  labor  com- 

mittee, New  York,  Leaflet  no.  26.  Mar.  1909.  15  p.  15|cm. 

HD6250.U3N19,no.26 

507  Hall,  George  A.  New  child  labor  legislation  in  New  York.  Survey,  Oct.  25, 

1913,  v.  31:  89-90.  HYi.C4,v.31 

508  Proper  issuance  of  work  permits.  National  child  labor  committee,  New 

York.  The  child  labor  bulletin,  May,  1914,  v.  3,  no.  1:  107-115. 

HD6250.U3N4,v.3,no.l 

509  Harris,  Henry  J.  The  essentials  of  a child  labor  law  for  the  District  of  Co- 

lumbia. American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  AnnaL,  Mar.  1906, 
v.  27:  364-370.  Hl.A4,v.27 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  20,  p.  106-112;  Pamphlet 
no.  36.  7 p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.20,no.36 


48 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


510  Haynes,  Frederick  Emory.  Child  labor  legislation  in  Iowa.  Iowa  City,  la., 

State  historical  society  of  Iowa,  1914.  79  p.  23|cm.  (Iowa  applied  history 

series,  ed.  by  B.  F.  Shambaugh.  [vol.  ii,  no.  10])  On  cover:  Reprinted  from 
volume  two  of  the  Iowa  applied  history  series  published  at  Iowa  City  in  1914 
by  the  State  historical  society  of  Iowa.  HC107.l7A6,v.2 

HD6250.U4I8  1914 

511  Hollis,  John  Porter.  Child  labor  legislation  in  the  Carolinas.  American 

academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911, 
v.  38:  114-117.  Hl.A4,v.38 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  159.  5 p. 

HD6250.U3N2, no.159 

512  Huber,  Mrs.  C.  J.  Enforcing  the  child  labor  law  in  Florida.  Charities  and  the 

Commons,  Jan.  9,  1909,  v.  21:  652.  * IIVl.C4,v.21 

513  Kelley,  Mrs.  Florence.  Child  labor  legislation.  American  academy  of  politi- 

cal and  social  science,  Annals,  July,  1902,  v.  20:  153-164.  IIl.A4,v.20 

514  Child  labor  legislation.  (In  La  Follette,  Robert  Martin,  ed.  The  mak- 

ing of  America.  Chicago,  1906.  25cm.  v.  8,  p.  56-69)  IIC103.L25,v.8 

515  Child  labor  legislation.  Case  and  comment,  Jan.  1911.  v.  17:  379-382. 

516  Child  labor  legislation  and  enforcement  in  New  England  and  the  Middle 

states.  American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  May,  1905, 
v.  25:  480-490.  IIl.A4,v.25 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  2,  p.  68-78. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.2 

517  An  effective  child-labor  law.  American  academy  of  political  and 

social  science,  Annals,  May,  1903,  v.  21:  438-445.  Hl.A4,v.21 

518  Die  gesetzliche  Regelung  der  Kinderarbeit  im  Staate  Illinois.  Archiv 

fur  soziale  Gesetzgebung  und  Statistik,  1898,  v.  12:  530-550.  II5.A8,v.l2 

519  Has  Illinois  the  best  laws  in  the  country  for  the  protection  of  children? 

American  journal  of  sociology,  Nov.  1904,  v.  10:  298-314.  IIMl.A7,v.lO 

520  The  Illinois  child-labor  law.  American  journal  of  sociology,  Jan.  1898,  ■ 

v.  3:  490-501.  HMl.A7,v.3  ! 

521  Illinois  child  labor  law.  Survey,  June  10,  1911,  v.  26:  414. 

HV1.C4,v.26 

522  Laws  for  the  children’s  welfare.  An  ideal  attainable  in  1920:  Child 

labor;  Compulsory  education.  (In  National  education  association,  Journal  of 
proceedings  and  addresses  . . . 1908.  Winona,  Minn.  1908.  231cm.  p. 
1222-1228)  L13.N4  1908 

523  — Obstacles  to  the  enforcement  of  child  labor  legislation.  American 

academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Jan.  1907,  v.  29:  50-56. 

Hl.A4,v.29 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  46.  7 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.46 

524  On  some  changes  in  the  legal  status  of  the  child  since  Blackstone.  Inter- 

national review,  Aug.  1882,  v.  18:  83-98.  AP2.I7S,v.l8 

525  Some  ethical  gains  through  legislation.  New  York,  London,  The  Mac- 

millan company,  1905.  x,  341  p.  19em.  (The  citizen’s  library  of  economics, 
politics,  and  sociology,  ed.  by  R.  T.  Ely)  HN64.K29 

“The  right  to  childhood:  Young  children  working  in  tenement  houses;  Young  children  in 
domestic  work ; Children  in  street  occupations;  Telegraph  and  messenger  boys;  Children  in  retail 
trade;  Children  in  manufacture;  The  glass  bottle  industry;  ” p.  3-57;  “ The  child,  the  state,  and 
the  nation:”  p.58-104. 


526 

527 

528 

529 

530 

531 

532 

533 

534 

535 

536 

537 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


49 


Kelley,  Mrs.  Florence.  What  constitute  effective  ch  ild  labor  laws.  (In  Louisi- 
ana. Bureau  of  statistics  of  labor.  Report,  1904-05.  New  Orleans,  La.  1906. 
23cm.  p.  40-46)  IIC107.L8A2  1904-5 

Kingsbury,  Susan  Myra,  ed.  Labor  laws  and  their  enforcement,  with  special 
reference  to  Massachusetts,  by  Charles  E.  Persons,  Mabel  Parton,  Mabelle 
Moses,  and  three  “fellows”;  ed.  by  Susan  M.  Kingsbury.  New  York  [etc.] 
Longmans,  Green,  and  co.,  1911.  xxii,  419  p.  pi.,  fold,  tables,  fold,  diagr. 
23|cm.  (Women’s  educational  and  industrial  union,  Boston.  Dept,  of  re- 
search. Studies  in  economic  relations  of  women,  vol.n  ) 

HD6083.U6M2 

Contents.— Preface,  by  E.  F.  Gay.— Introduction,  by  S.  M.  Kingsbury.— The  early  history  of. 
factory  legislation  in  Massachusetts,  by  C.  E.  Persons.— Unregulated  conditions  in  women’s  work, 
by  Mabel  Parton  and  Caroline  Manning. — Weakness  of  the  Massachusetts  child  labor  laws,  by 
Grace  F.  Ward.— Administration  of  labor  legislation  in  the  United  States,  wi(h  special  reference  to 
Massachusetts,  by  Edith  Reeves  and  Caroline  Manning.— Labor  laws  of  Massachusetts,  1902-1910, 
by  Edith  Reeves. — The  regulation  of  private  employment  agencies  in  the  United  States,  by  Ma- 
belle Moses. 

See  Index  under  Child  labor  and  Child  labor  legislation. 

Lindsay,  Samuel  McCune.  How  to  make  child  labor  legislation  more  effec- 
tive. Child  labor  bulletin,  May,  1913,  v.  2,  no.  1:  63-73. 

HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  197.  12  p. 

HD6250.TJ3N2,no.l97 

When  Congress  acts  as  a state  legislature.  [Child  labor  law  for  the 

District  of  Columbia]  Charities  and  the  Commons,  Mar.  3,  1906,  v.  15:  755- 
757.  HVl.C4,v.l5 

Lindsey,  Ben  B.  Child  labor  legislation  and  methods  of  enforcement  in  the 
Western  states.  American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals, 
May,  1905,  v.  25:  508-515.  Hl.A4,v.25 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  2,  p.  96-103;  Pamphlet  no. 
6.  8 p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.2;no.6 

Loos,  Isaac  A.  Child  labor  legislation  in  Iowa.  Iowa  journal  of  history  and 
politics,  Oct.  1905,  v.  3:  562-582.  F616.I5,v.3 

Love  joy,  Owen  It.  Better  child  labor  laws  in  1911.  New  York,  1911.  8 p. 

tab.  23cin.  (National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  167) 

IID6250.U3N2, no.167 

Child  labor  laws  not  drastic.  Independent,  June  26,  1913,  v.  74:  1444- 

1445.  AP2.I53,v.74 

“ Protest  to  an  editorial  on  the  Florida  child  labor  bill.”  • 

The  duty  of  superintendents  in  the  enforcement  of  child  labor  laws 

(In  National  education  association.  Journal  of  proceedings  and  addresses, 
1912.  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.  1912.  24em.  p.  401-408)  L13.N4  1912 

The  employment  certificate  the  keynote  of  child  labor  reform.  Wom- 
an’s home  companion,  Nov.  1906,  v.  33:  16,  74-75.  AP2.W714,v.33 

Legislation  advocated  by  the  National  child  labor  committee.  (In 

Child  labor  conference.  Hartford,  Conn.,  1908.  Report  of  the  proceedings 
. . . [Hartford]  1909.  22cm.  p.  18-21)  IID6250.U4C8  1908 

The  test  of  effective  child-labor  legislation.  American  academy  of 

political  and  social  science,  Annals,  May,  1905,  v.  25:  459-466.  Hl.A4,v.25 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet,  no.  2,  p.  47-54;  no.  5.  8 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.2;no.5 


44193°— 16 4 


50 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  OFT  CHILD  LABOR. 


538  McDowell,  James  R.  The  difficulties  of  child  labor  legislation  in  a southern 

state  [Mississippi].  American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  An- 
nals, Supplement,  Mar.  1909,  v.  33:  166-171.  IIl.A4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  109.  6 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l09 

539  McKelway,  A.  J.  Arkansas  child  labor  law  secured  by  the  initiative.  Survey 

Oct.  10,  1914,  v.  33:  44.  ‘ HVl.C4,v.33* 

540  The  child  and  the  law.  American  academy  of  political  and  social 

science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1909,  v.  33:  63-72.  Hl.A4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  110.  10  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.ll0 

541  Child  labor  and  child  labor  legislation  in  the  South.  ( In  National  con- 

ference of  charities  and  correction.  Proceedings,  Baltimore,  1915.  Chicago, 
1915.  23cm.  p.  514-518.)  HV88.A3  1915 

542  Standards  of  legislation  for  women  and  children  in  the  southern  states. 

(In  National  conference  of  charities  and  correction.  Proceedings,  1911. 
Fort  Wayne,  1911.  23cm.  p.186-190)  HV88.A3  1911 

543  Maryland.  Bureau  of  statistics  and  information.  23d-24th  annual  report 

...1914-1915.  Baltimore,  1915-16.  2v.  23cm.  HC107.M3A15  1914,15 

1914:  Issuance  of  employment  certificates:  p.  9-47.  Issuance  of  employment  certificates  fh  the 
counties:  p.  139—161. 

1915:  Contribution  of  children  of  Baltimore  to  world’s  work  of  1915,  p.  40-75;  Issuance  of  em- 
ployment certificates  in  counties  other  than  western  Maryland,  p.  180-191. 

544  Massachusetts.  State  board  of  labor  and  industries.  Brief  on  the  laws 

relating  to  employment  of  women  and  children.  Boston,  1914.  4 p. 

545  Bulletin  no.  1-3.  August,  1913-November,  1913.  Boston,  1913. 

3 v.  23£cra. 

Contents.— 1.  Laws  relating  to  the  employment  of  women  and  children;  with  a summary  for 
the  information  of  employers  of  labor.  63  p. — 2.  Laws  relating  to  school  attendance  and  the  em- 
ployment of  minors ; with  an  explanation  for  the  use  of  school  authorities.  49  p.— 3.  Laws  relating 
to  labor  enforced  by  the  State  board  of  labor  and  industries.  1913.  104  p. 

546  Report  on  the  effect  of  the  child  labor  law  of  1913  to  the  State 

board  of  labor  and  industries.  March  27,  1914.  Boston,  Wright  & Potter 
printing  co.,  state  printers,  1914.  94  p.  23cm.  ([General  court,  1914]  House. 

[Doc.]  2552)  HD6250.U4M48  1914 

The  report  of  an  investigation  made  under  the  supervision  of  Mr.  Robert  A.  Woods,  of  Boston 
by  direction  of  the  State  board  of  labor  and  industries,  and  issued  as  a supplement  to  its  annual 
report. 

547  The  Massachusetts  child  labor  law.  Textile  world  record,  Sept.  1913,  v. 

45:  65.  TS1300.T36,v.45 

548  Mending  the  Maryland  child  labor  law.  Survey,  Apr.  25,  1914,  v.  32:  87. 

Hyi.C4,v.32 

549  Minor,  Jeanie  V.  Proof-of-age  records.  American  academy  of  political  and 

social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1910,  v.  35:  127-129.  Hl.A4,v.35 

550  Morgan,  J.  H.  The  child  labor  laws  of  the  Ohio  valley.  American  academy 

of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Jan.  1907,  v.  29:  61-70.  Hl.A4,v.29 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  48.  10  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.48 

551  Morrison,  Henry  C.  Enforcement  of  child  labor  laws  in  New  Hampshire. 

American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar. 
1910,  v.  35:  103-110.  Hl.A4,v.35 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


51 


552 


553 

554 


555 


556 


557 


558 

559 


560 


National  child  labor  committee,  New  York.  Child  labor  laws  in  all  states. 
New  York,  National  child  labor  committee  [1912]  cover-title,  3 1.,  124  p. 
224 em.  (The  child  labor  bulletin,  v.  1,  no.  2)  IID6250.U3N4 

HD6243.U5N3 

Contents.— Summary  of  state  laws.— The  uniform  child  labor  law.— The  enforcement  of  child 
labor  laws  [by]  Charles  L.  Chute. — Street  trades  and  their  regulation:  a symposium  [by]  Edward 
N.  Clopper,  Zenas  L.  Potter,  Lillian  A.  Quinn. 

For  later  compilation  see  no.  571  in  this  list. 

More  protection  for  working  children.  Child  labor  bulletin,  Nov.  1913, 

v.  2,  no.  3.  72  p.  HD6250.U3N4,v.2,no.3 

Summary  of  laws  enacted  in  1913,  supplements  issue  of  bulletin  for  Aug.  1912. 

New  child  labor  law  for  Pennsylvania.  Survey,  May  15,  1915,  v.  34:  149. 

HVl.C4,v.34 

New  Hampshire.  Children’s  commission.  Report  of  the  Children’s  com- 
mission to  the  governor  and  legislature,  January,  1915.  Concord,  N.  H. 
[Printed  by  J.  B.  Clarke  co.,  Manchester]  1914.  136  p.  22Jcm. 

HV742.N4A5  1914 

Child  labor  conditions:  p.  43;  Digest  of  child  labor  laws:  p.  127-129. 

New  York  (City)  Bureau  of  child  hygiene.  The  Bureau  of  child  hygiene 
of  the  Department  of  health  of  the  city  of  New  York,  by  S.  Josephine  Baker  . . . 
3d  ed.,  rev.  and  enl.  [New  York]  1915.  160  p.  23cm.  (Dept,  of  health  of 

the  city  of  New- York.  Monograph  series,  no.  4,  Jan.  1915) 

Issuance  of  employment  certificates:  p.  147-157.  RA122.N585,no.4 

New  York  (State)  Bureau  of  factory  inspection.  Children’s  employ- 
ment certificates  issued  by  local  boards  of  health.  {In  its  Annual  report,  1908, 
p.  134-143;  1909,  p.  164-173;  1910,  p.  172-181;  1911,  p.  224-235) 

HC107.N7A2 

Department  of  labor.  Bureau  of  inspection.  Number  of  chil- 
dren’s employment  certificates  issued  by  Boards  of  health  in  first  and  second 
class  cities.  New  York.  Dept,  of  labor.  Bulletin,  Sept.  1913,  v.  15:  458. 

HC107.N7A5 

Nicholes,  Anna  E.  From  school  to  work  in  Chicago;  a study  of  the  central 
office  that  grants  labor  certificates.  Charities  and  the  Commons,  May  12,  1906, 
v.  16:  231-235.  HVl.C4,v.l6 

Ogburn,  William  Fielding.  Progress  and  uniformity  in  child-labor  legislation; 
a study  in  statistical  measurement.  New  York,  Columbia  university;  [etc., 
etc.]  1912.  219  p.  incl.  tables,  diagrs.  25cm.  (Studies  in  history,  economics, 

and  public  law,  ed.  by  the  Faculty  of  political  science  of  Columbia  university, 
vol.  xlviii,  no.  2,  whole  no.  121)  H31.C7,v.48,no.2 

HD6243.U505 

“A  description  of  the  child-labor  laws  of  the  United  States  during  the  past  third  of  a century." 

Ohio.  Industrial  commission.  Schooling  certificates  and  the  employment  of 
minors.  {In  its  Bulletin,  Dec.  1,  1913,  v.  1,  p.  4-5)  HD8053.O3A4 

Pennsylvania.  Bureau  of  vocational  education.  A digest  of  the  decisions 
of  the  attorney  general  interpreting  the  child  labor  act  of  1915,  and  directions 
for  the  issuance  of  employment  certificates.  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  1916.  16  p. 

23cm.  (Bulletin  6) 

The  Pennsylvania  child  labor  act  and  continuation  schools. 

Harrisburg,  Pa.,  1915.  26  p.  23cm.  (Bulletin  5) 

Pennsylvania  child  labor  association.  [Pamphlets]  Philadelphia,  1912- 
1913.  5 v.  15£-23cm. 

Pennsylvania’s  problem;  A proposed  child  labor  law;  Outline  of  the  Walnut  child  labor  bill; 
On  the  firing  line;  Some  facts  relating  to  the  child  labor  bill.  1913. 


52 

505 

566 

567 

568 

569 

570 

571 

572 

573 

574 

575 

576 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


Roszelle,  Edward  M.  Legislation  proposed  by  the  labor  unions.  (In  Child 
labor  conference.  Hartford,  Conn.,  1908.  Report  of  the  proceedings  . . . 
[Hartford]  1909  . 22cm.  p.21-23.)  HD6250.U4C8 . 1908 

Scott,  Laura.  Summary  of  laws  in  force  1910;  child  labor.  New  York,  1910. 
139  p.  23em.  (Legislative  review  no.  5.  American  association  for  labor 
legislation)  HD7833.A5 

Sheets,  Nellie  F.  Notes  on  current  legislation:  Child  labor:  Mississippi  and 
Kentucky.  American  political  science  review,  Nov.  1908,  v.  2:  569-571. 

JAl'.A6,v.2 

Stimson,  Frederic  Jesup.  Handbook  to  the  labor  law  of  the  United  States. 
New  York,  C.  Scribner’s  sons,  1896.  2 p.  1.,  [vii]-xxii,  (2),  385  p.  19cm. 

Treats  of  laws  regulating  child  labor  in  the  various  states.  HD 7834. S8 

Popular  law-making;  a study  of  the  origin,  history,  and  present  tenden- 
cies of  law-making  by  statute.  New  York,  C.  Scribner’s  sons,  1911.  xii  p., 
1 1.,  390  p.  22 Ym-  JF432.U6S8  1911 

Child  labor,  p.  221-22G. 

Swift,  W.  H.  Why  it  is  hard  to  get  good  child  labor  laws  in  the  South.  New 
York  city,  National  child  labor  committee  [1914?]  6 p.  23cm.  (National 
child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  235)  Reprinted  from  the  Child  labor 
bulletin,  v.  3,  no.  1,  May  1914.  HD6250.U3N4,v.3 

Taylor,  Florence  I.  comp.  Child  labor  laws  in  all  the  states.  Comp,  by 
Florence  I.  Taylor,  July,  1915.  New  York,  National  child  labor  committee, 
1915.  64  p.  23cm.  (Pamphlet  no.  249) 

TJ.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Report  on  condition  of  woman  and  child  wage- 
earners  in  the  United  States,  v.  6.  The  beginnings  of  child  labor  legislation 
in  certain  states;  a comparative  study.  By  Elizabeth  Lewis  Otey.  Wash- 
ington, Govt,  print,  off.,  1910.  225  p.  23cm.  (61st  Cong.  2d  sess.  Senate. 

Doc.  645.  v.  6)  HD6093.A4,v.6 

Contents.— Employment  of  children  iu  the  colonies;  Public  opinion  and  child  labor  in  the 
nineteenth  century;  Children  in  the  cotton  industry;  a historical  sketch;  Child  labor  legislation 
prior  to  1860:  Introduction;  Massachusetts;  Rhode  Island;  Connecticut;  Vermont;  New  Hamp- 
shire; Maine;  New  York;  New  Jersey;  Pennsylvania;  Delaware;  Maryland,  and  Ohio;  Child  labor 
legislation  in  four  Southern  states:  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama;  Con- 
clusion. 

v.  19.  Labor  laws  and  factory  conditions.  Washington, 

Govt,  print,  off.,  1912.  1125  p.  23om.  (61st  Cong.  2d  sess.  Senate.  Doc. 

645.  v.  19.)  HD6093.A4,v.l9 

Bureau  of  labor  statistics.  Decisions  of  courts  affecting  labor.  1912, 

1913,1914,1915.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1913-1916.  4 v.  23cm. 
(Its  Bulletin  no.  112, 152, 169,  189.)  HD8051.A62 

See  Indexes  for  decisions  relating  to  the  employment  of  children. 

Labor  laws  of  the  United  States,  with  decisions  of  courts  relating 

thereto.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1914.  2 v.  (Its  Bulletin  no.  148) 

HD7833.A4  1914 

See  Index,  v.  2,  p.  2450-2453  for  laws  relating  to  employment  of  children  in  various  trades,  age 
limit,  certificates,  night  work,  hours  of  labor,  etc.  etc. 

Labor  legislation  of  1914.  1915.  290  p.  (Its  Bulletin,  no.  166) 

Labor  legislation  of  1915.  1916.  494  p.  (Its  Bulletin,  no.  186) 

Children’s  bureau.  Administration  of  child  labor  laws.  Pt.  1.  Wash- 
ington, Govt,  print,  off.,  1915.  69 p.  fold,  diagrs.,  forms.  24^cm.  (Industrial 
series,  no.  2.  Bureau  publication,  no.  12.)  HD6250.IJ3A4  1915a 

HY741.A32 

Pt.  1.  Employment  certificate  system,  Connecticut,  by  Helen  L.  Sumner  and  Ethel  E.  Hanks. 

Pt.  2.  Employment  certificate  system,  New  York,  by  Helen  L.  Sumner  and  Ethel  E.  Hanks. 

In  press.— Reports  on  Maryland,  Massachusetts,  Ohio,  and  Wisconsin,  in  progress. 


577 

578 

579 

580 

581 

582 

583 

584 

585 

586 

587 

588 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


53 


17.  S.  Children’s  bureau.  Child  labor  legislation  in  the  United  States,  by 
Helen  L.  Sumner  and  Ella  A.  Merritt.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1915. 
1131  p.  tables  (part  fold.)  24^em.  (Industrial  series,  no.  1.  Bureau  pub- 
lication, no.  10)  HD6243.U5A4  1915 

HV741.A32,no.l0 

" Analytical  tables”:  p.27-475. 

"Text  of  laws”  [of  the  several  states  and  territories,  the  District  of  Columbia,  the  Philippine 
Islands  and  Porto  Rico]:  p.  477-1106. 

Separates,  numbered  1 to  54,  have  also  been  issued,  as  reprints.  No.  1 contains  the  “ Analytical 
tables”  and  no.  2-54  contain  the  laws  of  the  several  states,  etc.,  arranged  alphabetically:  no.  2, 
Alabama;  no.  3,  Alaska;  No.  10,  District  of  Columbia,  etc.,  etc., 

Congress.  House.  Committee  on  the  District  of  Columbia. 

Child  labor  in  the  District  of  Columbia.  Report.  Apr.  6, 1906.  [Washington, 
Govt,  print,  off.,  1906.]  5 p.  23£cm.  (59th  Cong.  1st  eess.  House.  Rept. 
2949.)  Ser.  no.  4907 

Employment  of  child  labor  in  the  District  of  Columbia  . . . 

Report.  [To  accompany  II.  R.  16063]  [Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1908] 
8 p.  23em.  (60th  Cong.,  1st  sess.  House.  Rept.  1524) 

IID6243.U5A4  1908 

Report  of  hearings  of  March  13  and  16,  1906,  on  S.  1243, 

providing  for  compulsory  education  in  the  District  of  Columbia;  and  H.  R. 
375  and  5974,  to  regulate  child  labor  in  the  District  of  Columbia  . . . Wash- 
ington, Govt,  print,  off.,  1906.  62  p.  23cm.  LC132.D6A3 

Laws,  statutes,  etc.  59th  Cong.  1st  sess.  II.  R.  17838.  A bill  to 

regulate  the  employment  of  child  labor  in  the  District  of  Columbia.  Apr.  6, 
1906.  7 p.  23icm. 

Valesh,  Eva  McDonald.  Child  labor.  American  federationist,  Mar.  1907, 
v.  14:  157-173.  IID8055.A5A2,v.l4 

Abstract  of  state  laws,  p.  158-161. 

Child  labor  legislation.  American  federationist,  Aug.  1909,  v.  16:  672- 

675.  HD8055.A5A2,v.l6 

Van  der  Vaart,  Harriet.  Has  the  Illinois  child  labor  law  brought  distress? 

Charities,  Sept.  5,  1903,  v.  11:  191-192.  IIVl.C4,v.ll 

Watson,  E.  J.  Enforcement  of  child  labor  laws  in  South  Carolina.  American 
academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1910,  v.  35: 
96-102.  Hl.A4,v.35 

White,  Sophie  D.  Court  decisions  affecting  child  labor:  1902-1914.  Child 
labor  bulletin,  Feb.  1916,  v.  4,  no.  4:  207-212.  HD6250.U3N4,v.4,no.4 

Whitin,  Ernest  Stagg.  Factory  legislation  in  Maine.  New  York,  Columbia 
university,  Longmans,  Green  & co.,  agents;  [etc.,  etc.]  1908.  145  p.  25cm. 
(Studies  in  history,  economics,  and  public  law,  ed.  by  the  Faculty  of  political 
science  of  Columbia  university,  vol.  xxxm,  no.  1)  HD7835.M2W5 

H31.C7,v.33,no.l 

Early  child  labor  laws,  1847-1855,  p.  26-46. 

Expansion  of  factory  legislation,  1887-1903:  Employment  of  children,  p.  85-101. 

Child  labor  campaign,  1905-1907,  p.  102-122. 

Administration  and  the  factory  law,  1908:  Child  labor,  p.  130-138.  Street  trades,  p.  137-138. 
Whittelsey,  Sarah  Scovill.  Massachusetts  labor  legislation;  an  historical  and 
critical  study  . . . with  an  introduction  by  A.  T.  Iladley.  [Philadelphia, 
American  academy  of  political  & social  science,  1900]  157  p.  table.  24-|cm. 

HD7835.M4W6 

American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Jan.  1901. 

Bibliography:  p.  145-157. 

Early  child  labor  laws,  1867,  p.  9-12;  Later  child  labor  laws,  1876-1890,  p.  16-21,  66-67,  83-85; 
"Digest  of  the  labor  laws  of  Massachusetts:  I.  Regulation  of  child  labor,”  p.  113;  n.  " Hours  ol 
labor  of  women  and  children,”  p.  113-116. 


54 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


589  Williamson,  Emily  E . Child  labor  legislation.  American  academy  of  political 

and  social  science,  Annals,  May,  1903,  v.  21:  446—451.  Hl.A4,v.21 

A synopsis  of  a report  to  the  National  conference  of  charities  and  correction  held  at  Atlanta, 
May  6-13,  1903,  arranged  by  states. 

590  Woolley,  Mrs.  Helen  Bradford  (Thompson).  The  issuing  of  working  permits 

and  its  bearing  on  other  school  problems,  [n.  p.,  1915]  7 p.  27cm. 
“Reprinted  from  School  and  society,  v.  1,  no.  21,  p.  726-733,  May  22, 191'/’. 

UNIFORM  LEGISLATION. 

591  Conference  of  commissioners  on  uniform  state  laws.  Proceedings. 

Danbury,  Conn,  [etc.]  1910-1913.  4 v.  22^cm.  . JK2439.A3 

1910:  Report  of  the  Special  committee  on  a uniform  child  labor  law:  p.  190-211. 

1911:  Second  report:  p.  175-176. 

1913:  Committee  continued:  p.  58. 

592  The  uniform  child  labor  law  as  approved  and  recommended  by  the  Con- 

ference of  commissioners  on  uniform  state  laws.  4th  ed.  rev.  Feb.,  1912.  New 
York,  1912.  24  p.  23cm. 

593  Special  committee  on  a uniform  child  labor  law.  Report  of  the 

Special  committee  on  a uniform  child  labor  law.  Boston,  Wright  & Potter 
printing  co.,  state  printers,  1910.  30  p.  23^cm.  HD6250.U3C6 

Hollis  R.  Bailey,  chairman. 

Submitted  “to  the  Commissioners  on  uniform  state  laws  in  twentieth  national  conference.” 
Also  printed  in  American  bar  association.  Report,  1910,  p.  1151-1178. 

594  Kelley,  Mrs.  Florence.  What  should  we  sacrifice  to  uniformity?  American 

academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911, 
v.  38:  24-30.  Hl.A4,v.38 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  160.  8 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l60 

595  Kendall,  Henry  P.  The  effect  of  uniform  labor  standards  on  interstate  compe- 

tition. Child  labor  bulletin,  May,  1915,  v.  4:  27-35.  HD6250.U3N4,v.4 

596  Lindsay,  Samuel  McCune.  Unequal  laws  an  impediment  to  child  labor  legis- 

lation. American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supple- 
ment, Mar.  1910,  v.  35:  16-22.  Hl.A4,v.35 

597  Love  joy,  Owen  R.  Uniform  child  laborlaws.  2d  ed.,  rev.  to  Aug.  1911.  New 

York,  1911.  24  p.  23cm.  (National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet 
no.  147)  HD8250.U3N2,no.l47 

598  Massachusetts.  Commissioners  for  promotion  of  uniformity  of  leg- 

islation in  the  United  States.  Annual  report.  Boston,  1910-1913.  5 v. 

23cm.  JK2430.M4 

1st  report,  1909:  Child  labor  law:  p.  9. 

2d  report,  1910:  Report  of  the  Special  committee  on  a uniform  child  labor  law:  p.  13-38. 

3d  report,  1911:  Uniform  child  labor  law:  p.  4. 

4th  report,  1912:  Uniform  child  labor  law:  p.  3-4. 

5th  report,  1913:  Uniform  child  labor  law:  p.  3-4. 

599  Stovall,  A.  T.  Standards  proposed  by  United  States  commission  on  uniform 

laws.  American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supple- 
ment, July,  1911,  v.  38:  17-23.  Hl.A4,v.38 

600  Uniform  child  labor  law;  an  act  to  regulate  the  employment  of  children  and  to 

make  uniform  the  laws  relating  thereto.  Child  labor  bulletin,  Aug.  1912,  v.  1, 
no.  2,  p.  80-107.  HD6250.U3N4,v.l 

FEDERAL  CONTROL. 

601  Beveridge,  Albert  J.  Child  labor  and  the  nation.  American  academy  of 

political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Jan.  1907,  v.  29:  115-124.  Hl.A4,v.29 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  55.  10  p. 

HD6250.U3N2pio.55 


602 

603 

604 

605 

606 

607 

608 

609 

610 

611 

612 

613 

614 

615 

616 

617 

618 

619 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


55 


Beveridge,  Albert  J.  Child  labor  and  the  constitution.  ( In  National  con- 
ference of  charities  and  correction,  Proceedings.  Minneapolis,  1907.  p. 
188-196)  HV88.A3  1907 


Employment  of  child  labor.  Speech  in  the  Senate  of  the  United 

States,  January  23,  28,  and  29,  1907.  Washington,  1907.  170  p.  23cm. 

HD6250.U3B5 

Also  printed  in  his  “ The  meaning  of  the  times,  and  other  speeches,”  Indianapolis,  1908,  p.  308- 
367.  H35.B5 

The  need  of  a national  child  labor  law.  Woman’s  home  companion, 

Feb.  1907,  v.  34:  17-18.  AP2.W714,v.34 

The  position  of  child  labor  legislation.  Independent,  Feb.  21,  1907, 

v.  62:  434-436.  AP2.I53,v.62 

Borah,  William  E . The  state  and  the  nation  in  child  labor  regulation.  Ameri- 
can academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911, 
v.  38:  154-155.  Hl.A4,v.38 

Brinton,  Jasper  Yeates.  The  constitutionality  of  a federal  child  labor  law. 
University  of  Pennsylvania  law  review  and  American  law  register,  May,  1914, 
v.  62:  487-503. 

Bruce,  Andrew  Alexander.  The  Beveridge  child  labor  bill  and  the  United 
States  as  parens  patriae.  Michigan  law  review,  June,  1907,  v.  5:  627-638. 
Bryan,  William  Jennings.  The  child  labor  bill.  [Editorial]  Commoner, 
Dec.  1906,  v.  6:  2. 

Child,  Richard  Washburn.  Child-toil  and  the  Constitution.  Ridgway’s, 
Dec.  22,  1906,  v.  1:  35.  AP2.R557,v.l 


Child  labor  and  the  federal  government.  Outlook,  Jan.  13,  1915,  v.  109:  56. 

AP2.O8,v.l09 

The  Children’s  chance  before  Congress.  Survey,  Jan.  16,  1915,  v.  33:  413-415. 

HVl.C4,v.33 

Emery,  James  A.  Argument  in  opposition  to  form  and  validity  of  H.  R.  8234, 
commonly  known  as  Keating  child  labor  bill,  interstate  commerce  in  products  |L 
of  child  labor  [hearing  before  Senate  Committee  on  interstate  commerce] 

Feb.  21,  1916.  [Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1916]  41  p.  23cm. 

HD6250.U2A4  1916 

Found  also  in  the  Hearings:  p.  241-282. 

Famam,  Henry  W.  The  relation  of  state  and  federal  legislation  to  the  child 
labor  problem.  {In  Child  labor  conference.  Hartford,  Conn.  1908.  Re- 
port of  the  proceedings  [Hartford]  1909.  22cm.  p.  32-39) 

HD6250.U4C8  1908 


Federal  child  labor  bill  passes  the  House.  Survey,  Feb.  27,  1915,  v.  33:  569. 

HVl.C4,v.33 

Federal  control  over  “anti-social  labor.”  Survey,  Aug.  16,  1913,  v.  30: 
615-616.  HVl.C4,v.30 

Federal  power  and  child  labor.  Nation,  Feb.  12,  1914,  v.  98:  150-151. 

AP2.N2,v.98 


Kelley,  Mrs.  Florence.  The  federal  government  and  the  working  children. 
American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Mar.  1906,  v.  27: 
289-292.  Hl.A4,v,27 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  20,  p.  31-34;  Pamphlet 
no.  26.  4 p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.20;no.26 


Responsibility  of  the  federal  government.  Child  labor  bulletin,  Aug. 

1915,  v.  4,  no.  2:  107-110.  HD6250.U3N4,v.4,no.2 


56 

620 

621 

622 

623 

624 

625 

626 

627 

628 

629 

630 

631 

632 

633 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


Kitchin,  William  Walton.  Child  labor  bill.  Statement  before  the  Committee 
on  labor,  House  of  representatives,  64th  Cong.,  1st  sess.  on  H.  R.  8234.  Wash- 
ington, Govt,  print,  off.,  1916.  20  p.  23em.  HD6250.U3A4  1916a 

Found  also  in  the  Hearings:  p.  139-157. 

Lewis,  William  D.  Child  labor  and  interstate  commerce.  Survey,  Apr.  4, 
1914,  v.  32:  35-37.  HVl.C4,v.32 

The  federal  power  to  regulate  child  labor  in  the  light  of  Supreme  Court 

decisions.  University  of  Pennsylvania  law  review  and  American  law  register, 
May,  1914,  v.  62:  504-508. 

Lindsay,  Samuel  McCune.  The  national  remedy  for  child  labor.  Woman’s 
home  companion,  Apr.  1907,  v.  34:  28.  AP2.W714,v.34 

Why  a national  crusade  against  child  labor?  Woman’s  home  companion, 

Sept.  1906,  v.  33:8,  49.  AP2.W714,v.33 

Lovejoy,  Owen  It.  Federal  government  and  child  labor,  and  memorandum  on 
the  Palmer  child  labor  bill.  Child  labor  bulletin,  Feb.  1914,  v.  2,  no.  4:  19-34. 

HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

The  federal  government  and  child  labor.  A brief  for  the  Palmer-Owen 

child  labor  bill.  New  York,  National  child  labor  committee,  1914.  23  p. 

23cm.  (Pamphlet  no.  216)  HD6250.U3N2,no.216 

MacChesney,  Nathan  William.  Constitutionality  of  the  federal  child  labor 
law.  Child  labor  bulletin,  Nov.  1915,  v.  4,  no.  3:  155-163. 

Cases  cited  in  footnotes.  HD6250.U3N4,v.4,no.3 

MeKelway,  A.  J.  The  evil  of  child  labor:  why  the  South  should  favor  a 
national  law.  Outlook,  Feb.  16, 1907,  v.  85:  360-364.  AP2.08,v.85 

— Why  the  South  should  favor  a national  child  labor  law.  Woman’s  home 

companion,  Apr.  1907,  v.  34:  28.  AP2.W714,v.34 

Maxey,  Edwin.  The  constitutionality  of  the  Beveridge  child  labor  bill. 
Green  bag,  May,  1907,  v.  19:  290-292. 

Murphy,  Edgar  Gardner.  Child  labor  as  a national  problem,  with  especial  ref- 
erence to  the  southern  states.  (In  National  conference  of  charities  and  correc- 
tion. Proceedings,  1903.  [Columbus,  O.],  1903.  23cm.  p.  121-134) 

HV88.A3  1903 

The  federal  regulation  of  child  labor,  a criticism  of  the  policy  represented 

in  the  Beveridge-Parsons  bill.  [New  Haven? Conn.,  Tuttle  press?  1907]  38  p. 
20|cm.  HD6243.U5M8 

In  part,  a reprint  of  an  article  written  for  the  Evening  post,  of  New  York  city,  and  published 
March  9th,  1907  . . . An  earlier  criticism  had  appeared  in  the  Advertiser  of  Montgomery,  Ala- 
bama, under  date  of  Jan.  13th  ...  In  the  present  publication  . . . the  more  important  sections 
of  both  statements  . . . have  been  preserved,  certain  passages  have  been  rewritten,  and  a number 
of  new  paragraphs  have  been  introduced. 

National  child  labor  committee,  New  York.  The  Federal  child  labor  bill; 
program  of  tenth  annual  conference  on  child  labor,  New  Orleans,  La.,  March 
15-18,  1914,  with  a copy  of  the  federal  child  labor  bill  and  a memorandum  on 
its  constitutionality.  New  York  city,  National  child  labor  committee,  1914. 
79  p.  illus.,  col.  diagr.  23cm.  (The  child  labor  bulletin,  v.  2,  no.  4) 

ILD6250.U3N4,v.2 

Contents. — Editorial  notes.— Program  of  tenth  annual  conference  on  child  labor. — Federal 
government  and  child  labor,  and  memorandum  on  the  Palmer  child  labor  bill  [by]  O.  R.  Love- 
joy.— Ten  years  of  child  labor  reform  in  the  South  [by]  A.  J.  McKehvay. — The  eight-hour  day  [by] 
Anna  Rochester. — The  majesty  of  the  law  in  Mississippi  [by]  E.  N.  Clopper. — Present  conditions 
in  the  South  [by]  L.  W.  Hine. — Strawberry  pickers  of  Maryland  [by]  H.  M.  Bremer.— The  work 
of  England’s  certifying  surgeons  [by]  H.  H.  Jones. 


034 

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636 

637 

638 

639 

640 

641 

642 

643 

644 

645 

646 

647 

648 

649 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


57 


National  child  labor  committee,  New  York.  Supporters  of  the  Keating- 
Owen  bill.  New  York  city,  1916.  7 p.  23cm.  (Its  Pamphlet  no.  256,  Jan. 
1916)  HD6250.U3N2,no.256 

What  the  newspapers  say  about  the  Keating-0 wen  bill.  New  York  ^ 

city,  1916.  4 p.  23cm.  (Its  Pamphlet  no.  258,  Jan.  1916) 

IID6250.U3N2,no.258 

Why  you  should  support  the  Palmer-Owen  bill.  Pamphlet  no.  240. 

Jan.  1915.  4 p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.240 

Palmer-Owen  child  labor  bill.  Outlook,  Oct.  10,  1914,  y.  108:  8. 

AP2.O8,v.l08 

Parkinson,  Thomas  I.  A brief  for  the  Keating-0 wen  bill.  Child  labor  bulle- 
tin, Feb.  1916,  v.  4,  no.  4:  219-265.  IID6250.U3N4,v.4,no.4 

Constitutionality  of  a federal  child  labor  law  . . . [by]  Thomas  I.  Park- 
inson . . . and  Nathan  W.  MacChesney.  New  York  city,  National  child  labor 
committee,  1916.  20  p.  23cm.  (Its  Pamphlet  no.  250,  Jan.  1916)  Reprinted 
from  Child  labor  bulletin,  v.  4,  no.  1,  May  1915,  and  v.  4,  no.  3,  Nov.  1915. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.250 

Constitutionality  of  Keating-Owen  child  labor  bill.  Statement  . . . 

delivered  before  House  Committee  on  labor,  Jan.  13,  1916.  Washington,-/ 
Govt,  print,  off.,  1916.  27  p.  23Pm.  HD6250.U3A4  1916b 

Found  also  in  Hearings,  p.  176-201. 

Constitutionality  of  the  Keating-Owen  child-labor  bill.  A brief  in  sup- 
port of  the  constitutionality  of  the  bill.  Congressional  record,  64th  Cong.,  1st 
sess.,  v.  53,  no.  33  (current  file):  2058-2066. 

Interstate  commerce  in  products  of  child  labor.  [Statement  before  Senate 

Committee  on  interstate  commerce]  Feb.  17,  1916.  [Washington,  Govt,  print, 
off.,  1916]  18  p.  23cm 

Found  also  in  the  Hearings:  p.  113-130. 

Precedents  for  federal  child  labor  legislation.  Child  labor  bulletin. 

May,  1915,  v.  4:  72-82.  lIDG250.U3N4,v.4 

Pierce,  Franklin.  Federal  usurpation.  New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  com- 
pany, 1908.  xx,  437  p.  21em.  JK311.P5 

“This  book  is  a plea  for  the  sacredness  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  ” 

Unconstitutionality  of  federal  control  of  child  labor:  p.  289-29L 

Rochester,  A.  The  consumer  and  the  federal  child  labor  law.  Survey,  July 
18,  1914,  v.  32:  412-413.  HVl.C4,v.32 

Survey  [Editorial].  Progress  of  the  federal  child  labor  bill.  Survey,  Sept.  19, 
1914,  v.  32:  606.  HVl.C4,v.32 

To  prohibit  interstate  trade  in  child  labor.  Survey,  Feb.  7,  1914,  v.  31:  539. 

HVl.C4,v.31 

Troutman,  Robert  B.  Constitutionality  of  a federal  child  labor  law.  Green 
bag,  Apr.,  1914,  v.  26:154-160 

An  argument  in  favor  of  the  constitutionality  of  a federal  child  labor  law. 

U.  S.  Congress.  House.  Committee  on  labor.  Child  labor  bill.  Hear- 
ings before  the  Committee  on  labor,  House  of  representatives,  Sixty-third 
Congress,  second  session,  on  H.  R.  12292,  a bill  to  prevent  interstate  commerce 
in  the  products  of  child  labor,  and  for  other  purposes.  February  27  [and 
March  9]  1914.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1914.  9,  ii,  11-83  p.  23cm. 

David  J.  Lewis,  chairman.  HD6250.U3A4  1914 

— February  27  and  March  9 [also  May  22]  1914.  Washington, 

Govt,  print,  off.,  1914.  83,  ii,  85-147  p.  23£cm.  HD6250.U3A4  1914a 


58 

650 

651 

652 

653 

654 

655 

656 

657 

658 

659 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


U.  S.  Congress.  House.  Committee  on  labor.  Child -lab  or  bill.  Report. 
<To  accompany  H.  R.  12292.>  Feb.  13,1915.  [Washington,  Govt,  print, 
off.,  1915.]  50  p.  23§cm>  (63d  Cong.  3d  sess.  House.  Rept.  1400.) 

HD6250.U3A4  1914c 

Appendix:  Statements  of  Mrs.  Florence  Kelley,  Julia  0.  Lathrop,  Arthur  Iteed  Perry,  and  A. 
J.  McKelway;  The  eight-honr  day  for  children,  by  Anna  Rochester;  The  operation  of  the  eight- 
hour  law  for  children  in  Massachusetts,  by  Richard  K.  Conant;  Medical  opinions  upon  eight- 
hour  day;  Constitutionality  of  Palmer  bill,  by  Jasper  Y.  Brinton;  The  federal  power  to  regu- 
late child  labor  in  the  light  of  Supreme  court  decisions,  by  William  Draper  Lewis;  Constitution- 
ality of  a federal  child  labor  law,  by  Owen  R.  Lovejoy. 

Report  amending  by  substitute  H.  R.  12292,  to  prevent 

interstate  commerce  in  products  of  child  labor.  Aug.  13,  1914.  [Washington, 
Govt,  print,  off.,  1914.]  2 p.  23em.  (63d  Cong.  2d  sess.  House.  Rept. 

1085.) 

Child  labor  bill.  Hearings  . . . on  H.  R.  8234,  a bill  to 

prevent  interstate  commerce  in  the  products  of  child  labor  and  for  other  pur- 
poses. Jan.  10,  11,  and  12, 1916.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1916.  317  p. 
234cra.  HD6250.U3A4  1916 

Child  labor  laws  in  all  the  states:  p.  208-234. 

— — — — To  prevent  interstate  commerce  in  the  products  of  child 

labor.  Report.  Jan.  17,  1916.  To  accompany  H.  R.  8234.  [Washington, 
Govt,  print,  off.,  1916.]  41  p.  23|cm.  (64th  Cong.  1st  sess.  House.  Rept. 46.) 

HD6250.U3A4  1916c,  pt.  1 

Same.  Views  of  the  minority.  Jan.  24,  1916.  [Washington,  Govt,  print, 
off.,  1916.]  14  p.  23-?>om.  (64th  Cong.  1st  sess.  House.  Rept.  46,  pt.  2.) 

HD6250.U3A4  1916c, pt.2 

The  appendix  to  pt.  1,  p.  17-41,  contains  statements  by  A.  J.  McKelway,  Mrs.  Florence  Kelley, 
Julia  C.  Lathrop;  The  eight-hour  day  for  children,  by  Anna  Rochester;  The  operation  of  the 
eight-hour  law  for  children  in  Massachusetts,  by  Richard  K.  Conant;  Medical  opinions  upon 
eight-hour  day;  Summary  of  investigations  made  by  Penn.  Child  labor  assoc.;  Constitutionality 
of  Keating  bill,  by  Jasper  Y.  Brinton;  The  Federal  power  to  regulate  child  labor  in  the  light 
of  Supreme  court  decisions,  by  William  Draper  Lewis. 

The  views  of  the  minority  deal  mostly  with  the  constitutionality  of  the  bill. 

— Committee  on  the  judiciary.  Jurisdiction  and  authority  of 

Congress  over  the  subject  of  woman  and  child  labor.  Report.  <To  accompany 
H.  res.  no.  807>  [Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.]  1907.  8 p.  23cm.  (59th 

Cong.,  2d.  sess.  House.  Rept.  no.  7304) 

Senate.  Committee  on  interstate  commerce.  Interstate  com- 
merce in  products  of  child  labor.  Report.  <To  accompany  H.  R.  12292> 
[Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1915]  2 p.  24V’m.  (63d  Cong.,  3d  sess. 
Senate.  Rept.  1050)  HD6250.U3A4  1915 

Interstate  commerce  in  products  of  child  labor.  Hearings 

before  the  Committee  on  interstate  commerce,  IT.  S.  Senate,  Sixty-fourth  Con- 
gress, first  session,  on  H.  R.  8234,  an  act  to  prevent  interstate  commerce  in  the 
products  of  child  labor,  and  for  other  purposes.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off., 
1916.  290,  ii,  291-319  p.  23om.  HD6250.U3A41916g 

To  prevent  interstate  commerce  in  the  products  of  child 

labor.  Report.  <To  accompany  H.  R.  8234>  [Washington,  Govt,  print, 
off.,  1916]  23  p.  23cm.  (64th  Cong.,  1st  sess.  Senate.  Rept.  358) 

Submitted  by  Mr.  Robinson.  Ordered  printed  April  19, 1916.  HD6250.U3A41916d 

Laws,  statutes,  etc.  63d  Cong.,  3d  sess.  II.  R.  12292.  An  act  to 

prevent  interstate  commerce  in  the  products  of  child  labor,  and  for  other  pur- 
poses. Feb.  19  (calendar  day,  March  1)  1915.  4 p.  J301913-15,v.33 

64th  Cong.  1st  sess.  H.  R.  8234.  A bill  to  prevent  interstate 

commerce  in  the  products  of  child  labor,  and  for  other  purposes.  Introduced 
in  the  House  of  representatives,  Jan.  7,  1916,  by  Mr.  Keating.  5 p.  27^°®. 


660 

661 

662 

663 

664 

665 

666 

667 

668 

669 

670 

671 

672 

673 

674 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


59 


Villard,  O.  G.  The  federal  child  labor  bill.  Nation,  Jan.  31,  1907,  v.  84:  98. 

AP2.N2,v.84 

Speeches  in  Congress  as  printed  in  the  Congressional  Record. 

59TH  CONG.,  1ST  SESS.  VOL.  40. 

TJ.  S.  Congress.  House.  Child  labor  in  the  District  of  Columbia.  Debate 
in  the  House,  Apr.  9,  1906.  pt.  5:  4967-4971. 

Messrs.  Morreii,  Fitzgerald,  Tawney,  Madden,  and  Crurnpacker. 

Senate.  Child  labor  in  the  District  of  Columbia.  Debate  in  the 

Senate,  June  6,  1906.  pt.  8:  7914-7915. 

Senators  Dubois,  Hale,  Lodge,  Scott,  and  Tillman. 

59TH  CONG.,  2D  SESS.  VOL.  41. 


Bacon,  Augustus  O.  Remarks  in  the  Senate,  Feb.  4,  1907,  on  employment 
of  child  labor,  pt.  3:  2214-2216. 

Contains  text  of  the  Georgia  law. 

Beveridge,  Albert  J.  Speeches  in  the  Senate,  Jan.  23,  28,  29,  1907,  on 
employment  of  child  labor  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  pt.  2:  1552-1557, 
1792-1826,  1867-1883. 

Crurnpacker,  Edgar  D.  Woman  and  child  workers  in  the  United  States. 
Speech  in  the  House  of  representatives,  Jan.  21,  1907.  pt.  2,  p.  1458-1460, 
1461,  1473. 

Gardner,  Augustus  P.  Woman  and  child  workers  in  the  United  States. 
Speech  in  the  House  of  representatives,  Jan.  21,  1907.  pt.  2,  p.  1462-1463. 


GOTH  CONG.,  1ST  SESS.  VOL.  42. 

Fulton,  Charles  W.  Employment  of  child  labor.  Speech  in  the  Senate 
May  6,  1908.  Appendix,  p.  474-475. 

TJ.  S.  Congress.  House.  Child  labor  in  District  of  Columbia.  May  9,  1908, 
pt.  6:  6030-6035. 

Text  ©f  bill. 

Senate.  Employment  of  child  labor  [in  the  District  of  Columbia] 

May  6,  1908.  pt.  6:  5785-5802. 

Employment  of  child  labor  in  the  District  of  Columbia.  Debate 

in  Senate,  May  21,  1908.  pt.  7:  6982-6985. 

Conference  report  on  child-labor  law.  May  22,  1908.  pt.  8: 

7077-7078. 


63D  CONG.,  2D  SESS.,  VOL.  51. 


Rogers,  John  Jacobs.  Out-Heroding  Herod.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the 
House,  Sept.  29,  1914.  Appendix:  1046-1054. 

Gives  a summary  of  the  legislation  enacted  in  the  various  states. 

U.  S.  Congress.  House.  Debate  in  the  House,  Mar.  18,  1914,  on  an  amend- 
ment relating  to  child  labor  to  bill  H.  R.  14330,  relating  to  convict-made  goods, 
pt.  5:  505-5-5066. 

Messrs.  Kelley  (Mich.),  Bartlett,  Mann,  McLaughlin,  Howard,  Fordiiey,  Madden,  and  others. 


63D  CONG.,  3D  SESS.,  VOL.  52. 


Clark,  David.  A demand  for  a square  deal.  Speech  before  the  National  child 
labor  conference,  recently  held  in  the  city  of  Washington.  Appendix: 
169-170. 

Introduced  into  the  Record,  Jan.  23, 1915,  by  Mr.  Webb. 

Opposed  to  federal  bill. 


60  LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 

675  Georgia.  Laws,  statutes,  etc.  An  act  regulating  the  employment  of  chil- 

dren. Aug.  14,  1914.  pt.  4:  4122-4123. 

Introduced,  with  a few  remarks,  by  Mr.  Palmer. 

676  Knowland,  Joseph  R.  Child-labor.  Speech  in  the  House,  Feb.  18,  1915. 

pt.  4:  4022-4023. 

677  News  & Observer,  Raleigh,  N.  C.  Editorial,  ‘“Trying  to  push  back  the 

ocean”,  pt.  5:  5338. 

Introduced  by  Mr.  Norris. 

678  TJ.  S.  Congress.  House.  Child  labor.  Debate  in  the  House,  Feb.  15, 1915, 

on  the  bill  (H.  R.  12292)  to  prevent  interstate  commerce  in  the  products  of 
child  labor,  and  for  other  purposes,  as  amended,  pt.  4:  3827-3836. 

The  rules  were  suspended  and  the  bill  passed. 

64TH  CONG.,  1ST  SESS.  VOL.  53  (CURRENT  FILE). 

679  Ayres,  William  A.  Child  labor.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House,  Feb.  2, 

1916.  no.  36  (current  file):  2270. 

680  Blackmon,  Fred  L.  Child  labor.  Speech  in  the  House,  Feb.  2,  1916.  no.  39 

(current  file) : 2541. 

681  Borland,  William  P.  The  child -labor  bill.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House, 

Jan.  26,  1916.  no.  31  (current  file):  1937-1938. 

682  Carter,  William  H.  Child  labor.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House,  Jan.  26, 

1916.  no.  30  (current  file):  1843. 

683  Cary,  William  J.  The  child  labor  bill.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House, 

Jan.  26,  1916.  no.  39  (current  file):  2542. 

684  Church,  Denver  S.  Child  labor.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House,  Feb.  2, 

1916.  no.  40  (current  file):  2610-2611. 

685  Cline,  Cyrus.  Child  labor.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House,  Jan.  26, 1916. 

no.  36  (current  file) : 2269. 

686  Cooper,  John  G.  Child-labor  bill.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House, 

Jan.  28,  1916.  no.  31  (current  file):  1937. 

687  Cox,  William  E.  Child  labor.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House,  Jan.  26, 

1916.  no.  33  (current  file):  2055-2056. 

688  Dough  ton,  Robert  L.  Child  labor.  Speech  in  the  House,  Feb.  2,  1916. 

no.  36  (current  file):  2268-2269. 

689  Gallivan,  James  A.  Child  labor  in  mills,  factories,  and  mines.  Extension  of 

remarks  in  the  House,  Jan.  26,  1916.  no.  33  (current  file):  2056. 

Includes  an  editorial  from  Boston  Post  of  Sunday,  Jan.  23, 1916,  on  “Child-labor  Sunday.” 

690  Gray,  Finly  H.  Child  labor.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House,  Feb.  2, 1916. 

no.  39  (current  file) : 2538-2539. 

691  Green,  William  R.  The  constitutionality  of  law  forbidding  the  transportation 

in  interstate  commerce  of  the  products  of  child  labor.  Speech  in  the  House, 
Feb.  2,  1916.  no.  38  (current  file) : 2476. 

692  Hicks,  Frederick  C.  Right  of  Congress  to  regulate  the  shipment  of  the  prod- 

ucts of  child  labor  as  a part  of  interstate  commerce.  Extension  of  remarks 
in  the  House,  Feb.  2,  1916.  no.  39  (current  file):  2544. 

693  Johnston,  A.  S.  Child  labor.  Letter  favoring  the  passing  of  the  Keating 

child-labor  bill.  Jan.  11,  1916.  no.  29  (current  file) : 1785. 

Introduced  into  the  Record  by  Mr.  Dyer,  Jan.  26, 1916. 

694  Keating,  Edward.  Child  labor.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House,  Feb.  2, 

1916,  on  the  bill  (II.  R.  8234)  no.  35  (current  file):  2189-2195. 


695 

696 

697 

698 

699 

700 

701 

702 

703 

704 

705 

706 

707 

708 

709 

710 

711 

712 

713 

714 

715 

716 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR, 


61 


Kennedy,  Ambrose.  Child  labor.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House, 
Jan.  26,  1916.  no.  33  (current  file):  2048-2049. 

Kenyon,  William  S.  National  child  labor  law.  Speech  in  the  Senate,  Feb.  24, 
1916.  no.  56  (current  file):  3661-3694. 

Contains  digest  of  comparative  state  legislation,  and  digest  of  child  labor  laws  of  Austria, 
Belgium,  France,  Germany,  Great  Britain,  Italy,  and  Switzerland. 

Lenroot,  Irvine  L.  Child  labor.  Speech  in  the  House,  Jan.  26,  1916.  no.  30 
(current  file):  1843-1844. 

London,  Meyer.  Child  labor.  Speech  in  the  House,  Jan.  26,  1916.  no.  39 
(current  file):  2537-2538. 

McCracken,  Robert  M.  Child  labor.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House, 
Feb.  2,  1916.  no.  44  (current  file):  2855-2856. 

McCulloch,  Roscoe  C.  Child  labor.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House,  Jan. 
26,  1916.  no.  33  (current  file):  2066. 

Nolan,  John  I.  Child  labor.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House,  Feb.  2,  1916. 
no.  39  (current  file):  2539-2540. 

Page,  Robert  N.  Child  labor.  Speech  in  the  House,  Jan.  26,  1916.  no.  38 
(current  file) : 2465-2466. 

Platt,  Edmund.  The  child-labor  bill.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House, 
Feb.  2,  1916.  no.  40  (current  file):  2613-2614. 

Randall,  Charles  H.  Child  labor  and  humanitarian  laws.  Extension  of 
remarks  in  the  House,  Feb.  2,  1916.  no.  39  (current  file) : 2541. 

Ricketts,  Edwin  D.  Child  labor.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House,  Jan.  27, 
1916.  no.  30  (current  file):  1845-1846. 

Schall,  Thomas  D.  Child  labor.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House,  Feb.  2, 
1916.  no.  38  (current  file):  2470-2471. 

Scott,  John  R.  K.  Child-labor  bill.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House,  Feb. 

2,  1916.  no.  39  (current  file):  2543-2544. 

Sears,  William  J.  Child  labor.  Speech  in  the  House,  Feb.  2,  1916.  no.  38 
(current  file) : 2475. 

Shouse,  Jouett.  Child  labor.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House,  Jan.  26, 
1916.  no.  35  (current  file):  2203. 

Siegel,  Isaac.  Child  labor — Keating  bill.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the 
House,  Jan.  26,  1916.  no.  35  (current  file):  2204-2205. 

Smith,  Addison  T.  Child  labor.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House,  Feb.  2, 
1916.  no.  36  (current  file):  2262-2264. 

TJ.  S.  Congress.  House.  Keating  child-labor  bill.  Remarks  in  the  House, 
Jan.  19,  1916,  on  the  bill  (H.  R.  8234).  no.  22. (current  file):  1424-1425. 

Messrs.  Lewis  of  Md.,  Ragsdale,  Watson  of  Va.,  Mann. 

Child  labor.  Debate  in  the  House,  Jan.  26,  1916,  on  the  bill 

(H.  R.  8234)  to  prevent  interstate  commerce  in  the  products  of  child  labor,  and 
for  other  purposes,  no.  29  (current  file):  1744-1768. 

Messrs.  Lewis,  Mann,  Moore  of  Pa.,  Keating,  Vare,  Byrnes  of  S.  C.,  Britt,  Tague,  Nicholls 
of  S.  C.,  Quin,  Rogers,  Sherley,  Ragsdale,  Cannon,  Pou,  Austin,  Hardy,  Howard,  Dallinger, 
Adamson,  Watson  of  Va. 

Child-labor  bill.  Debate  in  the  House,  Feb.  2,  1916,  on  the  bill 

(H.  R.  8234)  no.  35  (current  file):  2149-2174. 

The  bill  was  passed:  p.  2174. 

Van  Dyke,  Carl  C.  Child-labor  bill.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House,  Jan. 
29,  1916.  no.  33  (current  file):  2049-2050. 

Vare,  William  S.  Child  labor.  Extension  of  remarks  in  the  House,  Jan.  26,  - 
1916.  no.  29  (current  file):  1789-1790. 


62 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  OX  CHILD  LABOR. 


717 

718 

719 

720 

721 

722 

723 

724 

725 

’ 726 

727 

728 

729 

729a 

730 

731 

732 


Watson,  Walter  A.  Child  labor.  Speech  in  the  House,  Jan.  26,  1916.  no.  40 
(current  file):  2601-2606. 

Webb,  Edwin  Y.  Child  labor  in  mills,  -factories,  and  mines.  Speech  in  the 
House,  Jan.  26,  1916.  no.  32  (current  file):  1986-1993. 

Wood,  William  it.  Child  labor.  Speech  in  the  House,  Jan.  26,  1916.  no.  30 
(current  file):  1846. 

STATISTICS. 

Bliss,  H.  L.  Census  statistics  of  child  labor.  Journal  of  political  economy. 
Mar.  1905,  v.  13:  245-257.  HBl.J7,v.l3 

Clopper,  Edward  N.  Child  worker  in  the  Census  report  of  1910.  Survey, 
Sept.  26,  1914,  v.  32:  628-629.  HVl.C4,v.32 

The  extent  of  child  labor  officially  measured.  Child  labor  bulletin, 

Nov.  1914,  v.  3,  no.  3:  30-36.  HD6250.U3N4,v.3,no.3 

Also  printed  as  National  child  labor  committee,  Pamphlet  no.  237.  8 p. 

Devine,  E.  T.  Some  statistics  of  child  labor.  American  academy  of  political 
and  social  science,  Annals,  May,  1903,  v.  21:  505-506.  Hl.A4,v.21 

Drown,  Frank  S.  The  Massachusetts  bureau  of  statistics.  American  academy 
of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1910,  v.  35:  134-136. 

Hl.A4,v.35 

Hall,  Fred  S.  Child  labor  statistics.  American  academy  of  political  and  social 
science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1910,  v.  35:  114-126.  Hl.A4,v.35 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  130.  13  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l30 

National  child  labor  committee,  New  York.  What  state  laws  and  the  fed- 
eral census  say  about  child  labor.  New  York  city,  1915.  4 tables.  23cm. 
(Its  Pamphlet  no.  248,  July,  1915)  HD6250.U3N2,no.248 

Sargent,  Frank  B . Census  statistics  on  employment  of  children  in  manufac- 
tures. Journal  of  political  economy,  Oct.  1910,  v.  18:  628-633. 

HBl.J7,v.l8 

U.  S.  Bureau  of  the  census.  Child  labor  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  based 
on  unpublished  information  derived  from  the  schedules  of  the  Twelfth  census, 
1900.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1906.  21  p.  30x23|cm.  Bulletin  68) 

HA201.1900.A12,no.68 
HD6250.U4D6  1906 

— — Child  labor  in  the  United  States,  based  on  unpublished  information  de- 
rived from  the  schedules  of  the  Twelfth  census,  1900.  Washington,  Govt, 
print,  off.,  1907.  200  p.  30x23^cm.  (Bulletin  69) 

HA201.1900.A12,no.69 

HD6250.U3A3 

Manufactures,  1915.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1907-08. 

4 v.  diagrs.  30cm. 

— Thirteenth  census  of  the  United  States,  1910.  VoL.  IV.  Popu- 

lation, 1910.  Occupation  statistics.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1914. 
615  p.  40cm.  HA201.1910.A15,v.4 

Contains  statistics  of  children  by  age  periods  of  10  to  13,  14  to  15  years,  arranged  by  specified 
occupations,  states,  and  cities.  See  also  volumes  on  Manufactures,  and  Mines  and  quarries. 

Index  to  occupations,  alphabetical  and  classified.  Washington, 

Govt,  print,  off.,  1915.  414  p.  23cm.  HA201.1910.Z4 

Whittemore,  Gilbert  E.  The  Providence  school  census  system.  American 
academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1910, 
v.  35:  130-133.  Hl.A4,v.35 


733 

734 

735 

736 

737 

738 

739 

740 

741 

742 

743 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


63 


Williams,  J ohn.  Uniform  systems  of  child  labor  statistics.  American  academy 
of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1909,  v.  33:  144-152. 

Hl.A4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  112.  9 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.ll2 

FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 

GENERAL. 

Abelsdorff,  W.  Kinderarbeit  (gewerbliche)  (In  Grotjahn,  A.  and  J.  Kaup; 
Handworterbuch  der  sozialen  Hygiene.  Leipzig,  1912.  27^cm.  v.  1,  p. 

591-610)  RA425.G8,v.l 

Deutschland;  Osterreich;  Italien;  Schweiz;  Niederlande;  Gross-britannien;  Frankreich;  Japan; 
Danemark;  Vereinigte  Staaten;  Literatur. 

Annuaire  de  la  legislation  du  travail,  pub  lie  par  rOffice  du  travail  de  Belgique. 
1-16.  annee;  1897-1912.  Bruxelles,  1898-1914.  16  v.  24£cm. 

HD7806.A5 

Contains  texts  of  the  laws  of  the  various  countries  regulating  child  labor;  see  subject  index  to 
each  volume. 

Arendt,  Henriette,  sister.  Kleine  weisse  Sklaven.  Berlin-Charlottenburg, 
Vita,  deutsches  verlagshaus  [c1911]  208  p.  19cm.  HV763.A7 

Brooke,  Emma  Frances.  A tabulation  of  the  factory  laws  of  European  coun- 
tries in  so  far  as  they  relate  to  the  hours  of  labour,  and  to  special  legislation  for 
women,  young  persons,  and  children.  London,  G.  Richards,  1898.  52  p. 

22^cm.  HD6081.B8 

Congres  international  du  patronage  de  la  jeunesse  ouvriere,  Paris , 
1900.  Congres  international  du  patronage  de  la  jeunesse  ouvriere  tenu  a 
Paris  du  10  au  13  juin  1900;  proces-verbaux  sommaires,  par  M.  Pierre  Griffa- 
ton.  Paris,  Imprimerie  nationale,  1901.  27  p.  26|cm.  HD6229.C7 

[Ducp^tiaux,  Edouard]  De  la  condition  des  ouvriers  mineurs  dans  la  Grande- 
Bretagne  et  en  Belgique.  Anatyse  de  l’enquete  ordonnee  par  le  Parlement 
anglais  sur  le  travail  des  enfants  dans  les  mines.  Bruxelles,  Impr.  de  Van- 
dooren  freres,  1843.  64  p.  illus.  23cm.  HD6250.G7D8 

“Extrait  des  Annales  des  travaux  publics  de  Belgique,”  v.  1,  p.  [359J-420. 

Fischer,  Alfons.  Die  Nachtarbeit  der  Jugendlichen.  Annalen  fur  soziale 
Politik  und  Gesetzgebung,  1911-1912,  v.  1:  321-324.  HD6951.A6,v.l 

France.  Ministere  des  affaires  etrangeres.  Conference  internationale  de 
Berlin.  15-29  mars  1890.  Paris,  Imprimerie  nationale,  1890.  3 p.  1.,  128  p. 
32cm.  JX683.A25  1890 

“ Protocoles  ct  annexes” ; p.  [25J-128. 

Germany.  Statistisches  Amt.  Abteiiung  fiir  Arbeiterstatistik.  Ge- 

biete  und  Methoden  der  amtlichen  Arbeitsstatistik  in  den  wichtigsten  Indus- 
triestaaten.  Berlin,  Carl  Heymanns  Verlag,  1913.  vii,  695  p.  25cm.  (Bei- 
trage  zur  Arbeiter-Statistik,  12)  HD8441.A25,12 

Statistik  der  Frauen-und  Kinderarbeit:  Grossbritannien;  Vereinigte  Staaten  von  Amerika; 
Italien;  Niederlande;  Osterreich;  Deutsches  Reich:  p.  378-433. 

Gt.  Brit.  Home  dept.  International  conference  on  labour.  Return  to  an 
address  of  the  honourable  the  House  of  commons,  dated  28  March,  1905. 
Home  office,  3 August  1905.  Thomas  Cochrane.  (Mr.  Herbert  Samuel.) 
Ordered,  by  the  House  of  commons,  to  be  printed,  3 August  1905.  London, 
Printed  for  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by  Eyre  and  Spottiswoode  [1905]  39  p.,  11. 
incl.  fold.  tab.  33Vm.  ([Parliament,  1905.  H.  of  C.  Repts.  and  papers] 
291)  HD7260.I6  1890b 

Extracts  and  reports  regarding  employment  of  women,  children,  and  young  persons. 


64 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


744  Holland,  Robert  Wolstenholme.  The  law  relating  to  the  child,  its  protec- 

tion, education,  and  employment;  with  introduction  on  the  laws  of  Spain, 
Germany,  France,  and  Italy,  and  bibliography.  London,  New  York  [etc.] 
Sir  I.  Pitman  & sons,  [1914]  xxiv,  142  p.  220m. 

Restrictions  on  the  employment  of  children  and  young  persons:  p.  116-136. 

745  International  association  for  labor  legislation.  Memorandum  on  the 

international  establishment  of  a ten-hour  maximum  working  day  for  women 
and  young  persons  in  industrial  employment.  Washington  [Govt,  print,  off.] 
1913.  63  p.  27*cm.  ' HD6064.I5 

Issued  also  as  Bulletin  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  labor  statistics,  whole  no.  118,  Miscella- 
neous series,  no.  3;  and  as  House  doc.  1463,  62d  Cong.  3d  sess. 

746  Memorandum  on  the  international  prohibition  of  the  industrial  night 

work  of  young  persons.  Washington  [Govt,  print,  off.]  1913.  66  p.  28cxn. 

HD5113.I6 

Issued  also  as  Bulletin  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  labor  statistics,  whole  no.  117,  Miscella- 
neous series,  no.  2;  and  as  House  doc.  1462,  62d  Cong.  3d  sess. 

747  The  International  congress  of  women,  London,  1899.  The  International 

congress  of  women  of  1899;  ed.  by  the  Countess  of  Aberdeen,  vi.  Women  in 
industrial  life.  London,  T.  F.  Unwin,  1900.  252  p.  20^cm. 

Special  labour  legislation  for  children,  p.  59-85.  HQ1106  1899 

748  International  labor  office.  Bulletin,  v.  1,  1906-v.  10,  1915.  London,  The 

Pioneer  press,  ltd.,  1906-1915.  10  v.  24§cm.  HD7801.I6 

Contains  the  laws  and  decrees  relating  to  the  protection  of  children,  young  persons  and  women; 
apprenticeship. 

749  First  comparative  report  on  the  administration  of  labour  laws.  Inspec- 

tion in  Europe.  London,  P.  S.  King  & son,  1911.  xv,  109  p.  fold,  tables. 
23cm.  HD3656.I7 

750  Kenyon,  William  S.  National  child  labor  law.  Speech  in  the  Senate,  Feb. 

24,  1916.  Congressional  record,  64th  Cong.,  1st  sess.,  v.  53,  no.  56  (current  file) : 
3661-3694. 

Contains  digest  of  child  labor  laws  of  Austria,  Belgium,  France,  Germany,  Great  Britain,  Italy, 
and  Switzerland. 

751  Page,  Anna  B.  Labour  laws  for  women  and  children  at  home  and  abroad. 

Women’s  industrial  news,  no.  63,  Oct.  1913;  p.  171-186. 

752  Ramaix,  de.  La  re  forme  sociale  et  economique  en  Europe  et  dans  les  Etats 

Unis  de  l’Amerique  du  Nord.  (In  Belgium.  Ministere  des  affaires  etrang&res. 
Recueil  des  rapports  des  secretaires  de  legation  de  Belgique.  Bruxelles,  1889. 
v.  6,  p.  321-674.)  HC5.B5,v.6 

R6glementation  du  travail  des  femmes  et  des  enfants:  Germany,  p.  382-387;  Austria,  p.  410- 
413;  Hungary,  p.  419-420;  Great  Britain,  p.  440-447;  France,  p.  471-478;  Italy,  p.  489-491;  Switz- 
erland, p.  508-513;  The  Netherlands,  p.  524-529;  Luxemburg,  p.  535-537;  Spain,  p.  541-544;  Portu- 
gal, p.  549-554;  Denmark,  p.  560-561;  Sweden,  p.  572-574;  Norway,  p 585-587;  Russia,  p.  592-594; 
Roumania,  p.  602;  United  States,  p.  613-623. 

A summary  of  all  laws  relating  to  child  labor  in  the  various  countries. 

753  Rich,  Edith  J.  Child  labor  in  Europe.  American  academy  of  political  and 

social  science,  Annals,  May,  1903,  v.  21;  499-502.  IIl.A4,v.21 

754  Shadwell,  Arthur.  Industrial  efficiency;  a comparative  study  of  industrial 

life  in  England,  Germany  and  America.  London,  New  York  and  Bombay. 
Longmans,  Green  and  co.,  1906.  2 v.  23^cm.  IIC53.2.S5  t 

Protection  of  children:  Factory  laws  in  England,  v.  2,  p.  7-19;  in  Germany,  v.  2,  p.  19-27;  in 
the  United  States  of  America,  v.  2,  p.  35-46. 

755  Soziale  Rundschau.  Hrsg.  vom  Arbeitsstatistischen  Amte  im  K.  K.  Han- 

delsministerium.  1900-1914.  Wien,  A.  Holder  [1900-1914]  23£cm’ 

monthly.  HD8401.A2 

Contains  translations  in  German  of  laws  of  various  countries  relating  to  child  labor. 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


* 65 


75G  Stieda,  Wilhelm.  Jugendliche  Arbeiter.  (In  Handworterbucli  der  Staats- 
wissenschaften.  Ilrsg.  von  J.  Conrad.  3.  Aufl.  Jena,  1910.  v.  5,  p.  725- 
740)  H45.II22,v.5 

Literatur:  p.  710. 

757  TJ.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Laws  relating  to  child  labor  in  European  countries. 

(In  its  Bulletin.  July,  1905,  no.  59:  302-319)  HD8051.A5,no.59 

A resume  of  the  laws  regulating  child  labor  in  Austria,  Belgium,  France,  Germany,  Great.  Brit- 
ain, Italy,  and  Switzerland. 

758  Bureau  of  labor  statistics.  Administration  of  labor  laws  and  factory 

inspection  in  certain  European  countries.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1914. 
310  p.  23Jtm.  (Bulletin,  whole  no.  142.  Foreign  labor  laws  series,  no.  1) 
U.  S.  63d  Cong.  2d  sess.  House.  Doc.  905.  HD8051.A62,no.l42 

For  information  concerning  child  labor  in  Austria,  Belgium,  France,  Germany,  Great  Britain 
and  Switzerland,  see  Index,  p.  303. 

759  Veditz,  Charles  William  A.  Child  labor  legislation  in  Europe.  U.  S.  Bureau 

of  labor.  Bulletin,  July,  1910,  no.  89:  1—113.  HD8051.A5,no.89 

760  Zanten,  J.  K.  van.  Die  Arbeiterschutzgesetzgebung  in  den  europaischen 

Landern.  Jena,  G.  Fischer,  1902.  xii,  338  p.  20cm.  HD7874.Z2 

AUSTRIA. 

761  Agahd,  Konrad.  Kinderarbeit  und  gesetzlicher  Kinderschutz  in  Osterreich 

und  Deutschland.  Zeitschrift  fiir  Social wissenschaft,  May,  1904,  v.  7:  330- 
335.  H5.Z6,v.7 

762  Austria.  Arbeitsstatistisches  Amt.  Erhebung  liber  die  Kinderarbeit  in 

Osterreich  im  Jahre  1908.  Wien,  A.  Holder,  1910-1913.  3 v.  30^pm. 

HD6250.A9A3 

Also  printed  in  Soziale  Rundschau,  1907,  v.  2,  p.  395-397;  1908,  v.  2,  p.  353-357,  414-449,  560-613; 
1909,  v.  1,  p. 64-87,  218-327, 539-570, 733-761, 995-1027;  1909,  v.  2,  p.  56-81,  375-445,  561-008,  749-802; 
1911,  v.  1,  p.  17-21,  95-131;  1912,  v.  1,  p.  14-15.  HDS401.A2 

763  Die  Erhebung  iiber  die  Kinderarbeit  in  Osterreich  im  Jahre  1908.  Germany. 

Statistisches  Amt.  Abteilung  fiir  Arbeiterstatistik.  Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, 
Feb.  1912,  v.  10:  113-116.  HD8441.A3,v.lO 

764  Erhebung  iiber  die  Kinderarbeit  (Bayern).  Soziale  Rundschau,  Nov.  1908, 

v.  2,  p.  614-615.  HD8401.A2  1908, v.2 

From  Zeitschrift  des  koniglich  bayerischen  statistisclien  Bureaus,  1908. 

765  Fehlinger,  Hans.  Child  labor  in  Austria.  American  federationist,  July,  1903, 

v.  10:  565.  HD8055.A5A2,v.l0 

7t)G  Freundlich,  Emmy.  Kinderarbeit  in  Osterreich.  Neue  Zeit,  Mar.  10,  1911, 
v.  29,  pt.  1:  815-818.  HX6.N6,v.29,pt.l 

767  Hauck,  Karl.  Die  Nachtarbeit  der  Jugendlichen  in  der  osterreichischen  In- 

dustrie. Wien,  F.  Deuticke,  1907.  59  p.  diagrs.  23£cm.  (Schriften  der 
Osterr.  Gesellschaft  fiir  Arbeiterschutz . xi.  Hft.)  HD5113.II36 

768  Herbst,  Rudolf.  Die  gewerbliche  Nachtarbeit  der  jugen.dlichen  Arbeiter  und 

Kinder  in  Osterreich.  Wien,  F.  Deuticke,  190G.  45  p.  24rm.  (Schriften 
der  Osterr.  Gesellschaft  fur  Arbeiterschutz.  vm.  Hft.)  HD5113.H53 
Bibliography:  p.  [5]. 

769  Jeuschik,  A.  L ’organisation  la  jeunesse  ouvriere  en  Autriche.  Mouvement 

socialiste,  July-Aug.  1913,  v.  34:  77-89.  HX5.M9,v.34 

770  Die  Kinderarbeit  in  Osterreich.  Soziale  Praxis,  May  2,  1912,  v.  21:  969-971/. 

H5.S7,v.21 

44193°— 16 5 


66 

771 

772 

773 

774 

775 

776 

777 

778 

779 

780 

781 

782 

783 

784 

785 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


Kraus,  Siegmund.  Kinderarbeit  und  gesetzlicher  Kinderschutz  in  Oster- 
reich.  Wien  und  Leipzig,  F.  Deuticke,  1904.  vi,  203  p.  24^cm.  (Wiener 
staatswissenschaftliche  Studien.  5.  Bd.,  3.  Hft.)  HB41.W6,v.5 

“ Literaturnachweis”:  p.  [200]— 203. 

Lederer,  Max.  Zur  gesetzlichen  Regelung  der  Kinderarbeit  in  Osterreich, 
Soziale  Praxis,  July  17,  1913,  v.  22:  1175-1176.  H5.S7,v.22 

Mises,  Ludwig  von.  Zur  Geschichte  der  osterreichischen  Fabrikgesetzge- 
bung.  Zeitschrift  fur  Volkswirtschaft,  Sozialpolitik  und  Verwaltung,  1905. 
v.  14:  209-271.  HB5.Z5,v.l4 

Popp,  Adelheid.  Die  Kinderarbeit  in  Osterreich.  Neue  Zeit,  Sept.  26,  1913, 
v.  31,  pt.  2:  1012-1021.  JIX6.N6,v.31,pt.2 

Schiff,  Walter.  Die  Kinderarbeit  in  Oesterreich.  Archiv  fur  Sozialwissen- 
schaft  und  Sozialpolitik,  July,  Sept.  1913,  v.  37:  131-174;  483-520. 

H5.A8,v.37 

Trauttmansdorif,  Ferdinand  Graf  von.  Kinderarbeit.  Osterreichische 
Rundschau,  July  15,  1914,  v.  40:  121-133.  AP30.03,v.40 

Veditz,  Charles  William  August.  Child-labor  legislation  in  Austria.  ( In 
U.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Bulletin,  July,  1910.  no.  89.  Washington,  1910. 
p.  3-92)  HD8051.A5,no.89 

HUNGARY. 

Heller,  Wolfgang.  Die  Kinderarbeit  in  Ungarn.  Jena,  G.  Fischer,  1912. 
38  p.  24cm.  (Schriften  der  ungarischen  Vereinigung  fur  gesetzlichen 
Arbeiterschutz,  Hft.  10.)  HD6250.A97H7 

Ruffy,  Paul  de.  La  protection  de  Penfance  par  l’etat  et  le  travail  des  enfants. 
Revue  de  Hongrie,  Sept.  15,  1909,  v.  4:  302-317.  AP25.R4,v.4 

La  protection  de  Penfance  par  l’etat  et  le  travail  des  enfants.  (In 

Bosnyak,  Zoltan.  Le  droit  de  l’enfant  abandonne  et  le  systeme  hongrois  de 
protection  de  Penfance.  Budapest,  1909,  p.  165-180)  HV759.H8B7 

Schwimmer,  Rosika.  Staatlicher  Kinderschutz  in  Ungarn.  Deutschland, 
Jan.,  1905,  v.  5:  429-435.  AP30.D6,v.5 

BELGIUM. 

Belgium.  Corps  legislatif.  Chambre  des  representants.  Documents 
relatifs  au  travail  des  enfants  et  des  femmes  dans  les  manufactures,  les  mines, 
etc.  Etat  de  la  question  en  Belgique  et  a l’£tranger.  Bruxelles,  F.  Gob- 
baerts,  imprimeur  du  roi,  1871.  462  p.  incl.  tables.  32£cm. 

HD6250.N3A4 

— — — Laws,  statutes,  etc.  Act  to  amend  the  act  of  13th  December,  1889, 
relating  to  the  employment  of  women,  young  persons,  and  children.  (Dated 
May  26,  1914.)  International  labor  office.  Bulletin,  1915,  v.  10,  nos.  1,  2: 
14-16.  HD7801.I6,v.10 

Lois  et  reglements  concernant  la  police  du  travail  et  le  regime 

des  etablissements  classes.  Bruxelles,  Office  de  publicity,  J.  Lebegue  et  cie 
[etc.]  1909.  374  p.  mcm.  HD7896.A5 

Travail  des  femmes,  des  adolescents  et  des  enfants  dans  les  etablissements  industriels:  p.  5-83. 

Wetten  en  verordeningen  betreffende  den  arbeid  der  vrouwen 

en  kinderen,  de  politie  der  ingedeelde  inrichtingen  en  der  open  groeven,  het 
betalen  van  het  loongeld  aan  de  werklieden,  de  werkplaatsverordeningen,  de 
arbeidsovereenkomst  en  het  arbeidsopzicht.  Brussel,  J.  Lebegue  en  cie, 
1903.  313  p.  19cm.  HD6083.N3A5-  1903 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


67 


786  Belgium.  Ministere  de  l’interieur.  Enqu§te  sur  les  conditions  du  travail 

des  enfants  et  des  femmes  dans  les  manufactures.  [Bruxelles,  1860]  At  head 
of  title  (No.  41)  Chambre  des  representants.  Session  de  1859-1860.  116  p. 

31cm.  HD6156.A5  1860 

787  Office  du  travail.  Rapports  annuels  de  l’lnspection  du  travail.  1.-17. 

annee,  1895-1911.  Bruxelles,  1896-1912.  8 v.  pi.  (partly  col.)  plans,  diagr. 
24-pm.  HD8501.A5 

Included,  1895-1904:  Administration  des  mines.  Rapport  general  sur  l’application  . . . de  la 
loi  du  13  d4cembre  1889  sur  le  travail  des  femmes,  des  adolescents  et  des  enfants. 

788  (Territory  under  German  occupation,  1914-)  Laws,  statutes, 

etc.  Notification  by  the  Governor-General  in  Belgium  with  respect  to  the 
text  of  the  act  relating  to  the  employment  of  women  and  children.  Dated 
Dec.  15,  1914.  International  labor  office.  Bulletin,  1915,  v.  10,  nos.  1,  2: 
61-64.  HD7801.I6,v.l0 

789  Dubois,  E.  Child  labor  in  Belgium.  American  academy  of  political  and  social 

science,  Annals,  July,  1902,  v.  20:  201-220.  Hl.A4,v.20 

790  Ducpetiaux,  Edouard.  De  la  condition  physique  et  morale  des  jeunes  ouvriers 

et  des  moyens  de  Fameliorer.  Bruxelles,  Meline,  Cans  et  compagnie,  1848. 
2 v.  24cm.  HD6231.D8 

791  McLean,  Francis  H.,  and  Emile  Waxweiler.  Child  labor  in  Belgium. 

American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Sept.  1906,  v.  28: 
303-313.  ' Hl.A4,v.28 

792  Ramaix,  de.  La  legislation  du  travail  en  Belgique.  ( In  Belgium.  Ministere 

des  affaires  etrangeres.  Recueil  des  rapports  des  secretaires  de  legation  de 
Belgique.  Bruxelles,  1890.  v.  7,  p.  1-53)  HC5.B5,v.7 

Reglementation  du  travail  des  femmes  et  des  enfants:  p.  41-43. 

793  Rowntree,  B.  Seebohm.  Land  & labour;  lessons  from  Belgium.  London, 

Macmillan  and  co.,  limited,  1910.  xx,  633  p.  plates,  maps,  plans,  tables, 
diagrs.  23cm.  HC315.R8 

See  Index  under  Child  labour  and  Juvenile  workers. 

794  Veditz,  Charles  William  August.  Child-labor  legislation  in  Belgium.  (In 

U.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Bulletin,  July,  1910,  no.  89.  Washington,  1910. 
p.  93-143)  * HD8051.A5,no.89 

795  Vermeersch,  Arthur.  Manuel  social,  la  legislation  et  les  oeuvres  en  Belgique, 

avec  une  preface  de  M.  Gerard  Cooreman.  Nouv.  ed.,  entierement  refondue. 
Louvain,  A.  Uystpruyst;  [etc.,  etc.]  1904.  xxxix,  1009  p.  23|cm. 

La  loi  sur  le  travail  des  femmes  et  des  enfants:  p.  185-193.  HD8506.  V3 

FRANCE. 

796  Bouquet,  Louis.  La  reglementation  du  travail  dans  l’industrie.  5.  ed.  en- 

tierement refondue  et  mise  a jour.  Paris  [etc.]  Berger-Levrault  & cie,  1904. 
viii,  398  p.  22fcm.  I1D7883.B7 

Enfants  . . . employes  a des  travaux  agricoles,  p.  16-18;  Age  d’admission  au  travail,  p.  37-46; 
Duree  du  travail  des  enfants,  p.  49-57;  Travail  de  nuit  des  enfants,  p.  63-89;  Reglementation  des 
travaux  soutterrains:  Travail  des  enfants,  p.  105-117;  Interdiction  aux  enfants  . . . d’eflectuer 
certains  travaux  dangereux,  p.  135-153. 

797  Brunh.es,  H.  J.,  and  F.  H.  McLean.  Child  labor  in  France.  Charities,  Apr. 

22,  1905,  v.  14:  676-682.  HVl.C4,v.l4 

798  Bry,  Georges  Ernest.  Cours  elementaire  de  legislation  industrielle;  lois  du 

travail  et  de  la  prevoyance  sociale,  questions  ouvrffires.  4.  ed.  entierement 
rev.  Paris,  L.  Larose  & L.  Tenin,  1909.  viii,  778  p.  22\om.  HD3621.B82 
Reglementation  du  travail  des  enfants  et  des  femmes:  p.  318-356. 


68 


LIST  OF  REFEREXCES  OX  CHILD  LABOR. 


799  Courcelle,  Louis.  Code  annote  des  lois  ouvrieres.  Paris,  Marchal  et  Billard,’ 

1902.  xxiv,  321  p.  19-Jem. 

“ Loi  du  2 novembre  1892.  Sur  le  travail  des  enfants,  des  lilies  mineures  et  des  femmes  dans  les 
etablissements  industries  p.  263-304. 

800  Traite  de  legislation  ouvriere.  Avec  une  preface  de  Paul  Beauregard. 

Paris,  V.  Giard  & E.  Briere,  1902.  (2),  iii,  (1)  xv,  (1),  584  p.  23cm. 

“Surveillance,  hygiene  etsecurite  des  ouvriers:  Enfants,  filles  mineures  et  femmes”:  p.  115-189. 

801  Dagan,  Henri.  Les  enfants  “ industrialises  ”.  Nouvelle  revue,  June  15,  1903, 

v.  22:  433-444.  AP20.N8,v.22 

802  France.  Assemblee  nationale,  1871.  Chambre  des  deputes.  Com- 

mission du  travail.  Rapport  fait  au  nom  de  la  Commission  du  travail 
chargee  d ’examiner  la  proposition  de  loi  de  M.  Lemire  tendant  a supprimer  le 
travail  de  nuit  des  enfants  dans  les  usines  a feu  continu,  par  M.  Lemire,  depute. 
[Paris,  Martinet,  imprimeur  de  la  Chambre  des  deputes,  1910]  13  p.  26cm. 
(Chambre  des  deputes.  10.  legisl.  Sess.  extr.  de  1910,  no.  599.  Annexe  au 
Proces- verbal.  16  decembre  1910)  IID6250.F8A5 

803  Bureau  des  manufactures.  Rapport  du  Bureau  des  manufactures 

sur  les  r^ponses  a la  circulaire  du  31  juillet  relative  a l’emploi  des  enfants  dans 
les  fabriques.  [Paris,  Imprimerie  royale,  1837]  17  p.  22§cm.  [With  France. 
Conseil  general  de  1 ’agriculture,  des  manufactures  et  du  commerce.  Proc&s- 
verbaux.  Paris,  1838]  HC271.A2  1837-8 

804  Conseil  superieur  du  travail.  Age  d ’admission  au  service  de  la 

clientele  dans  les  auberges,  hotels,  etc.  Rapport  de  M.  Abel  Craissac,  au  nom 
de  la  Commission  permanente.  Proces-verbaux,  enquete  et  documents. 
Paris,  Imprimerie  nationale.  1913.  x,  82  p.,  1 1.  incl.  tables.  27hcm. 

HD6073.W3F8 

805  Laws,  statutes,  etc.  Code  du  travail  et  de  la  prdvoyance  sociale, 

avec  renvois  aux  ouvrages  de  MM.  Dalloz,  pub.  sous  la  direction  de  MM. 
Gaston  Griolet  . . . [et]  Charles  Yergd  . . . avec  la  collaboration  de  M. 
Henry  Bourdeaux.  5.  ed.,  rev.,  cor.  et  augm.  Paris,  Dalloz,  1914.  vii, 
[1],  330,  32  p.  15|cm.  (Petite  collection  Dalloz) 

See  Index:  p.  22-23,  under  Enfants. 

806  Ministere  du  travail  et  de  la  prevoyance  sociale.  L ’application, 

en  1912,  des  lois  reglementant  le  travail.  Travail  des  femmes  et  des  enfants. 
(In  its  Bulletin,  Oct.-Dec.  1913,  v.  20:  976-985;  1073-1090;  1206-1215.) 

HD8421.A17,v.20 

807  Deere  t concernant  les  travaux  dangereux  interdits  aux  enfants. 

et  aux  femmes.  (In  France.  Journal  officiel,  Mar.  26,  1914.  p.  2777-2783.) 

J7F2A, Mar., 1914 

An  English  translation  of  this  decree  is  contained  in  the  Bulletin  of  International  labor  office  for 
Oct.  1915, v.  10:  103-105. 

808  Parlement,  1910.  Chambre  des  deputes.  Proposition  de  loi 

tendant  a la  repression  de  1 ’exploitation  de  l’enfance,  presentee  par  M.  Georges 
Berry,  depute.  (Renvoyee  a la  Commission  relative  au  vagabondage  et  a la 
mendicite)  Dec.  5,  1910.  (In  its  Documents  parlementaires,  1911.  Annexe 
no.  547.  [Paris,  1911]  F°.  p.  170-174.) 

809  [Hutchins,  Miss  B.  Leigh]  Labour  laws  for  women  in  France.  [London] 

Women’s  industrial  council,  1907.  cover-title,  11,  [1]  p.  21%cm. 

HD6083.F8H8 

810  Laufer,  Rene.  La  protection  del’enfance  ouvriere.  Les  donnees  scientifiques 

sur  le  ddveloppement  des  apprentis  et  jeunes  ouvriers.  Nouvelle  revue, 
Apr.  15,  1911,  3d  ser.  v.  20:  433-451;  May  1,  1911,  3d  ser.  v.  21:  3-18. 

AP20.N8,v.20,21 


811 

812 

813 

814 

815 

81G 

817 

818 

819 

820 

821 

822 

823 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


G9 


Masse,  Daniel-  Legislation  du  travail  et  lois  ouvrieres;  classification,  corn- 
men  taire,  jurisprudence,  legislation  comparee,  projets  et  propositions  de  lois. 
Paris,  Nancy,  Berger-Levrault  et  cie,  1904.  xii,  974  p.  tables.  25£cm. 

“ Protection  generate  des  enfants,  des  filles  mineures  et  des  femmes,”  p.  253-303. 

Pandectes  frangaises.  Nouveau  repertoire  de  doctrine,  de  legislation  et  de 
jurisprudence,  v.  57.  Paris,  F.  Pichon  et  Durand-Auzias,  1905.  855  p. 

27lem 

Titre  I,  chapitre  deuxieme:  Travail  des  enfants  et  des  femmes:  p.  480-548. 

Titre  II,  chapitre  troisieme,  Droit  eompard  (Comparative  law)  p.  800-831,  contains  a summary 
of  the  principal  laws  relating  to  child  labor  in  Germany,  Great  Britain,  Austria-Hungary,  Bel- 
gium, Denmark,  Spain,  United  States,  Italy,  Luxemburg,  Norway,  the  Netherlands,  Portugal, 
Russia,  Sweden  and  Switzerland. 

Payen,  Edouard.  L’application  de  la  loi  de  1892  sur  le  travail  des  enfants  et 
des  femmes.  Economiste  frangais,  Oct.  23,  1909,  v.  37:  599-601. 

HB3.E3,v.37 

Renard,  Georges.  L ’enfant  dans  1 Industrie  modern:  Le  droit  de  1 ’enfant. 
Revue  politique  et  litteraire,  Revue  bleue,  Dec.  17,  23,  1910,  48.annee: 
780-783;  809-812.  AP20.R64,48.annee 

Veditz,  Charles  William  August.  Child-labor  legislation  in  France.  (In 
U.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Bulletin,  July,  1910,  no.  89.  Washington,  1910. 
p.  143-231)  HD8051.A5, no.89 

Villerme,  Louis  Rene.  Tableau  de  l’etat  physique  et  moral  des  ouvriers  em- 
ployes dans  les  manufactures  de  coton,  de  laine  et  de  soie.  Paris,  J.  Renouard 
et  cie,  1840.  2v.  22cm.  HD8039.T42F89 

Dur6e  journalifcre  du  travail:  v.  2,  p.  83-109;  Enfants  employes  dans  les  manufactures:  v.  2,  p. 
110-125. 

GERMANY. 

Abelsdorff,  Walter.  Gewerbsmassige  Kinderarbeit.  Leipzig,  Felix  Diet- 
rich,  1913.  26  p.  20^cm.  (Kultur  und  Fortschritt,  no.  455-56) 

Inhalt:  Einleitung.— 1.  Deutschland.  2.  Oesterreich.  3.  Italien.  4.  Schweiz.  5.  Nieder- 
lande.  6.  Grossbritannien.  7.  Frankreich.  8.  Japan.  9.  Danemark.  10.  Vereinigt6  Staaten. 
Literatur. 

Adler,  Georg  and  Bernard  Harms.  Jugendliche  Arbeiter.  (In  Elster, 
Ludwig.  Worterbuch  der  Volkswirtschaft.  3.  Aufl.  Jena,  1911.  27cm. 

v.  1,  p.  1392-1397)  IIBGl.E53,v.l 

Literatur:  p.  1397. 

Contains  statistics  for  the  year  1907. 

Agahd,  Konrad.  [Child  labor  in  Germany.]  (In  United  States.  Report  of 
the  Commissioner  of  education,  1899-1900,  v.  1,  p.  816-825.  Washington, 

1901.  23|cm.)  L111.A3  1899-1900 

Die  Erwerbsthatigkeit  schulpflichtiger  Kinder  im  Deutschen  Reich. 

(In  Archiv  fur  soziale  Gesetzgebung  und  Statistik,  v.  12,  p.  373-428. 
Berlin,  1898.  8°)  II5.A8,v.l2 

Die  gewerbliche  Kinderarbeit  in  Kiel.  (In  Soziale  Praxis,  v.  12,  Aug. 

6,  1903,  cols.  1184-1186)  I15.S7,v.l2 

Kinderarbeit  in  Chemnitz.  (In  Soziale  Praxis,  v.  11,  Jan.  16,  1902, 

cols.  404-406)  H5  S7,v.ll 

Kinderarbeit  und  Gesetz  gegen  die  ausnutzung  kindlicher  Arbeitskraft 

in  Deutschland.  (Unter  Beriicksichtigung  der  Gesetzgebung  des  Auslandes 
und  der  Besehaftigung  der  Kinder  in  der  Landwirtschaft)  Jena,  G.  Fischer, 

1902.  xii,  206  p.  24cn>.  IID6243.G3A4 


70  LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 

824  Agahd,  Konrad.  Zu  den  Grundziigen  der  gesetzlichen  Regelung  der  gewer- 

blichen  Kinderarbeit  ausserhalb  der  Fabriken.  {In  Soziale  Praxis,  v.  10, 
Sept.  12,  1901,  cols.  1257-1262)  H5.S7.vlO 

825  Zur  Wiirdigung  der  Statistik  liber  die  gewerbliche  Kinderarbeit  ausser- 

halb der  Fabriken  in  Deutschland.  {In  Soziale  Praxis,  v.  10,  Oct.  18,  1900, 
cols.  52-56)  . H5.S7,v.l0 

826  and  M.  von  Schulz.  Gesetz  betreffend  Kinderarbeit  in  gewerblichen 

Betrieben.  Vom  30.  marz  1903.  3.  Aufl.  Jena,  G.  Fischer,  1905.  xvi, 
408  p.  22em.  (Schriften  der  Gesellschaft  fur  soziale  Reform.  Hrsg.  von  dem 
Vorstande.  lift.  10)  HD6243.G3A44 

827  Anton,  Gunther  Kurt.  Geschichte  der  preussischen  Fabrikgesetzgebung  bis 

zu  ihrer  Aufnahme  durch  die  Reichsgewerbeordnung.  . . . Leipzig, 
Duncker  & Humblot,  1891.  xvi,  202  p.  8°.  (Staats-  und  socialwissen- 
schaftliche  Forschungen.  Bd.  ll.hft.  2)  HB41.S7,v.ll,pt.2 

Geschichte  der  preussischen  Gesetzgehung  zum  Schutze  der  jugendlichen  Fabrikarbeiter, 
p.  1-132. 

828  Berger,  T.  Ph.  and  L.  Wilhelmi,  Gewerbeordnung  fur  das  Deutsche  Reich, 

nebst  den  fur  das  Reich  und  Preussen  erlassenen  Ausfuhrungsbestimmungen. 
18.  vehinderte  Aufl.  bearb.  von  Karl  Flesch  ...  in  verbindung  mit  Friedrich 
Hiller  [und]  Hermanu  Luppe.  Berlin,  J.  Guttentag,  1910.  1 p.  1.,  [5]-971, 

[1]  p.  13£cm.  (Guttentag’sche  Sammlung  deutscher  Reichsgesetze.  Nr.  6) 

Erganzungsheft  zur  achtzehnten  Auflage  der  Gewerbeordnung  fur 

das  Deutsche  Reich.  Berlin,  J.  Guttentag,  1912.  103  p.  13^cm. 

829  Bierer,  Willy.  Die  hausindustrielle  Kinderarbeit  im  Kreise  Sonneberg;  ein 

Beitrag  zur  Kritik  des  Kinderschutzgesetzes.  Tubingen,  J.  C.  B.  Mohr 
(P.  Siebeck)  1913.  vip.,  1 1.,  167  p.  24cm  (Archiv  fur  Sozialwissenschaft  und 
Sozialpolitik.  Erganzungsheft  xi)  HD6250.G4B5 

“Gesetz  betr.  Kinderarbeit  in  gewerblichen  Betrieben.  Vom.  30.  Marz  1903”:  p.  159-1G5. 

830  Bloomfield,  Meyer.  The  school  and  the  start  in  life;  a study  of  the  relation 

between  school  and  employment  in  England,  Scotland,  and  Germany.  Wash- 
ington, Govt,  print,  off.,  1914.  143  p.  23cm.  (U.  S.  Bureau  of  education. 

Bulletin,  1914,  no.  4.  Whole  no.  575)  HF5381.B5 

Bibliography:  p.  133-142. 

831  Child  labor  in  Germany.  Square  deal,  July,  1914,  v.  14:  547-548. 

HD6500.S7,v.l4 

Shows  number  of  children  employed  in  various  mills  and  factories  during  1910  and  1911. 

832  Child  labor  in  Germany  outside  of  factories.  {In  United  States.  Report  of 

the  commissioner  of  education,  1900-1901,  v.  1,  p.  54-80.  Washington, 
1902.  23^cm)  L111.A3  1900/01 

“ Translated  from  Vierteljahrshefte  des  Kaiserlichen  Statistischen  Amts.  1900,  Heft  III.” 
Results  of  an  official  inquiry  (1898)  by  the  Imperial  Chancellery. 

Contents.— Purpose  and  nature  of  inquiry;  Results  of  the  inquiry:  Number  of  children 
employed  outside  of  factories;  Kinds  of  occupation  of  children;  Age  of  wage-earning  children; 
Daily  working  hours;  Arrangement  of  workrooms;  Legal  conditions  of  child  labor;  Wages  of 
children;  Police  regulations  concerning  child  labor;  Propositions  for  the  future  regulation  of  indus- 
trial child  labor;  Supplement  1 . Regulations  concerning  industrial  occupation  of  school  children 
in  some  foreign  countries:  England;  France;  Austria;  Other  countries;  Supplement  2.  Dis- 
cussion (A  translation  of  an  article  by  Dr.  Wiese  in  the  Berlin  Tagliche  Rundschau,  No.  275,  1899). 

833  Daumay,  Maxime.  L’enquete  allemande  sur  le  travail  des  enfants  hors  de  la 

fabrique.  {In  Questions  pratiques  de  legislation  ouvriere  et  d ’economie  sociale, 
v.  2,  1901,  p.  105-109.  Paris,  1902.  23cm) 


834 

835 

836 

837 

838 

839 

840 

841 

842 

843 

844 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


71 


De  Voss,  Emilia  V.  Kanthack.  The  child  in  Germany.  Child,  Oct.  1910, 
v.  1:  25-35.  HQ750.A2C4,v.l 

State  measures  regarding  the  employment  of  children,  p.  33. 

Edlmann,  Edith.  Juvenile  labour  exchanges  and  apprenticeship  bureaux  in 
Germany.  Contemporary  review,  Aug.  1913,  v.  104:  230-239. 

AP4.C7,v.l04 


Esche,  Arthur.  Der  gesetzliche  Arbeitsschutz  der  gewerblich  beschaftigten 
Jugend.  Vortrag  gehalten  im  Ferienkursus  der  Gehe-stiftung  zu  Dresden  (26. 
april  1905)  Dresden:  v.  Zahn  & Jaensch,  1905.  52  p.  23^cm.  (ZnNeue 
Zeitund  Streitfragen,  hrsg.  von  der  Gehe-stiftung  zu  Dresden.  Dresden,  1905. 
2.  jahrg.)  H5.N4 

Jahrbuch  der  Gehe-stiftung  zu  Dresden,  bd.  xr,  p.  [247]— 298. 

Falkenbach,  Joseph.  Employment  of  children  in  German  factories.  (In 
United  States.  Consular  reports,  v.  30,  no.  106,  July,  1889,  p.  380-381) 

HCl.R2,v.30 


Feld,  Wilhelm.  Die  Kinder  der  in  fabriken  arbeitenden  Frauen  und  ihre 
Verpflegung,  mit  besonderer  Beriicksichtigung  der  Crimmitschauer  Arbei- 
terinnen.  Dresden,  O.  V.  Bohmert,  1906.  4 p.  1.,  87,  [1]  p.  incl.  tables. 

25^cm.  (Probleme  des  Ftirsorge;  Abhandlungen  der  Centrale  fur  private  Fiir- 
sorge  in  Frankfurt  am  Main.  3.  Bd.)  HV764.F8F5 

Findeisen,  H.  Das  Reichsgesetz  betreffend  Kinderarbeit  in  gewerblichen 
Betrieben  vom  30.  Marz  1903  systematisch  dargestellt  nebst  Ausfiihrungsbe- 
stimmungen  aus  dem  Reich,  den  konigreichen  Preussen,  Bayern  und  Sachsen, 
sowie  den  thuringischen  Staaten.  Leipzig,  Duncker  & Humblot,  1904.  viii, 
104  p.  22£cm.  HD6243.G3F4 

“ Literatur verzeichnis ’ ’ : p.  [vii]-viii. 

Francke,  E.  Die  “ Jugendlichen”.  (Kinderarbeit-,  Kriminalitat  und- 
Schutz)  Soziale  Praxis,  May  11,  1911,  v.  20:  986-988.  H5.S7,v.20 

Fiirth,  Henriette.  Gewerbliche  Kinderarbeit  in  Deutschland.  Dokumente 
der  Frauen,  Dec.  1,  1900,  v.  4,  p.  533-541. 


Germany.  Laws,  statutes,  etc.  Gewerbeordnung  fur  das  Deutsche  Reich 
in  ihrer  neuesten  Fassung,  mit  samtlichen  Ausfuhrungsbestimmungen  fur  das 
Reich  und  fur  Preussen,  sowie  mit  dem  Kinderschutzgesetz,  dem  Stellenver- 
mittlergesetz,  dem  Hausarbeitsgesetz  und  dem  Gewerbegerichtsgesetz . 2. 

Aufl.  Berlin,  F.  Vahlen,  1912.  2 v.  25cm. 


The  following  laws  relate  to  the  employment  of  children  and  are 


published  in  the  Reichsgesetzblatt  as  follows: 
March  30, 1903,  p.  113. 

Feb.  17,  1904,  p.  62. 

June  16,  1905,  p.  548. 

Feb.  17,  1907,  p.  36. 

Feb.  21,  1907,  p.  65. 

May  16,  1907,  p.  235. 

July  1,  1907,  p.  404. 

Dec.  28,  1906,  p.  667. 

May  31,  1909,  p.  471. 

July  3,  1909,  p.  546. 


Nov.  25,  1909,  p.  968. 

Dec.  8,  1909,  p.909. 

Nov.  24,  1911,  p.  958. 

Dec.  20,  1911,  p.  976. 

May  20, 1912,  p.311. 

Dec.  13,  1912,  p.  565. 

March  7, 1913,  p.  125. 

March  9,  1913,  p.  129. 

Dec.  8,  1913,  p.  777. 

Nov.  11,  1914,  p.  474. 

Prepared  by  the  Leg.  Ref.  Div 


Statistisches  Amt.  Statistisches  Jahrbuch  fur  das  Deutsche  Reich. 

1914.  Berlin,  Puttkammer  & Miihlbrecht,  1914.  472,  138*  p.  24cm. 

HA1232.A3  1914 

Die  in  den  Jahren  1911  und  1912  im  Deutschen  Reich  in  Betrieben  mit  mindestens  10  Arbeitern 
und  in  den  diesen  gleichgestellten  Betrieben  beschaftigten  Arbeiter  (crwachsene  und  jugendliche 
beiderlei  Geschlechts):  p.  64-65. 


72 

845 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


Gesellschaft  fur  Soziale  Reform,  Berlin.  Die  jugendlichen  Arbeiter  in 
Deutschland,  i-yi.  Jena,  G.  Fischer,  1910-12.  G v.  21Jcm.  (Sehriften  der 
Gesellschaft  fur  Soziale  Reform,  iv.  13d.,  lift.  1-7;  lift.  34-40  der  ganzen 
Reihe)  IID6250.G3G4 

Contents: 

I.  Arbeitsverlialtnisse  der  den  §§135-139“  der  Gewerbeordnung  unterstellten  minderjahrigen 
Arbeiter.  Von  Dr.  Karl  Bittman.  1910. 

II.  Kriminalitat  und  sittliehes  Verhalten  der  Jugendlichen.  Von  Dr.  Paul  Kohnc.  1910. 

III.  Schadigung  von  Leben  und  Gesundheit  der  Jugendliche.  Von  Dr.  J.  Kaup.  1911. 

IV.  Bildung  und  Erziehung  ausserhalb  der  Schule  (jugendpflege)  Von  Hans  Weicker. 
1911. 

V.  Verhandlungen  der  5.  G eneralversammlung  der  Gesellschaft  fur  Sccialc  Reform  am  12. 
u.  13.  Mai  1911  in  Berlin.  1911. 

VI.  Die  Fortbildungsschule.  Von  Dr.  Alfred  Kiihne.  1912. 

846  Gorres,  K[arl]  Ilandbuch  der  gesammten  Arbeitergesetzgebung  des  Deutsclien 

Reiches.  Freiburg  im  Breisgau:  Herder  ’sche  verlagshandlung;  St.  Louis, 
Mo.  [etc.]  33.  Herder,  1893.  xxxv,  [i],  765  pp.  8°.  HD7888.G7 

Jugendliche  Arbeiter:  p.  114,  295,  579,  G19,  G37-645,  647-652. 

847  Juvenile  labor  in  Germany.  Economic  review,  Jan.  1913,  v.  23:  14-23. 

HBl.E4,v.23 

848  Die  Kinderarbeit  in  gewerblichen  Betrieben.  Arbeiterwohl,  July-Dee.  1903, 

v.  23:  103-209.  IJD4809.S7,v.23 

849  Lesser,  Ernest.  Juvenile  labour  in  Germany.  Economic  review,  Jan.  1913, 

v.  23:  14-23.  HBl.E4,v.23 

850  London.  County  council.  Education  committee.  Report  by  education 

officer  submitting  a report  by  Miss  Durham  ...  on  juvenile  labour  in  Ger- 
many and  how  it  is  being  dealt  with . [London,  Printed  for  the  London  county 
council  by  Southwood,  Smith  & co.,  ltd.]  1910.  cover-title,  14  p.  33cm. 

HD6250.G4L7 

Reviewed  by  N.  B.  Dearie,  Economic  journal,  Dec.  1910,  v.  20:  652-G55.  HBl.E3,v.20 

851  Lord,  E.  W.  State  industrial  supervision  of  children  in  Germany  and  in  Con- 

necticut. (In  Child  labor  conference.  Hartford,  Conn.,  1908.  Report  of  the 
proceedings  . . . [Hartford]  1909.  22Pm.  p.  16-18.)  IID6250.U4C8  1908 

852  Muench,  Hugo.  Employment  of  children  in  Germany.  (In  United  States. 

Consular  reports,  v.  75,  no.  283,  Apr.  1904,  p.  121-124)  HCl.R2,v.75 

853  Niczky,  Walther.  Die  Entwicklung  des  gesetzlichen  Schutzes  der  gewerblich 

tatigen  Kinder  und  j ugendliehen  Arbeiter  in  Deutschland . (Unter  besonderer 
Beriicksichtigung  des  Kinderschutzgesetzes  vom  30.  Miirz  1903.)  . . . Borna- 
Leipzig,  Buchdr.  R.  Noske,  1905.  vi,  130  p.  23cm.  HD6243.G3N5 

“ Literaturverzeichnis ”:  p.  [128]— 130. 

854  Pieper,  August,  and  Helene  Simon.  Die  Ilerabsetzung  der  Arbeitszeit  fiir 

Frauen  und  die  Erhohung  des  Schutzalters  fiir  jugendliche  Arbeiter  in  Fa- 
briken.  Jena,  G.  Fischer,  1902.  164  p.  2Hem.  (Sehriften  der  Gesellschaft 

fiir  Soziale  Reform,  lift.  7-8)  HD6064.P4 

855  Prelle  de  la  Nieppe,  E.  de.  Rapport  sur  le  projet  de  r^glementation  en  Alle- 

magne  du  travail  des  enfants  dans  les  industries  autres  que  les  fabrique3  et 
usines.  (In  Belgium.  Ministere  des  affaires  etrangeres.  Recueil  des  rap- 
ports des  secretaires  de  legation  de  Belgique.  Bruxelles,  1905.  v.  12,  p. 
91-100)  HC5.B5,v  12 

856  Ruble,  Otto.  Das  proletarische  Kind,  eine  Monographic.  Munchen,  A. 

Langen  [c1911]  xiv  p.,  1 1.,  262  p.,  11.  19cm.  JID4853.R8 

Die  Barbarei  der  Kinderarbeit:  p.  130-161. 

857  Schultze.  Das  Kinderschutzgesetz  in  der  Praxis.  Soziale  Praxis,  May  23.  30, 

1912,  v.  21:  1057-1063;  1090-1094.  H5.S7,v.21 


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73 


858 

859 


8G0 


8G1 

8G2 

8G3 


8G4 


8G5 

8GG 

8G7 


8G8 


8G9 


870 

871 


872 

873 


Spangenberg,  Hans.  Reichsgesetz,  betreffend  Kinderarbeit  in  gewerblichen 
Betrieben.  Yom  30.  Marz  1903.  Berlin,  J.  Guttentag,  1903.  148  p.  13|-cm. 

(Guttentag’sche  Sammlung  deutscher  Reichsgesetze,  Nr.  71.) 

Stieda,  W.  Child  laborers  and  their  protection  in  Germany.  Chautau- 
quan,  Oct.  1893,  v.  18:  88-91.  AP2.C48,v.l8 

Veditz,  Charles  William  August.  Child-labor  legislation  in  Germany.  (In 
U.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Bulletin,  July,  1910,  no.  89.  Washington,  1910. 
p.  231-312)  IlD8051.A5,no.89 

GREAT  BRITAIN. 

Adler,  Nettie.  Child  workers  and  wage-earners.  Royal  society  of  arts, 
Journal,  June  12,  1908,  v.  56:  738-747.  Tl.S64,v.56 

Children  as  wage-earners.  Fortnightly  review,  May  1,  1907,  v.  73: 

918-927.  ’ AP4.F7,v.73 

Alden,  Mrs.  Margaret  (Pearse)  Child  life  and  labour.  3d  ed.  rev.  Lon- 
don, Headley  brothers  [1913]  4 p.  1.,  191  p.  diagr.  17£cm.  (Social  service 
handbooks,  no.  6)  I1Q751.A6 

“ Bibliography  on  child  life.  Compiled  for  the  author  by  the  British  institute  of  social  service": 
p.  172-184. 

Women  and  children  and  the  labour  market.  (In  An  Encyclopaedia  of 

industrialism.  London,  T.  Nelson  and  sons  [1914?]  p.  516-532.) 
Bibliography:  Child  labour:  p.  529-532.  HD2321.E6 

Baggallay,  F.  W.  Child  labour  in  factories  and  workshops.  Economic  review, 
July  15,  1909,  v.  19:  293-308.  IIBl.E4,v.l9 

Hie  Beschaftigung  jugendlielier  Personen  im  Dienste  der  britischen  Postver- 
Avaltung.  Deutsche  Verkehrs-Zeitung,  Dec.  8,  1911,  v.  35:  531-533. 

HE6007.D5,v.35 

Black,  Clementina.  Sweated  industry  and  the  minimum  wage.  London, 
Duckworth  & co.,  1907.  xxiv,  281  p.,  1 1.  19cm.  HD2339.G7B7 

Wage-earning  children:  p.  104-131. 

Bloomfield,  Meyer.  The  school  and  the  start  in  life;  a study  of  the  relation 
between  school  and  employment  in  England,  Scotland,  and  Germany.  Wash- 
ington, Govt,  print,  off.,  1914.  143  p.  23cm.  (U  S.  Bureau  of  education. 
Bulletin,  1914,  no.  4.  Whole  no.  575)  IJF5381.B5 

Bibliography:  p.  133-142. 

Bosanquet,  Helen,  “Mrs.  Bernard  B ©Banquet’ \ Little  drudges  and  trouble- 
some boys.  (In  her  The  standard  of  life  and  other  studies.  London,  1898. 
20cm:  p.  174-182)  IIN389.B78 

The  strength  of  the  people;  a study  in  social  economics.  London, 

New  York,  Macmillan  and  co.,  limited,  1902.  xii,  345,  [1]  p.  23cm. 

The  children:  p.  211-228.  HN309.B8 

Bray,  Reginald  Arthur.  Boy  labour  and  apprenticeship.  2d  impression. 
London,  Constable  & co.,  1912.  xi,  248  p.  19cm. 

“List  of  authorities":  p.  241-244. 

The  town  child.  London,  T.  F.  Unwin,  1907.  viii,  333,  [1]  p.  22-|cm. 

Minimum  wage,  85-92;  Entrance  to  a trade,  p.  182-203.  HT206.B7 

British  association  for  labour  legislation.  Child  labour  in  the  United 
Kingdom.  A study  of  the  development  and  administration  of  the  law  relating 
to  the  employment  of  children.  By  Frederic  Keeling.  Prepared  on  behalf  of 
the  British  section  of  the  International  association  for  labour  legislation. 
London,  P.  S.  King  & son,  1914.  xxxii,  326  p.  254om . 

HD6250.G7B75 

u Bibliography  of  the  emplojrment  of  children  in  the  United  Kingdom":  p.  [309]— 319. 
Reviewed  in  Political  science  quarterly,  Mar.  1915,  v.  30:  151-153.  Hl.P8,v.30 


74 

874 

875 

870 

877 

878 

879 

880 

881 

882 

883 

884 

885 

886 

887 

888 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


British  association  for  labour  legislation.  Report  on  the  employment  of 
children  in  the  United  Kingdom.  By  Constance  Smith  (eo-hon.  sec.  of  the 
Committee  on  wage-earning  children) . 2d  ed . London,  Issued  by  the  British 
association  for  labour  legislation  [pref.  1909 J 32  p.  2Ljcra.  HD6250.G7B8 
Buckmaster,  Stanley  Owen.  Employment  of  children  act,  1903.  Report  to 
His  Majesty’s  principal  secretary  of  state  for  the  Home  department,  on  the 
byelaws  made  on  the  29th  of  January,  1910,  by  the  London  County  council 
under  the  Employment  of  children  act,  1903.  Presented  to  Parliament  by 
command  of  his  Majesty.  London,  Pub.  by  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  printed  by 
Darling  and  son,  limited,  1911.  18  p.  33cm.  ([Gt.  Brit.  Parliament. 

Papers  by  command]  Cd.  5497)  HD6250.G7A4  1911 

Found  also  in  Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Sessional  papers,  1911,  v.  64.  J301.KG  1911, v.C4 

Chamberlain,  Norman.  Labour  exchanges  and  boy  labour.  Economic 
review,  Oct.  15,  1909,  v.  19:  400-409.  HBl.E4,v.l9 

Child  labour:  i.  Minimum  age  for  labour  of  children,  by  Henry  Edward, 
Cardinal  Manning,  ii.  The  half-timers,  by  Henry  Dunckley.  Contem- 
porary review,  June,  1891,  v.  59:  794-802.  AP4.C7,v.59 

Clark,  Victor  S.  Woman  and  child  wage-earners  in  Great  Britain.  (In  U.  S. 
Bureau  of  labor.  Bulletin,  no.  80,  Jan.,  1909,  p.  1-85.  Washington,  1909.  23cm.) 

HD8051.A5,no.80 

Clarke,  Allen.  The  effects  of  the  factory  system.  Written  1895-6;  rev.  1897-8. 
London,  G.  Richards,  1899.  2 p.  1.,  vii-viii,  178  p.  17£cm. 

Effects  of  the  factory  system  on  children:  p.  92-118.  HD2356.G7C6 

Collet,  Clara  Elizabeth.  Report  by  Miss  Collet  on  the  statistics  of  employ- 
ment of  women  and  girls.  Presented  to  both  houses  of  Parliament  by  command 
of  Her  Majesty.  London,  Printed  for  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by  Eyre  and  Spot- 
tiswoode,  1894.  vii,  152  p.  incl.  tables.  25cm.  ([Gt.  Brit.  Parliament. 

Papers  by  command]  C.  7564)  HD6136.C7 

Found  also  in  Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Sessional  papers,  1894,  v.  81,  pt.  2.  J301.K6  1894, v.81 

Committee  on  wage-earning  children.  London.  Report.  A statement  of 
the  existing  laws  for  their  protection,  with  suggestions  of  possible  amendments. 
[London,  G.  Reynolds,  printer],  1900.  12  p.  23em.  HD6243.G8C7 

llth-12th  annual  report  . . . 1911-1912.  London,  1911-1912.  2 v. 

21lcm 

Condy,  George.  An  argument  for  placing  factory  children  within  the  pale  of 
the  law.  London,  Longman,  Rees,  Orme,  Brown,  Green  & Longman;  [etc., 
etc.]  1833.  60  p.  204cm.  HD6243.G8C75 

Cox,  Irene.  Factory  laws  affecting  women  and  children.  Charity  organiza- 
tion review,  Feb.  1914,  n.  s.  v.  35:  70-79.  HVl.C6,n.s.v.35 

Cranston,  Mary  Rankin.  Child  wage-earners  in  England:  why  the  “ half- 
time” system  has  failed  to  solve  the  problem.  Craftsman,  July,  1907,  v.  12: 
424-430.  Nl.C87,v.l2 

Cunningham,  William.  The  growth  of  English  industry  and  commerce. 
Cambridge,  University  press,  1896-1903.  3 v.  23cm.  HC253.C96 

[v.  3]  Modem  times:  Pt.  2.  Laissez  faire. 

“ Conditions  of  children’s  work”:  p.  775-790.  See  also  Index:  p.  1005. 

Dewar,  David.  The  Children  act,  1908,  and  other  acts  affecting  children  in  the 
United  Kingdom.  Edinburgh  and  London,  W.  Green  & sons,  1910.  vii,  418 
p.  22cm.  HV751.A4  1910 

Drage,  Geoffrey.  The  labour  problem.  London,  Smith,  Elder  & co.,  1896. 
xv,  424  p.  23cm.  HD8390.D8 

The  employment  of  children:  1.  The  present  law  with  regard  to  the  employment  of  children, 
j).  246-261;  The  lines  of  suggested  reform:  p.  261-269. 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR.  75 

889  Dunlop,  Olive  Jocelyn.  English  apprenticeship  & child  labour;  a history 

with  a supplementary  section  on  the  modern  problem  of  juvenile  labour,  by  O. 
Jocelyn  Dunlop  and  Richard  D.  Denman.  London  [etc.]  T.  F.  Unwin,  1912. 
3 p.l.,  9-390  p.,  1 1.  23cm.  HD4885.G7D8 

Bibliography:  p.  355-363. 

890  Freeman,  Arnold.  Boy  life  & labour;  the  manufacture  of  inefficiency. 

Preface  by  Dr.  M.  E.  Sadler  . . . London,  P.  S.  King  & son,  1914.  xiii  p., 
1 1.,  252  p.  22cm.  HD6250.G75B5 

“ Bibliography  of  juvenile  labour”:  p.  233-248. 

Reviewed  in  American  economic  review,  Dec.  1914,  v.  4 : 921-922.  HBl.E26,v.4 

891  Garnett,  William  Hubert  Stuart.  Children  and  the  law  . . . with  an  intro- 

duction by  the  Rt.  Hon.  Walter  Runciman,  London,  J.  Murray,  1911.  xiv 
(*.  e.  24),  255  p.  19|cm..  HV731.G7G3 

Appendixes:  i.  Bye-laws.  u.  County  of  London.  Employment  of  children  and  street-trading 
by  young  persons.  By-laws. 

892  Gaskell,  P.  Artisans  and  machinery:  the  moral  and  physical  condition  of  the 

manufacturing  population  considered  with  reference  to  mechanical  substitutes 
for  human  labour.  London,  J.  W.  Parker,  1836.  xv,  399,  [1]  p.  17cm. 

HD2356.G7G4 

Pub.  also  under  title:  The  manufacturing  population  of  England. 

Infant  labour,  p.  135-173;  Education,  p.  239-253. 

893  Golf  and  the  caddie  question.  English  review,  July,  1914,  v.  17:  531-539. 

AP4.E523,v.l7 

894  Gordon,  Mrs.  Maria  Mathilda  (Ogilvie).  Juvenile  employment  bureaux. 

Women’s  industrial  news,  no.  56,  Jan.  1912,  p.  1-11. 

895  Gt.  Brit.  Board  of  education.  Correspondence  relating  to  school  attendance 

between  the  Board  of  education  and  certain  local  education  authorities  since 
the  outbreak  of  the  war  . . . London,  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  Eyre  <&  Spottis] 
woode,  1915.  19p.  33Ym.  ([Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Papers  by  command-] 
Cd.  7803) 

896  Board  of  trade.  Abstract  of  labour  statistics,  1912-13.  London, 

Printed  for  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by  Harrison  and  sons,  1915.  xxii,  348  p. 
24cm.  [Parliament.  Papers  by  command]  HD8381.A2  1912-13 

Occupations  of  children  under  14  years  of  age:  p.  318-319. 

897  Censusoffi.ee.  Census  of  England  and  Wales.  1911.  Yol.  X.  Occu- 

pations and  industries.  London,  Pub.  by  II.  M.  Stationery  off.,  printed  by 
Harrison  and  sons,  1914.  2 v.  tables.  33cm.  ([Parliament.  Papers  by 

command]  Cd.  7018,  7019)  HA1121.1911.C,v.lO 

Contains  statistics  of  children  from  10  years  of  age  upwards,  see  especially  Grouped  occupat  ions 
of  children,  pt.  1,  p.  462-467. 

898  Children’s  employment  commission.  First  report  of  the  commis- 

sioners. Mines.  Appendix,  part  1-2.  Reports  and  evidence  from  sub- 
commissioners. Presented  to  both  houses  of  Parliament  by  command  of 
Her  Majesty.  1842.  4 v.  33cm.  (Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Sessional  papers, 
1842,  v.  15,  16,  17.)  J301.K6  1842,v.l5-17 

Second  report.  Trades  and  manufactures.  Appendix  and  index  to  second 
report.  Presented  to  both  Houses  of  Parliament  by  command  of  Her  Majesty. 
1843-1845.  4 v.  Folded  map.  33fim.  (Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Sessional 
papers,  1843,  v.  13,  14,  15;  1845,  v.  42.) 

J301.K6  1843,  v. 13-15;  1845,  v.42 
Reviewed  iu  Christian  remembrancer,  May,  1843,  v.  5:  p.  674-704. 

Edinburgh  review,  Jan.  1844,  v.  79:  130-156. 


AP4.E3,v.79 


76  LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 

899  Gt.  Brit.  Children’s  employment  commission  (1862).  First-[sixth] 

report,  with  appendix.  1863-1867.  6 v.  33em.  J301.K6 

First  report  in  Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Sessional  papers,  1863,  v.  18. 

Second  report,  Same.  1864,  v.  22. 

Third  report,  Same.  1864,  v.  22. 

Fourth  report,  Same.  1865,  v.  20. 

Fifth  report,  Same.  1866,  v.  24. 

Sixth  report,  Same.  1867,  v.  67. 

V.  1,  p.  325-336,  contains  “Laws  and  regulations  of  foreign  countries  respecting  the  labour  and 
education  of  children  and  young  persons  employed  in  trades  and  manufactures.  ” 

Reviewed  in  Meliora,  1864,  v.  6:  224-250;  1865,  v.  8:  102-120.  Christian  remembrancer,  Apr. 
1S65,  v.  49:  332-356.  Quarterly  review,  Apr.  1866,  v.  119:  364-393. 

See  also  article  by  H.  S.  Tremenheere  in  N ational  association  for  the  promot  ion  of  social  science. 
Transactions,  Oct.  1865,  p.  291-301.  H11.N2  1865 

900  Factories  inquiry  commission.  First  [second  and  supplementary] 

report  of  the  Central  board,  . . . as  to  the  employment  of  children  in  factories 
and  as  to  the  propriety  and  means  of  curtailing  the  hours  of  their  labour; 
with  minutes  of  evidence  and  reports  by  the  District  [and  medical]  commis- 
sioners. Ordered,  by  the  House  of  Commons,  to  be  printed,  28  June,  1833 
[15  July,  1833,  25  March,  1834].  5 v.  33cm.  HD6250.G67  1833 

Also  found  in  Great  Britain.  Parliament.  Sessional  papers.  First  report,  1833,  v.  20,  pt.  1. 
Second  report,  Same.  1833,  v.  21. 

Supplementary  report,  Same.  1834,  v.  19,  20,  pt.  1-2.  JK301.K6  1833, v. 20, 21  1834, v. 19,20 

901  Foreign  office.  Correspondence  respecting  the  introduction  into  and 

employment  in  this  country  of  Italian  children.  Presented  to  both  houses  of 
Parliament  by  command  of  Her  Majesty.  1877.  London,  Harrison  and  sons, 
[1877]  5 p.  33cm.  (Parliament.  Sessional  papers,  1877,  v.  88.  C.  1764.) 

J301.K6  1877,  v.88 

902  Home  dept.  Form  no.  39.  Factory  and  workshop  acts,  1901  to  1911. 

Form  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  state  for  certificates  of  school  attendance. 
London,  1912.  Authorized  ed.  HD6250.G67  1912 

The  L.  cf  C.  has  many  other  editions. 

903  Employment  of  children  act,  1903.  Report  to  His  Majesty’s 

principal  secretary  of  state  for  the  Home  department  on  the  byelaws  made  by 
the  London  County  council  under  the  Employment  of  children  act,  1903,  by 
Chester  Jones.  Presented  to  both  houses  of  Parliament  by  command  of  Ilis 
Majesty.  London,  Printed  for  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by  Darling  & son,  ltd., 
1906.  28  p.  32|em.  ([Parliament.  Papers  by  command]  Cd.  2809) 

HD6243.G8A5  1906 

Also  found  in  Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Sessional  papers,  1906,  v.  90.  J301.K6  1906, v.90 

904  Factory  and  workshop  orders.  (1914  ed.)  London,  Printed  for 

II.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by  Darling  & son,  ltd.,  1914.  (8),  220  p.  24£om. 

HD7875.A4  1914 

905  Factories  and  workshops.  Summary  of  returns  under  S . 130  of  the 

Factory  and  workshop  act,  1901,  of  persons  employed  in  1907  in  textile  factories 
[and  in  non-textile  factories,  and  in  workshops]  (including  statistics  of  marriage- 
state  of  women  over  18)  . . . London,  Printed  for  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by 
Darling  & son,  ltd.,  1909-11.  3 v.  in  1.  33cm.  ([Parliament.  Papers  by 
command]  Cd.  4692,  5398,  5883)  HD8381.A5  1907 

906  Form  no.  71,  Oct.  1908.  Factory  and  workshop  act,  1901.  Pt. 

1 1 of  the  General  register,  being  the  prescribed  form  of  register  of  young  persons 
(under  18  years  o!  age)  employed  full  time,  and  certificates  of  fitness  for  em- 
ployment, in  case  of  those  under  16  years  of  age.  Authorized  ed.  London, 
1908.  HD3705.A4,no.71 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


77 


907  Gt.  Brit.  Home  dept.  Committee  on  Employment  of  children  act, 

1903.  Report  of  the  Departmental  committee  on  the  Employment  of 
children  ract,  1903,  appointed  by  His  Majesty’s  principal  secretary  of  state 
for  the  Home  department  [and  Minutes  of  evidence  . . . with  appendices 
and  index]  Presented  to  both  houses  of  Parliament  by  command  of  His 
Majesty.  London,  Printed  for  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by  Eyre  and  Spottis- 
woode,  ltd.  [1910]  2 v.  in  1.  33§cm.  ([Parliament.  Papers  by  command] 
Cds.  5229,  5230)  HD6250.G7A4  1910 

908  — — Committee  on  employment  of  school  children.  Report  of 

the  inter-departmental  Committee  on  the  employment  of  school  children, 
appointed  by  II.  M.  principal  secretary  of  state  for  the  Home  department  . . . 
[and  Minutes  of  evidence  . . . with  appendices  and  index  . . .]  London, 
Printed  for  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by  Wyman  and  sons,  limited,  1901-02.  2 v. 
ini.  folddiagr.  33cm.  ([Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Papers  by  command]  Cd. 

849,  895)  HD6250.G7A4  1901 

Also  found  in  Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Sessional  papers,  1902,  v.  25.)  J301.K6  1902, v.25 

909  — Night  work  committee.  Report  of  the  departmental  com- 

mittee on  the  night  employment  of  male  young  persons  in  factories  and  work- 
shops. Minutes  of  evidence  and  appendices.  London,  Pub.  by  II.  M. 
Stationery  off.,  printed  by  Eyre  and  Spottiswoode,  ltd.,  1912-1913.  2 v.  in  1. 
33cm.  ([Parliament.  Papers  by  command]  Cd.  6503,  6711)  IID5113.G7 

Found  also  in  Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Sessional  papers,  1912-13,  v.  26;  1913,  v.  23 

J301.K6 

910  Van  boys  and  warehouse  boys  committee.  Report  of  the 

departmental  committee  on  the  hours  and  conditions  of  employment  of  van 
boys  and  warehouse  boys,  appointed  by  His  Majesty’s  principal  secretary  of 
state  for  the  Home  department  [with  Minutes  of  evidence]  . . . London,  Pub. 
by  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  printed  by  Eyre  and  Spottiswoode,  ltd.,  1913. 
2 v.  in  1.  33£cm.  ([Parliament.  Papers  by  command]  Cd.  6886-6887) 

IID6250.G7A4  1913 

911  Inter- departmental  committee  on  partial  exemption  from 

school  attendance.  Report  of  the  Inter-departmental  committee  on  partial 
exemption  from  school  attendance  . . . Presented  to  both  houses  of  Parlia- 
ment by  command  of  His  Majesty.  London,  Printed  for  H.  M.  Stationery  off., 
by  J.  Truscott  & son,  ltd.,  1909.  2 v.  in  1.  tables.  33cm.  ([Parliament. 
Papers  by  command]  Cd.  4791,  4887)  HD6250.G7A4  1909 

912  Laws,  statutes,  etc.  The  following  laws  relate  to  the  employment  of 

children: 

Factory  and  workshop  act,  1891, 54  and  55  Viet.  c.  75;  1895, 58  and  59  Viet.  e.  37;  1901, 1 Edw.  VII 
c.  22;  1907,  7 Edw.  VII  c.  39. 

Prohibition  of  Child  labor  underground  act,  1900,  63  and  64  Viet.  c.  21. 

Employment  of  Children  act,  1903,  3 Edw.  VII.  c.  45. 

Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  children  act,  1904,  4 Edw.  VII  c.  15. 

Children  act,  1908,  8 Edw.  VII  c.  67. 

Dangerous  performances  act,  1897,  60  and  61,  Viet.  c.  52. 

Children  (Employment  abroad)  act  1913.  3 and  4 Geo.  V,  c.  7. 

Prepared  by  the  Leg.  Ref.  Div. 

913  Children.  A bill  to  provide  for  the  more  effectual  treatment  and 

prevention  of  destitution  and  sickness  among  children,  and  to  regulate  the 
hours  and  conditions  of  labour  among  children.  March  25,  1914.  London, 
Eyre  and  Spottiswoode,  1914.  12  p.  33cm.  ([Parliament,  1914.  H.  of  C. 

Bills]  Bill  142.) 

914  — — Children  (employment  and  school  attendance).  A bill  to  amend 

the  law  in  respect  of  the  employment  of  children  and  their  attendance  at 
school.  Feb.  13,  1914.  London,  Eyre  and  Spottiswoode,  1914.  6 p.  33cm. 

([Parliament,  1914.  11.  of  C.  Bills]  Bill  11.) 


78  LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 

915  Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  House  of  commons.  Select  committee  on  the 

state  of  children  employed  in  the  manufactories  of  the  United  King- 
dom. Report  of  the  minutes  of  evidence.  {In  Great  Britain.  Parliament. 
Sessional  papers,  1816,  v.  3.)  J301.K6  1816, v. 3 

916  Committee  on  employment  of  boys  in  sweeping  of 

chimnies.  Report,  together  with  the  minutes  of  evidence  taken  before  the 
Committee  and  an  appendix.  Ordered  by  the  House  of  Commons,  to  be 
printed,  23  June  1817.  51  p.  33cm.  (Gr.  Brit.  Parliament.  Sessional 
papers,  1817,  v.  6,  400)  J301.K6  1817.V.6 

917  Committee  appointed  to  examine  the  several 

petitions  . . . against  the  employment  of  boys  in  sweeping  of  chim- 
neys. A copy  of  the  report  presented  to  the  House  of  commons  by  the  Com- 
mittee appointed  to  examine  the  several  petitions,  which  have  been  presented  ' 
to  the  House,  against  the  employment  of  boys  in  sweeping  of  chimneys.  The 
Pamphleteer.  London,  1817.  22^cm.  v.  10,  p.  [483]-491.  AP4.P2,v.lO 

918  Committee  on  Bill  to  regulate  labour  of  children 

in  mills  and  factories.  Report  ; with  the  minutes  of  evidence,  appendix  and 
index.  Ordered,  by  the  House  of  commons,  to  be  printed,  8 August  1832.  n 
[London,  1832]  682  p.  33cm.  ([Parliament,  1832.  H.  of  C.  Reports  and 
papers]  706)  HD6250.G67  1832 

Also  found  in  Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Sessional  papers,  1831-32,  v.  15.  706. 

JK301.K6  1831-32, v.15 

919  Select  committee  on  the  act  [to  regulate  the 

labour  of  children  and  young  persons  in]  mills  and  factories.  First-  ; 
[sixth]  report,  together  with  the  minutes  of  evidence  taken  before  them, 
appendices,  and  index.  Ordered,  by  the  House  of  commons,  to  be  printed  3 , 
April,  1840-17  July,  1840.  6 pts.  Facsimiles.  33cm.  (Gt.  Brit.  Parlia-  , 
ment.  Sessional  papers,  1840,  v.  10)  J301.K6  1840, v. 10 

— — Report.  Ordered,  by  the  House  of  Commons,  to  be 

printed  18  February,  1841.  vi,  33  p.  33cm.  (Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Ses- 
sional papers,  1841,  v.  9)  , J301.K6  1841, v. 9 

920  Standing  committee  on  bills,  A.  Report  on  the  j 

Children  (employment  and  school  attendance)  bill  with  the  proceedings  of  the  ; 
committee.  Ordered,  by  the  House  of  commons  to  be  printed,  16th  April, 
1914.  London,  J.  B.  Nichols  and  sons,  1914.  13  p.  33cm.  (Reports  and 

papers.  1914.  190.) 

921  Post  office.  Standing  committee  on  boy  labour.  Reportfs]  of 

Standing  committee  on  boy  labour  in  the  Post  office,  together  with  instruc- 
tions issued  by  the  postmaster  general  in  connection  therewith.  London, 
Pub.  by  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  printed  by  Eyre  and  Spottiswoode,  ltd.,  1911-15. 
5v.  32^cm.  ([Parliament.  Papers  by  command]  Cd.  5504,  5755,  6959,  7556, 
8019.)  HE6939.E5A4  1912  1912a 

922  Royal  commission  on  labour.  Report[s],  [minutes  of  evidence, 

indexes,  answers  to  questions]  London,  Printed  for  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by  . 
Eyre  and  Spottiswoode,  1892-94.  35  v.  in  14.  tables,  diagrs.  33cm.  [Parlia- 
ment. Papers  by  command]  HD8381.C3  1892 

Contains  much  valuable  information  on  child  labor  in  the  various  industries.  Consult  the 
Indexes  under  Apprentices,  Boy  labour,  Child  labour,  etc. 

923  Royal  commission  on  poor  laws  and  relief  of  distress.  Report  by 

Mr.  Cyril  Jackson  on  boy  labour  together  with  a memorandum  from  the  general 
post-office  on  the  conditions  of  employment  of  telegraph  messengers  . . . 
London,  printed  for  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by  Wyman  & sons,  1909.  230  p. 

33|cm.  ' ([Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Papers  by  command]  Cd.  4632) 

Appendix  v.  20  to  reports  of  the  Poor  law  commission.  HD6250.G7A4  1909a 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


79 


924  Greenwood,  Arthur.  Juvenile  labour  exchanges  and  after-care.  With  an 

introduction  by  Sidney  Webb.  London,  P.  S.  King  & son,  1911.  xi,  112  p. 

HD6250.G7G7 

Bibliography:  p.  [101]-112. 

925  Juvenile  labour  problems.  Child,  Oct.  1911,  v.  2:  25-34. 

HQ750.A2C4,v.2 

926  — — Next  steps  in  factory  and  workshop  reform.  Political  quarterly,  Sept. 

1914,  no.  3:  38-70. 

Short  bibliography  on  the  factory  acts,  p.  69-70. 

927  and  John  E.  Kettle  well.  Some  statistics  of  juvenile  employment  and 

unemployment.  Royal  statistical  society.  Journal,  June,  1912,  v.  75: 
744-753.  HAl.R8,v.75 

928  Hall,  William  Clarke.  The  Queen’s  reign  for  children;  with  an  introduction 

by  Benjamin  Waugh.  London,  T.  F.  Unwin,  1897.  xvi,  208  p.  front,  (port.) 
19-|cm.  HV751.A6H2 

Contents. — I.  The  employer  and  the  child. — n.  The  state  and  the  child. — m.  The  parent  and 
the  child. — Appendices:  a.  Cases  of  cruelty,  b.  Chronological  table  of  statutes. 

929  Halsey,  O.  S.  Directing  the  work  life  of  English  children.  Survey,  May  16, 

1914,  v.  32:  195-196.  HVl.C4,v.32 

930  Hanway,  Jonas.  A sentimental  history  of  chimney-sweepers,  in  London  & 

Westminster.  Shewing  the  necessity  of  putting  them  under  regulations  to 
prevent  the  grossest  inhumanity  to  the  climbing  boys.  With  a letter  to  a 
London  clergyman,  on  Sunday  schools  calculated  for  the  preservation  of  the 
children  of  the  poor.  London,  Dodsley  [etc.]  1785.  1 p.  1.,  xl,  191  p.  front., 

pi.  16icm.  I1V887.G7L87 

931  Harvey,  E.  C.  Labour  laws  for  women  and  children  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

[London]  The  Women’s  industrial  council,  1909.  cover-title,  24  p.  210m. 
Bibliography:  p.  23-24.  HD6083.G8H2 

932  Harwood,  W.  Child  labour.  Child,  Nov.  1912,  v.  *3:  131-133. 

HQ750.A2C4,v.3 

933  Hoffman,  Frederick  Ludwig1.  Industrial  accident  statistics  . . . March, 

1915.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1915.  210  p.  23cm.  (Bulletin  of  the 

United  States  Bureau  of  labor  statistics,  whole  no.  157.  Industrial  accidents 
and  hygiene  series,  no.  5)  HD8051.A62,no.l57 

Children  and  young  persons,  killed  or  disabled,  United  Kingdom,  1908-1913:  p.  166-167. 

934  Holland,  Robert  W.  The  law  relating  to  the  child,  its  protection,  education, 

and  employment.  London,  Pitman,  1914.  xxiv,  142  p.  22cm. 

935  Hutchins,  Miss  B.  Leigh,  and  Amy  H.  Spencer.  A history  of  factory  legisla- 

tion. With  a preface  by  Sidney  Webb.  2d  ed.  rev.,  with  a new  chapter. 
London,  P.  S.  King  & son,  1911.  xvi,  298  p.  22cm.  (Studies  in  economics 
and  political  science.  Ed.  by  . . . W.  P.  Reeves  . . . no.  10  in  the  series  of 
monographs  by  writers  connected  with  the  London  school  of  economics  and 
political  science)  HD7876.H92 

Appendices:  a.  Orders  in  council:  p.  [273]-278.  B.  Select  bibliography:  p.  [279]-284. 

Children’s  labour  in  the  18th  century,  p.  3-13;  Cotton  mills  before  1831,  p.  19,  22,  26,  31,  37,  41; 
Education  of  factory  children,  p.  76-81;  Children’s  employment  commission,  p.  150-157,  170-172. 

936  Independent  labour  party.  London  branch.  Commercialism  and  child 

labour.  An  indictment  and  some  remedies.  London,  City  branch,  Inde- 
pendent labour  party,  1900.  16  p.  22ixll^cm.  (City  branch  pamphlets, 
no.  4)  ~ HD6250.G714 

937  Jackson,  Cyril.  Unemployment  and  trade  unions;  with  a preface  by  Rt.  Hon. 

Viscount  Milner.  London,  New  York  [etc.]  Longmans,  Green,  and  co.,  1910. 
xiii,  92  p.  19^cm.  HD5767.J2 

Boy  labour,  p.  55-67. 


80 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


938  Jevons,  H.  W.  Industrial  prospects  for  boys  and  girls.  Charity  organisation 

review,  Sept.  1906,  n.  s.  v.  20:  125-138.  HYl.C6,n.s.v.20 

Bibliography:  p.  139. 

939  Keeling,  Frederic.  The  present  position  of  child  labour  regulation.  Women’s 

industrial  news,  no.  66,  July,  1914,  p.  259-267. 

940  Kittermaster,  D.  B.  Unemployment  and  boy  labour.  Saint  George,  Jan. 

1907,  v.  10:  1-10.  IJN381.S2,v.l0 

941  [Kydd,  Samuel]  The  history  of  the  factory  movement,  from  the  year  1802  to 

the  enactment  of  the  ten  hours’  bill  in  1847.  By  Alfred  [pseud.]  London, 
Simpkin,  Marshall,  and  co.,  1857.  2 v.  22om.  IID2356.G7K4 

942  The  Labour  year  book.  [v.  1]  1916.  Issued  under  the  auspices  of  the  Parlia- 

mentary committee  of  the  Trades  union  congress,  the  Executive  committee  of 
the  Labour  party,  the  Fabian  research  department  . . . London  [etc.]  Co- 
operative printing  society  limited  [1916?]  704  p.  19cm.  IID8385.L3 

Child  labour  and  the  factory  acts:  p.  86-91. 

Child  and  juvenile  labour  and  apprenticeship:  p.  279-302. 

943  Leeds,  Eng.  Education  committee.  Employment  of  children.  Report  on 

children  attending  school  full  time  and  working  out  of  school  hours,  [n.  p., 
1910]  7 p.  24em. 

944  Lightbody,  W.  M.  The  problem  of  unskilled  labour.  Economic  review,  Oct. 

15,  1909,  v.  19:  423-431.  IIBl.E4,v.l9 

945  Lovejoy,  Owen  R.  Child  labor  legislation  in  England.  Chautauquan,  Apr. 

1907,  v.  46:  217-225.  AP2.C48,v.46 

946  McMillan,  Margaret.  Child  labour.  (In  Oliver,  Sir  Thomas,  ed.  Dangerous 

trades.  London,  J.  Murray,  1902.  p.  91-97)  IID7262.05 

947  Minton-Senhouse,  Robert  Metcalfe.  Work  and  labour:  being  a compen- 

dium of  the  law  affecting  the  conditions  under  which  the  manual  work  of  the 
working  classes  is  performed  in  England.  London,  Sweet  & Maxwell,  Id., 
1904.  xcviii,  379  p.  25Ym.  IID7875.M5 

See  Index  under  Child. 

948  Moulder,  Priscilla  E.  Factory  girls’ life  in  England.  World’s  work  (London) 

Oct.  1910,  v.  16:  469-472.  * AP4.W85,v.l6 

949  Mundella,  A.  J.  The  fight  for  the  child.  ReAdew  of  reviews,  London,  Mar. 

1915,  v.  51:  207-209.  AP4.R4,v.51 

950  Die  Nachtarbeit  von  Knaben  in  Fabriken  und  Werkstattcn  in  Grossbritannien. 

Germany.  Statistisches  Amt.  Abteilung  fur  Arbeiterstatistik.  Reichs-Ar- 
beitsblatt,  Sept.  1913,  v.  11:  687-689.  1JD8441  .A3,v.ll 

951  National  conference  on  the  prevention  of  destitution.  1st,  London , 

1911.  Report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  National  conference  on  the  prevention 
of  destitution,  held  at  the  Caxton  hall,  Westminster,  on  May  30th  and  31st,  and 
June  1st  and  2nd,  1911,  president:  the  Rt.  Hon.  the  Lord  Mayor  of  London. 
London,  P.  S.  King  & son,  1911.  xxvi,  766  p.  incl.  tables,  diagrs.  25Jcm. 

HY244.N3  1911 

The  public  organisation  and  control  of  juvenile  employment:  Juvenile  employment:  the 
Edinburgh  method  of  co-operation  between  the  education  authorities  and  the  labour  exchange, 
by  J.  W.  Peck:  p.219-237;  Working  of  the  London  juvenilo  advisory  committee,  by  R.  D.  Den- 
man: p.  238-246;  The  limitation  of  juvenile  labour,  by  N.  Adler:  p.  247-253;  The  social  organisa- 
tion of  adolescence,  by  Mrs.  Ogilvie  Gordon:  p.  253-264;  Discussion:  p.  265-272. 

952  2d,  London,  1912.  Report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  unemployment  & 

industrial  regulation  section  . . . London,  P.  S.  King  & son,  1912.  147  p., 
1 1.  24£cm.  IID8384.N3 

The  care  and  training  ol  juvenile  Avorkers.  Tapers  by  R.  A.  Bray,  W.  Main,  R.  H.  Tawney. 
Miss  C.  Smith,  and  A.  Greenwood:  p.  78-112.  Discussion:  p.  113-118. 


953 

954 

955 

956 

957 

958 

959 

960 

961 

962 

963 

964 


LIST  OF  INFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


81 


Pelham,  Herbert  Sidney.  The  training  of  a working  boy.  London,  Macmil- 
lan and  co.,  limited,  1914.  xv,  165  p.  front.,  plates.  19cm.  HQ775.P4 

Child  employment:  p.  55-68;  Boy  labour:  p.  69-86. 

Pope,  Samuel.  Employment  of  children  act,  1903.  Report  to  His  Majesty’s 
principal  secretary  of  state  for  the  Home  department  on  the  byelaw  made  by 
the  Devon  County  council  under  the  Employment  of  children  act,  1903,  and 
on  the  objections  thereto.  London,  II.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by  Darling  and  son, 
ltd.,  1913.  15  p.  33cm.  ([Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Papers  by  command] 
Cd.  6988)  HD6250.G73A5  1913 

“ Byelaw  as  recommended  for  approval”:  p.  15. 

Also  found  in  Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Sessional  papers,  1913,  v.  23.  J301.K6  1913, v.23 

Porter,  George  Richardson.  The  progress  of  the  nation  in  its  various  social 
and  economic  relations  from  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century.  A 
completely  new  ed.,  rev.  and  brought  up  to  date  by  F.  W.  Hirst  . . . Lon- 
don, Methuen  & co.  ltd.  [1912]  xvi  p.,  1 1.,  735,  [1]  p.  incl.  tables.  23cm. 

HC255.P86  1912 

Child  labour:  occupational  statistics:  p.  23-28;  Effect  on  unemployment:  p.  56;  Child  labour 
in  agricultiire:  p.  200;  Cotton:  p.  302,  315,  318;  Silk:  p.  347;  Wool,  p.  327. 

Rowntree,  B.  Seebohm  and  Bruno  Lasker.  Unemployment,  a social 
study  . . . London,  Macmillan  and  co.,  limited,  1911.  xx,  317  p.  tables 
(partly  fold).  23^cm.  IID5768.Y6R6 

Youths  under  19  years  of  age,  p.  1-28. 

Sandiford,  Peter.  The  half-time  system  in  the  textile  trades.  (In  Sadler, 
M.  E.,  ed.  Continuation  schools  in  England  & elsewhere.  2d  ed.  Manches- 
ter, 1908,  p.  318-351)  LC5215.S25 

Sherard,  Robert  Harborough.  The  child-slaves  of  Britain.  London,  Hurst 
and  Blackett,  limited,  1905.  3 p.  1.,  [ix]-xix  p.,  2 1.,  267,  [1]  p.  8 pi.  21cm. 

1ID6250.G7S4 

Contents.— 1.  On  child-slavery  in  London  in  general;  2.  On  child-slavery  in  London  in  detail; 
3.  On  the  alien  immigration  and  its  effects;  4.  On  child-slavery  in  Manchester;  5.  In  Binning 
ham;  6.  In  Grimsby;  7.  In  Scotland;  8.  In  Liverpool  and  other  large  towns;  Appendix. 

Simson,  Frau.  Child  labour  outside  the  factory  laws.  (In  International  con- 
gress of  women,  London,  1899.  London,  1900.  20|cta.  v.  6,  p.  76-81) 

HQ1106  1899,  v.6 

Smith,  A.  E.  Stanley.  The  child  and  the  [English]  law.  Child,  Jan.  1911, 
v.  1:  363-369.  HQ750.A2C4,v.l 

Tawney,  R.  H.  “Blind  alley”  occupations  and  the  way  out,  an  educational 
policy  for  the  government.  Women’s  industrial  news,  no.  52,  Oct.  1910, 

p.  1-10. 

The  economics  of  boy  labour.  Economic  journal,  Dec.  1909,  v.  19: 

517-537.  * HBl.E3,v.l9 

Tuckwell,  Gertrude  M.  The  state  and  its  children.  London,  Methuen  & co., 
1894.  vi  p.,  1 1.,  164  p.  18Jcm.  (Social  questions  of  to-day) 

HV751.A6T8 

Canal  and  van  children,  p.  90-101;  Post  office  and  telegraph  boys,  p.  151-154;  Circus  and  theatre 
children,  p.  118-126;  Half-timers  and  full-timers,  p.  137-157. 

TJrwick,  Edward  Johns,  ed.  Studies  of  boy  life  in  our  cities,  written  by 
various  authors  for  the  Toynbee  trust.  London,  J.  M.  Dent  & company,  1904. 
xv,  320  p.  19^-cm.  HQ775.U83 

Cloete,  J.  G.  The  boy  and  his  work.  I.  The  general  conditions  of  boy  labour.  II.  Special 
occupations:  messenger-boys,  office-boys  . . . van-boys,  and  street  traders  . . . p.  103-138. 

TJrwick,  E.  J.  The  boy’s  physique  and  physical  training:  The  boy’s  mind  and  education  . . . 
Home,  school,  and  street,  p.  255-318. 

44193°— 16 6 


82 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


965  Webb,  Beatrice  (Potter)  “ Mrs.  Sidney  Webb,”  ed.  The  case  for  the  factory 

acts.  London,  G.  Richards,  1901.  xvi,  233  p.,  1 1.  19|cm.  HD7876.W3 

Children’s  labour,  p.  76-108,  113-114. 

966  Webb,  Sidney,  and  Beatrice  Webb.  Industrial  democracy.  London,  New 

York  [etc.]  Longmans,  Green,  and  co.,  1897.  2 v.  diagrs.  (1  fold.)  22bcm. 
Bibliography:  p.  879-900.  HD6664.W4 

Boy-labor:  v.  2,  p.  482-489,  573,  704-715,  768-769,  811. 

967  Whitehouse,  John  Howard,  ed.  Problems  of  boy  life.  London,  P.  S.  King  & 

son,  1912.  viii,  342  p.  22cm.  HQ797.W5 

The  economics  of  boy  labour,  by  R.  H.  Tawney:  p.  17-51;  Boy  labour:  some  studies  in  detail, 
by  Spencer  J.  Gibb:  p.  52-78;  Boy  labour:  towards  reform,  by  Spencer  J.  Gibb  and  J.  H.  White- 
house:  p.  79-96;  Boy  labour  and  the  factory  system,  by  A.  K.  Clark  Kennedy:  p.  97-122. 

968  Williamson,  Robert.  Training  the  “ dead-end er”.  World’s  work,  London, 

Mar.  1914,  v.  23:  443-446.  AP4.W85,v.23 

969  Woman  in  industry  from  seven  points  of  view,  by  Gertrude  M.  Tuck  well,  Con- 

stance Smith  [and  others]  . . . with  a preface  by  D.  J..  Shackleton,  M.  P. 
London,  Duckworth  and  co.,  1908.  xiv,  217  p.  19cm.  HD6053.W7 

v.  Child  employment  and  juvenile  delinquency . By  Nettie  Adler:  p.121-141;  vi.  Factory  and 
workshop  law.  By  Adelaide  M.  Anderson:  p.  143-181. 

970  Wood,  George  Henry.  Factory  legislation,  considered  with  reference  to  the 

wages,  &c.,  of  the  operatives  protected  thereby.  Royal  statistical  society, 
Journal,  June,  1902,  v.  65:  284-324.  HAl.R8,v.65 

971  An  outline  of  the  history  of  the  employment  of  women  and  children  in 

industry.  (In  Co-operative  wholesale  societies  limited.  Annual,  1904. 
Glasgow  [1904]  8°.  p.  209-238)  HD3325.C76  1904 

972  The  Year-book  of  social  progress  . . . 1914-15,  being  a summary  of  recent 

legislation,  official  reports,  and  voluntary  effort,  with  regard  to  the  welfare  of 
the  people.  London,  New  York  [etc.]  T.  Nelson  and  sons  [1915]  19cm. 

H9.Y5  1914-15 

Boy  and  girl  workers  (Statistics):  p.  26-28;  Juvenile  labor  exchanges:  p.  414-416;  Boys  and  the 
post  office:  p.  420;  Children  employment  and  school  attendance:  p.  551,  626. 

GREAT  BRITAIN:  COLONIES. 

973  Edwards,  Mrs.  Henrietta  (Muir)  Labour  laws  in  Canada  that  affect  women 

and  children.  Women’s  industrial  news,  no.  55,  Oct.  1911,  p.  117-127. 

974  France.  Direction  du  travail.  Legislation  ouvriere  et  sociale  en  Australie  et 

Nouvelle-Z61ande.  Mission  deM.  Albert  Metin.  Paris,  Imprimerie  nationale, 
1901.  vii,  200  p.  24cm.  HD7960.F8 

Lois  pour  prot^ger  les  femmes  et  les  enfants  employSs  dans  1’industrie:  p.  77-81;  Lois  pour 
proteger  les  femmes  et  les  enfants  employes  dans  les  magasins:  p.  81-84. 

975  Kelley,  Mrs.  Florence.  Child  labor  in  Ontario.  Charities  and  the  Commons, 

Apr.  27,  1907,  v.  18:  116.  HVl.C4,v.l8 

976  New  South  Wales.  Royal  commission  of  inquiry  into  the  hours  and  general 

conditions  of  employment  of  female  and  juvenile  labour  in  factories  and  shops. 
Report.  1912.  lix,  58  p. 

977  Statistician’s  office.  The  official  year  book  of  New  South  Wales. 

1914.  [Sydney]  W.  A.  Gullick,  1915.  illus.,  plates,  fold.  maps.  25?cm. 

Child  labour  [With  statistics]:  p.  357-360, 662.  DU150.N5  1913 

978  Nova  Scotia.  Factories  inspector.  Child  labor.  (In  its  Report,  1912, 

p.  24-28) 

979  Ontario.  Laws,  statutes,  etc.  An  act  for  the  protection  of  persons  employed 

in  factories,  shops,  and  office  buildings.  Assented  to  6th  May,  1913.  Inter- 
national labour  office.  Bulletin,  Aug.  1914,  v.  9:  133-157.  HD7801.I6,v.9 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


83 


980  Page,  Anna  B.  Labour  laws  for  women  and  children  at  home  and  abroad. 

Women’s  industrial  news,  no.  63,  Oct.  1913,  p.  171-186. 

981  Smart,  G.  Bogue.  Juvenile  emigrants  in  Canada.  Empire  review,  June, 

1914,  v.  27:  310-315.  DA10.E4,v.27 

982  Victorian  year-book,  1914-15,  by  A.  M.  Laughton  . . . government  statist. 

35th  issue.  Melbourne,  A.  J.  Mullett,  govt,  printer  [1916?]  912  p.  22cm. 
Child  laboui  in  factories:  p.  793.  DU200.V6  1914-15 

ITALY. 

983  Baudoin,  Lionel.  La  reglementation  legale  du  travail  des  femmes  et  des  en- 

fants  dans  l’industrie  italienne.  Paris,  H.  Paulin  et  cie,  1905.  2 p.  1.,  160  p. 

25§cm.  HD6083.I8B2 

“Bibliographic”:  p.  [157]— 158. 

Contents. — Texte  de  la  loi  du  19  juin  1902. — Introduction. — 1.  ptie.  La  loi  du  19  juin  1902. — 2. 
ptie.  La  Convention  franco-italienne  du  15  avril  1904  et  la  reglementation  legale  du  travail  indus- 
triel  en  France  k l’egard  des  femmes  et  des  enfants  italiens. 

984  Brants,  V.  La  legislation  italienne  sur  le  travail  des  enfants.  Reforme 

sociale,  Mar.  1,  1890,  v.  19:  273-282.  H3.R3,v.l9 

985  Ferraris,  Carlo  F.  Das  neue  italienische  Gesetz  betr.  die  Frauen-  und  Kinder- 

arbeit.  (In  Archiv  fur  soziale  Gesetzgebung  und  Statistik,  v.  18,  p.  564-577. 
Berlin,  1902.  8°)  H5.A8,v.l8 

986  Giretti,  Edoardo.  La  legge  sul  lavoro  . . . forzato  delle  donne.  Giornale 

degli  economisti,  Oct.  1903,  ser.  2,  v.  27:  399-401.  HB7.G5,2d,v.27 

On  the  Italian  law  of  July  19, 1902,  in  regard  to  the  labor  of  women  and  children. 

987  Italy.  Laws,  statutes,  etc.  Royal  decree  relating  to  the  temporary  suspen- 

sion of  the  prohibition  of  night-work  for  women  and  children.  Dated  Aug.  30, 
1914.  ' International  labor  office.  Bulletin,  1915,  v.  10,  nos.  1,  2:  73. 

HD7801.I6,v.l0 

988  1 — Uniform  text  of  the  Act  relating  to  the  employment  of  women 

and  children,  sanctioned  by  Royal  decree  no.  818.  (Nov.  10,  1907)  Inter- 
national labor  office.  Bulletin,  1907,  v.  2,  no.  4:  578-582. 

HD7801.I6,v.2 

989  — — — Ministero  di  agricoltura,  industria  e commercio.  Relazione 

sull’  applicazione  della  legge  11  febbraio  1886,  N.  3657  (Serie  3.)  sul  lavoro  dei 
fanciulli  nelle  fabbriche  e nelle  miniere  dal  1.  luglio  1896  al  31  dicembre  1898. 
Roma,  Tip.  della  Camera  dei  deputati,  1901.  51  p.  28cm.  (Atti  parlamen- 
tari.  Legis.  xxi,  Prima  sessione  1900-1901.  Camera  dei  deputati,  Doc.  24) 
Same.  1 gennaio  1899  al  31  dicembre  1900.  Roma,  Tip.  della  Camera 
dei  deputati,  1901.  80  p.  28cm.  (Atti  parlamentari . Legis.  xxi,  Prima 

sessione  1900-1901.  Camera  dei  deputati,  Doc.  26)  HD6250.I8A4 

990  Relazione  sull’  applicazione  della  legge  19  giugno  1902,  N.  242 

sul’  lavoro  delle  donne  e dei  fanciulli  (1°  luglio  1903-25  luglio  1907)  Presentata 
dal  ministro  di  agricoltura,  industria  e commercio  (Cocco  Ortu)  nella  seduta  del 
10  luglio  1909.  Roma,  Tip.  della  Camera  dei  deputati,  1909.  208  p.  incl. 
tables.  29cm.  HD6152.A5  1909 

991  Ufficio  del  lavoro.  Operai  ed  orari  negli  opifici  soggetti  alia  legge  sul 

lavoro  delle  donne  e dei  fanciulli  (anno  1907)  Roma,  Officina  poligrahca 
Italiana,  1908.  16,  cv  p.  3L|cm.  (Pubblicazioni  dell’  Ufficio  del  lavoro, 

Ser.  B.  n.  21)  HD8471.A32,no.21 

Reviewed  by  Meerwarth,  in  Archiv  fur  Sozialwissenschaft  und  Sozialpolitik,  Sept.  1909,  v.  29: 
G39-640.  H5.A8,v.29 

992  Loriga,  Giovanni.  Lavoro  dei  fanciulli  e crescenza  del  corpo.  Roma,  1910. 

(Italy.  Pubblicazioni  dell’  Ufficio  del  lavoro.  Ser.  B.  n.  26) 

Reviewed  in  Rassegna  nazionale,  Mar.  1,  1911,  v.  178:  127-132.  AP37.R2,v.l78 


84 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


993  Okey,  Mrs.  Thomas.  Labour  laws  for  women  in  Italy.  [London,  The  Women’s 

industrial  council]  1908.  cover-title,  11  p.  21em.  I1D6083.I8O6 

994  Ortu,  F.  Cocco.  Circolare  e istruzioni  per  l’applicazione  della  legge  sul  lavoro 

delle  donne  e dei  fanciulli.  Italy.  Bollettino  dell’  Ufficio  del  lavoro,  Nov. 
1909,  v.  12:  806-821.  ‘ HD8471.A4,v.l2 

995  Profumo,  L.  G.  Le  assicurazioni  operate  nella  legislazione  sociale.  Torino 

Fratelli  Bocca,  editori,  1903.  xxi,  (1),  402  p.  8°.  (Biblioteca  di  scienze 
sociali,  vol.  43}  HD7091.P8 

“Le  leggi  sul  lavoro  delle  donne  e dei  fanciulli,”  p.  122-132. 

996  Reina,  Ettore.  I pubblici  spettacoli  e le  provvidenze  di  legislazione  sociale 

. . . Roma,  L.  Cecchini,  1915.  153  p.  31em.  (Pubblicazioni  dell’  Ufficio 
del  lavoro,  serie  B,  n.  46) 

Part  I gives  the  results  of  an  investigation  into  the  employment  of  children  in  theatrical  per- 
formances. 

997  Rossi,  Alessandro.  Perche  una  legge?  Osservazioni  e proposte  sul  progetto 

di  legge  per  regolare  il  lavoro  delle  donne  e dei  fanciulli.  Firenze,  Tip.  di  G. 
Barbera,  1880.  ix,  269  p.,  1 1.  23cm.  HD6083.I8R8 

998  Veditz,  Charles  William  August.  Child-labor  legislation  in  Italy.  (In 

U.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Bulletin,  July,  1910.  no.  89.  Washington,  1910.  p. 
313-326)  HD8051.A5,no.89 

THE  NETHERLANDS. 

999  Kramers,  Martina  G.  Special  legislation  for  children  under  the  factory  laws. 

[Holland]  (In  International  congress  of  women,  London,  1899.  London, 
1900.  20Jcm.  v.  6,  p.  66-71)  HQ1106  1899, v.6 

1000  Netherlands  (Kingdom)  1815-  Commissie  belast  met  het  onderzoek  naar 

den  toestand  der  kinderen  in  fabrieken  arbeidende.  Rapport.  Uitgegeven 
op  last  van  den  minister  van  binnenlandsche  zaken  ...  ’s  Gravenhage, 
Algemeene  landsdrukkerij , 1869-72.  4 v.  tables  (partly  fold.)  diagrs.  (partly 
fold.)  27^x23cm.  HD6250.N2A4 

1001  Directie  van  den  arbeid.  Onderzoekingen  naar  de  toestanden  in  de 

Nederlandsche  huisindustrie  . . . Uitg.  voor  rekening  van  het  Departe- 
ment  van  landbouw,  nijverheid  en  handel.  ’s-Gravenhage,  Ter  Algemeene 
landsdrukkerij,  1911-14.  3 v.  plates.  26-|cm.  [Uitgaven  no.  7a,  7b,  7c] 

HD2336.N2A3 

Contents. — deel  I.  Voedings-en  genotmiddelen.— deel  II.  Dlamantbewerking.  Drukkers- 
bedrijf.  Chemische  industrie.  Hout-  en  stroobewerking.  Metaalbewerking.  Papierbewerking. 
Schoenmakers.— deel  3.  Textielindustrie.  Kleeding  en  reiniging. 

1002  — — — Laws,  statutes,  etc.  Text  of  the  labour  act,  1911.  International 

labor  office.  Bulletin,  1912,  v.  7,  no.  1,  2:  47-91.  HD7801.I6,v.7 

The  following  laws  relate  to  the  employment  of  children: 

Staatsblad,  1889,  No.  48;  1895,  No.  138;  1896,  No.  259;  1902,  No.  185;  1903,  No.  107;  1906,  No.  97, 
204, 243;  1909,  No.  244,  290,  1911,  No.  319,  352,  353,  355,  356;  1912,  No.  282,  283,  284. 

Prepared  by  the  Leg.  Ref.  Div. 

1003  Ort,  Jan.  Die  Beschaftigung  jugendlicher  Arbeiter  in  den  Niederlanden. 

Jahrbuclier  fur  Nationalokonomie  und  Statistik,  June,  1910,  in.  Folge, 
v.  39:  815-817.  IIB5.J3,3d  ser.,v.39 

RUSSIA. 

1004  The  Russian  year-book  for  1914.  Compiled  and  edited  by  Howard  P.  Ken- 

nard,  M.  D.,  assisted  by  Netta  Peacock.  London,  Eyre  and  Spottiswoode 
[1914?]  753  p.  20*cm.  1 HC331.R7  1914 

Child  labour:  p.  622. 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


85 


1005'  Schroeter,  Jakob.  Zur  russischen  Fabrikschutzgesetzgebung  und  ihrer  Ge*? 
schichte.  Darmstadt,  H.  Uhde,  1904.  184  p.  24cm.  HD7905.S38 

“Litteraturverzeichnis”:  p.  177-180. 

“Schutz  der  jugendlichen  Arbeiter,  ” p.  71-82. 

1006  Schwittau,  G.  Russland.  Der  gesetzliche  Schutz  der  Kinderarbeit.  An- 

nalen  fur  soziale  Politik  und  Gesetzgebung,  1913,  v.  2:  644-654. 

HD6951.A6,v.2 

1007  Woycicki,  Alexandre.  La  protection  du  travail  des  femmes  et  des  mineurs 

dans  l’industrie  russe.  Mouvement  social,  Jan.  15,  1914,  v.  77:  84-87. 

H3.M6,v.77 

NORWAY  AND  SWEDEN. 

1008  Legge,  James  G.  Children’s  workshops  in  Sweden.  Monthly  review,  Oct. 

1901,  v.  5:  103-113.  AP4.M882,v.5 

1009  and  M.  E.  Sadler.  Note  on  children’s  workshops  in  Sweden.  ( In 

Great  Britain.  Board  of  education.  Special  reports  on  educational  subjects, 
v.  8,  p.  143-147.  London,  1902.  23pm.)  L341.A7,v.8 

1010  Norway.  Laws,  statutes,  etc. 

The  following  laws  relate  to  the  employment  of  children: 

Norsk  Lovtindende:  Sept.  10,  1909,  p.  418;  July  25, 1910,  p.  453;  April  24,  1906,  p.  189;  July  29, 
1911,  p.  426.  Prepared  by  the  Leg.  Ref.  Div. 

1011  Sweden.  Kvinnors  och  minderarigas  anvandande  vid  fabriker  och  bergverk 

i Sverige  ar  1912.  (Die  Beschaftigung  der  Frauen  und  Minderjahrigen  in 
den  Fabriken  und  Bergwerken  in  Schweden  1912)  Sweden.  Socialstyrel- 
sen.  Sociala  meddelanden,  1914,  no.  4:  299-309.  (Statistiska  meddelanden, 
ser.  F.  Bd.  V:  4)  HD8571.A25  1914 

Annual  since  1901. 

1012  Kommitte  for  ordnande  af  fosterbamsvarden,  1894.  Under- 

danigt  forslag  till  ordnande  af  fosterbamsvarden  m.  m.  afgifvet  af  den  af 
Kongl.  Maj.t  for  andamalet  tillsatta  komit6.  Stockholm,  K.  L.  Beckmans 
boktryckeri,  1897.  1 p.  L,  [2],  198  p.  incl.  tables.  23J  x 19|cm. 

HV790.A4  1897 

1013  Laws,  statutes,  etc.  Act  in  regard  to  the  protection  of  labour. 

(Dated  June  29,  1912)  International  labor  office.  Bulletin,  1913,  v.  8,  no.  2: 
84-97.  HD7801.I6,v.8 

Special  directions  as  to  the  employment  of  minors:  p.  87-89. 

SPAIN. 

1014  Chauvet,  Emile.  La  protection  legale  des  travailleurs  en  Espagne.  Paris: 

Societe  nouvelle  de  librairie  et  d ’edition  (G.  Bellais)  1903.  132  p.  25cm. 

HD7916.C5 

“Bibliographic”:  p.  [127J-129. 

Appendice : Loi  du  15  mars  1900  rdglementant  le  travail  des  femmes  et  des  enfants:  p.  [119]-126. 

1015  Delas,  Joseph-Marie.  La  reglementation  du  travail  des  enfants  et  des 

femmes  en  Espagne.  (In  Congres  international  de  legislation  du  travail  tenu 
a Bruxelles  du  27  au  30  septembre  1897,  p.  121-127.  Bruxelles,  1898.  23cm.) 

1016  Marmel,  Tarrida  del.  Children’s  work  in  Spain.  (In  International  congress 

of  women,  London,  1899.  London,  1900.  20|cm.  v.  6,  p.  82-84) 

IIQ1106  1899, v.6 

1017  Spain.  Instituto  de  reformas  sociales.  Seccion  primera.  Legislacion 

del  trabajo.  Madrid,  Impr.  de  la  sucesora  de  M.  Minuesa  de  los  Rios,  1905. 
4 p.  L,  [3]— 358  p.  24cm.  IID7916.A5 

Ap&ndice  1-8,  Julio,  1905-1912.  Madrid,  1906-1913.  8 v.  24cm. 


86 

1018 

1019 

1020 

1021 

1022 

1023 

1024 

1025 

1026 

1027 

1028 

1029 

1030 

1031 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


Spain.  Instituto  de  reformas  sociales.  Proyecto  de  reglamentacion 
especial  del  trabajo  de  la  mujeres  y ninos  [redactado  por  la  Seccion  segunda 
tecnico-administrativa]  Madrid,  Impr.  de  la  Compania  arrendataria  de  la 
“Gaceta  de  Madrid,”  1905.  2 p.  1.,  [7]-29  p.  22§cm.  HDG083.S7A4 

Laws,  statutes,  etc.  The  following  laws  relate  to  the  employment 

of  children: 

March  13,  1900;  July  26,  1878;  July  23,  1903;  Aug.  12,  1904;  Jan.  24,  1908;  March  21,  1909; 
Feb.  8, 1911.  Prepared  by  Leg.  ref.  div. 

Consejo  superior  de  proteccion  a la  infancia;  leyes  y disposi- 

ciones  vigentes  de  proteccion  a la  infancia.  Madrid,  imprenta  del  Asilo  de 
Iluerfanos,  1908.  128  p. 

Villota  y Presilla,  Isidro  de.  El  trabajo  industrial  de  los  menores  de  18  anos 
en  Espana;  . . . con  notas  estadisticas  por  Antonio  Revenga  y Alzamora. 
Madrid,  Imp.  de  la  sue.  de  M.  Minuesa  de  los  Rios,  1908.  50  p.,  1 1.  23cm. 
(Asociacion  internacional  para  la  proteccion  legal  de  los  trabajadores.  Sec- 
cion espanola. — num.  8)  HD6250.S7V6 

SWITZERLAND. 

Bertoni,  B.  La  protezione  dell’infanzia  nella  nuova  legislazione  svizzera. 
Rivista  italiana  di  sociologia,  May-Aug.  1909,  v.  13:  389-405. 

H7.R7,v.l3 

Deutsch,  Julius.  Die  Kinderarbeit  und  ihre  Bekampfung.  Zurich,  Rascher 
& co.,  Meyer  & Zeller’s  nachf.,  1907.  xi,  247  p.  21|cm.  (Zwei  von  der 
Universitiit  Zurich  preisgekronte  Arbeiten  liber  Kinderschutz  . . .[1]) 

HD6250.S9D6 

Die  Erwerbstatigkeit  der  Schulkinder  im  Kanton  St.  Gallen.  Germany. 
Statistisehes  Amt.  Abteilung  fur  Arbeiterstatistik.  Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, 
June,  1912,  v.  10:  441-444.  HD8441.A3,v.lO 

Goldstein,  Fanny.  Der  Arbeiterschutz  zu  gunsten  der  Kinder  und  Frauen  in 
der  Schweiz.  Zeitschrift  fur  schweizerische  Statistik,  1904,  v.  40,  Bd.  1: 
306-359.  HAl.Z5,v.40 

Literaturverzeiclmis:  p.  357-359. 

Landmann,  Jul.  Die  Nachtarbeit  der  jugendlichen  Arbeiter  in  der  Schweiz. 
Schweiz.  Blatter  fur  wirtschaft-und  soziale  Politik,  1906,  p.  523-533. 

Morant,  R.  L.  The  national  organisation  of  education  of  all  grades  as  practised 
in  Switzerland.  (In  Great  Britain.  Board  of  education.  Special  reports  on 
educational  subjects.  London,  1898.  24|cm.  v.  3,  p.  1-82) 

L341.A7,v.3 

“Federal  law  in  compulsory  primary  education;  Federal  law  on  child  labour,”  pp.  13-14. 

Ryff,  Mme.  Children  under  the  factory  laws  of  Switzerland.  (In  Inter- 
national congress  of  women,  London,  1899.  London,  1900.  20Jcm.  v.  6, 
p.  60-66)  HQ1106  1899, v.6 

Schwyzer,  Eugen.  Die  jugendlichen  arbeitskrafte  im  handwerk  und 
gewerbe,  in  der  hausindustrie  und  in  den  fabriken.  Zurich,  E.  Leemann, 
1900. 

Separatabdruck  aus  der  “Schweiz,  zeitschrift  fur  gemeinniitzigkeit  ” xxxix.  jahr,  heft  m 

Veditz,  Charles  William  August.  Child-labor  legislation  in  Switzerland. 
(In  U.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Bulletin,  July,  1910,  no.  89.  Washington,  1910. 
p.  326-413)  HD8051.A5,no.89 

Wirth,  Max.  Aper?u  des  legislations  suisse  et  anglaise,  sur  le  travail  des 
enfants  dans  les  manufactures.  Revue  de  droit  international,  1869,  v.  1: 
172-189.  JX3.R4,v.l 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


87 


1032 

1033 

1034 

1035 

1036 

1037 

1038 

1039 

1040 

1041 

1042 

1043 

1044 

1045 


Zinsli,  Ph.  Die  Beschaftigung  der  schulpflichtigen  Kinder  in  Hausindustrie 
und  andern  Erwerbsarten  im  Kanton  Appenzell  A.-Rh.  Zeitschrift  fiir 
schweizerische  Statistik,  1905,  v.  .41,  bd.  1:  164-183.  HAl.Z5,v.41 

Literatur:  p.  181. 

Ziircher,  E.  Die  Gesetzgebung  fiber  die  Arbeit  von  Kindern  und  Jugend- 
iichen.  Bericht,  erstattet  an  der  10.  General versammlung  der  Schweizer. 
Vereinigung  zur  Forderung  des  internationalen  Arbeitersschutzes  am  18. 
Juni  1909  in  Zurich.  Schweiz.  Blatter  fiir  Wirtschafts-und  Sozialpolitik, 
1910,  p.  417-430. 

Die  Gesetzgebung  iiber  Kinderarbeit  und  die  intern.  Vereinigung 

fiir  gesetzlichen  Arbeiterschutz.  Schweiz.  Blatter  fiir  Wirtschafts-u. 
Sozialpolitik,  1912,  no.  20,  u.  21. 

OTHER  COUNTRIES. 

Argentine  Republic.  Departamento  nacional  del  trabajo.  Trabajo  de 
mujeres  y de  menores.  {In  its  Boletin,  Dec.  31,  1913,  no.  25:  858-875) 

HD8261  .A3, no  .25 

* El  trabajo  de  los  menores  en  la  via  publica.  {In  its  Boletin, 

Dec.  31,  1913,  no.  25:  836-843)  HD8261.A3,no.25 

Regelung  der  Frauen-Kinder-und  Jugendlichenarbeit  (Argentinien,  Gosetz 
und  Verordnung).  Soziale  Rundschau,  Feb.  1914,  v.  1,  p.  58-61;  v.  2,  p. 
61-73.  HD8401.A2  1914 

Kinderarbeit  in  Brasilien.  Soziale  Praxis,  Jan.  11,  1912,  v.  21:  456-457. 

H5S7,v.21 

Bulgaria.  Laws,  statutes,  etc.,  1905.  Loi  sur  le  travail  des  femmes  et  des 
enfants  dans  les  etablissements  industriels.  Votee  et  adoptee  par  1 ’Assem- 
ble nationale,  ratifiee  par  oukaze  princier  du  25  mars  1905.  Sofia,  Impri- 
merie  “Sainte-Sophie,”  1906.  12  p.  18^om.  HD6083.B9A5  1905 

Denmark.  Laws,  statutes,  etc.  The  following  laws  relate  to  the  employ- 
ment of  children: 

Lovtidende:  Apr.  29,  1913,  p.  481;  Apr.  11,  1901,  p.  317;  Nov.  1,  1902,  p.  554;  June  11,  1904, 
p.  518;  Apr.  6,  1906,  p.  635;  May  7,  1906,  p.  523;  June  4,  1908,  p.  680;  July  17, 1907,  p.  226;  July 
22,  1908, p.  759;  Jan.  23,  1908,  p.  25;  May  10,  1912,  p.  104;  June  8,  1912,  p.  165. 

Prepared  by  Leg.  Ref.  Div. 

— — — Gesetz  iiber  die  Arbeit  in  Fabriken  und  damit  gleichgestellten 

Betrieben  sowie  iiber  deren  offentliche  Ueberwachung.  Bulletin  des  Inter- 
nationalen Arbeitsamts,  Jan.-Mar.' 1902,  v.  1:  13-21.  IID7801.B9,v.l 

Act  regulating  work  in  bakeries  and  confectionery  businesses. 

(No.  171,  1906)  Apr.  6,  19Q6.  International  labor  office.  Bulletin,  1906, 
v.  1,  nos.  4-8:  177-182.  HD7801.I6,v.l 

Notification  of  an  Order  for  the  commercial  town  of  Esbj erg  . . . 

relating  to  the  employment  of  children  and  young  persons  for  purposes  of 
gain  in  certain  specified  classes  of  occupations.  Dated  July  17,  1907.  Inter- 
national labor  office.  Bulletin,  1908,  v.  3,  no.  2:  145-146.  HD7801.I6,v.3 

Act  (No.  155)  respecting  work  in  bakeries  and  confectionery 

businesses.  (Dated  June  8,  1912.)  International  labor  office.  Bulletin, 
1913,  v.  8,  no.  6,  7:  272-277.  HD7801.I6,v.8 

— : Act  relating  to  work  in  factories,  etc.,  and  the  public  inspection 

of  the  same.  (Dated  April  29,  1913.)  International  labor  office.  Bulletin, 
1913,  v.  8,  no.  8:  324-343.  HD7801.I6,v.8 


88 

1046 

1047 

1048 

1049 

1050 

1051 

1052 

1053 

1054 

1055 

1056 

1057 

1058 

1059 

1060 

1061 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


Greece.  Laws,  statutes,  etc.  Act  no.  4029  concerning  the  work  of  women 
and  minors.  (Dated  24th  Jan. -6th  Feb.  1912.)  International  labor  office. 
Bulletin,  Nov.  1912,  v.  7:  285-290.  IID7801.I6,v.7 

Royal  decree,  respecting  the  execution  of  the  act  no.  4029, 

concerning  the  work  of  women  and  minors  in  factories,  workshops,  com- 
mercial firms,  and  stores  of  any  kind.  (Dated  14th-27th  Aug.  1913.)  Inter- 
national labor  office.  Bulletin,  Sept.  1914,  v.  9:  219-225.  HD7801.I6,v.9 

The  Legislative  efforts  of  England  and  Greece  for  the  regulation  of  child  labor. 

Craftsman,  July,  1912,  v.  22:  457-458.  Nl.C87*,v.22 

Portugal.  Laws,  statutes,  etc.  Act  no.  297  to  amend  various  sections  of 
the  order  relating  to  the  employment  of  minors  and  women  in  industrial  un- 
dertakings. (Dated  22nd  Jan.  1915.)  International  labor  office.  Bulletin, 
Oct.  1915,  v.  10:  109-111.  HD7801.I6,v.l0 

INDUSTRIES. 

AGRICULTURE. 

Adams,  M.  Bridges.  Rural  child  workers  and  free  school  meals.  Nation, 
London,  Feb.  13,  1915,  v.  16:  620.  AP4.N15,v.l6 

Agahd,  Konrad.  Die  gesetzliche  Regelung  der  Kinderarbeit  in  Landwirt- 
schaft  und  Haushalt.  (In  Sozialo  Praxis,  June  22,  29,  1905,  v.  14,  cols.  985- 
989;  1009-1012)  H5.S7,v.l4 

Albrecht,  Otto.  Kinderarbeit  in  Gartnereien  Generalkommission  der  Ge- 
werkschaften  Deutschlands.  Correspondenzblatt,  Aug.  9,  1913,  v.  23: 
487-489.  IID8443.G3,v.23 

Die  Beschaftigung  von  Schulkindern  mit  gewerb lichen  landwirtschaftlichen 
und  sonstigen  Arbeiten  in  Osterreich.  Soziale  Rundschau,  Aug.  1903,  v.  1, 
p.  277-285.  HD8401.A2  1903, v.l 

Bremer,  Harry  M.  Agricultural  work  and  school  attendance.  Child  labor 
bulletin,  May,  1914,  v.  3,  no.  1:  153-158.  HD6250.U3N4,v.3,no.l 

People  who  go  to  tomatoes;  a study  of  four  hundred  families.  New 

York,  National  child  labor  committee,  1914.  16  p.  23em.  (Pamphlet 

no.  215)  IID6250.U3N2 

Strawberry  pickers  of  Maryland.  Child  labor  bulletin,  Feb.  1914,  v.  2, 

no.  4:  70-75.  • LID6250.U3N4,v.2 

Carleton,  Ernest  E.  Agricultural  training  for  British  lads  oversea.  Empire 
review,  Apr.  1914,  v.  27:  170-176.  DA10.E5,v.27 

Child  labor  in  agriculture.  Nation,  London,  Mar.  13,  1915,  v.  16:  735-736. 

AP4.N15,v.l6 

Child  labor  in  agriculture.  New  statesman,  Feb.  13,  1915,  v.  4:  453-454. 

AP4.N64,v.4 

Chute,  Charles  L.  The  cost  of  the  cranberry  sauce.  Survey,  Dec.  2,  1911, 
v.  27:  1281-1284.  ” HVl.C4,v.27 

Clopper,  Edward  N.,  and  Lewis  W.  Kine.  Child  labor  in  the  sugar-beet 
fields  of  Colorado.  Child  labor  bulletin,  Feb.  1916,  v.  4,  no.  4;  176-206. 

IID6250.U3N4,v.4,no.4 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  259.  34  p. 

Gillette,  John  M.  Rural  child  labor.  Child  labor  bulletin,  v.  1,  no.  1,  June 
1912,  p.  154-160.  HD6250.U3N4,v.l 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


89 


1062 


1063 


1064 


1065 


1066 


106' 


1068 


HB6073.A4G7 

17;  1868-69,  v.  13;  1870, 
J301.K6 


Gt  Brit.  Commission  on  employment  of  children,  young  persons,  and 
women  in  agriculture  (1867).  Reports,  with  appendices]  London, 
Printed  by  G.  E.  Eyre  and  W.  Spottiswoode,  for  II.  M.  Stationery  off.,  1868-70. 

7 v in  3.  33cm.  [Parliament.  Papers  by  command] 

Found  also  in  Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Sessional  papers,  1867-68,  v 
v.  13. 

Poor  law  commissioners.  Reports  of  special  assistant  poor  law 

commissioners  on  the  employment  of  women  and  children  in  agriculture. 
London,  Printed  by  W.  Clowes  and  sons,  1843.  xiv  p.,  1 L,  378  p.,  1 1. 
illus.  22cra.  1ID6135.A5  1843 

Also  found  in  Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Sessional  papers,  1843,  v.  12.  510 

JK301.K6  1843,  v.  12 

Royal  commission  on  labour.  The  agricultural  labourer  . . . 

[Assistant  commissioners’  reports]  Presented  to  both  houses  of  Parliament 
by  command  of  Her  Majesty.  London,  Printed  for  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by 
Eyre  and  Spottiswoode,  1893-94.  5v.in4.  fold,  map,  diagrs.  34cm.  ([Par- 

liament Papers  by  command]  C.  6894 — i-vi,  xm-xxii,  xxiv-xxv) 

HD1532.A3  1893 

Contains  much  general  information  and  statistics  relating  to  child  labor  in  agriculture  in 
England,  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  Wales;  and  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  contains  “ Memorandum  on  the  reports 
and  proceedings  of  the  Children’s  employment  commission,  1862,  and  the  Commission  on  the 
employment  of  children,  young  persons,  and  women  in  agriculture,  1867,  by  William  C.  Little.  ” 
Also  found  in  Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Sessional  papers.  1893-94,  v.  35-37. 

J301.K6,v.  35-37 

Greenwood,  Arthur.  Agriculture  and  child  labour.  Political  quarterly, 
London,  May,  1915,  no.  6;  119-144.  JA8.P7  May, 1915 

Hasbach,  Wilhelm.  A history  of  the  English  agricultural  labourer.  Newly 
ed.  by  the  author  and  tr.  by  Ruth  Kenyon.  With  a preface  by  Sidney  Webb . 
London,  P.  S.  King  & son,  1908.  xvi,  470  p.  22|cm.  (Studies  in  economics 
and  political  science,  no.  15  in  the  series  of  monographs  by  writers  connected 
with  the  London  school  of  economics  and  political  science)  HD1534.H34 
See  Index  under  Child-labour:  p.  452-453. 

Kine,  Lewis  W.  Children  or  cotton?  Raising  the  question  of  cotton  picking 
in  Texas.  Survey,  Feb.  7,  1914,  v.  31:  589-592.  HVl.C4,v.31 

Hutchinson,  Woods.  Overworked  children  on  the  farm  and  in  the  school. 
American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar. 
1909,  v.  33:  116-121.  IIl.A4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  105.  6 p. 

IID6250.U3N2,no.l05 

Nation,  London,  Feb. 


1069  Lennard,  Reginald.  Child  labor  in  the  counties. 


1070 


1071 


1072 


1073 


1074 


10/ 


20,  1915,  v.  16:  648-649. 

Love  joy,  Owen  R.  The  cost  of  the  cranberry  sauce. 
1911,  v.  25:  605-610,  711. 

Jersey  cranberry  bogs.  Survey,  Dec.  26,  1914,  v 


AP4.N15,v.l6 
Survey,  Jan.  7,  28, 
HV1.C4.V.25 
. 33:  342. 

HVl.C4,v.33 
Good  housekeeping, 
TXl.G7,v.57 


MacCulloch,  Campbell.  Who  picked  your  cranberries? 

Nov.  1913,  v.  57:  669-677. 

Macdonald,  N.  C.  The  case  of  the  country  boy.  Interview  with  N.  C.  Mac- 
donald, state  inspector  of  rural  and  graded  schools,  [n.  p.  J 1912. 

“In  the  Fargo  Courier-news  of  February  4th,  1912.  ” 

McKelway,  A.  J.  The  mill  or  the  farm?  American  academy  of  political  and 
social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1910,  v.  35:52-57.  Hl.A4,v.35 


Sanger,  Robert  C.  “Cost  of  the  cranberry  sauce. 


v.  25:  711. 


Survey,  Jan.  28,  1911, 
* IIVl.C4,v.25 


90 

1076 

1077 

1078 

1079 

1080 

1081 

1082 

1083 

1084 

108J) 

1086 

1087 

1088 

1089 

1090 

1091 

1092 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


Selley,  Ernest.  Employment  of  boy  labor  of  farms.  Nation,  London,  Apr. 
3,  1915,  v.  17:  17-18.  AP4.N15,v.l7 

CANNERIES. 

Bache,  Rene.  Shrimps  and  babies.  Technical  world  magazine,  Jan.  1912, 
v.  16:  497-504.  Tl.T2,v.l6 

Brown,  Edward  F.  The  neglected  human  resoures  of  the  Gulf  Coast  states. 
National  child  labor  committee,  New  York.  The  child  labor  bulletin,  May, 
1913,  v.  2,  no.  1:  112-116.  HD6250.U3N4,v.2,no.l* 

— The  toiling  children  of  the  Gulf  coast  canneries:  a field  investigation, 

January-March,  1913.  National  child  labor  committee,  New  York.  1913. 
Pamphlet  no.  193.  p.  14-29.  HD6250.U3N2,no.l93 

California.  Bureau  of  labor  statistics.  Special  report  of  the  Bureau  of 
labor  statistics,  state  of  California.  Labor  conditions  in  the  canning  industry. 
Sacramento,  Cal.,  F.  W.  Richardson,  superintendent  of  state  printing,  1913. 
34  p.  incl.  tables,  diagrs.  22§cm.  HD6073.C32U73 

Children — Employment,  p.  4,  7-16, 18. 

Chamberlain,  Mary  Louise.  Children  in  bondage:  baby  toilers  in  New  York 
canneries.  Good  housekeeping,  May,  1913,  v.  56:  618-625. 

TXl.G7,v.56 

— The  new  bean  bag.  Survey,  Feb.  15,  1913,  v.  29:  664-665. 

Brief  note  on  child  labor  in  the  canneries  of  New  York.  H\  1.C4,V.29 

Child  labor  in  the  canneries  [New  York]  Literary  digest,  Dec.  14,  1912,  v.  45: 
1110-1112.  AP2.L58,v.45 

Goldmark,  Pauline.  Child  labor  in  canneries.  American  academy  of 
political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1910,  v.  35:  152-154. 

Hl.A4,v.35 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  128.  8 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l28 

Gompers,  Samuel.  Child  labor  in  the  New  York  canneries.  American  fed- 
erationist,  Feb.  1913,  v.  20:  133-136.  HD8055.A5A2,v.20 

Hine,  Lewis  W.  Baltimore  to  Biloxi  and  back:  The  child’s  burden  in  oyster 
and  shrimp  canneries.  Survey,  May  3, 1913,  v.  30:  167-172.  HVl.C4,v.30 

Baltimore  to  Biloxi  and  back.  National  child  labor  committee.  New 

York.  1913.  Pamphlet  no.  193.  p.  6-13.  HD6250.U3N2,no.l93 

Child  labor  in  Gulf  coast  canneries.  American  academy  of  political 

and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911,  v.  38:  118-122.* 

H1.A4,B.38 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  158.  6 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l58 

The  child’s  burden  in  oyster  and  shrimp  canneries.  Child  labor 

bulletin,  May,  1913,  v.  2,  no.  1:  105-111.  HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

Not  a vacation  farm:  just  a Maryland  cannery.  Survey,  Mar.  21,  1914, 

v.  31:  765.  HVl.C4,v.31 

Kelley,  Mrs.  Florence.  A privileged  industry.  New  York  city,  National  con- 
sumers’ league  [1912]  7 p.  illus.  24cm.  HD5119.C2K4 

“Reprinted  from  the  Twentieth  century  magazine,  Boston,  July,  1912,”  v.  6:  32-37. 

AP2.TS8,v.6 

Lord,  Everett  W.  Child  labor  in  the  textile  industries  and  canneries  of  New 
England.  American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supple- 
ment, Mar.  1909,  v.  33:  73-78.  HLA4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  107.  6 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l07 


list  of  references  on  child  labor. 


91 


1093  Maryland.  Bureau  of  statistics  and  information.  Child  labor  inspection 

of  the  canning  industry.  {In  its  Report,  1913,  p.  76-84) 

HC107.M3A15  1913 


1094  National  child  labor  committee,  New  Y ork.  Child  labor  in  canneries  . . . 

with  other  special  articles.  New  York  city,  National  child  labor  committee, 

1913  3 r>  1 95  p.  incl.  plates,  maps.  23cm.  (The  child  labor  bulletin,  \ ■ 1 > 

’’  ^ HD6250.U3N4 

no.  4)  , 

Contents.— Child  labor  and  poverty:  advance  program  of  the  9th  National  conference  on 
child  labor.— The  important  provisions  of  existing  child  labor  laws.— Child  labor  in  New  \ ork 
canning  factories  [by]  E.  F.  Brown.-Day  and  night  in  a vegetable  canning  factory:  a personal 
experience  [by]  J.  J.  Eschenbrenner.— Photographic  reproductions  of  children  in  fruit  and  vege- 
table, oyster,  and  shrimp  canneries.— Child  labor  and  health  [by]  O.  R.  Lovejoy.— Some  dangers 
in  the  present  movement  for  industrial  education  [by]  John  Dewey.-Overwork,  idleness,  or 
industrial  education  [by]  William  Noyes.-The  child  that  toileth  not:  a reply  to  Mr.  Dawley. 

1095  The  child’s  burden  in  oyster  and  shrimp  canneries.  [New  York,  1913] 

32  p.  23cm.  (Pamphlet  no.  193)  IID6250.U3N2,no.l93 

Contents.— Baltimore  to  Biloxi  and  back,  by  Lewis  W.  Hine;  Toiling  children  of  the  ( ulf 
coast  canneries,  by  Edward  F.  Brown;  Needs  in  Mississippi  and  Florida,  by  Owen  R.  Lovejoy; 
Interstate  commerce,  by  Owen  R.  Lovejoy. 

1096  New  York  (State)  Bureau  of  labor  statistics.  Report  on  the  work  of 

children  and  women  in  canneries.  {In  New  York  (State)  Bureau  of  factory 
inspection.  Annual  report,  1908,  p.  333-507)  HC107.N7A2  1908 

1097  Bureau  of  statistics  and  information.  Special  report  on  can- 

neries and  day  of  rest  law.  {In  New  York  (State)  Dept,  of  labor.  14th 
annual  report  of  the  commissioner  of  labor,  1914,  p.  132-175) 

HD8053.N7A2  1914 


1098  Obenauer,  Marie  L.,  and  Mary  Conyngton.  Employment  of  children  in 

Maryland  industries.  U.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Bulletin,  Sept.  1911,  v.  23, 
no.  96:  466-487.  HD8051.A5,v.23,no.96 

Deals  principally  with  the  canning  industry,  but  includes  some  information  concerning  the 
candy,  biscuit,  and  paper-box  factories. 

1099  Potter,  Zenas  L.  Child  labor  in  the  canneries  of  New  York  state.  Child 

labor  bulletin,  June,  1912,  v.  1:  135-139.  HD6250;U3N4,v.l 

HOO  Industrial  conditions  in  the  canning  industry  of  New  York  state.  (In 

New  York  (State)  Factory  investigating  commission.  Second  report,  1913. 
Albany  1913.  23cm.  v.  2,  p.  757-915.  [Legislature,  1913.  Senate  doc.  36]) 

HD8053.N7A5  1913 

See  also  Report,  v.  1,  p.  127-143:  Child  labor  in  the  canneries. 

1101  Shorey,  Eva  E.  Women  and  children  in  sardine  factories.  {In  Maine.  Bu- 

reau of  industrial  and  labor  statistics.  Annual  report  . . . 21st,  1907. 
Augusta,  1907.  23cm.  p.  121-137)  HC107.M2A3  1907 

1102  Three  bits  of  testimony  for  the  consumers  of  shrimp  and  oysters.  [Canneries 

at  Pass  Christian,  Miss.]  Survey,  Feb.  28, 1914,  v.  31:  663.  H\  l.C4,v.31 

1103  U.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Report  on  condition  of  woman  and  child  wage- 

earners  in  the  United  States,  v.  18.  Employment  of  women  and  children 
in  selected  industries.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1913.  531  p.  23om. 
(61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.  Senate.  Doc.  645,  v.  18)  HD6093.A4,v.l8 

Canning  and  preserving:  p.  39-56. 

1104  Bureau  of  the  census.  Thirteenth  census  of  the  United  States: 

1910.  Bulletin.  Manufactures:  1909.  Statistics  for  canning  and  preserving. 
[Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1913]  23  p.  incl.  tables,  diagr.  3Um. 

ITD9321.1.A3  1909 

Contains  the  statistics  of  employment  of  children  under  16  years  of  age. 


92 

1105 

HOG 

1107 

1108 

1100 

1110 

1111 

1112 

1113 

1114 

1115 

111G 

1117 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


TJ.  S.  Congress.  House.  Committee  on  rules.  Investigation  of  can- 
neries. Hearings  . . . on  II.  Res.  738  providing  for  the  investigation  of 
canneries  of  the  United  States.  Jan.  11,  1913.  Washington,  Govt,  print, 
off.,  1913.  42  p.  23cm.  RA601.U6  1913 

Alfred  G.  Allen,  Chairman. 

Statements  of  Mary  Boyle  O’Reilly,  Frank  C.  Fraete,  J.  Harry  Covington,  and  Frank  E. 
Gorrell. 

Washington  (State)  Bureau  of  labor.  Biennial  report.  9th,  1913-1914. 
Olympia,  Wash.,  1914.  320  p.  plates,  tables,  diagrs.  23^cm. 

IIC107.W2A2  1913-1914 

Female  and  child  labor  in  canneries:  p.  94-96.  Child  labor  violations:  p.  171-178. 

Whitin,  E.  S.  Children  in  the  canning  industry.  Outlook,  Jan.  21,  1905, 
v.  79:  177-179.  AP2.08,v.79 

CLOTHING. 

Dodd,  Edward  Arthur.  Die  Wirkung  der  Schutzbestimmungen  fur  die 
jugendlichen  und  weib  lichen  Fabrikarbeiter  und  die  VerMltnisse  im  Kon- 
fektionsbetriebe  in  Deutschland.  Jena,  G.  Fischer,  1898.  236  p.  23cm. 
(Sammlung  nationalokonomischer  und  statistischer  Abhandlungen.  16.  Bd.) 

“Litteratur”:  p.  235-236.  HD6083.G3D6 

Merriman,  C.  Searchlight  turned  on  child  labor  and  the  tailoring  trades. 

Survey,  June  13,  1914,  v.  32:  303-304.  IIVl.C4,v.32 

Rochester,  Anna.  Children  at  work  on  men’s  clothing.  Child  labor  in  the 
glass  industry.  A summary  of  volumes  II  and  III  of  the  federal  Report  on 
the  condition  of  woman  and  child  wage-earners  in  the  United  States,  61st 
Congress,  2d  session,  Senate  document  645.  New  York  city,  National  child 
labor  committee,  incorporated,  1914.  2 p.  1.,  p.  93-129.  23tm.  (The  child 
labor  bulletin,  v.  3,  no.  2,  pt.  ii)  IID6250.U3N4,v.3 

TJ.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Rej)ort  on  condition  of  woman  and  child  wage- 
earners  in  the  United  States.  v.  2.  Men’s  ready-made  .cfothing.  Washing- 
ton, Govt,  print,  off.,  1911.  878  p.  23cm.  (61st  Cong.  2d  sess.  Senate. 

Doc.  645.  v.  2)  ' HD6093.A4,v.2 

Van  Kleeck,  Mary.  Women  and  children  who  make  men’s  clothes.  Survey, 
Apr.  1,  1911,  v.  26:  65-69.  , HVl.C4,v.26 

GLASS. 

Beschaftigung  von  Arbeiterinnen  und  jugendlichen  Arbeitern  in  Glashiitten 
usw.  Generalkommission  der  Gewerkschaften  Deutschlands.  Correspond- 
enzblatt,  June  14,  1913,  v.  23:  355-357.  IID8443.G3,v.23 

Chute,  Charles  L.  The  glass  industry  and  child  labor  legislation.  American 
academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911, 
v.  38:  123-132.  IIl.A4,v.38 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  157.  11  p. 

IID6250.U3N2,no.l57 

Women  and  children  in  the  glass  industry.  Survey,  June  17,  1911, 

v.  26:  437-438.  IiVl.C4,v.26 

Germany.  Bekanntmachung,  betreffend  die  Beschaftigung  von  Arbeiterin- 
nen und  jugendlichen  Arbeitern  in  Glashiitten,  Glasschleifereien  und  Glas- 
beizereien  sowie  Sandblasereien.  Vom  9.  Marz  1913.  Germany.  Statis- 
tisches  Amt.  Abteilung  fur  Arbeiterstatistik.  Reiehs-Arbeitsblatt,  May, 
1913,  v.  11:  381-383.  HD844I.A3,v.ll 

Gesellsehaft  fur  Soziale  Reform.  Das  Y erbot  der  Nachtarbeit  jugendlicher 
Arbeiter  in  den  Glashiitten.  Soziale  Praxis,  Oct.  12,  1911,  v.  21:  50-52. 

II5.S7,v.21 


LIST  OF  BEFEEEXCES  OX  CHILD  LABOE. 


93 


Griinzel,  H.  Die  Nachtarbeit  der  Jugendlichen  in  den  Glasfabriken.  Gener- 
al kommission  der  Gewerkschaften  Deutschlands.  Correspondenzblatt,  Aug. 
16,  1913,  v.  23:  500.  HD8443.G3,v.23 

Hall,  Fred  S.,  comp.  What  the  government  says  about  child  labor  in  glass 
factories.  National  child  labor  committee,  New  York,  1911.  Pamphlet  no. 
152.  4 p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.l52 

Hayes,  Denis  A.  Length  of  the  trade  life  in  the  glass  bottle  industry.  Ameri- 
can academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  May,  1906,  v.  27:  496- 
499.  Hl.A4,v.27 

International  association  for  labor  legislation.  Prohibition  of  night  work 
of  young  persons.  April  10,  1913.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1913. 
74  p.  23|cm.  (Bulletin  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  labor  statistics,  whole 
no.  117.  Miscellaneous  series,  no.  2)  HD8051.A5,no.ll7 

Night  work  of  young  persons  in  the  glass  industry:  p.  28-41. 

Kelley,  Mrs.  Florence.  Boy-destroying  trade;  the  glass  bottle  industry  of  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois.  Charities,  July  4,  1903, 
v.  11:  15-19.  HVl.C4,v.ll 

Kestner,  Fritz.  Die  Nachtarbeit  jugendlicher  Arbeiter  in  Walzwerken,  Ham- 
merwerken  und  Glashiitten.  Jahrbucher  fur  Nationalokonomie  und  Sta- 
tietik.  Sept.  1910,  3.  Folge,  v.  40:  353-374.  IIB5.J3,3d  ser.v.40 

Lovejov,  Owen  R.  Child  labor  in  the  glass  industry.  American  academy 
of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Mar.  1906,  v.  27:  300-311. 

JIl.A4,v.27 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  20,  p.  42-53;  Pamphlet 
no.  28.  12  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.20;  no. 28 

Children  in  the  glass  industry  in  Pennsylvania.  [3d  ed.  rev.]  New 

York,  1909.  15  p.  illus.  15£x8|cm.  (National  child  labor  committee. 
[Publications.  Smaller  series]  Leaflet  no.  14)  HD6250.U3N19,no  14 

Markham,  Edwin.  Child-wrecking  in  the  glass-factories.  Cosmopolitan  mag- 
azine, Oct.  1906,  v.  41:  567-574.  AP2.C8,v.41 

The  hoe-man  in  the  making  series. 

National  child  labor  committee,  New  York.  Story  of  the  medicine  bottle. 

Child  labor  bulletin,  Aug.  1913,  v.  2:  10-17.  * HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

Rochester,  Anna.  Child  labor  in  the  glass  industry.  National  child  labor 
committee,  New  York.  Child  labor  bulletin,  Aug.  1914,  v.  3,  no.  2,  pt.  2: 
108-125.  HD6250.U3N4,v.3 

Compiled  from  vol.  3 of  the  Report  on  the  condition  of  woman  and  child  wage-earners  in  the 
United  States. 

U.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Report  on  condition  of  woman  and  child  wage- 
earners  in  the  United  States,  v.  3.  Glass  industry.  Washington,  Govt, 
print,  off.,  1911.  970  p.  23cm.  (61st  Cong.  2d  sess.  Senate.  Doc.  645. 
v.  3)  HD6093.A4,v.3 

Bureau  of  the  census.  Thirteenth  census  of  the  United  States: 

1910.  Bulletin.  Manufactures:  1909.  Statistics  for  the  manufacture  of 
glass.  [Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1913]  12  p.  incl.  tables.  30£cm. 

I1D9623.U45A5  1909 

Contains  statistics  of  the  employment  of  children  under  16  years  of  age. 

Van  der  Vaart,  Mrs.  Harriet.  Children  in  the  glass  works  of  Illinois.  Amer- 
ican academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Jan.  1907,  v.  29:  77-83. 

1I1.A4,v.29 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  50.  7 p. 

HD6250.U3N2, no.50 


94 

1132 


1133 

1134 


1135 


1136 

1137 

1138 


1139 

1140 

1141 

1142 

1143 

1144 

1145 

1146 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


Zum  Schutze  der  Jugendlichen  und  Arbeiterinnen  in  der  deoitschen  Glag- 
industrie.  Generalkommission  der  Gewerkschaften  Deutschlands.  Correa- 
pondenzblatt,  Nov.  23,  1912,  v.  22:  703-704.  HD8443.G3,v.22 

HOME  WORK. 

Adler,  Eleanor  H.  Child  flower-makers  in  New  York  tenements.  Child 
labor  bulletin,  Feb.  1915,  v.  3,  no.  4:  17-19.  IID6350.U3N4,v.3  1 

Adler,  Nettie.  Child  workers  and  wage-earners.  Royal  society  of  arts, 
Journal,  June  12,  1908,  v.  56:  738-747.  Tl.S64,v.56  \ 

Alden,  Percy.  The  problem  of  sweating.  Chautauquan,  Nov.  1910,  v.  60: 
337~355-  AP2.C48,v.60 

B allant yne,  A.  Home-work.  (In  Oliver,  JSir  Thomas,  ed.  Dangerous  trades. 

London,  J.  Murray,  1902.  p.  98-103)  I1D7262.05 

Betts,  Lillian  W.  Child  labor  in  shops  and  homes.  Outlook,  Apr  18  1903 
v.  73:  921-927.  AP2.08,V.73  ’ 

Bierer,  Willy.  Die  hausindustrielle  Kinderarbeit  im  Kreise  Sonneberg;  ein 
Beitrag  zur  Kritik  des  Kinderschutzgesetzes.  Tubingen,  J.  C.  B.  Mohr  (P. 
Siebeck)  1913.  vi  p.,11.,  167  p.  24cm.  (Archiv  fur  Sozialwissenschaft  und 
Sozialpolitik  . . . Erganzungsheft  xi)  HD6250.G4B5 

“ Gesetz  betr.  Kinderarbeit  in  gewerblichen  betrieben.  Vom  30.  marz  1903  p.  159-165. 
Booth,  Charles,  ed.  Labour  and  life  of  the  people.  London  and  Edinburgh, 
Williams  and  Norgate,  1891.  2 v.  in  3.  maps  (partly  fold.)  tables.  22cm. 
c ^ _ HV4088.L8B7 

Sweating,  by  Charles  Booth,  v.  1,  p.  481-500. 

Brussels.  Exposition  du  travail  a domicile,  1910.  Documents— mono- 
graphies— statistiques.  Bruxelles,  Misch  & Thron,  1911.  lxi,  459  p.  plates. 
27cm-  HD2336.N3B82 

“ Notes  medicates  sur  la  condition  hygienique  de  certaines  categories  de  travailleurs  a,  domicile” 
p.  [265]-300. 


Collet,  Clara  E.  Home-work.  (In  Booth,  Charles,  ed.  Labour  and  life  of  the 
people  . . . London  and  Edinburgh,  Williams  and  Norgate,  1891.  2 v.  • 
v.  1,  p.  445-461)  HV4088.L8B7  j 

Daniels,  Annie  S.  The  causes,  evils  and  remedy  for  tenement-house  manu- 
facturing.  (In  International  congress  of  hygiene  and  demography.  Trans- 
actions, 15th,  1912,  v.  3:  1011-1014)  RA122.N585,1912,  v.  3 j 

Dorr,  Rheta  C.  The  child  who  toils  at  home.  Hampton-Columbian  mag- 
azine, Apr.  1912,  v.  28:  183-188,  221-223.  AP2.H152,  v.  28 

Goldmark,  Pauline.  Art  work  in  tenements.  Survey,  Apr.  15,  1911,  v.  26: 
1U-115.  HVl.C4,’v.26 

Gottschalk,  Alfred.  Die  Mitgabe  von  Hausarbeit  an  Arbeiterinnen  und 
jugendliche  Arbeiter.  Soziale  Praxis,  Apr.  4,  1912,  v.  21:  840-843. 

H5.S7,v.21 

Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  House  of  commons.  Select  committee  on 
home  work.  Report;  together  with  the  proceedings  of  the  committee, 
minutes  of  evidence,  appendix,  and  Index.  Ordered,  by  the  House  of  com- 
mons, to  be  printed,  8 August  1907.  London,  Printed  for  H.  M.  Stationery 
off.,  by  Wyman  and  sons,  limited,  1907-08.  x,  247  p.,  1 1.,  249-290  p.  33Jcm. 
([Parliament,  1907.  H.  of  C.  Repts.  and  papers]  290) 

See  Index  under  Children,  Employment  of.  HD2336  .G6 A4  1907 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


95 


1147 


1148 

1149 

1150 

1151 

1152 

1153 

1154 

1155 

1156 

1157 

1158 

1159 

1160 


Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  House  of  commons.  Select  committee  on 
home  work.  Report,  together  with  the  proceedings  of  the  Committee 
minutes  of  evidence,  and  appendix  [also  Index]  Ordered,  by  the  House 
of  commons,  to  be  printed  22d  July,  1908.  London,  Printed  for  H.  M. 
Stationery  off.,  by  Vacherand  sons,  1908.  l,  234  p.  33|cm.  ([Parliament, 
1908.  H.  of  C.  Repts.  and  papers]  246)  HD2336.G6A4  1908 

With  this  are  bound:  Home  work  regulation  bill  [Bill  90]  and  Home  work  bill  [Bill  200] 

See  Index  under  Children,  Employment  of. 

Hall,  George  A.  Unrestricted  forms  of  child  labor  in  New  York  state.  (In 
New  York  state  conference  of  charities  and  correction.  Proceedings.  Twelfth. 
Albany,  1911.  p.  91-103)  HY88.N7  1911 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  168.  14  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l68 

— comp.  What  the  United  States  government  says  about  child  labor 

in  tenements. 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  151.  16  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l51 

Hine,  Lewis  W.  Child  work  in  the  home;  what  it  is,  what  it  should  be.  By 
Lewis  W.  Hine  and  Jessie  P.  Rich.  New  York  city,  National  child  labor 
committee  [1914?]  8 p.  23cm.  (National  child  labor  committee.  Pam- 
phlet no.  232) 

Reprinted  from  the  Child  labor  bulletin,  v.  3,  no.  1,  May,  1914. 

HD8250.U3N4,v.3 

Photographs  taken  in  the  tenements.  Child  labor  bulletin,  Nov.  1912, 

v.  1,  no.  3:  35-65.  HD6250.U3N4,v.l 

Kird,  Frank.  The  cry  of  the  children;  and  exposure  of  certain  British  in- 
dustries in  which  children  are  iniquitously  employed.  London,  J.  Bowden; 
New  York,  M.  F.  Mansfield,  1898.  96  p.  illus.,  plates.  19cm 

HD6250.G7H4 

Hogg,  Mrs.  Edith  F.  Children  outside  the  factory  laws.  (In  International 
congress  of  women,  London,  1899.  London,  1900.  20|cm.  v.  6,  p.  71-76) 

' HQ1106  1899, v. 6 

Hopkins,  Mary  Alden.  Children  in  bondage:  turning  children’s  homes  into 
factories.  Good  housekeeping,  June,  1913,  v.  56:  743-752.  TXl.G7,v.56 

Our  other  children.  Collier’s,  July  20,  1912,  v.  49:  12-13. 

AP2.C65,v.49 

Independent  [Editorial]  Sweating  industries.  Independent,  Dec.  12, 1912, 
v.  73:  1391-1392.  AP2.I53,v.73 

Kelley,  Mrs.  Florence.  Insanitary  conditions  amongst  home  workers.  (In  In- 
ternational congress  of  women,  London,  1899.  London,  1900.  20|cm.  v.  6, 
p.  21-25.)  HQ1106  1899, v.6 

Minimum-wage  boards.  American  journal  of  sociology,  Nov.  1911, 

v.  17:  303-314.  HMl.A7,v.l7 

Love  joy,  Owen  It.  Memorandum  on  tenement-house  work  in  New  York  city. 
Child  labor  bulletin,  Nov.  1912,  v.  1,  no.  3:  26-31  HD6250.U3N4,v.l 

Some  unsettled  questions  about  child  labor.  American  academy  of 

political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1909,  v.  33:  49-62. 

Hl.A4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  108.  14  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l08 


96 


1161 

1162 

1163 

1164 

1165 

1166 

1167 

1168 

1169 

1170 

1171 

1172 

1173 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  OX  CHILD  LABOR. 


Lovejoy,  Owen  K.  and  Elizabeth  C.  Watson.  Home  work  in  the  tene- 
ment houses  of  New  York  city.  (In  New  York  (State)  Factory  investwatin- 
commission.  Preliminary  report,  1912.  Albany,  1912  23™  v 'l  „ 

5™>  HD8053.N7A5 

Markham,  Edwin.  The  blight  on  the  Easter  lilies.  Cosmopolitan  magazine, 


Apr.  1907,  v,  42:  667-673. 

The  hoe-man  in  the  making  series. 

The  smoke  of  sacrifice. 

391-397. 

The  hoe-man  in  the  making  series. 
The  sweat-shop  inferno. 


AP2.C8,v.42 

Cosmopolitan  magazine,  Feb.  1907,  v.  42: 

AP2.C8,v.42 


Cosmopolitan  magazine,  Jan.  .1907,  v.  42: 

AP2.C8.V.42 


327-333. 

The  hoe-man  in  the  making  series. 

Massachusetts.  Bureau  of  statistics.  Industrial  home  work  in  Massa- 
chusetts; the  results  of  an  inquiry  made  in  co-operation  with  the  Women's 
educational  and  industrial  union,  Department  of  research.  June  12,  1914. 
Boston,  Wright  & Potter  printing  company,  state  printers,  1914.  183  p. 
mcl.  tables,  plates.  23cm.  (Labor  bulletin  no.  101)  HCl07.M4A3,no.l01 

Part  v.  of  the  Annual  report  on  the  statistics  of  labor  for  1914. 

Bibliography:  p.  152-177. 

“ A ConsPicuous  evil  found  was  that  of  child  labor.,  approximately  one-fifth  of  the  home  workers 
whose  ages  were  reported  being  under  14  years  of  age  . . .” 

Meny,  Georges.  Le  travail  a domicile,  ses  miseres,  les  remedes.  Paris  M. 
Riviere  et  cie,  1910.  463,  [1]  p.  25cm.  (Systemes  et  faits  sociaux) 

"Index  bibliographique  ”:  p.  [423J-440.  IID2331.M4 

"Table  des  auteurs  cites'’:  p.  [441]-448. 

L’emploi  des  enfants  mineurs:  p.  85-92. 

National  child  labor  committee,  New  York.  Children  who  work  in  the 
tenements.  New  York,  1908.  Pamphlet  no.  84.  8 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.84 

Nearing,  Scott.  On  the  trail  of  the  Pittsburg  stogie.  Independent,  July  2 
1908,  v.  65  : 22-24.  AP2.I53,v.65 

Netherlands  (Kingdom,  1815-  ) Directie  van  den  arbeid.  Onderzoe- 

kmgen  naar  de  toestanden  in  de  Nederlandsche  huisindustrie  . . . Uitg. 
voor  rekening  van  het  Departement  van  landbouw,  nijverheid  en  handel. 
s-Gravenhage,  Ter  Algemeene  landsdrukkerij,  1911-14.  3 v.  plates  26|cm 
[Uitgaven  no.  7a,  7b,  7c]  HD2336.N2A3  * 

Contents,  deel  I.  Voedings-  en  genotmiddelen.-deel  II.  Diamantbewerking.  Drukkers. 
bedrijf.  Chemische  Industrie.  Ilout-  en  stroobewerking.  Metaalbewerking.  Papierbewerk"- 
mg.  Schoenmakers.  deel  3.  Textielindustrie.  Kleeding  en  reiniging. 

New  York  (State)  Bureau  of  labor  statistics.  Annual  report.  Albany, 


1890,  1902.  2 v.  tables.  23^ 


HC107.N7A3 


8th,  1890:  Child  labor,  pt.  1,  p.  37-103. 

20th,  1902:  Earnings  in  home  industries:  p.  37-289. 

Biis,  Jacob  A.  The  children  of  the  poor.  New  York,  C.  Scribner’s  sons,  1892. 
xi,  300  p.  incl.  illus.,  plates,  diagrs.  20cm.  HV885.N49R6 

“The  little  toilers”:  p.  92-117. 

How  the  other  half  lives;  studies  among  the  tenements  of  New  York. 
New  York,  C.  Scribner’s  sons,  1903.  xv,  [I],  304  p.  incl.  front.,  illus.,  plane, 

1 Q i om  7 J L 7 

• HV4046.N6R58 

Schwyzer,  Eugen.  Die  jugendlichen  Arbeitskrafte  im  Handwerk  und  Ge- 
werbe,  in  der  Hausindustrie  und  in  den  Fabriken.  Zurich,  E.  Leemann 
1900. 

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Sergeant,  Elizabeth  Shepley.  In  chains.  Outlook,  June  24,  1911,  v.  98: 
448-453.  ‘ AP2.08,v.98 

Chain  making  in  England  as  a form  of  home  work. 

Toilers  of  the  tenements.  McClure’s  magazine,  July,  1910,  v.  35: 

231-248.  AP2.M2,v.35 

Sigg,  Jean.  L ’enfant  dans  Tindustrie  domestique  en  Suisse.  La  Revue 

socialiste,  Sept.  1903,  v.  38:  346-369.  HX5.R4,v.38 

Simson,  Frau.  Child  labour  outside  the  factory  laws.  (In  International  con- 
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A Sweat  shop:  Rag-stripping:  A court  tailor  shop.  American  academy  of 
political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Jan.  1907,  v.  29:  238-243 

Hl.A4,v.29 

Tuckwell,  Gertrude  M.  The  “sweated  industries”  exhibition.  Progress,. 
July,  1906,  v.  1:  193-203.  HN381.P9,v.l 

Van  Kleeck,  Mary.  Artificial  flower  makers.  New  York,  Survey  associates, 
inc.,  1913.  xix,  261  p.  incl.  front.,  tables,  charts,  plates.  20§cm.  (Russell 
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Children:  home  workers:  p.  94-107;  shop  workers:  p.  25-27. 

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social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1910,  v.  35:  145-149. 

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National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  134.  7 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l34 

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Jan.  18,  1908,  v.  19:  1405-1420.  HVl.C4,v.l9 

Watson,  Elizabeth  C.  Home  work  in  the  tenements.  Survey,  Feb.  4,  1911, 
v.  25:  772-781.  HVl.C4,v.25 

Memorandum  on  some  phases  of  home-work  in  the  New  York  tene- 
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Report  on  manufacturing  in  tenements  in  New  York  state.  {In  New 

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HD8053.N7A5  1913 

White,  Henry.  Perils  of  the  home  factory.  Harper’s  weekly,  Feb.  11,  1911, 
v.  55:  10.  AP2.H32,v.55 

Willis,  W.  N.  White  slaves  of  toil;  how  women  and  children  are  sweated. 
London,  Pearson,  1914.  208  p. 

Wirth,  Clara.  Die  Kinderheimarbeit  in  der  aargauischen  Tabakindustrie. 
Wurzburg,  Franz  Staudenraus,  1912.  241  p.  22|cm. 

Inaugural-dissertation  . . . Universitat  Zurich. 

Quellen  und  Literatur:  p.  v-viii. 

Zinsli,  Ph.  Die  Beschaftigung  der  schulpflichtigen  Kinder  in  Hausindustrie 
und  andern  Erwerbsarten  im  Kanton  Appenzell  A.-Rh.  Zeitschrift  fur 
Schweizerische  Statistik,  1905,  v.  41;  Bd.  1:  164-183.  HAl.Z5,v.41 

Liter  atm:  p.  181. 

44193°— 16 7 


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MERCANTILE  ESTABLISHMENTS. 

1190  Betts,  Lillian  W.  Child  labor  in  shops  and  homes.  Outlook,  Apr.  18,  1903, 

v.  73:  921-927.  AP2.08,v.73 

1191  Bowen,  Louise  Hadduck  (de  Koven)  11  Mrs.  J.  T.  Bowen”.  The  depart- 

ment store  girl ; based  upon  interviews  with  200  girls.  Issued  by  the  Juvenile 
protective  association  of  Chicago.  Text  by  Louise  de  Koven  Bowen.  [Chi- 
cago] 1911.  15  p.  18cm. 

1192  Brewer,  Franklin  N.  Child  labor  in  the  department  store.  American 

academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  July,  1902,  v.  20:  165-178. 

Hl.A4,v.20 

1193  Butler,  Elizabeth.  Beardsley.  Saleswomen  in  mercantile  stores,  Baltimore, 

1909.  New  York,  Charities  publication  committee,  1912.  217  p.  20^cm. 
(Russell  Sage  foundation  [publications])  HD6070.B8 

Cash  gills  and  wrappers,  p.  50-52;  105-106. 

1194  Cranston,  M.  R.  Girl  behind  the  counter.  World  to-day,  Mar.  1906,  v.  10: 

270-274.  AP2.W75,v.lO 

1195  Dorr,  Mrs.  Rheta  C.  Christmas  from  the  counter.  Independent,  Dec.  5, 

1907,  v.  63:  1340-1347.  AP2.I53,v.63 

1196  Goldmark,  Pauline,  and  George  A.  Hall.  Preliminary  report  on  employ- 

ment of  women  and  children  in  mercantile  establishments.  (In  New  York 
(State)  Factory  investigating  commission.  Second  report,  1913.  Albany, 
1913.  23cm.  v.  2,  p.  1193-1270.  [Legislature,  1913.  Senate  doc.  36]) 

HD8053.N7A5  1913 

1197  Gt.  Brit.  Home  dept.  Van  boys  and  warehouse  boys  committee. 

Report  on  the  hours  and  conditions  of  employment  of  van  boys  and  warehouse 
boys,  appointed  by  His  Majesty’s  principal  secretary  of  state  for  the  Home 
department  [with  Minutes  of  evidence]  London,  Pub.  by  H.  M.  Stationery 
off.,  printed  by  Eyre  and  Spottiswoode,  ltd.,  1913.  2 v.  in  1.  33|cm.  ([Par- 
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1198  Hopkins,  M.  A.  Girls  behind  the  counter.  Collier’s  weekly,  Mar.  16,  1912, 

v.  48:  16-17.  AP2.C65,v.48 

1199  Medley,  K.  I.  M.  Van-boy  labour.  Economic  review,  Jan.  1911,  v.  21:  57- 

62.  * HBl.E4,v.21 

1200  National  civic  federation  review.  Department  store  number.  Working 

conditions  in  New  York  stores.  A report  upon  welfare  activities  in  twenty- 
two  retail  concerns — Wrongs  to  be  righted  and  specific  recommendations  for 
improvements — Length  of  workday — Women’s  wages — Relation  of  wage  scale 
to  white  slavery.  National  civil  federation  review,  July  15,  1913,  v.  4:  1-32. 

1201  Ohio.  Industrial  commission.  Dept,  of  investigation  and  statistics. 

Wages  and  hours  of  labor  of  women  and  girls  employed  in  mercantile  estab- 
lishments in  Ohio  in  1913.  Columbus,  O.,  1914.  33  p.  23£cm.  ( Its  Report 

no.  1)  * HD8053 .03 A3, no . 1 

1202  Pennsylvania.  Dept,  of  labor  and  industry.  Conditions  of  women  in  mer- 

cantile establishments  in  Philadelphia.  (In  its  Monthly  bulletin,  Jan.  1915, 
v.  2,  no.  1,  p.  15-98) 

1203  IT.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Report  on  condition  of  woman  and  child  wage- 

earners  in  the  United  States,  v.  5.  Wage-earning  women  in  stores  and  fac- 
tories. Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1910.  384  p.  23rxn.  (61st  Cong.  2d 
sess.  Senate.  Doc.  645.  v.  5)  IID6093.A4,v.5  - 

1204  Van  Kleeck,  Mary.  Working  conditions  in  New  York  department  stores. 

Survey,  Oct.  II,  1913,  v.  31:  50-51.  HVl.C4,v.31 


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What  it  means  to  be  a department  store  girl,  as  told  by  the  girl  herself.  Ladies’ 
home  journal,  June,  1913,  v.  30:  8.  AP2.L135,v.30 

Wilcox,  W.  It.  Women  in  New  York  department  stores:  a reply.  Survey, 
Nov.  15,  1913,  v.  31:  181-183.  HVl.C4,v.31 

Williamson,  Robert.  Training  the  “dead-ender  ”.  World’s  work,  London, 
Mar.  1914,  v.  23:  443-446.  AP4.W85,v.23 

MINES  AND  QUARRIES. 

[Ducpetiaux,  Edouard]  De  la  condition  des  ouvriers  mineurs  dans  la 
Grande-Bretagne  et  en  Belgique . Analyse  del  ’enqu^te  ordonnee  par  le  Parle- 
ment  anglais  sur  le  travail  des  enfants  dans  les  mines.  Bruxelles,  Impr.  de 
Vandooren  freres,  1843.  64  p.  illus.  23cm.  HD6250.G7D8 

“ Extrait  des  Annales  des  travaux  publics  de  Belgique,”  v.  1,  p.  [359]— 420. 

Child  labor  in  mines.  American  federationist,  Jan.  1913,  v.  20:  32-33. 

HD8055.A5A2,v.20 

Chute,  Charles  L.  The  child  labor  problem  in  Pennsylvania.  Child,  Chi- 
cago, Oct.  1912,  v.  1:  9-12.  HQ750.A2C3,v.l 

Clopper,  E . N.  Child  labor  in  West  Virginia.  National  child  labor  committee. 

Pamphlet  no.  86.  24  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.86 

Duriand,  Kellogg.  Child  labor  in  Pennsylvania.  Outlook,  May  9,  1903, 
v.  74:  124-127.  AP2.08,v.74 

The  Employment  of  pit  girls.  Manchester  guardian,  Jan.  27,  1914,  p.  7. 
Germany.  Bekanntmachung,  betreffend  die  Beschaftigung  jugendlicher 
Arbeiter  auf  Steinkohlenbergwerken  in  Preussen,  Bayern,  Sachsen  und 
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Abteilung  fur  Arbeiterstatistik.  Reichs-Arbeitsblatt,  Mar.  1913,  v.  11: 
222-223.  HD8441.A3,v.ll 

Gt.  Brit.  Children’s  employment  commission.  First  report  of  the  Com- 
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Home  dept.  Mines  and  quarries:  General  report  and  statistics  . . . 

1914.  Part  II.  Labour.  London,  Harrison  & son,  1915.  52-100  p.  tables, 
diagrs.,  chart.  34|cm.  ([Parliament.  Papers  by  command]  Cd.  8135) 
Statistics  of  boys  employed  in  mines:  p.  68-71,  98.  TN57.A48  1914 

— Laws,  statutes,  etc.  An  act  to  consolidate  and  amend  the  law 

relating  to  coal  mines  and  certain  other  mines.  16th  Dec.,  1911.  Interna- 
tional labor  office.  Bulletin,  Mar.  1914,  v.  9:  9-12.  HD7801.I6,v.9 

Pt.  6:  Employment  of  boys,  girls,  and  women. 

Lovejoy,  Owen  R.  Child  labor  in  the  coal  mines.  American  academy  of 
political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Mar.  1906,  v.  27:  293-299.  Hl.A4,v.27 
National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  20,  p.  35-41;  Pamphlet 
no.  27.  7p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.20;no.27 

Child  labor  in  the  soft  coal  mines.  American  academy  of  political 

and  social  science.  Annals,  Jan.  1907,  v.  29:  26-34.  Hl.A4,v.29 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  44.  9 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.44 

The  coal  mines  of  Pennsylvania.  American  academy  of  political  and 

social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911,  v.  38:  133-138. 

Hl.A4,v.38 


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1221 


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1224 


1225 


1226 


1227 


1228 


1229 


1230 


1231 

1232 

1233 


Love  joy,  Owen  It.  The  extent  of  child  labor  in  the  anthracite  coal  indus- 
try. American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Jan.  1907,  v. 
29: 35-49.  Hl.A4,v.29 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  45.  15  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.45 

In  the  shadow  of  the  coal-breaker.  Woman’s  home  companion,  Sept. 

1906,  v.  33:  9-11.  AP2.W714,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  61.  15  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.61 

School-house  or  coalbreaker.  Outlook,  Aug.  26,  1905,  v.  80:  1011- 

1019.  AP2.08,v.80 

Marot,  Helen.  Progress  in  Pennsylvania:  Protection  for  children  in  mills 
and  mines.  Charities,  June  10,  1905,  v.  14:  834-836.  HVl.C4,v.l4 

Markham,  Edwin.  Children  in  bondage.  New  York,  Hearst’s  international 
library  co.,  1914.  411  p.  21cm.  HD6250.U3M3 

Tbe  cost  of  coal,  p.  94-113. 

Little  slaves  of  the  coal-mines.  Cosmopolitan  magazine,  Nov.  1906, 

v.  42:20-28.  " AP2.C8,v.42 

The  hoe-man  in  the  making  series. 

Mitchell,  John.  Proper  minimum  age  for  working  children.  (In  Child  labor 
conference.  Hartford,  Conn.,  1908.  Report  of  the  pioceedings  . . . 
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Montessori,  Maria.  Children  working  in  mines  and  dangerous  trades.  (In 
International  congress  of  women,  London,  1899.  London,  1900.  20|CIQ. 
v.  6,  p.  81-82)  HQ1106  1899, v.6 

Brief  outline  of  address  by  Madame  Montessori,  who  spoke  in  Italian. 

Nichols,  Francis  H.  Children  of  the  coal  shadow.  McClure’s  magazine, 
Feb.  1903,  v.  20:  435-444.  AP2.M2,v.20 

Same  cond.  American  review  of  reviews,  Feb.  1903,  v.  27:  214-215. 

AP2.R4,v.27 

Roberts,  Peter.  Anthracite  coal  communities;  a study  of  the  demography^ 
the  social,  educational  and  moral  life  of  the  anthracite  regions.  New  York, 
The  Macmillan  company;  London,  Macmillan  & co.,  ltd.,  1904.  xiii,  387  p. 
incl.  2 maps,  plan.  22  pi.  23cm.  HD8039.M62U65 

Our  educational  apparatus:  1.  Schoolhouses  in  mining  towns;  2.  The  men  and  women  who 
teach;  3.  The  boys  and  girls  in  school;  4.  The  boys  in  the  breakers;  5.  Can  our  educational 
system  be  improved?  p.  151-187. 

Seidl,  E.  Die  Beschaftigung  jugendlicher  Arbeiter  beim  Steinkohlenbergbau 
in  Ostrau-Karwin  und  die  damit  gemachten  Erfahrungen.  Zeitschrift  fur 
Berg-Hiitten  und-Salinenwesen  im  preussischen  Staate,1911,  v.  59:  186-212., 

TN3.Z4,v.59 

Waudby,  William.  S.  Children  of  labor.  Frank  Leslie’s  popular  monthly, 
Apr.  1903,  v.  55:  545-556.  AP2.A346,v.55* 

Washington,  Booker  Taliaferro.  The  man  farthest  down;  a record  of  obser- 
vation and  study  in  Europe,  by  Booker  T.  Washington,  with  the  collabora- 
tion of  Robert  E.  Park.  Garden  City,  N.  Y.r  Doubleday,  Page  & company, 
1912.  4 p.1.,3-390  p.,11.  fold.  map.  20-|em.  HD4851.W3 

Child  labour  and  the  sulphur  mines,  p.  192-216. 

Same  in  Outlook,  June  17, 1911,  v.  98:  342-349.  AP2.08,v.98 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


101 


TEXTILES. 

1234  Adler,  Eleanor  H.  Children  who  weave  silk.  Child  labor  bulletin.  Nov.  ^ 

1914,  v.  3,  no.  3,  52-61.  HD6250.U3N4,v.3,no.3 

1235  Allen,  Carrie  W.  Child  slaves  of  the  cotton  mills.  International  socialist 

review,  Mar.  1911,  v.  11:  521-524.  HXl.I6,v.ll 

1236  Bacon,  Mary  Applewhite.  The  problem  of  the  southern  cotton  mill.  At- 

lantic monthly,  Feb.  1907,  v.  99:  224-231.  AP2.A8,v.99 

* 1236a  Child  labor  in  the  cotton  mills  of  Georgia.  Charities,  July  18,  1903. 

v.  11:60-61.  HVl.C4,v.ll 

1237  Beeks,  Gertrude.  Welfare  work  and  child  labor  in  southern  cotton  mills. 

National  civic  federation  review,  July-Aug.  1906,  v.  2:  14-21. 

IID4802.N2,v.2 

1238  [Brown,  Frederic  Kenyon]  Through  the  mill,  the  life  of  a mill-boy,  by  A1 

Priddy  [pseud .]  Boston,  New  York  [etc.]  The  Pilgrim  press  [c1911]  xi,  289  p. 
front.,  7 pi.  21em.  HD6250.U3B8 

1239  Byington,  Margaret  F.  Making  income  equal  outgo:  what  the  struggle 

means  to  cotton  mill  workers.  Survey,  Apr.  19,  1913,  v.  30:  109-111. 

IlVl.C4,v.30 

1240  Campbell,  John  C.  From  mountain  cabin  to  cotton  mill.  Child  labor  bul- 

letin, v.  2,  no.  1:  74-84.  HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

Pamphlet  no.  195,  1913.  12  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.l95 

1241  Chapman,  Sydney  John.  The  Lancashire  cotton  industry;  a study  in  eco- 

nomic development.  Manchester,  University  press,  1904.  2 p.  1.,  vii  p., 

1 1.,  309,  [1]  p.  23^cm.  (Publications  of  the  University  of  Manchester. 
Economic  series,  no.  1)  HD9881.7.L2C5 

“ Select  bibliography  of  authorities’’:  p.  277-304. 

Children  in  factories,  p.  85-95. 

1242  Cheney,  Howell.  Practical  restrictions  on  child  labor  in  textile  industries; 

higher  educational  and  physical  qualifications.  American  academy  of 
political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1909,  v.  33:  86-99. 

Hl.A4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  96.  14  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.96  I 

1243  Child  workers  in  North  Carolina  cotton  mills.  Survey,  Feb.  27,  1915,  v.  33: 

573.  HVl.C4jV.33  , 

1244  Collet,  Clara  Elizabeth.  Report  by  Miss  Collet  on  changes  in  the  employ- 

ment of  women  and  girls  in  industrial  centres.  Pt.  1.  Flax  and  jute  centres. 
Presented  to  both  houses  of  Parliament  by  command  of  Her  Majesty.  Lon- 
don, Printed  for  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by  Eyre  and  Spottiswoode,  1898. 

iv,  113  p.  24em.  ([Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Papers  by  command]  C.  8794) 

HD6136.C75  ■. 

Also  found  in  Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Sessional  papers,  1898,  v.  88.  J301.K6  1898,  v.  88 

1245  Conant,  R . K.  Eight-hour  day  for  children  in  Massachusetts  factories.  National 

child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  226. 

1246  The  textile  industry  and  child  labor.  Child  labor  bulletin,  May,  1913, 

v.  2,  no.  1:  91-95.  HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

1247  Crosby,  Ernest  Howard.  Broad-cast.  New  York,  Funk  and  Wagnalls  com- 

pany, 1905.  126  p.  20cm. 

The  cotton  mill,  p.  31-35. 


102 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


1248 


"1249 

1250 


1251 


1252 


1253 

1254 


1255 


1256 


1257 

1258 

1259 

^ 1260 

1261 

1262 

1263 

1264 

1265 


Dawley,  Thomas  Robinson.  The  child  that  toileth  not;  the  story  of  a gov- 
ernment investigation.  New  York,  Gracia  publishing  company  [c1912]  xii, 
490  p.  front,  (port.)  illus.  21fem.  HD6250.U3D3 

Reviewed  by  William  Leavitt  Stoddard.  Survey,  Feb.  15,  1913,  v.  29:  705-708. 

See  also  National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  186.  HVl.C4,v.29 

Dorr,  Mrs.  Rheta  Childe.  The  twentieth  child.  Hampton-Columbian maga- 
zine, Jan.  1912,  v.  27:  793-806.  AP2.H152,v.27 

When  is  a factory  not  a factory?  Hampton  magazine,  Feb.  1912,  v.  28- 

34-40,  63.  AP2.H152,v.28  • 

Ellis,  Leonora  Beck.  The  factory  children  of  Georgia.  Era  magazine,  July, 
1903,  v.  12:  49-57.  AP2.E8,v.l2 

A study  of  southern  cotton-mill  communities.  Child  labor.  The 

operatives  in  general.  American  journal  of  sociology,  Mar.  1903,  v.  8: 
623-630.  HMl.A7,v.8 

Fahey,  Charles  P.  No  children  in  Tennessee  factories.  American  federa- 
tionist,  Oct.  1901,  v.  8:  401.  HD8055.A5A2,v.8 

Foster,  Thomas.  Observations  on  the  state  of  the  children  in  cotton  mills. 

[By  Thomas  Foster  and  David  McWilliams]  London  [1825]  15  p.  21cm. 
Gerard,  Claire.  Une  enquete  officielle  sur  le  travail  des  femmes  et  des  enfants 
dans  les  industries  textiles  aux  Etats-Unis.  Le  Musee  social,  Annale3,  Oct. 
1910,  v.  15:  326-329.  H3.M8,v.l5 

Golden,  John.  Children  in  the  textile  industry.  American  academy  of  po- 
litical and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1910,  v.  35  : 42-46. 

Hl.A4,v.35 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  127.  5 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l27 

Gordon,  F.  G.  R.  Child  labor  in  textiles  decreasing.  Protectionist,  Feb. 

1915,  v.  26:  667-668.  HF1750.P8,v.26 

Guild,  Curtis,  jr.  Child  labor  and  the  cotton  industry.  Voter,  Aug.  1904, 
v.  2:  16-18.  JK1  V6,v.2 

Harriman,  Mrs.  J.  Borden.  The  cotton  mill  a factor  in  the  development  of 
the  South.  American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Sup- 
plement, Mar.  1910,  v.  35:  47-51.  Iil.A4,v.35 

Hine,  Lewis  W.  Child  or  cotton?  raising  the  question  of  cotton  picking  in 
Texas.  Photo-story.  [New  York  city,  National  child  labor  committee, 
1914?]  6 p.  30cm. 

Reprinted  from  the  Survey,  Feb.  7,  1914,  v.  31:  589-592.  HVl.C4,v.31 

—  Girl  workers  in  a cotton  mill.  [New  Orleans]  Survey,  Mai*.  14,  1914, 

v.  31:  737.  HVl.C4,v.31 

—  Hiding  behind  the  work  certificate.  [Cotton  mills  of  Georgia]  Sur- 
vey, Mar.  7,  1914,  v.  31:  691.  HVl.C4,v.31 

Hopkins,  Mary  Alden.  New  England  mill  slaves.  Good  housekeeping, 
Sept.  1913,  v.  56  : 323-330.  TXl.G7,v.56 

Johnston,  John.  Wastage  of  child  life,  as  exemplified  by  conditions  in  Lan- 
cashire. London,  A.  C.  Fifield,  1909.  95  p.  19cm.  (The  Fabian  socialist 

series,  no.  7)  HQ769.J7 

“References”:  p.  94-95- 

Kohn,  August.  The  cotton  mills  of  South  Carolina;  a series  of  observations 
and  facts  as  published  in  letters  written  to  the  News  and  courier.  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  1903.  40  p.  23cm. 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


103 


1266 

1267 

1268 

1269 

1270 

1271 

1272 

1273 

1274 

1275 

1276 

1277 

1278 

1279 

1280 
1281 


Kohn,  August.  The  cotton  mills  of  South  Carolina,  1907;  letters  written  to 
the  News  and  courier.  Charleston,  S.  C.,  Press  of  the  Daggett  printing 
company,  c1907.  228  p.  23cm.  HD9877.S6K8 

“Reprinted  from  the  News  and  cornier,  Charleston,  S.  C.,  October-December,  1907.’* 

Larcom,  Lucy.  An  idyl  of  work.  Boston,  J.  R.  Osgood  and  company,  1875. 
ix,  [11]— 183  p.  18cm. 

“In  her  poem,  An  Idyl  of  work,  Miss  Larcom,  in  her  most  graceful  and  popular  style,  tells  the 
story  of  her  life  as  a Lowell  factory  girl.” 

Lord,  Everett  W.  Child  labor  in  the  textile  industries  and  canneries  of  New 
England.  American  academy  of  political  and  social  science.  Annals,  Sup- 
plement, Mar.  1909,  v.  33:  73-78.  Hl.A4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  107.  6 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l07 

The  Lowell  offering.  Written,  ed.  and  pub.  by  female  operatives  employed 
in  the  mills  . . . Lowell,  Powers  & Bagley;  [etc.,  etc.,  1841]-45.  5v.  illus., 
plates.  21-22£cm.  Monthly.  AP2.L88 

[Macf  adyen]  Irene  M.  Ashby-.  Child-labor  in  southern  cotton  mills.  World  ’b 
work,  Oct.  1901,  v.  2:  1290-1295.  AP2.W8,v.2 

McKelway,  A.  J.  Child  labor  and  “Education”  in  southern  cotton  mills. 
Woman’s  home  companion,  May,  1907,  v.  34:  24,  57.  AP2.W714,v.34 

Child  labor  in  the  Carolinas;  account  of  investigations  made  in  the 

cotton  mills  of  North  and  South  Carolina,  by  Rev.  A.  E.  Seddon,  A.  H.  Ulm, 
and  Lewis  W.  Hine,  under  the  direction  of  the  southern  office  of  the  National 
child  labor  committee.  [New  York?  1909]  [20]  p.  illus.  23cm.  (Pam- 
phlet no.  92)  HD6250.U3N2,no.92 

Child  labor  in  the  southern  cotton  mills.  American  academy  of  politi- 
cal and  social  science,  Annals,  Mar.  1906,  v.  27:  259-269.  Hl.A4,v.27 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  20.  11  p.;  Pamphlet  no. 
23.  11  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.20;no.23 

Child  wages  in  the  cotton  mills:  our  modern  feudalism.  Child  labor 

bulletin,  v.  2,  no.  1:  7-16.  HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  199,  11  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l99 

The  cotton  mill:  the  Herod  among  industries.  American  academy  of 

political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911,  v.  38: 
39-52.  ‘ Hl,A4,v.38 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  162.  15  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l62 

The  mill  or  the  farm?  American  academy  of  political  and  social 

science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1910,  v.  35:  52-57.  Hl.A4,v.35 

Welfare  work  and  child  labor  in  southern  cotton  mills.  Charities  and 

the  commons,  Nov.  10,  1906,  v.  17:  271-273.  HVl.C4,v.l7 

Maine.  Bureau  of  industrial  and  labor  statistics.  Industrial  conditions 
surrounding  women  and  children  in  the  textile  industry.  (In  its  22d  annual 
report,  1908,  p.  1-83)  HC 107.  M2  A3  1908 

Markham,  Edwin.  The  child  at  the  loom.  Cosmopolitan  magazine,  Sept. 
1906,  v.  41:  480-487.  AP2.C8,v.41 

The  hoe-man  in  the  making  series. 

Spinners  in  the  dark:  Child  labor  in  the  silk  mills.  Cosmopolitan, 

July,  1907,  v.  43:  310-314.  AP2.C4,v.43 

Moore,  John  Trotwood.  The  Bishop  of  Cottontown;  a story  of  the  southern 
cotton  mills.  Philadelphia,  The  J.  C.  Winston  company,  1906.  644  p.  col. 

front.,  4 pi.  19icm.  * PZ3.M784B 

The  theft  of  a childhood,  p.  258-274. 


104 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


1282  National  child  labor  committee,  New  York.  The  child  in  the  cotton  mill. 

New  York  city,  1916.  10  p.  23cm.  (Its  Pamphlet  no.  260,  Mar.  1916) 

1283  ^Tearing,  Scott.  The  power  behind  our  silk  mills.  Independent,  Feb.  1, 

1912,  v.  72:  255-256.  AP2.I53,v.72 

1284  New  York  (State)  Dept,  of  labor.  Annual  industrial  directory  of  New 

York  state.  lst-2d.  1912-1913.  Albany,  1913-1914.  2 v.  23c“. 

Contains  statistics  of  children  employed  in  factories.  HC 107 . N 7 A4 

1285  Otey,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  (Lewis).  Children  in  the  cotton  industry:  a historical 

sketch.  (Inker  The  beginning  of  child  labor  legislation  in  certain  states;  a 
comparative  study.  Washington  1910.  23em.  p.  43-72.  Y.  6 of  the  U.  S. 
Bureau  of  labor.  Report  on  condition  of  woman  and  child  wage-earners  in 
the  United  States)  IID6093.A4,v.6 

1286  Palmer,  Walter  B.  Woman  and  child  workers  in  cotton  mills.  American 

statistical  association.  Publications,  June,  1911,  n.  s.,  v.  12:  588-617. 

HAl.A6,n.s.,v.l2 

1287  The  Proposal  to  lower  the  factory  age  in  Lancashire.  New  statesman,  Aug.  21, 

1915,  v.  5:465-466.  AP4.N64,v.5 

1288  Roberts,  Peter.  Employment  of  girls  in  the  textile  industry  of  Pennsyl- 

vania. (In  Commons,  John  R.,  ed .,  Trade  unionism  and  labor  problems. 
Boston,  1905.  21£cm.  p.  423-434)  HD6483.C7 

“From  the  Annals,  American  academy  of  political  science,  v.  23,  1904, 
p.  434-444.’'  Hl.A4,v.23 

1289  Robinson,  Harriet  Jane,  u Mrs.  W.  S.  Robinson.”  Loom  and  spindle:  or, 

Life  among  the  early  mill  girls.  With  a sketch  of  “The  Lowell  offering  ” and 
some  of  its  contributors.  New  York,  Boston,  T.  Y.  Crowell  & company 
[1898]  vii,  216  p.  facsim.  18cm.  HD6096.L9R7 

Child  life  in  the  Lowell  cotton  mills,  p.  25-39. 

1290  Rochester,  Anna,  and  Florence  Taylor.  What  the  government  says  about 

cotton  mills.  Child  labor  bulletin,  Feb.  1915,  v.  3,  no.  4:  20-24. 

HD6250.U3N4,v.3 

1291  Sandiford,  Peter.  The  half-time  system  in  the  textile  trades.  (In  Sadler, 

M.  E.  ed.,  Continuation  schools  in  England  and  elsewhere.  2d  ed.,  Manches- 
ter, 1908,  p.  318-351)  LC5215.S25 

1292  Sanville,  Florence  L.  Children  and  textiles:  a record  of  experience.  North 

American  review,  Apr.  1909,  v.  189:  573-584.  AP2.N7,v.l89 

1293  Silk  workers  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey.  Survey,  May  18, 1912, 

v.  28:  307-312.  , HV1.C4.V.28 

1294  Seddon,  Alfred  A.  The  education  of  mill  children  in  the  South.  American 

academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1908, 
v.  32:  72-79.  Hl.A4,v.32 

1295  Swift,  W.  H.  The  last  stayid  of  the  one  business  which  opposes  child  labor 

legislation  in  the  South.  Child  labor  bulletin,  May,  1914,  v.  3,  no.  1:  85-89. 

HD6250.U3N4,v.3 

1296  Taylor,  Florence  I.  Mortality  among  cotton  operatives.  Child  labor  bulle- 

tin, Nov.  1914,  v.  3,  no.  3:  62-65.  HD6250.U3N4,v.3 

1297  Thompson,  Holland.  From  the  cotton  field  to  the  cotton  mill;  a study  of 

the  industrial  transition  in  North  Carolina.  New  York,  London,  The  Mac- 
millan company,  1906.  ix,  284  p.  20cm.  HD9877.N8T5 

The  child  iu  the  mill,  p.  219-247. 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


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1299 

1300 

1301 

1302 

1303 

1304 

1305 

1306 

1307 


U.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Report  on  condition  of  woman  and  child  wage- 
earners  in  the  United  States.  In  19  volumes.  Washington,  Govt,  print, 
off.,  1910-13.  19  v.  tables.  23cm.  (61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.  Senate.  Doc.645) 

I.  Cotton  textile  industry.  1910.  1044  p.  HD6093.A4 

IV.  The  silk  industry.  1911.  592  p. 

XIV.  Causes  of  death  among  woman  and  child  cotton-mill  operatives,  by  Arthur  R.  Perry. 
1912.  430  p. 

XVI.  Family  budgets  of  typical  cotton-mill  workers,  by  Wood  F.  Worcester  and  Daisy 
Worthington  Worcester.  1911.  255  p. 

XVII.  Hookworm  disease  among  cotton-mill  operatives,  by  Ch.  Wardell  Stiles.  1912.  45  p. 

Bureau  of  the  census.  Thirteenth  census  of  the  United  States:  1910. 

Bulletin.  Manufactures:  1909.  Statistics  for  silk  manufactures.  [Washing- 
ton, Govt,  print,  off.,  1913]  25  p.  incl.  tables.  31cm.  HD9914.A3  1910 

Contains  statistics  of  the  employment  of  children  under  16  years  of  age. 

Thirteenth  census  of  the  United  States:  1910.  Bulletin.  Man- 
ufactures: 1909.  Statistics  for  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods,  including 
cotton  small  wares.  [Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1913]  30  p.  incl.  tables, 
chart.  31cm.  IID9874.A3  1909 

Contains  statistics  of  the  employment  of  children  under  16  years  of  age. 

Van  Vorst,  Bessie,  “ Mrs.  John  Van  Vorst.”  The  cry  of  the  children;  a 
study  of  child-labor,  . . . with  an  introduction  by  Albert  J.  Beveridge.  New 
York,  Moffat,  Yard  and  company,  1908.  xxiii,  9-246  p.  19£cm. 

I1D6250.U3V3 

and  Marie  Van  Vorst.  The  woman  who  toils;  being  the  experiences 

of  two  ladies  as  factory  girls.  New  York,  Doubleday,  Page  & company,  1903. 
ix  p.,  3 1.,  303  p.  front.,  plates,  ports.  20^cm.  HD6068.V2 

“A  portion  of  the  material  in  this  book  appeared  serially  under  the  same  title  in  Everybody’s 
magazine.  ” 

The  southern  cotton  mills.  The  child  in  the  southern  mills:  p.  276-303. 

Villerme,  Louis  Rene.  Tableau  de  l’etat  physique  et  moral  des  ouvriers 
employes  dans  les  manufactures  de  coton,  de  laine  et  de  soie.  Paris, 
J.  Renouard  et  cie.,  1840.  2 v.  22cm.  HD8039.T42F89 

Dur£e  joumaliere  du  travail,  v.  2,  p.  83-109;  Enfants  employes  dans  les  manufactures,  v. 
2,  p.  110-125. 

Weltner,  C.  E.  Social  welfare  and  child  labor  in  South  Carolina  cotton  mill 
communities.  Child  labor  bulletin,  v.  2,  no.  1:  85-90. 

HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

National  child  labor  committee,  New  York.  Pamphlet  no.  201,  1913.  7 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.201 

Williams,  Talcott.  Child  labor  and  the  textile  factory.  (In  National  asso- 
ciation of  cotton  manufacturers,  Transactions,  no.  81.  1906.  [Boston]  1907. 

25cm.  p.  302-317)  TS1550.N5,no.81 

Woolley,  R.  W.  The  mill  child’s  advantages.  Pearson’s  magazine,  Mar.  1910, 
v.  23:  359-367.  AP2.P35,v.23 

“The  mill  child,  at  least  the  Southern  mill  child,  has  advantages — advantages  of  good  food, 
education,  and  better  hygienic  conditions — infinitely  better — than  he  would  have  on  the  farm 
from  which  he  came.” 

Young,  Thomas  M.  The  American  cotton  industry;  a study  of  work  and 
workers,  contributed  to  the  Manchester  guardian.  London,  Methuen  & co.; 
New  York,  C.  Scribner’s  sons,  1902.  xvi,  146  p.  19em.  HD9875.Y8 


106 

1303 

1309 

1310 

1311 

1312 

1313 

1314 

1315 

1316 

1317 

1318 

1319 

1320 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


MISCELLANEOUS  INDUSTRIES. 

Beschaftigung  von  jugendlichen  Arbeitern  und  Arbeiterinnen  in  Work- 
statten  mit  Motorbetrieb  (Deutsches  Reich).  Soziale  Rundschau,  July, 
1910,  v.  2,  p.  12-19.  HD8401.A2  1910, v.2 

Bowen,  Louise  Hadduck  (de  Koven)  u Mrs.  J.  T.  Bowen”.  The  girl  em- 
ployed in  hotels  and  restaurants.  By  the  Juvenile  protective  association  of 
Chicago.  Text  by  Louise  de  Koven  Bowen.  [Chicago]  1912.  21  p.  18cm. 

Child  slavery  in  Chicago  [in  candy  factories]  Public  policy,  Dec.  20,  1902, 
v.  7:  394.  Hl.P9,v.7 

Dwight,  Helen  C.  Dangerous  machines  in  the  metal  trades.  Child  labor 
bulletin,  Nov.  1914,  v.  3,  no.  3:  66-75.  HD6250.U3N4,v.3 

Gesellschaft  fur  Soziale  Reform.  Das  Verbot  der  Nachtarbeit  jugendlicher 
Arbeiter  in  Walz-  und  Hammerwerken.  Soziale  Praxis,  Oct.  5,  1911,  v.  21: 
21-22.  H5.S7,v.21 

Gt.  Brit.  Children’s  employment  commission.  Second  report  of  the 
Commissioners.  Trades  and  manufactures.  Appendix  and  index  to  second 
report.  Presented  to  both  Houses  of  Parliament  by  command  of  Her  Majesty. 
1843-1845.  4 v.  Folded  map.  33cm.  (Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Sessional 

paper's,  1843,  v.  13,  14,  15;  1845,  v.  42)  J301.K6  1843, v. 13-15  1845, v.42 
Kestner,  Fritz.  Die  Nachtarbeit  jugendlicher  Arbeiter  in  Walzwerken, 
Hammerwerken  und  Glashiitten.  Jahrb  richer  fur  Nationalokonomie  und 
Statistik,  Sept.  1910,  3.  Folge,  v.  40:  353-374.  HB5.J3,3d  ser.v.40 

Luetgebrune,  Walter.  Die  Beschaftigung  der  jugendlichen  Ziegeleiarbeiter 
nach  geltendem  Recht.  Tonindustrie-Zeitung,  Feb.  28, 1914,  v.  38:  407-409. 

TP785.T67,v.38 

Markham,  Edwin.  The  grind  behind  the  holidays.  Cosmopolitan  magazine, 
Dec.  1906,  v.  42:  143-150.  AP2.C8,v.42 

The  hoe-man  in  the  making  series. 

The  Pittsburgh  survey;  findings  in  six  volumes,  ed.  by  Paul  Underwood  Kel- 
logg. New  York,  Charities  publication  committee,  1909-14.  6 v.  fronts., 

plates.  23§cm.  (Russell  Sage  foundation.  [Publications]) 

HD8085.P6P6 

v.  6.  Wage-earning  Pittsburgh.  1914. 

Factory  inspection  in  Pittsburgh,  with  special  reference  to  the  conditions  of  working  women 
and  children,  by  Florence  Kelley:  p.  189-216.  Sharpsburg:  A typical  waste  of  childhood,  by 
Elizabeth  Beardsley  Butler:  p.  279-304. 

Price,  W.  D.  Greasy  Olivers.  Technical  world  magazine,  Sept.  1913,  v.  20: 
8-19.  Tl.T2,v.20 

Child  labor  in  the  Oliver  iron  and  steel  plant  in  Pittsburgh. 

U.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Report  on  condition  of  woman  and  child  wage- 
earners  in  the  United  States,  v.  11.  Employment  of  women  in  the  metal 
trades.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1911.  107  p.  23em.  (61st  Cong., 

2d  sess.  Senate  Doc.645,  v.  11.)  HD6093.A4,v.ll 

Number  and  rate  of  accidents  to  children:  p.  73-76. 

v.  18.  Employment  of  women  and  children  in  selected 

industries.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1913.  531  p.  23cm.  (61st  Cong., 

2d  sess.  Senate  Doc.  645.  v.  18)  HD6093.A4,v.l8 

The  following  industries  have  been  investigated:  Canning  and  preserving;  Cans  and  boxes, 
tin;  Cigar  boxes;  Cigarettes;  Cigars;  Clocks  and  watches;  Confectionery;  Core  making;  Corsets; 
Crackers  and  biscuits;  Hardware  and  metal  specialties;  Hosiery  and  knit  goods;  Jewelry;  Needles 
and  pins;  Nuts,  bolts,  and  screws;  Paper  boxes;  Pottery;  Rubber  and  elastic  goods;  Shirts, 
overalls,  and  underwear;  Stamped  and  enameled  ware;  Tobacco  (smoking  and  chewing)  and 
snuiT;  Woolen  and  worsted  goods. 

A statement  of  the  general  sanitary  conditions  is  given  for  most  of  the  industries. 

Reviewed  by  Louise  C.  Odencrantz  in  Survey,  Jan.  24, 1914,  v.  31:  498-499.  HVl.C4,v.31 


1321 

1322 

1323 

1324 

1325 

1326 

1327 

1328 

1329 

1330 

1331 

1332 

1333 

1334 

1335 

1336 

1337 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


107 


Women’s  educational  and  industrial  union,  Boston.  Dept,  of  research. 
The  boot  and  shoe  industry  in  Massachusetts  as  a vocation  for  women.  Octo- 
ber, 1915.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1915.  109  p.  23cm.  (Bulletin  of 
the  United  States  Bureau  of  labor  statistics,  whole  no.  180.  Women  in  in- 
dustry series,  no.  7)  HD8051.A5,no.l80 

Employment  of  minors  as  related  to  women’s  earnings  in  shoe  factories:  p.  96-9S. 

STAGE. 

Addams,  Jane.  Children  on  the  stage.  American  academy  of  political  and 
social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911,  v.  38:  60-65.  Hl.A4,v.38 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  165.  p.  1-7. 

HD6250.U3N2,mo.l65 

Stage  children.  Survey,  Dec.  3,  1910,  v.  25:  342-343. 

HVl.C4,v.25 

Barker,  Henry  A.  Stage  children.  Survey,  Aug.  12,  1911,  v.  26:  703-704. 

HVI.C4,v.26 

Bates,  Blanche.  Child  labor  on  the  stage.  Survey,  Aug.  5,  1911,  v.  26: 
633-636.  HTI.C4,v.26 

The  stage  and  stage  children.  New  York  dramatic  mirror,  May  3, 

1911,  v.  65:  5.  PN2000.N6,v.65 

Stage  children.  New  York,  National  child  labor  committee,  1912. 

7 p.  23cin.  (National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  176) 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l76 

Blydenburgh,  Benjamin  B . The  child  and  the  theater.  Case  and  comment, 
Mar.  1912,  v.  18:  584-586. 

Children  barred  from  the  Baltimore  stage.  New  York  dramatic  mirror,  Jan.  18, 
1913,  v.  57:  21.  PN2000.N6,v.57 

Children  of  the  stage.  Facts  about  illogical  laws.  New  York  dramatic  mirror, 
Mar.  15,  1911,  v.  65:  8.  PN2000.N6,v.65 

Children  on  the  Colorado  stage.  Survey,  Oct.  14,  1911,  v.  27:  995. 

HYI.C4,v.27 

Children  readmitted  to  Louisiana’s  stage.  Survey,  Aug.  10,  1912,  v.  28:  629- 
630.  HVl.C4,v.28 

Clark,  S.  H.  The  artist  child.  {In  Chicago.  Child  welfare  exhibit,  1911. 

The  child  in  the  city.  Chicago,  1912.  22cm.  p.  302-309)  HV741.C4 

Concerning1  the  stage  child.  New  York  dramatic  mirror,  June  21,  1911,  v. 

65:  3.  PN2000.N6,v.6>3 

Favill,  Henry  Baird.  Child  labor  as  related  to  the  stage.  American  academy 
of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911,  v.  38: 
66-73.  Hl.A4,v.38 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  163.  p.  8-13. 

HD6250 . U 3N2rno . 165 

Gordon,  Jean  M.  Child  labor  on  the  stage.  American  academy  of  political 
and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911,  v.  38:  74-76. 

Hl.A4,v.38 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  165.  p.  16-18. 

HD625CLU  3N2,  no . 165 

Great  Britain.  Laws,  statutes,  etc.  An  act  to  prohibit  and  restrict  chil- 
dren and  young  persons  being  taken  out  of  the  United  Kingdom  with  a view 
to  singing,  playing,  performing,  or  being  exhibited,  for  profit.  15th  Aug., 
1913.  [Children  (Employment  abroad)  act,  1913]  International  labor  office, 
Bulletin,  Mar.  1914,  v.  9:  12-14.  HD7801.I6,v.9 


108  LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 

1338  Interview  with  Francis  Wilson  concerning  child  actors.  New  York  dramatic 

mirror,  July  9,  1910,  v.  64:  5.  PN2000.N6,v.64 

1339  Kelley,  Mrs.  Florence.  Colorado’s  stage  and  field  children.  Survey,  Oct.  14, 

1911,  v.  27:  996.  HVl.C4,v.27 

1340  Krows,  A.  E.  Francis  Wilson’s  definition  of  the  stage  child.  New  York 

dramatic  mirror,  Sept.  11,  1912,  v.  68:  8.  PN2000.N6,v.68 

1341  Lord,  Everett  W.  Child  labor  on  the  stage.  Survey,  May  21,  1910,  v.  24: 

317-320.  HVl.C4,v.24 

1342  Children  of  the  stage.  National  child  labor  committee,  1910.  Pam- 

phlet no.  137a,  31  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.l37a 

1343  Lovejoy,  Owen  It.  Employment  of  children  on  the  stage.  Child  labor  bul- 

letin, Nov.  1912,  v.  1,  no.  3,  p.  72-82.  HD6250.U3N4,v.l 

1344  MacGowan,  K.  Liberating  the  stage  child.  Theatre,  Oct.  1914,  v.  20:  173- 

175,  196.  PN2000.T5,v.20 

1345  Maryland.  Bureau  of  statistics  and  information.  Children  on  the  stage. 

(In  its  Report,  1912,  p.  46-47;  1913,  p.  107-122;  1914,  p.  198^214;  1915,  p. 
130-148.)  HC107.M3A15 

1346  Mason,  John.  Education  of  the  stage  child.  New  York  dramatic  mirror, 

Mar.  8,  1911,  v.  65:  5.  PN2000.N6,v.65 

1347  National  alliance  for  the  protection  of  stage  children.  New  York  dramatic 

mirror,  Mar.  1,  1911,  v.  65:  14.  PN2000.N6,v.65 

1348  Quimby,  Harriet.  Shall  children  be  barred  from  the  stage?  Leslie’s  weekly 

July  21,  1910,  v.  Ill:  55.  AP2.L52,v.lll 

1349  Reina,  Ettore.  I pubblici  spettacoli  e le  provvidenze  di  legislazione  social© 

. . . Roma,  L.  Cecchini,  1915.  153  p.  31cm.  (Pubblicazioni  dell’  Ufficio 
del  lavoro,  serie  B,  n.  46) 

At  head  of  title:  Ministero  di  agricoltura,  industria  e commercio.  Consiglio  superiore  del 
lavoro. 

Part  I gives  the  results  of  an  investigation  into  the  employment  of  children  in  theatrical 
performances. 

1350  Boyle,  E.  M.  A plea  for  the  stage  child.  New  York  dramatic  mirror,  May  24, 

1911,  v.  65:  5-6.  PN2000.N6,v.65 

1351  Stage  children.  Dial,  Mar.  1,  1911,  v.  50:  145-147.  AP2.D48,v.50 

1352  Stage  children  barred  in  Louisiana.  Survey,  Sept.  18,  1909,  v.  22:  817. 

HVl.C4,v.22 

1353  To  save  children  from  the  stage.  Literary  digest,  Nov.  12,  1910,  v.  41:  797— 

798.  AP2.L58,v.41 

1354  Why  children  play  in  the  theaters.  Survey,  June  10,  1911,  v.  26:  401. 

HVl.C4,v.26 

1355  Wilson,  Francis.  Child  labor  on  the  stage.  Survey,  June  18,  July  23,  1910, 

v.  24:  496-498,  635-636.  HVl.C4,v.24 

1356  The  child  on  the  stage.  Collier’s,  May  21,  1910,  v.  45:  19. 

AP2.C65,v.45 

1357  Defending  the  child  actors.  Literary  digest,  Nov.  12,  1910,  v.  41:  861. 

AP2.L58,v.41 

1358  Persecution  of  the  stage  child.  New  York  dramatic  mirror,  Feb.  1, 

1911,  v.  65:  5.  PN2000.N6,v.65 

1359  Wolff,  Solomon.  The  child  on  the  stage.  National  child  labor  committee 

New  York.  1912.  Pamphlet  no.  177.  10  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.l77 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


109 


STREET  TRADES. 

1360  Ackroyd,  Thomas  R.  Child  welfare  work  in  Manchester.  Child,  Nov.  1912, 

v.  3:158-161.  HQ750.A2C4,v.3 

Street  trading,  p.  159. 

1361  Adams,  M^ron  E . Children  in  American  street  trades.  America^  academy 

of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  May,  1905,  v.  25:  437-458. 

Hl.A4,v.25 

‘^  National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  2,  p.  25-46. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.2 

1362  Municipal  regulations  of  street  trades.  {In  National  conference  of 

charities  and  correction.  Proceedings,  1904.  [Columbus,  O.]  1904.  23cm. 
p.  294-300)  HV88.A3  1904 

1363  Addams,  Jane.  The  spirit  of  youth  and  the  city  streets.  New  York,  The 

Macmillan  company,  1909.  6 p.  1.,  3-162  p.  19^cm.  HQ796.A3 

The  spirit  of  youth  and  industry,  p.  107-135. 

1364  Adler,  Nettie.  Child  workers  and  wage-earners.  Royal  society  of  arts, 

Journal,  June  12,  1908,  v.  56:  738-747.  Tl.S64,v.56 

1365  Juvenile  wage-earners  and  their  work.  Progress,  July,  1906,  v.  1:  204- 

210.  HN381.P9,v.l 

1366  — [and  others'].  Boy  labour.  Child,  Mar.  1912,  v.  2:  522-523. 

HQ750.A2C4,v.2 

1367  Aronvia,  B.  C.  The  newsboy  problem  in  New  York  city.  Kindergarten 

primary  magazine,  Mar.  1907,  v.  19:  483-491.  ‘ LB1141.K5,v.l9 

1368  Benedict,  Leonard.  Waifs  of  the  slums  and  their  way  out.  New  York, 

Chicago  [etc.]  F.  H.  Revell  company  [c1907]  234  p.  incl.  front.  Plates, 
map,  chart,  tab.  20cm.  HV878.B5 

The  newsboy  and  his  real  life,  p.  99-115. 

1369  Blenk,  James  H.,  archbishop.  The  child  in  the  street.  Child  labor  bulletin, 

May,  1914,  v.  3,  no.  1:  52-55.  HD6250.U3N4,v.3,no.l 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  225.  4 p. 

1370  The  Bootblack:  a city  problem.  Woman’s  home  companion,  Sept.  1907,  v. 

34: 25.  AP2.W714,v.34 

1371  Boston.  Public  schools.  Regulation  of  street  trades  in  Boston.  School 

document  no.  15,  1909,  p.  34-37;  no.  14,  1910,  p.  42-44;  no.  19,  1910,  p.  132- 
138. 

1372  Brown,  Edward  F.  The  demoralizing  environment  of  night  messengers  in 

southern  cities.  Child  labor  bulletin,  May,  1913,  v.  2,  no.  1:  138-141. 

HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

1373  The  night  messenger  service : A child  labor  problem.  Editorial  review, 

Jan.  1911,  v.  4:31-41.  AP2.E26,v.4 

1374  Brown,  Emma  Elizabeth.  The  child  toilers  of  Boston  streets.  Boston,  D. 

Lothrop  & co.  [1879]  45  p.  front.,  illus.,  plates.  23§cm. 

HD2350.U5B72 

1375  Brown,  John  George.  [Pictures  of  street  boys.  Quoted  interview  on 

“street  boys”].  Survey,  June  14,  1913,  v.  30:  facing  p.  364,  380-381. 

HVl.C4,v.30 

1376  Burke,  Thomas.  The  street-trading  children  of  Liverpool.  Contemporary 

review,  Nov.  1900,  v.  78:  720-726.  AP4.C7)v.78 

1377  Butler,  Elizabeth  B.  New  Jersey  children  in  the  street  trades.  Charities 

and  the  Commons,  Mar.  16,  1907,  v.  17:  1062-1064.  HVl.C4,v.l7 


110 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


1378  Campagnac,  E.  T.,  and  C.  E.  B.  Russell.  The  education,  earnings,  and 

social  condition  of  boys  engaged  in  street-trading  in  Manchester.  (In  Gt. 
Brit.  Board  of  education.  Special  reports  on  educational  subjects,  v.  8. 
London,  1902  . 24^-cm.  p.  653-670)  L341.A7,v.8 

1379  Chicago.  Vice  commission.  The  social  evil  in  Chicago  . . Chicago, 

Gunthrop-Warren  print,  co.,  1911.  399  p.  24cm.  HQ146.C4V5 

Newsboys,  street  venders,  messenger  boys:  p.  241-245. 

1380  Child  welfare  exhibit,  1911.  The  child  in  the  city;  a handbook  of 

the  Child  welfare  exhibit  at  the  Coliseum,  May  11-May  25,  1911.  [Chicago, 
The  Blakely  printing  co.,  1911]  96  p.  illus.  25^cm.  HQ741.C6 

Saving  the  barren  years,  p.  25-27. 

1381  Chute,  Charles  L.  Protection  for  the  newsboys  and  other  street  workers  in 

Philadelphia  . . . Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania  child  labor  association, 
1912.  10  p.  23|cm.  (Leaflet  no.  30,  June  5,  1912) 

1382  Clopper,  Edward  Nicholas.  Child  labor  in  city  streets.  New  York,  The 

Macmillan  company,  1912.  ix,  280  p.  incl.  pi.  18cm.  HD6231.C5 

Bibliography:  p.  245-254. 

Reviewed  by  A.  S.  Henry  in  Book  news.  May,  1913,  v.  31:  696.  Z1219.B77,v.31 

1383  Child  labor  in  street  trades.  American  academy  of  political  and  social 

science.  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1910,  v.  35:  137-144.  Hl.A4,v.35 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  126.  12  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l26 

1384  The  child  merchants  of  the  streets.  Child  (Lond.)  July,  1913,  v.  3, 

924-926.  HQ750.A2C4,v.3 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  203.  8 p. 

1385  Children  on  the  streets  of  Cincinnati.  American  academy  of  political 

and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1908,  v.  32:  113-132. 

Hl.A4,v.32 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no:  82.  11  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.82 


1386  Effects  of  street  trading  on  the  health  of  school  children.  New  York, 

National  child  labor  committee  [1913]  8 p.  23cm.  (Pamphlet  no.  218) 

HD6250.U3N2, no.218 

1387  The  night  messenger  boy.  American  academy  of  political  and  social 

science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911,  v.  38:  103-104.  Hl.A4,v.38 

1388  Street  trades  regulation.  Child  labor,  bulletin,  Aug.  1912,  v.  1,  no.  2, 

p.  114-118.  HD6250.U3N4,v.l,no.2 

Child  labor  laws  In  all  states. 

1389  Street  work  and  juvenile  delinquency.  New  York,  National  child 

labor  committee  [1913]  6 p.  23cm.  (Pamphlet  no.  221)  HD6250.U3N2 

1390  Why  overlook  the  street  worker?  Child  labor  bulletin,  May,  1914, 


v.  3,  no.  1:  56-58.  HD6250.U3N4,v.3 

1391  Conant,  Richard  K.  Night  messenger  service.  New  Boston,  Jan.  1911,  v.  1: 

379-382. 

1392  Street  trades  and  reformatories.  American  academy  of  political  and 

social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911,  v.  38:  105-107. 

Hl.A4,v.38 

1393  Davis,  Philip.  Child  life  on  the  street.  (In  National  conference  of  charities 

and  correction.  Proceedings,  1909.  Fort  Wayne  [1909]  23cm.  p.  250- 
254)  1 HY88.A3  1909 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


Ill 


1394  Davis,  Philip.  Street-land,  its  little  people  and  big  problems  . . . assisted 

by  Grace  Kroll;  illustrated  from  photographs.  Boston,  Small,  Maynard  & 
company  [c1915]  xviii  p.,  1 1.,  291  p.  front.,  plates.  19-|cm.  (Welfare 
series,  ed.  by  R.  T.  Hale)  HT206.D33 

Bibliography:  p.  277-291. 

1395  Dowdall,  H.  Chaloner.  The  new  Liverpool  bye-laws  regulating  street  trad- 

ing. Economic  review,  Oct.  1899,  v.  9:  503-514.  HBl.E4,v.9 

1396  Dwight,  Helen  C.  The  menace  of  street  trading  by  children.  American  city, 

Jan.  1915,  v.  12:  23-24.  HT101.A5,v.l2 

1397  The  Employment  of  children,  and  street  trading.  Child,  Nov.  1911,  v.  2: 

179-180.  HQ750.A2C4,v.2 

Survey,  Feb.  17,  1912,  v.  27:  1774.  HVl.C4,v.27 

Digest  of  by-laws  by  the  London  county  council. 

1398  Forbush,  William  Byron.  A western  newspaper  and  its  newsboys.  [Grand 

Rapids  Evening  Press]  Charities  and  the  Commons,  Oct.  5,  1907,  v.  19: 
798-802.  HVl.C4,v.l9 

1399  Garnett,  William  Hubert  Stuart.  Children  and  the  law.  London,  J.  Mur- 

ray, 1911.  xiv  (i.  e.  24),  255  p.  19icm.  HV731.G7G3 

Street  trading,  p.  231-234. 

1400  German  regulation  of  child  labour.  Progress,  Jan.  1911,  v.  6:  48. 

HN381.P9,v.6 

1401  Goldmark,  Josephine  C.  Street  labor  and  juvenile  delinquency.  Political 

science  quarterly,  Sept.  1904,  v.T9:  417-438.  Hl.P8,v.l9 

1402  Goldmark,  Pauline.  What  Boston  has  done  in  regulating  the  street  trades 

for  children.  Charities,  Feb.  14,  1903,  v.  10:  159-160.  HVl.C4sv.lO 

1403  Gt.  Brit.  Home  dept.  Committee  on  employment  of  school  chil- 

dren. Report  of  the  inter-departmental  Committee  on  the  employment 
of  school  children,  appointed  by  H.  M.  principal  secretary  of  state  for  the 
Home  department  . . . [and  Minutes  of  evidence  . . . with  appendices  and 
index  . . .]  London,  Printed  for  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by  Wyman  and 
sons,  limited,  1901-02  . 2 v.  in  1.  fold,  diagr.  33em.  ([Gt.  Brit.  Parlia- 
ment. Papers  by  command]  Cd.  849,  895)  HD6250.G7A4  1901 

Appendix  no.  36.  Memorandum  on  the  regulation  of  street  trading  by  children  at  Liverpool 
and  elsewhere.  By  A.  J.  Eagleston,  p.  411-413. — App.  no.  37-38.  Report  of  the  Children  trading 
in  streets  subcommittee  of  the  Liverpool  town  council  [and]  form  of  application  for  licence.  By 
Capt.  J.  W.  Nott  Bower,  p.  414-417.— App.  44.  A return  of  street  hawkers  found  in  the  streets 
of  Manchester,  week  ended  9th  March,  1901.  By  Robert  Peacock,  p.  450-455. — App.  45.  The 
education,  earnings,  and  social  condition  of  boys  engaged  in  street-trading  in  Manchester.  By 
C.  E.  B.  Russell,  p.  456-461.— App.  51.  Statistics  of  juvenile  offences  and  offences  committed 
by  juvenile  street  traders  in  Birmingham.  By  Charles  H.  Rafter,  p.  470-471. 

1404  Report  of  the  Departmental  committee  on  the  Employ- 

ment of  children  act,  1903,  appointed  by  His  Majesty’s  principal  secretary  of 
state  for  the  Home  department  [and  Minutes  of  evidence  . . . with  appen- 
dices and  index]  Presented  to  both  houses  of  Parliament  by  command  of  His 
Majesty.  London,  Printed  for  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by  Eyre  and  Spottis- 
woode,  ltd.  [1910]  2 v.  in  1.  33^cm.  ([Parliament.  Papers  by  command] 
Cds.  5229,  5230)  ~ HD6250.G7A4  1910 

“ The  present  report  is  mainly  a report  on  street  trading.” 

1405  Royal  commission  on  the  poor  laws  and  relief  of  distress. 

Report  by  Mr.  Cyril  Jackson  on  boy  labour,  together  with  a memorandum 
from  the  General  post  office  on  the  conditions  of  employment  of  telegraph 
messengers.  London,  Printed  for  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by  Wyman  and  sons, 
limited,  1909.  iv,  230,  2 p.  33cm.  [Parliament.  Papers  by  command] 
Cd.  4632.  HD6250.G7A4  1909a 

Appendix,  v.  20  to  reports  of  the  commission.  HV241.H3  1909a, v. 20 


112 

1406 

1407 

1408 

1409 

1410 

1411 

1412 

1413 

1414 

1415 

1416 

1417 

1418 

1419 

1420 

1421 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


Gunckel,  John  Elstner.  Boyville;  a history  of  fifteen  years’  work  among 
newsboys.  Toledo,  O.,  The  Toledo  newsboys’  association  [c1905]  7 p.  1., 
[3]— 219  p.  front.,  32  pi.  20cm.  HV878.G9 

“ Gunck”  of  Toledo.  Technical  world  magazine,  Dec.  1913,  v.  20:  585-586. 

Tl.T2,v.20 

John  E.  Gunckel.  President  of  the  Toledo  newsboys  association. 

Hall,  George  A.  The  newsboy.  American  academy  of  political  and  social 
science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911,  v.  38:  100-102. 

Hl.A4,v.38 

Hard,  William.  “De  kid  wot  works  at  night.”  Everybody’s  magazine, 
Jan.  1908,  v.  18:  25-37.  AP2.E9,v.l8 

Hartford  regulates  child  street- trades.  Survey,  Dec.  31,  1910,  v.  25:  511-512. 

HVl.C4,v.25 

Heaton,  J.  Henniker.  The  express  letter  and  the  express  messenger.  Corn- 
liill  magazine,  Dec.  1910,  v.  102:  751-757.  AP4.C8,v.l02 

Living  age,  Jan.  7,  1911,  v.  268:  28-32.  AP2.L65,v.268 

Hogg,  Mrs.  Edith  F.  Children  outside  the  factory  laws.  (In  International 
congress  of  women,  London,  1899.  London,  1900.  20^cm.  v.  6,  p.71-76) 

HQ1106  1899, v.6 

School  children  as  wage  earners.  Nineteenth  century,  Aug.  1897,  v. 

42:  235-244.  AP4.N7,v.42 

Ihlder,  John.  The  Press  and  its  newsboys.  World  to-day,  July,  1907,  v.  13: 
737-739.  AP2.W75,v.l3 

Evening  Press,  of  Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 

Inglis,  William.  Yuxtree-yuxtor!  Harper’s  weekly,  Feb.  15,  1913,  v.  57 
7-8.  AP2.H32,v.57 

Ireland.  Street-trading  children  committee.  Report  of  the  Inter- 
departmental committee  on  the  employment  of  children  during  school  age, 
especially  in  street  trading  ...  in  Ireland,  appointed  by  His  Excellency 
the  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland,  together  with  minutes  of  evidence  and  appen- 
dices. Presented  to  both  houses  of  Parliament  by  command  of  His  Majesty. 
Dublin,  Printed  for  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by  A.  Thom  & co.  (limited)  1902. 
xv,  187,  [1]  p.  33^cm.  ([Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Papers  by  command]  Cd. 

1144)  ~ HD6250.G8A5  1902 

Found  also  in  Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Sessional  papers,  1902,  v.  49.  J301.K6  1902, v.49 

Johnston,  Lettie  L.  Street  trades  and  their  regulation.  (In  National  con- 
ference of  charities  and  correction.  Proceedings,  Baltimore,  1915.  Chicago, 
1915.  23cm.  p.  518-526)  HV88.A3  1915 

Kelley,  Mrs.  Florence.  Some  ethical  gains  through  legislation.  New  York, 
London,  The  Macmillan  co.,  1905.  x,  341  p.  19em.  (The  citizen’s  library  of 
economics,  politics,  and  sociology,  ed.  by  R.  T.  Ely)  HN64.K29 

Children  in  street  occupations,  telegraph  and  messenger  boys:  p.  11-26. 

Standards  of  life  and  labor:  the  standard  minimum  age  for  beginning 

to  work  for  wages.  Twentieth  century  magazine,  Nov.,  Dec.  1911,  Feb.  1912, 
v.  5:  30-34,  104-107,  370-373.  AP2.T88,v.5 

The  street  trader  under  Illinois  law.  (In  Chicago.  Child  welfare 

exhibit,  1911.  The  child  in  the  city.  Chicago,  1912.  22cm.  p.  290-301) 

HV741.C4 

Street  trades.  American  academy  of  political  and  social  science, 

Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911,  v.  38:  108-110.  Hl.A4,v.38 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


113 


1422 

1423 

1424 

1425 

1426 

1427 

1428 

1429 

1430 

1431 

1432 

1433 

1434 

1435 

1436 


Kildare,  Owen  Frawley.  My  Mamie  Rose;  the  story  of  my  regeneration. 
New  York,  The  Baker  & Taylor  company  [1903]  303  p.  incl.  map.  front, 
(port.)  4 pi.  20cm.  PS3521.I355Z5  1903 

A nomad  of  the  streets,  p.  43-58. 

King,  Frederick  A.  Influences  in  street  life.  (In  University  settlement 
of  society  of  New  York,  1900.  Report.  1900.  New  York,  n.  d.  22cm. 
p.  29-32)  HV4196.N6U6  1900 

Kuechle,  B.  E.  Newsboys’  republic,  Milwaukee.  Survey,  Mar.  22,  1913,  v. 

29: 859.  HVl.C4,v.29 

London.  County  council.  Employment  of  children  and  street  trading  by 
young  persons.  By-laws  made  by  the  London  county  council,  pursuant  to 
the  provisions  of  sections  1 and  2 of  the  Employment  of  children  act,  1903. 
[London,  1911]  2 p.  33cm.  HD6250.G67  1911 

Legal  and  statutory  announcement.  Employment  of  children  act, 

1903.  By-laws.  London  county  council  gazette,  Aug.  21,  28,  1911,  v.  12: 
89-90;  118-119.  JS3551.L3,v.l2 

Lord,  Everett  W.  Child  labor  in  New  England.  American  academy  of 
political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1908,  v.  32:  31-39. 

H.A4,v.32 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  74.  9 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.74 

Love  joy,  Owen  R.  Child  labor  and  the  night  messenger  sendee.  Survey,  May 
21, 1910,  v.  24:  311-317.  ^ HVl.C4,v.24 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  141.  15  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l41 

Night  messenger  service.  Survey,  Dec.  24,  1910,  v.  25:  504-505. 

HVl.C4,v.25 

Some  unsettled  questions  about  child  labor.  American  academy  of 

political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1909,  v.  33:  49-62. 

Hl.A4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  108.  14  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l08 

McKelway,  A.  J.  Child  labor  and  crime.  (In  American  prison  association. 
Proceedings,  1913,  p.  144-154)  HY8987.A1  1913 

Child  labor  at  the  national  capital.  New  York  city,  National  child 

labor  committee  [1914?]  15  p.  23om.  (National  child  labor  committee. 
Pamphlet  no.  213) 

Mangold,  George  B.  Child  welfare  and  street  trades  in  the  United  States  of 
America.  Child,  London,  Aug.  1911,  v.  1:  956-961.  HQ750.A2C4,v.l 

Markham,  Edwin.  Children  in  bondage.  New  York,  Hearst’s  international 
library  co.,  1914.  411  p.  21cm.  HD6250.U3M3 

Perils  of  the  streets,  p.  216-251. 

Maryland.  Bureau  of  statistics  and  information.  Newsboy  regulations 
[and  street  trades]  (In  its  Report,  1913,  p.  93-106;  1914,  p.  191-197) 

HC107.M3A15  1913,1914 

Newsboys  and  other  street  traders,  by  Lettie  L.  Johnston. 

(In  its  Report,  1915,  p.  101-129.)  HC107.M3A15  1915 

44193°— 16 8 


114  LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 

1437  Massachusetts  child  labor  committee.  Child  scavengers.  Report  of  the 

Massachusetts  child  labor  committee,  January  1,  1915.  [Boston,  Griffith- 
Stillings  press,  1915]  cover-title,  12  p.  illus.,  diagr.  22cm. 

HD6250.U4M48  1915 

Reviewed  in  Survey,  Jan.  23, 1915,  v.  33:  435-436.  HVl.C4,v.33 

1438  Messenger  boys  can  work  at  night  [Pennsylvania].  Survey,  Jan.  8,  1910, 

v.  23:  490.  ‘ HVl.C4,v.23 

1439  Messenger  boys  should  have  attention.  Editorial  review,  Jan.  1911,  v.  4: 

42-43.  AP2.E26,v.4 

1440  Milwaukee  regulates  its  street  trades:  Other  Wisconsin  child  labor  advances. 

Survey,  July  31,  1909,  v.  22:  589.  HVl.C4,v.22 

1441  Milwaukee’s  newsboys’  republic.  Outlook,  Apr.  5,  1913,  v.  103:  743-744. 

AP2.O8,v.l03 

1442  National  child  labor  committee,  New  York.  Child  labor  laws  in  all  states. 

New  York,  National  child  labor  committee  [1912]  cover-title,  3 1.,  124  p. 
22Ym.  (The  child  labor  bulletin,  v.  1,  no.  2)  HD6250.U3N4 

HD6243.U5N3 

Street  trades  and  their  regulation:  a symposium  [by]  Edward  N.  Clopper,  p.  114-118;  Zenas 
L.  Potter,  p.  119-121;  Lillian  A.  Quinn,  p.  122-124. 

1443  The  child  workers  of  the  nation.  Proceedings  of  the  fifth  annual  con 

ference,  Chicago,  Illinois,  January  21-23, 1909.  New  York,  1909.  iv,  256  p. 
23cm.  [Pamphlet  no.  94]  HD6250.U3N2,  no. 94 

Children  engaged  in  street  trades,  p.  230-240. 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  114  12  p. 

1444  Street  workers.  New  York,  National  child  labor  committee,  1915. 

lip.  (Pamphlet no.  246)  HD6250.U3N2,no.246 

1445  Nearing,  Scott.  The  city  newsboy.  Woman’s  home  companion,  Oct.  1907, 

v.  34:  13.  AP2.W714,v.34 

1446  The  newsboys  at  night  in  Philadelphia.  Charities  and  the  Commons, 

Feb.  2,  1907,  v.  17:  778-784.  HVl.C4,v.l7 

1447  One  district  messenger.  Independent,  Feb.  22,  1912,  v.  72:  412-413. 

AP2.I53,v.72 

1448  New  South  Wales.  State  children’s  relief  dept.  Street-trading  by  chil- 

dren. (In  its  Report,  1909,  p.  40-42;  1910,  p.  39-40;  1911,  p.  42-43;  1912, 
p.  43-45;  1913,  p.  39-41;  1915,  p.  54-56.)  HV802.N5A3 

1449  New  York  state  in  the  lead:  a victory  for  child  labor  legislation.  Woman’s 

home  companion,  Aug.  1907,  v.  34:  22.  AP2.W714,v.34 

Boys  who  sell  papers  on  the  streets,  p.  22. 

1450  New  York’s  newsboys  licensed.  Charities,  Sept.  5,  1903,  v.  11:  188-189. 

HVl.C4,v.ll 

1451  The  Newsboy,  v.  1-3.  Feb.  1909-Apr.  1910.  Pittsburgh,  M.  D.  Hays  co., 

1909-1910.  2 v.  in  3.  illus.  25£cm-  monthly.  HV880.N4 

1452  [Newsboy-bootblack]  Survey,  June  14,  1913,  v.  30:  380-381. 

HVl.C4,v.30 

1453  Newsboys’  and  children’s  aid  society,  Washington,  D.  C.  Annual  report. 

1889-1892-93.  Washington,  D.  C.  1890-1893.  3 pamphlets.  17-19cm. 

HV885.W3N5 

1454  Newsboys  elect  their  own  judge.  Survey,  Nov.  26,  1910,  v,  25:  312-313. 

HVl.C4,v.25 

1455  News  boys’  home  association,  Washington , D.  C.  Report.  1863-64. 

Washington,  1864.  1 pamphlet.  HY885.W3N4 


1456 

1457 

1458 

1459 

1460 

1461 

1462 

1463 

1464 

1465 

1466 

1467 

1468 

1469 

1470 

1471 

1472 

1473 

1474 

1475 


LIST  OP  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


115 


Oates,  Austin.  Street-trading-  children  and  the  Act  of  1903.  Month,  Apr. 

1911,  v.  117:  383-395.  AP4.M65,v.ll7 

Paulding,  James  K.  Enforcing  the  newsboy  law  in  New  York  and  Newark. 

Charities,  June  10,  1905,  v.  14:  836-837.  HYl.C4,v.l4 

Peacock,  Robert.  Employment  of  children  with  special  reference  to  street 
trading.  (In  International  congress  for  the  welfare  and  protection  of  chil- 
dren. 3d,  London,  1902.  Report  of  proceedings  held  in  London,  15th-18th, 
July,  1902.  London,  1902.  24£cm.  p.  191-202)  HV707  1902 

Philadelphia.  Vice  commission.  Report.  [Philadelphia]  1913.  164  p. 

23om.  / HQ146.P5A5  1913a 

Children  on  the  stage:  p.  76-78;  Messenger  hoy  service:  p.  78-83. 

Poole,  Ernest.  Child  labor — the  street.  [New  York,  Child  labor  committee, 
n.  d.]  28  p.  20cm. 

Contents. — The  newsboy. — Bootblacks. — Peddlers. 

Newsboy  wanderers  are  tramps  in  the  making.  Charities,  Feb.  14, 

1903,  v.  10:  160-162.  HVl.C4,v.lO 

: Waifs  of  the  street.  McClure’s  magazine,  May,  1903,  v.  21:  40-48. 

AP2.M2,v.21 

Porter,  H.  F.  J.  The  strike  of  the  messenger  boys.  Survey,  Dec.  10,  1910, 
v.  25:  431-432.  * HVl.C4,v.25 

Potter,  Zenas  L.  Street  trading  and  the  school.  Child  labor  bulletin,  Aug. 

1912,  v.  1,  no.  2,  p.  119-121.  HD6250.U3N4,v.l,no.2 

Child  labor  laws  in  all  states. 

Protection  for  the  child  street  worker.  School  and  society,  Mar.  6,  1915,  v.  1: 
350-351. 

Quinn,  Lillian  A.  Enforcement  of  street  trades  regulation.  Child  labor  bul- 
letin, Aug.  1912,  v.  1,  no.  2,  p.  122-124.  HD6250.U3N4,v.l,no.2 

Child  labor  laws  in  all  states. 

Riis,  Jacob  A.  The  New  York  newsboy.  Century  magazine,  Dec.  1912, 
v.  85:  247-255.  * AP2.C4,v.85 

Russell,  Charles  E.  B.  City  lads.  Child,  London,  Apr.  1911,  v.  1:  587-594. 

HQ750.A2C4,v.l 

Some  reflections  on  Home  office  schools  and  juvenile  street  trading. 

Charity  organisation  review,  Nov.  1910,  n.  s.,  v.  28:  322-335. 

HVl.C6,n.s.,v.28 

Sherard,  Robert  Harborough.  The  child-slaves  of  Britain.  London,  Hurst 
and  Blackett,  limited,  1905.  3 p.  1.,  [ix]-xix  p.,  2 1.,  267,  [1]  p.  8 pi.  21cm. 
On  street  trading,  p.  247-249;  On  street  gambling,  p.  250-251.  HD6250.G7S4 

[Smith,  Elizabeth  Oakes,  “ Mrs.  Seba  Smith.”]  The  newsboy.  New  York, 
J.  C.  Derby;  Boston,  Phillips,  Sampson  & co.;  [etc.,  etc.]  1854.  527  p. 
front.  18£cm.  PZ3.S6459N 

Spargo,  J ohn.  The  bitter  cry  of  the  children,  with  an  introduction  by  Robert 
Hunter.  New  York,  London,  The  Macmillan  company,  1906.  xxiii,  337  p. 
front.,  plates,  facsim.,  diagrs.  20cm.  HV713.S7 

Street  trades,  p.  184-188,  258-260. 

Stelzle,  Charles.  Boys  of  the  street;  how  to  win  them.  New  York,  Chicago 
[etc.]  F.  H.  Revell  company  [1904]  96  p.  19cm.  HV878.S8 

Stowe,  Lyman  Beecher.  Boy  judges  in  a boys’  court.  Outlook,  Mar.  1, 

1913,  v.  103:  495-496.  ‘ AP2.O8,v.l03 

Street  trades  and  delinquency.  Survey,  May  20,  1911,  v.  26:  285. 

HVl.C4,v.26 


116 

1476 

1477 

1478 

1479 

1480 

1481 

1482 

1483 

1484 

1485 

1486 

1487 

1488 

1489 

1490 

1491 

1492 

1493 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


Terhune,  Leola  Benedict.  The  Greek  bootblack.  Survey,  Sept.  16,  1911, 
v.  26:  852-854.  HVl.C4,v.26 

TJ.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Report  on  condition  of  woman  and  child  wage- 
earners  in  the  United  States,  v.  8.  Juvenile  delinquency  and  its  relation  to 
employment.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1911.  177  p.  23cm.  (61st 

Cong.  2d  sess.  Senate.  Doc.  645,  v.  8)  HD6093.A4,v.8 

Immigration  commission.  Abstract  of  the  report  on  the  Greek 

padrone  system  in  the  United  States.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1911. 
24  p.  23|cm. 

The  Greek  padrone  system  in  the  United  States.  ( In  its 

Reports,  1911,  v.  2:  387-408)  JV6417.C07,v.2 

Urwick,  Edward  Johns,  ed.  Studies  of  boy  life  in  our  cities,  written  by 
various  authors  for  the  Toynbee  trust.  London,  J.  M.  Dent  & company,  1904. 
xv,  320  p.  19|cm.  HQ775.U83 

Cioete,  J.  G.  The  boy  and  his  work.  I.  The  general  conditions  of  boy  labour.  II.  Special 
occupations;  messenger-boys,  office-boys,  van-boys,  and  street  traders,  p.  102-138. 

Verwendung  von  Kindern  beim  Strassenhandel  (England)  Soziale  Rund- 
schau, Aug.  1910,  v.  2,  p.  245-247.  HD8401.A2  1910, v.2 

From  Board  of  trade  labour  gazette,  July,  1910. 

Washington  university,  St.  Louis.  St.  Louis  school  of  social  economy. 

The  newsboy  of  Saint  Louis;  a study.  Saint  Louis,  Missouri.  [St.  Louis, 
1913?]  cover-title,  15  p.  23cm.  HD6247.N5W2 

Prepared  by  the  Research  department  of  the  School  of  social  economy  and  pub.  by  the  Alumni 
association. 

Based  upon  a report  made  by  Miss  Ina  Tyler,  in  1910. 

Waugh,  Benjamin.  Street  children.  Contemporary  review,  June,  1888, 
v.  53:  825-835.  AP4.C7,v.53 

What  of  the  newsboy  of  the  second  cities?  Charities,  Apr.  11, 1903,  v.  10:  368- 
371.  IlVl.C4,v.lO 

Williams,  Momay.  The  street  boy — who  he  is,  and  what  to  do  with  him.  (In 
National  conference  of  charities  and  correction.  Proceedings,  1903,  p.  238- 
244)  HV88.A3  1903 

Willows,  Maurice.  The  nickel  theatre.  American  academy  of  political  and 
social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911,  v.  38:  95-99.  Hl.A4,v.38 
Winship,  A.  E.  John  E.  Gunckel  of  Toledo,  the  newsboys’  evangelist.  World 
to-day,  Nov.  1908,  v.  15:  1169-1173.  AP2.W75,v.l5 

Wisconsin.  Bureau  of  labor  and  industrial  statistics.  Fifteenth  biennial 
report,  1911-1912.  Part  III.  The  newsboys  of  Milwaukee,  by  Alexander 
Fleisher.  Madison,  Democrat  printing  company,  1911.  61-96  p.  23cm. 

Bibliography:  p.94-96.  HD6247.N5W7 

Laws,  statutes,  etc.  Street  trades  law.  [Madison,  1911?]  5 p. 

23cm.  HD6250.U4W6  1911a 

Womer,  Parley  P.  The  church  and  the  labor  conflict.  New  York,  Mac- 
millan company,  1913.  302  p.  20cm.  HD6338.W7 

Street  trades:  p.  173-174. 

Woolston,  Florence.  Our  untrained  citizens.  Survey,  Oct.  2,  1909,  v.  23: 
21-35.  HVl.C4,v.23 

Work  with  boys.  v.  14,  no.  5-v.  15,  no.  10,  May,  1914-Dec.  1915.  Reading, 
Pa.,  Pub.  by  William  McCormick,  1914-1915.  23cm. 

Wright,  Livingston.  The  Boston  newsboys’  trial  board.  Case  and  comment, 
Feb.  1913,  v.  19:  586-589. 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


117 


EDUCATIONAL  ASPECTS. 

1494  Addams,  Jane.  Child  labor  and  education.  (In  National  conference  of 

charities  and  correction.  Proceedings,  1908.  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  1908. 
23!cm.  p.  364-369)  HY88.A3  1908 

1495  Democracy  and  social  ethics.  New  York,  The  Macmillan  company; 

[etc.,  etc.]  1902.  ix,  281  p.  19|cm.  (The  citizen’s  library  of  economics, 
politics,  and  sociology,  ed.  by  R.  T.  Ely)  HN64.A2 

Child  labor,  p.  40-46, 167-170;  Educational  methods,  p.  187-220. 

1496  Standards  of  education  for  industrial  life.  (In  National  conference  of 

charities  and  correction.  Proceedings,  1911.  Fort  Wayne,  1911.  23cm- 

p.  162-164)  HV88.A3  1911 

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1498  School  children  as  wage-earners.  Contemporary  review,  July,  1914, 

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1499  American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Philadelphia.  Indus- 

trial education.  Philadelphia,  American  academy  of  political  and  social 
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1500  American  federation  of  labor.  Industrial  education;  consisting  of  an  in- 

vestigation and  report  by  a competent  special  committee;  reports  of  officers 
and  committees;  action  of  A.  F.  of  L.  convention;  the  attitude  of  organized 
labor  and  others  toward  the  problem  ...  1st  ed.  Washington,  D.  C., 
American  federation  of  labor,  1910.  68  p.,  1 1.  23|cm.  LC1081.A6 

1501  Committee  on  industrial  education.  Industrial  education. 

Comp,  and  ed.  by  Charles  H.  Winslow.  Washington  [Govt,  print,  off.]  1912. 
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1503  [Barnard,  Henry]  Legal  provision  respecting  the  education  and  employment 

of  children  in  factories,  &c. ; with  examples  of  improvement  in  manufacturing 
districts.  Education  and  labor;  or,  The  influence  of  education  on  the  quality 
and  value  of  labor;  and  its  connection  with  insanity  and  crime.  Hartford, 
Printed  by  Case,  Tiffany  & Burnham,  1842.  4,  52,  32  p.  23cm. 

HD6321.B3 

1504  Beckwith,  Holmes.  German  industrial  education  and  its  lessons  for  the 

United  States.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1913.  154  p.  23cm.  (U.  S. 

Bureau  of  education.  Bulletin,  1913,  no.  19.  Whole  no.  529) 

“List  of  references”:  p.  149-152.  L111.A6  1913, no. 19 

1505  Best,  Robert  Hall,  and  C.  K.  Ogden.  The  problem  of  the  continuation  school 

and  its  successful  solution  in  Germany;  a consecutive  policy.  London,  P.  S, 
King  & son,  1914.  xv,  79  [1]  p.  front.,  plates.  21^cm. 

1506  Beveridge,  William  Henry.  Unemployment;  a problem  in  industry.  3ded. 

London,  New  York  [etc.]  Longmans,  Green  and  co.,  1912.  xv,  [1],  405  p. 
incl.  tables,  diagrs.  23Jcm.  HD5706.B6  1912 

“Blind-alley”  occupations,  p.  125-126, 212-214. 

Juvenile  labour  exchange,  p.  213. 

Boy  labour,  p.  125-131,  212,  285-290. 

Memorandum  by  the  Board  of  trade  with  regard  to  cooperation  between  labour  exchanges 
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1507  Bloomfield,  Meyer,  ed.  Readings  in  vocational  guidance.  Boston,  New 

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1515 

1516 

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1519 

1520 

1521 

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Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1914.  143  p.  23cm.  (U.  S.  Bureau  of  edu- 
cation. Bulletin,  1914,  no.  4.  Whole  no.  575)  HF5381.B5 

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The  vocational  guidance  of  youth.  Boston,  New  York  [etc.]  Houghton 

Mifflin  company  [c1911]  xii  p.,  2 1.,  123,  [1]  p.,  1 1.  18cm.  (Riverside  edu- 
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history,  economics,  and  public  law,  ed.  by  the  Faculty  of  political  science  of 
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1524 

1525 

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23cm.  (U.  S.  Bureau  of  education.  Bulletin,  1914,  no.  2.  Whole  no.  573) 

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Contents. — i.  Compulsory  attendance  laws  in  the  United  States,  by  W.  S.  Deffenbaugh.— • 
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• 1542  Dean,  Arthur  Davis.  The  worker  and  the  state;  a study  of  education  for 
industrial  workers.  New  York,  The  Century  co.,  1910.  355  p.  20cm. 

“Bibliography  of  vocational  education”:  p.  345-355.  T73.D3 

1543  Dearie,  Norman  Burrell.  Industrial  training  with  special  reference  to  the 

conditions  prevailing  in  London.  London,  P.  S.  King  & son,  1914.  xiii 
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1552  France.  Commission  de  Fenseignement  professionnel.  Rapport  et 

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24^cm.  ([Parliament.  Papers  by  command]  Cd.  4757-4758)  LC5556.G6A7 

Ofhce  of  special  inquiries  and  reports.  Memorandum  on 

compulsory  attendance  at  school  in  certain  European  countries  and  American 
states.  London,  Printed  .under  the  authority  of  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by 
Eyre  and  Spottiswoode,  ltd.,  1913.  75  p.  24cm.  (Imperial  education  con- 
ference papers,  n)  LC129.A3  1913 

Board  of  trade.  Sea  fishing*  trade  committee.  Report  of  a com- 
mittee appointed  under  a minute  of  the  Board  of  trade,  to  inquire  into  and 
report  whether  any  and  what  legislation  is  desirable  with  a view  to  placing  the 
relations  between  the  owners,  masters,  and  crews  of  fishing  vessels  on  a more 
satisfactory  basis.  Together  with  the  minutes  of  evidence  taken  on  the  in- 
quiry. Presented  to  both  houses  of  Parliament  by  command  of  Her  Majesty. 
London,  Printed  by  G.  E.  B.  Eyre  and  W.  Spottiswoode,  for  H.  M.  Stationery 
off.,  1883.  xxi,  237,  [1J  P-  33em.  ([Parliament.  Papers  by  command] 
C.  3432)  HD8039.F65G7 

— Education  dept.  Elementary  schools  (children  working  for  wages). 

Return  (in  part)  to  an  order  of  the  honourable  the  House  of  commons, 
dated  28  April  1898;  for,  return  “for  England  and  Wales,  giving  (1)  the 
number  of  children  attending  elementary  schools  who  are  known  to  be  work- 
ing for  wages”  . . . and,  “(2)  the  different  classes  of  employment  into  which 
the  bo3rs  and  girls  attending  elementary  schools  in  England  and  Wales  went 
on  leaving  school  during  some  complete  year  ...”  Ordered,  by  the  House 
of  commons,  to  be  printed,  1 June  [and  9 February]  1899.  London,  Printed 
for  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by  Eyre  and  Spottiswoode,  1899.  2 v.  24^cm. 
([Parliament,  1899.  H.  of  C.  Reports  and  papers]  205,  23) 

HD6250.G67  1899 

Also  found  in  Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Sessional  papers,  1899, v.  75.  J301.K6  1899, v.75 

— Return  “showing  the  number  of  half  timers  in  the  inspected 

schools  of  each  county  of  England  and  Wales  ...  in  the  year  ending  31st 
day  of  August  1896  (in  continuation  of  Appendix  E of  the  Report  of  the  De- 
partmental committee  on  school  attendance  and  child  labour,  1893)”  Or- 
dered, by  the  House  of  Commons,  to  be  printed,  8 February  1898.  4 p. 
33cm.  (Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Sessional  papers,  1898.  v.  70) 

J301.K6  1898,  v.70 

Home  dept.  Report  of  departmental  committee  appointed  to  inquire 

into  the  conditions  of  school  attendance  and  child  labour.  Ordered,  by  the 
House  of  Commons,  to  be  printed  6 July,  1893.  46  p.  33cm.  (Gt.  Brit. 
Parliament.  Sessional  papers,  1893-94.  v.  68)  J301.K6  1893-94, v. 68 

Reports  on  foreign  countries:  France,  Germany,  Switzerland,  p.  30-33. 

Inter-departmental  committee  on  partial  exemption  from 

school  attendance.  . . . Report  of  the  Inter-departmental  committee  on 
partial  exemption  from  school  attendance  . . . Presented  to  both  houses  of 
Parliament  by  command  of  His  Majesty.  London,  Printed  for  H.  M.  Sta- 
tionery off.,  by  J.  Truscott  & son,  ltd.,  1909.  2 v.  in  1.  tables.  33cm. 
([Parliament.  Papers  by  command]  Cd.  4791,  4887) 

HD6250.G7A4  1909 

Also  found  in  Gt.  Brit.  Parliament.  Sessional  papers,  1909,  v.  17.  J301.K6  1909, v.17 

Greenwood,  Arthur.  Blind-alley  labour.  Economic  journal,  June,  1912, 
v.  22:  309-314.  HBl.E3,v.22 


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1577  Hall,  Fred  S.  Scholarships  for  working  children.  [New  York,  1908]  4 p. 
23cm.  (National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  85) 

HD6250.U3N2,no.85 

Reprinted  from  Charities  and  the  commons  11-14-1908. 

1578  Hall,  George  A.  Scholarships.  American  academy  of  political  and  social 

science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911,  v.  38:  77-79.  Hl.A4,v.38 

1579  Hall,  Granville  Stanley.  Adolescence;  its  psychology  and  its  relations  to 

physiology,  anthropology,  sociology,  sex,  crime,  religion,  and  education.  N ew 
York,  D.  Appleton  and  company,  1904.  2 v.  illus.  25om.  HQ26.H2 

1580  Hampke,  Thilo.  Der  Befahigungsnachweis  im  Handwerk.  Jena  G.  Fischer, 

1892.  viii,  192  p.  24cm.  (Sammlung  nationalokonomischer  und  statisti- 
scher  Abhandlungen  des  Staatswissenschaft  lichen  Seminars  zu  Halle  a.  d.  S., 
hrsg.  von  Dr.  Joh.  Conrad  ...  8.  Bd.  1.  Hft.)  HD4895.H23 

1581  Hand,  William  H.  Compulsory  education  and  the  southern  states.  Sewanee 

review,  July,  1908,  v.  16:  298-306.  AP2.S5  v.16 

1582  Need  of  compulsory  education  in  the  South.  National  child  labor 

committee,  New  York.  1913.  Pamphlet  no.  192.  16  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l92 

1583  Kanus,  Paul  H.  Industrial  education  in  Massachusetts.  Charities  and  the 

Commons,  Oct.  5,  1907,  v.  19:  820-823.  HVl.C4,v.l9 

1584  Harvey,  Lorenzo  D.  The  need,  scope,  and  character  of  industrial  education 

in  the  public-school  system.  {In  National  education  association.  Journal 
of  proceedings  and  addresses,  1909.  Winona,  Minn.,  1909.  23^cm.  p.49-70) 

L13.N4  1909 

1585  Hedges,  Anna  Charlotte.  Wage  worth  of  'school  training;  an  analytical 

study  of  six  hundred  women-workers  in  textile  factories.  New  York  city, 
Teachers  college,  Columbia  university,  1915.  173  p.  23^cm.  (Teachers  col- 

lege, Columbia  university.  Contributions  to  education,  no.  70) 

LC1503.H4 

1586  Hine,  Lewis  W.  A school  which  opens  at  six  o’clock  in  the  morning.  [Hunts- 

ville, Ala.]  Survey,  Feb.  21,  1914,  v.  31:  637.  HVl.C4,v.31 

1587  Hochfelder,  Julius.  Attendance  officer,  examination  instruction,  truant 

officer.  450  questions  and  answers.  Reports,  school  and  legal  forms,  rules 
for  attendance  officers,  causes  of  truancy,  views  of  distinguished  educators, 
compulsory  education  law,  newsboy,  child  labor  and  mercantile  laws,  New 
Jersey  and  Chicago  specimen  questions.  Answers  to  previous  exam,  ques- 
tions. New  York,  Civil  service  chronicle,  c1914.  cover-title,  82  p.,  1 1. 
illus.  (port.)  25cm.  LB3081.H6 

1588  Hogg,  Mrs.  Edith  F.  School  children  as  wage  earners.  Nineteenth  century, 

Aug.  1897,  v.  42:  235-244.  AP4.N7,v.42 

1589  Hutchinson,  Woods.  Overworked  children  on  the  farm  and  in  the  school. 

American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement, 
Mar.  1909,  v.  53:  116-121.  Hl.A4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  105.  6 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l05 

1590  Indiana.  Commission  on  industrial  and  agricultural  education.  Re- 

port made  pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  chapter  152,  laws  of  1911.  December, 
1912.  Indianapolis,  W.  B.  Burford,  1912.  133  p.  22^cm.  LC1046.I4A4 

1591  Is  compulsory  law  merciless?  Journal  of  education,  Oct.  30,  1913,  v.  78:  429. 

Lll.J5,v.78 


124 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


1592  Jackson,  Cyril.  Apprenticeship  and  the  training  of  the  workman.  Edin- 

burgh review,  Oct.  1912,  v.  216:  411-427.  AP4.E3,v.216 

1593  Jevons,  H.  Winefrid.  The  industrial  training  and  placing  of  juveniles  in 

England.  Journal  of  political  economy,  Mar.  1913,  v.  21:  243-254. 

HBl.J7,v.21 

1594  The  relation  of  schools  to  employment  in  the  United  States.  London, 

Eyre  & Spottiswoode,  1914.  225  p.  fold,  table.  24|cm.  (Gt.  Brit.  Board  of 
education.  Special  reports  on  educational  subjects,  v.  28)  L341.A7,v.28 

Some  recent  American  reports  dealing  with  the  relation  of  the  schools  to  employment:  p.  186- 
1S9.  Appendix  I.  The  school  system  of  Gary,  Indiana,  by  R.  H.  Crowley;  p.  190-210;  Ap* 
pendix  II.  A note  on  vocational  schools  in  the  far  west,  by  Hilda  Wilson:  p.  211-225. 

1595  Johnston,  John.  Wastage  of  child  life,  as  exemplified  by  conditions  in  Lan- 

cashire. London,  A.  C.  Fifield,  1909.  95  p.  19cm.  (The  Fabian  socialist 

series,  no.  7)  1IQ769.J7 

The  half-time  system:  p.  63-70. 

1596  Kelley,  Mrs.  Florence.  Laws  for  the  children’s  welfare.  An  ideal  attainable 

in  1920:  Child  labor;  Compulsory  education.  (In  National  education  associa- 
tion, Journal  of  proceedings  and  addresses  . . . 1908.  Winona,  Minn.,  1908. 
23|cm.  p.  1222-1228)  L13.N4  1908 

1597  Scholarships  for  working  children.  American  academy  of  political  and 

social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1909,  v.  33:  100-103. 

Hl.A4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  106.  4 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l06 

1598  Kennedy,  James  B.  Does  South  Carolina  need  a compulsory  school  system? 

Charities  and  the  Cominons,  Feb.  13,  1909,  v.  21:  961-964.  HYl.C4,v.21 

1599  Kingsbury,  Susan  M.  What  is  ahead  for  the  untrained  child  in  industry? 

Charities  and  the  Commons,  Oct.  5,  1907,  v.  19:  808-813.  HVl.C4,v.l9 

1600  Kirkland,  James  H.  The  school  as  a force  arrayed  against  child  labor. 

American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  May,  1905,  v.  25: 
558-562.  Hl.A4,v.25 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  2,  p.  146-150;  Pamphlet 
no.  3.  8 p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.2;no.3 

1601  Lapp,  John  A.,  and  Carl  H.  Mote.  Learning  to  earn;  a plea  and  a plan  for 

vocational  education.  Indianapolis,  The  Bobbs-Merrill  company  [c1915] 
9 p.  1.,  421  p.  19-pm.  LC1045.L3 

Bibliography:  p.  [379]— 389. 

“ Organizations  interested  in  vocational  training”:  p.  [391J-394. 

1602  Leake,  Albert  H.  Industrial  education,  its  problems,  methods,  and  dangers. 

Boston  and  New  York,  Houghton  Mifflin  company  [1913]  xi,  205  p.  incl. 
forms,  diagrs.  21cm.  (Hart,  Schaffner  & Marx  prize  essays,  xv) 

“List  of  authorities  consulted”:  p.  196-198.  LC1081.L3 

1603  Leavitt,  Frank  M.  Cooperation  of  the  schools  in  reducing  child  labor.  Child 

labor  bulletin,  May,  1914,  v.  3,  no.  1:  141-147.  HD6250.U3N4,v.3 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  231.  14  p. 

Vocational  education,  May,  1914,  v.  3:  344-350.  T61.V5,v.3 

1604  Examples  of  industrial  education.  Boston,  New  York  [etc.]  Ginn  and 

company,  [1912]  viii,  330  p.  20cm.  LC1081.L4 

Contains  bibliographies. 

1605  Leonard,  Robert  J.  Some  facts  concerning  the  people,  industries,  and  schools 

of  Hammond  and  a suggested  program  for  elementary,  industrial,  prevoca- 
tional,  and  vocational  education.  Hammond,  Ind.,  1915.  1 p.  1.,  v-viii, 
165  p.  diagrs.  23cm.  LA285.H3L3 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  OX  CHILD  LABOR. 


125- 


1606 

1607 

1608 

1609 

1610 

1611 

1612 

1613 

1614 

1615 

1616 

1617 

1618 


Lewis,  Ervin  E.  Work,  wages,  and  schooling  of  eight  hundred  Iowa  hoys  in 
relation  to  the  problems  of  vocational  guidance.  Iowa  City,  Iowa,  1915. 
[34]  p.  23cm.  (University  of  Iowa.  Extension  bulletin  no.  9) 

HF5381.L45 

Lindsay,  Samuel  McCune.  Child  labor  and  the  public  schools.  American 
academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Jan.  1907,  v.  29:  104-109. 

Hl.A4,v.29 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  52.  6 p. 

HD6250.U3N2, no.52 

Logue,  Charles  H.  A successful  apprenticeship  system  in  a large  plant; 
development  of  the  boy  the  chief  aim — production  secondary.  American 
machinist,  Apr.  21,  1910,  v.  33:  723-724.  TJl.A5,v.33 

London.  County  council.  Legal  and  statutory  announcement.  Employ- 
ment of  children  act,  1903.  By-laws.  London  county  council  gazette, 
Aug.  21,  28,  1911,  v.  12:  89-90;  118-119.  JS3551.L3,v.l2 

Education  committee.  The  apprenticeship  question.  Re- 
port of  the  section  of  the  Education  committee  appointed  to  consider  the 
question  of  apprenticeships.  London,  Printed  for  the  London  County  coun- 
cil, 1906.  cover-title,  45  p.  33cm.  (London.  County  council.  [Publica- 
tion] no.  925)  HD4885.G7L8 

“Sources  of  information p.  45. 

Report  on  eight  years  of  technical  education  and  con- 
tinuation schools  (mostly  evening  work)  in  two  parts.  London,  Printed  for 
the  London  County  council,  by  J.  Truscott  and  son,  ltd.  [1912]  cover-title, 
120  p.  diagrs.  (part  fold.)  33cm.  T173.L83A4  1912a 

— Education  dept.  Training  and  employment  of  boys  in  the 

building  trades  in  London.  Report  by  education  officer  submitting  a report 
by  Mr.  J.  C.  Smail,  organizer  of  trade  schools  for  boys,  on  the  training  and 
employment  of  boys  in  the  building  trades  in  London.  [London,  Printed  for 
the  London  County  council  by  J.  Truscott  and  son,  ltd.,  1914]  2 p.  1.,  26  p. 
19  charts.  33|cm.  TH64.L6A5  1914 

Technical  education  board.  Report  of  the  special  sub- 
committee on  the  building  trades.  (Adopted  by  the  Technical  education 
board,  20th  February,  1899)  London,  Printed  by  J.  Truscott  and  son  [1899] 
cover-title,  xii,  63  p.  33em.  T107.A47  1899 

Lord,  Everett  William.  Child  labor  and  the  public  schools.  New  York 
[The  Emerson  publishing  co.,  Ansonia,  Conn.]  1909.  12  p.  23cm.  (National 
child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  93)  HD6250.U3L8 

Child  labor  and  trade  schools.  {In  Child  labor  conference.  Hartford, 

Conn.,  1908.  Report  of  the  proceedings  . . . [Hartford]  1909.  22cm. 

p.  23-26)  HD6250.U4C8  1908 

Inadequate  schools.  American  academy  of  political  and  social  science, 

Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1910,  v.  35:  33-34.  Hl.A4,v.35 

Louisiana  needs  schooHaw  too.  Survey,  Oct.  30,  1909,  v.  23:  138-139. 

HVl.C4,v.23 

Lovejoy,  Owen  R.  Child  labor  and  compulsory  education.  {In  Southern 
sociological  congress,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  1912.  The  call  of  the  new  South  . . . 
Nashville,  1912.  23Ym.  p.67-83)  HN79.A2S7  1912 

Child  labor  and  education.  Survey,  Feb.  17,  1912,  v.  27: 1780-1784. 

HVl.C4,v.27 


1619 


126 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


1620 

1621 

1622 

1623 

1624 

1625 

1626 

1627 

1628 

1629 

1630 

1631 

1632 

1633 

1634 


Lovejoy,  Owen  H.  Child  labor  vs.  the  conservation  of  school  children. 
{In  American  academy  of  medicine.  Conservation  of  school  children. 
Papers  and  discussions  of  a conference  at  Lehigh  University,  1912. 
Easton,  Pa.,  1912.  24cm.  p.  63-70)  LB3403  1912b 

Discussion:  p.  70-72. 

Same . Child,  Chicago,  Sept.  1912,  v.  1:  23-26.  HQ750.A2C3,v.l 

— The  function  of  education  in  abolishing  child  labor.  American  acad- 
emy of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1908,  v.  32: 
80-91.  Hl.A4,v.32 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  77.  12  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.77 

School-house  or  coalbreaker.  Outlook,  Aug.  26,  1905,  v.  80:1011-1019. 

AP2.O8,v.80 

Vocational  guidance  and  child  labor.  Child  labor  bulletin,  Nov.  1913, 

v.  2,  no.  3:  60-69.  HD6250.U3N4,v.2,no.3. 

Vocational  guidance  and  child  labor.  With  a review  of  survey  of 

girls  at  work  in  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.  National  child  labor  committee,  New 
York.  Pamphlet  no.  244.  March  1915.  15  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.244 

Reprinted  from  Child  labor  bulletin,  v.  3,  no.  4. 

Will  trade  training  solve  the  child-labor  problem?  North  American 

review,  June,  1910,  v.  191:  773-784.  AP2.N7,v.l91 

Cond.  in  American  review  of  reviews,  July,  1910,  v.  42:  95-96.  AP2.R4,v.42 

McKelway,  A.  J.  Child  labor  and  “Education”  in  southern  cotton  mills. 
Woman’s  home  companion,  May,  1907,  v.  34:  24,  57.  AP2.W714,v.34 

McMillan,  Margaret.  Child  labour  and  the  half-time  system.  London,  The 
“Clarion”  newspaper  company,  limited,  1896.  cover-title,  12  p.  21cm. 
(Clarion  pamphlet,  no.  15)  HN389.C6 

The  economic  aspects  of  child  labour  and  education.  London,  P.  S. 

King  & son  [1905?]  cover-title,  16  p.  diagrs.  21|cm.  (National  liberal  club 
political  and  economic  circle.  Transactions,  vol.  v.,  pt.  9) 

HD6250.G7M3 

Maine.  Committee  on  industrial  education.  Report  of  the  Committee 
on  industrial  education.  1910.  Augusta,  Kennebec  journal  print,  1910. 
2 p.  1.,  [3]— 72  p.  fold,  diagr.  22Vm.  T74.M2A4  1910 

Bibliography:  p.  70-72. 

Mansie,  Alexander.  The  apprenticed  labourer’s  manual;  or,  An  essay  on 
the  apprenticeship  system,  and  the  duties  of  the  apprenticed  labourers,  in- 
cluding several  of  the  personal  and  relative  duties  binding  on  mankind  in 
general.  British  Guiana,  Society  for  the  instruction  of  the  labouring  classes, 
1837.  xiii,  [1],  215,  [2],  13  p.  23cm.  HD4881.M2 

Marshall,  Florence  M.  The  public  school  and  the  girl  wage  earner.  Chari- 
ties and  the  Commons,  Oct.  5,  1907,  v.  19:  848-851.  HVl.C4,v.l9 

Martin,  George  H.  Child  labor  and  compulsory  education:  the  school 
aspect.  {In  National  education  association.  Journal  of  proceedings  and 
addresses  . . . 1905.  Winona,  Minn.,  1905.  23^cm.  p.  103-111.) 

L13.N4  1905 

Maryland.  Commission  on  industrial  education.  Report  of  the  Com- 
mission to  make  inquiry  and  report  to  the  Legislature  of  Maryland  respecting 
the  subject  of  industrial  education,  1908-1910.  (Chapter  367,  laws  of  1908) 
Baltimore,  Md.,  G.  W.  King  ptg.  co.,  state  printers  [1910]  121  p.  front., 
plates,  ports.  23cm.  T74.M3A4  1910 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


127 


1635 

1636 

1637 

1638 

1639 

1640 

1641 

1642 

1643 

1644 

1645 

1646 

1647 


Massachusetts.  Board  of  education.  75-77th  annual  reports,  1911,  1912, 
1913.  Boston,  Wright  & Potter  print  co.,  1911-1913.  23cm. 

L160.B15  1911-1913 

Massachusetts  state-aided  vocational  schools.  Charles  A.  Prosser.  1910-1911,  p.  48-65. 

Massachusetts  state-aided  vocational  education.  1911-1912,  p.  110-129. 

Vocational  education:  State-aided  education.  1912-1913,  p.  151-159. 

A special  report  on  the  needs  and  possibilities  of  part-time 

education.  January,  1913.  Boston,  Wright  & Potter  printing  co.,  state 
printers,  1913.  164  p.  23cm.  LC5252.M3A2 

Bureau  of  statistics  of  labor.  The  apprenticeship  system.  Part  i 

of  the  annual  report  for  1906.  Pages  1 to  86.  Boston,  Wright  & Potter  print- 
ing co.,  1906.  cover-title,  85  p.  23^cm.  HD4885.U5M3 

Commission  on  industrial  and  technical  education.  Report  of 

the  Commission  on  industrial  and  technical  education.  Submitted  in  ac- 
cordance with  resolve  approved  May  24,  1905.  April,  1906.  Boston,  Wright 
& Potter  printing  co.,  state  printers,  1906.  2 p.  1.,  196  p.  23Jcm. 

T74.M4A5 

Contents. — Report  of  the  Commission. — Report  of  the  subcommittee  on  the  relation  of  chil- 
dren to  the  industries.— Appendices:  1.  Industrial  education  in  Europe.  2.  Address  before  the 
Commission  ...  by  Sir  Wm.  Mather.  3.  Address  before  the  Commission  ...  by  E.  Sways- 
land.  4.  Letter  to  the  Commission  . . . by  C.  F.  Warner. 

— Commission  on  industrial  education.  Bulletin  . . . no.  1-6. 

Boston,  Wright  & Potter  printing  co.,  state  printers,  1907.  6 v.  23CIU. 

T74.M4A7 

Contents.— 1.  Industrial  continuation  schools,  Munich.  Jewelers’  and  gold  and  silver  work- 
ers’ apprentices.  2.  Male  commercial  employees.  3.  Machinists’  apprentices.  4.  Mechani- 
cians’ apprentices.  5.  Bookbinders’  apprentices.  6.  Gardeners’  apprentices. 

Michigan.  State  commission  on  industrial  and  agricultural  education. 

Report  ...  to  the  governor,  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and  com- 
missioner of  labor.  Lansing,  December,  1910.  [n.  p.,  printed  by  the  com- 

mission, 1910?]  95  p. 

Miles,  H.  E.  Pennsylvania’s  new  compulsory  continuation  schools.  Ameri- 
can industries,  Nov.  1915,  v.  16:  28-29.  HD4802.A6,v.l6 

Milton,  George  F.  Compulsory  education  and  the  southern  states.  Sewanee 
review,  Jan.  1908,  v.  16:  25-42.  AP2.S5,v.l6 

Compulsory  education  in  the  South.  American  academy  of  political 

and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1908,  v.  32:  57-66. 

Hl.A4,v.32 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  75.  10  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.75 

Motley,  James  Marvin.  Apprenticeship  in  American  trade  unions.  Balti- 
more, The  Johns  Hopkins  press,  1907.  vii,  9-122  p.  24Jcm.  (Johns  Hop- 
kins university  studies  in  historical  and  political  science  . . . Series  xxv, 
nos.  11-12)  HD4885.U5M8 

Moulder,  Priscilla  E.  The  half-timer.  World’s  work  (London)  Oct.  1911, 
v.  18:  496-504.  AP4.W85,v.l8 

Muensterberg,  Hugo.  Vocational  guidance.  (In  University  settlement 
society  of  New  York.  25th  annual  report,  1911.  [New  York]  1912.  22|cm. 
p.  30-37)  HV4196.N6U6  1911 

Musick,  Samuel  H.  Apprentice  instruction  in  the  Manila  Bureau  of  printing: 
a description  of  a new  system  of  cooperative  vocational  training  and  what  it 
has  accomplished.  Manila,  Bureau  of  printing,  1913.  cover-title,  1 p.  1., 
22  p.  illus.  (part,  col.)  26cm.  Z122.5.P6M  1913 

Reprinted  from  the  Philippine  craftsman,  November,  1912.  (Second  printing) 


128 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


1648 

1649 


1650 

1651 

1652 


1653 

1654 

1655 

1656 


Nation  (London)  [Editorial]  The  waste  of  child  labor.  Nation  (London) 
Feb.  28,  1914,  v.  14:  891-892.  AP4.N15,v.l4 

National  association  of  manufacturers  of  the  United  States  of  America. 
Committee  on  industrial  education.  Industrial  education,  continuation 
and  trade  schools,  apprenticeship,  state  and  local  control,  pre-vocational 
courses  in  elementary  schools.  Report  of  the  Committee  on  industrial  edu- 
cation, H.  E.  Miles,  chairman,  at  the  seventeenth  annual  convention,  New 
York  city,  May  21,  1912  . . . [n.  p.,  1912]  39  p.  23xlOcm.  (No.  28) 

T61.N25  1912 

Same.  H.  E.  Miles,  chairman,  at  the  eighteenth  annual  con- 
vention. Detroit,  Michigan,  May  21,  1913.  New  York,  N.  Y.  [1913]  29  p. 
23xlOcm.  (National  association  of  manufacturers  of  the  United  States  of 
America  . . . [Bulletin]  no.  34)  T73.N17 

“ Vocational  education  in  Wisconsin,  by  H.  E.  Miles”:  p.  23-29. 

Same.  H.  E.  Miles,  chairman,  at  the  twentieth  annual  con- 
vention, New  York  city,  May  25,  1915.  New  legislation  in  Pennsylvania  and 
Wisconsin.  New  York  city,  Issued  from  the  Secretary’s  office  [1915]  30  p. 
Reprinted  for  distribution  by  Bureau  of  education,  Washington,  D.  C. 

National  child  labor  committee,  New  York.  Child  labor  and  education. 
New  York,  National  child  labor  committee  [1912]  cover-title,  3 1.,  223  p. 
diagrs.  23cm.  (The  child  labor  bulletin,  v.  1,  no.  1)  HD6250.U3N4 

Contents.— National  aid  to  education,  by  Felix  Adler. — A substitute  for  child  labor,  by  P.  P. 
Claxton. — Child  labor  and  vocational  work  in  the  public  schools,  by  E.  O.  Holland. — Child  labor 
and  vocational  guidance,  by  Helen  T.  Woolley. — Child  labor  and  the  future  development  of  the 
school,  by  C.  G.  Pearse. — The  dangers  and  possibilities  of  vocational  guidance,  by  Alice  P.  Bar- 
rows.— Relation  of  industrial  training  to  child  labor,  by  W.  E.  Elson.— Economic  value  of  educa- 
tion, by  M.  Edith  Campbell. — Need  of  compulsory  education  in  the  South,  by  W.  H.  Hand.— 
A federal  children’s  bureau,  by  A.  J.  Peters. — Federal  aid  to  education  a necessary  step  in  the 
solution  of  the  child  labor  problem,  by  S.  McC.  Lindsay. — Part  time  schools,  by  Florence  Kel- 
ley.—Social  cost  of  child  labor,  by  J.  P.  Frey. — Child  labor  and  democracy,  by  A.  J.  McKelway.— 
Extending  medical  inspection  from  schools  to  mills,  by  G.  F.  Ross,  m.  d. — Child  labor  in  the  can- 
neries of  New  York  state,  by  Z.  L.  Potter. — How  to  interest  young  people,  by  Mrs.  Frederick 
Crane.— The  educational  test  for  working  children,  by  R.  K.  Conant. — A legislative  program  for 
South  Carolina,  by  J.  P.  Hollis. — Rejuvenation  of  the  rural  school,  by  Ernest  Burnham. — Rural 
child  labor,  by  J.  M.  Gillette. — Symposium:  Unreasonable  industrial  burdens  on  women  and 
children,  by  Florence  Kelley,  Millie  R.  Trumbull,  J.  A.  Ryan,  Jean  M.  Gordon. — Report  of  the 
general  secretary  for  seventh  fiscal  year. — Proceedings  of  the  eighth  annual  conference. 

National  conference  on  vocational  guidance.  2d , New  York,  1912.  Pro- 
ceedings. New  York,  October  23  to  26,  1912,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Cen- 
tral committee  on  vocational  guidance.  New  York,  The  Secretary,  1913. 
vii,  206  p.  23Jcm. 

For  3d  and  4th  conferences  see  nos.  1658  and  1659  in  this  list. 

National  education  association.  Committee  on  the  place  of  industries 
in  public  education.  Report.  (In  its  Journal  of  proceedings  and  addresses, 
1910.  Winona,  Minn.,  1910.  23Jcm.  p.652-777)  L13.N4  1910 

Historical  statement;  The  industrial  factor  in  social  progress,  by  Frank  T.  Carlton;  The  indus- 
trial factor  in  education,  by  Ernest  N.  Henderson;  History  of  industrial  education  in  the  United 
States,  by  Charles  R.  Richards;  Selected  bibliography,  by  Howard  D.  Brundage. 

Dept,  of  manual  training.  Committee  on  vocational  education 

and  vocational  guidance.  Report  . . . [at  the]  Salt  Lake  city  meeting, 
July  7-11,  1913.  [n.  p.,  1913?]  30  p. 

Also  published  in  Journal  of  proceedings  and  addresses,  1913,  p.  573-580.  L13.N4  1913 

National  society  for  the  promotion  of  industrial  education.  Bulletin 
no.  1-20.  New  York  city,  National  society  for  the  promotion  of  industrial 
education,  1907-1915.  20  pamphs.  23cm.  T61.N27 


1657 

1658 

1659 

1660 

1661 

1662 

1663 

1664 

1G65 

1666 

1667 

1668 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


129 


National  society  for  the  promotion  of  industrial  education.  Proceed- 
ings of  annual  meeting,  lst-8th,  1908-1914.  New  York  city,  National  society 
for  the  promotion  of  industrial  education,  1908-1915.  8 v.  23cm.  ( Its 

Bulletin  no.  5-6,  9,  10,  13,  15,  16,  18,  20)  T61.N27 

National  vocational  guidance  association.  Vocational  guidance;  papers 
presented  at  the  organization  meeting  of  the  Vocational  guidance  association. 
Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  October  21-24,  1913.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off., 
1914.  94  p.  23Vm.  (U.  S.  Bureau  of  education.  Bulletin,  1914,  no.  14. 

Whole  no.  587)  “ L111.A6  1914.no.14 

Proceedings  of  . . . the  fourth  national  conference  on  vocational  guid- 
ance, held  at  Richmond,  Va.,  Dec.  7-9,  1914.  [Grand  Rapids]  Pub.  by  the 
assoc.,  1915.  64  p. 

Nearing,  Scott.  Child  labor  and  the  child.  Education,  Mar.,  Apr.  1910, 
v.  30:  407-415,  494-499.  Lll.E2,v.30 

New  Jersey.  Commission  on  industrial  education.  Report  submitted 
to  the  Senate  and  General  assembly  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey,  in  accordance 
with  joint  resolution  no.  11,  approved  April  14, 1908.  Trenton,  MacCrellish  & 
Quigley,  state  printers,  1909.  177  p.  22-|cm.  T69.N46 

Issued  also  in  “ Governor’s  message  transmitting  report  of  the  Commission  on  industrial 
education.” 

New  York  (State)  Bureau  of  labor  statistics.  26th  report,  1908.  Parti. 
Industrial  training,  a report  on  conditions  in  New  York  state,  by  Charles  R. 
Richards.  Albany,  State  department  of  labor,  1909.  vi,  394  p.  23cm. 

HC107.N7A3  1908, pt.l 

A selected  bibliography  on  industrial  education:  p.  357-394. 

Education  dept.  Attendance  division.  Digest  of  compulsory 

education  and  child  labor  laws  as  amended  by  laws  of  1913,  with  annotations, 
department  rulings  and  legal  forms  for  the  use  of  school  authorities,  attend- 
ance officers  and  teachers.  Rev.  ed.  with  index,  comp,  by  James  D.  Sullivan. 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  1913.  32  p.  23cm.  (University  of  the  state  of  New  York 
bulletin,  no.  540)  IID6243.U6N7  1913 

A summary  of  the  compulsory  attendance  and  child 

labor  laws  of  the  states  and  territories  of  the  United  States,  comp,  by  James  D. 
Sullivan.  Albany,  New  York  state  education  dept.,  1907.  cover-title,  1 p.  1., 
5-112  p.  23em.  (New  York  state  library.  Bulletin  114.  Legislation  34) 

Z881.N61BL,  no.  34 

Noyes,  William.  Overwork,  idleness,  or  industrial  education?  American 
academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Mar.  1906,  v.  27:  342-353. 

Hl.A4,v.27 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  20,  p.  84-95;  Pamphlet 
no.  32.  2d  ed.  1907.  12  p.  HD6250.U3N2,no.20;no.20a;no.32 

Nudd,  Howard  W.  How  New  York  city  registers  its  children.  Survey,  Feb. 

17,  1912,  v.  27:  1777-1780.  HVl.C4,v.27 

Ogburn,  William  Fielding.  Progress  and  uniformity  in  child-labor  legis- 
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versity; [etc.,  etc.]  1912.  219  p.  incl.  tables,  diagrs.  25cm.  (Studies  in 

history,  economics  and  public  law,  ed.  by  the  Faculty  of  political  science  of 
Columbia  university,  vol.  xlviii,  no.  2,  whole  no.  121) 

Educational  requirements:  p.  128-143.  H31.C7,VOl.48,no.2 

HD6243.U505 

[O’Leary,  Wesley  Alvah]  Short-unit  courses  for  wage  earners  and  a factory 
school  experiment.  April,  1915.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1915.  93  p. 
23cm.  (Bulletin  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  labor  statistics,  whole  no.  159. 
Miscellaneous  series,  no.  6)  HD6051.A62,no.l59 

44193°— 16 9 


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1674  Pollitzer,  Johann.  Die  Lage  der  Lehrlinge  im  Kleingewerbe  in  Wien. 

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1675  Puffer,  Joseph  Adams.  Vocational  guidance ; the  teacher  as  a counselor  . . . 

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1676  Reed,  Mrs.  Anna  Y.  Seattle  children  in  school  and  in  industry  with  recom- 

mendations for  increasing  the  efficiency  of  the  school  system  and  for  decreasing 
the  social  and  economic  waste  incident  to  the  employment  of  children  14  to 
18  years  of  age.  Seattle,  Wash.,  Board  of  school  directors,  1915.  103  p. 

19|cm.  HD6250.U5S65 

1677  Reigart,  John  F.  Enforcement  of  school  attendance  in  London.  Survey, 

Oct.  23,  1909,  v.  23:  123-125.  HVl.C4,v.23* 

1678  Rhode  Island.  Commissioner  of  public  schools.  Special  report  of  the 

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E.  L.  Freeman  company,  printers  to  the  state,  1911.  102  p.  23^cm. 

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1679  Sadler,  Michael  Ernest.  Continuation  schools  in  England  & elsewhere;  their 

place  in  the  educational  system  of  an  industrial  and  commercial  state.  Man- 
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HD6250.U3N2,no.51 

1682  Schneider,  Herman.  The  public  school  and  the  day’s  work.  American 

academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911,  v. 
38:  53-59.  Hl.A4,v.38 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  164.  8 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l64 


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Spalding,  John  L.  Child  labor.  The  meaning  and  worth  of  education.  (In 
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Stephens,  George  Asbury.  Influence  of  trade  education  upon  wages. 
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1697  Watson,  Frank  D.  What  the  scholarships  are  doing.  Woman’s  home  com- 

panion, Aug.  1907,  v.  34:  22.  AP2.W714,v.34 

1698  Weaver,  Eli  W.  Getting  in  touch  with  the  employer.  Journal  of  education, 

Apr.  10,  1913,  v.  77:  396-398,  Lll.J5,v.77 

1699  Welpton,  W.  P.  Primary  artisan  education.  New  York,  Bombay  [etc.] 

Longmans,  Green  and  co.,  1913.  xix,  [I],  252  p.  19|cm. 

1700  Weyl,  W.  E.,  and  A.  M.  Sakolski.  Conditions  of  entrance  to  the  principal 

trades.  U.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Bulletin,  Nov.  1906,  no.  67:  681-780. 

HD8051.A5,no.67 

1701  White,  Frank  Marshall.  School  children  who  want  to  work.  Harper’s 

weekly,  June  17,  1911,  v.  55:  24.  AP2.H32,v.55 

1702  Whittemore,  Gilbert  E.  The  Providence  school  census  system.  American 

academy  of  political  and  social  science.  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1910, 
v.  35:  130-133.  Hl.A4,v.35 

1703  Winslow,  Charles  Henry.  Report  on  the  relations  of  European  industrial 

schools  to  labor.  Boston,  Wright  & Potter  printing  co.,  state  printers,  1908. 
22  p.  23cm.  (Massachusetts  commission  on  industrial  education.  Bulletin 
no.  10)  T74.M4A7,no.lO 

1704  Wisconsin.  Commission  upon  the  plans  for  the  extension  of  industrial 

and  agricultural  training.  Report  of  the  Commission  . . . submitted  to 
the  governor  January  19,  1911  . . . Madison,  Wis.,  Democrat  printing  com- 
pany, state  printer,  1911.  135  p.  23cm.  S534.W6A5  1911 

1705  State  board  of  industrial  education.  Bulletin,  no.  1-7.  Madison, 

1912.  7 v. 

Contents. — 1.  Laws  of  Wisconsin  relating  to  employment  of  women  and  children,  industrial 
education  and  truancy,  by  C.  P.  Cary.  LB2529.W6 

2.  Wisconsin  legislation  governing  industrial  and  continuation  education,  by  H.  E.  Miles. 

LC1046.W  5M5 

3.  Industrial  education.  The  impending  step  in  American  educational  policy;  its  significance 
to  the  boy,  the  parent,  the  community,  the  state,  the  nation,  by  H.  E.  Miles.  LC1081.M5 

4 . The  education  of  the  girl.  Th  e necessity  of  fitting  her  education  to  her  life,  by  L.  D . Harvey. 

LC1481.H2 

5.  Industrial  and  continuation  schools.  Their  foundation,  organisation,  and  adjustment  to 

the  life  of  the  community,  by  Louis  E.  Reber.  LC5215.R4 

6.  Public  school  manual  arts.  An  agency  for  vocational  education,  by  F.  D.  Crawshaw. 

LC1043.C82 

7.  Annual  report  of  the  public  continuation  schools  of  Wisconsin,  1912-13. 

1706  Woolley,  Mrs.  Helen  T.  Facts  about  the  working  children  of  Cincinnati,  and 

their  bearing  upon  educational  problems.  Elementary  school  teacher,  Oct., 
Nov.  1913,  v.  14:  59-72;  132-139.  Lll.E6,v.l4 

1707  Wright,  Carroll  Davidson,  The  apprenticeship  system  in  its  relation  to  indus- 

trial education.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1908.  il6  p.  23cm.  (U.  S. 

Bureau  of  education.  Bulletin,  1908:  no.  6)  L111.A6  1908, no. 6 

“ List  of  references  relating  to  the  education  of  apprentices”:  p.  87-92. 

1708  Zentralstelle  fiir  Volkswohlfahrt.  5.  Konferenz,  Elberfeld,  1911.  Das 

Lehrlingswesen  und  die  Berufserziehung  des  gewerblichen  Nachwuchses; 
Y orbericht  und  Verhandlungen  am  19.  und  20.  Juni  1911  in  Elberfeld.  Berlin, 
C.  Heymann,  1912.  xii,  506  p.  22Ym.  (Schriften  der  Zentralstelle  fiir  Volks- 
wohlfahrt; hft.  7 der  neuen  Folge  der  Schriften  der  Zentralstelle  fiir  Arbeiter- 
wohlfahrtseinrichtungen)  HD7707.Z5,v.7 

“ Literaturverzeichnis ’ ’ : p.  [ixpxii. 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


133 


1709 

1710 

1711 

1712 

1713 

1714 

1715 
1710 
1717 

< 

1713 

1719 

1720 

1721 

1722 

1723 

1724 

1725 


JUVENILE  OCCUPATIONS  AND  EMPLOYMENT  BUREAUS. 

Apprenticeship  and  skilled  employment  association,  London.  Trades 
for  London  boys  and  how  to  enter  them,  comp,  by  the  Apprenticeship  and 
skilled  employment  association  . . . London,  New  York  [etc.]  Longmans, 
Green,  and  co.,  1908.  vi,  170  p.  21icm.  HF5381.A8 

Trades  for  London  girls  and  how  to  enter  them ; a companion 

book  to  Trades  for  London  boys  . . . London,  New  York  [etc.]  Longmans, 
Green,  and  co.,  1909.  xxi,  145  p.  21Jcm.  1ID6058.A7 

Ayres,  Leonard  Porter.  Constant  and  variable  occupations  and  their  bear- 
ing on  problems  of  vocational  education  ...  New  York  city,  Division  of 
education,  Russell  Sage  foundation  [1914]  11  p.  23em.  ([Russell  Sage 

foundation,  New  York.  Pamphlet]  E 136)  LC1045.A9 

Birmingham,  Eng.  Education  committee.  Report  of  the  special  subcom- 
mittee on  the  institution  of  a juvenile  employment  bureau  and  care  com- 
mittee in  Birmingham.  Adopted  by  the  Education  committee,  Dec.  16, 
1910.  Birmingham,  Percival  Jones,  1910.  36  p. 

Report  on  the  Birmingham  system  of  care  committees  and 

juvenile  employment  bureaux.  Birmingham  [1912?]  35  p.  24Jcm. 

Central  care  committee.  Explanatory  statement  of  the 

scheme  for  school  care  committees  and  juvenile  employment  exchanges. 
June,  1912.  10  p.  21-|cm. 

lst-2d  annual  report  . . . 1912-1913.  Birmingham 

[1912?— 1913?]  2 v.  24Jcm. 

Information  concerning  certain  trades  for  women  and 

girls,  [n.  p.,  n.  d.]  13  p.  21Jem. 

Bradford,  Eng.  Education  committee.  Occupations  open  to  young  peo- 
ple in  Bradford.  Building  trades;  clerks,  butchers,  grocers,  photographers, 
tailors,  [n.  p.,  n.  d.]  26  p.  23cm. 

Engineering  trade  section,  [n.  p.,  n.  d.]  23  p.  24Jcm. 

Printing  trade,  shop  assistants,  sheet  metal  workers, 

tramway  employees,  boot  and  shoe  trade,  saddlers,  leather  goods  manufac- 
turers [etc.]  [n.  p.,  n.  d.]  38  p.  24£cm. 

Professions.  Accountants,  architects,  auctioneers,  bank- 
ers, chemists,  dentists,  solicitors,  teachers,  civil  service,  [n.  p.,  n.  d.]  29  p. 

24cm. 

Women’s  section.  Nurses,  dressmakers,  milliners,  ma- 
chinists, laundresses,  waitresses,  domestic  servants.  [n.  p.,n.d.]  23  p.  23cm. 

Woollen  and  worsted  trade  section,  [n.  p.,  n.  d.]  16  p. 

24cm. 

Juvenile  employment  special  sub-committee.  Report  of 

work  for  the  period  ended  31st  Dec.  1913.  [n.  p.,  1914?]  24  p.  23cm. 

Campbell,  M.  Edith.  The  vocation  and  employment  bureau  of  Cincinnati. 
National  child  labor  committee,  New  York,  1910.  Pamphlet  no.  132,  p. 
17-20.  IID6250.U3N2,no.l32 

Cardiff.  Education  committee.  Juvenile  employment  and  central 
care  committee.  1st  annual  report  of  the  Juvenile  employment  committee. 
1912-13.  Cardiff  [1913?]  28  p.  32£cm. 

Chamberlain,  Norman.  Labour  exchanges  and  boy  labour.  Economic 
review,  Oct.  15,  1909,  v.  19:  400-409.  HBl.E4,v.l9 


1726 


134 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


1727  Chicago  school  of  civics  and  philanthropy.  Dept,  of  social  investiga- 

tion. Finding  employment  for  children  who  leave  the  grade  schools  to  go 
to  work.  [Chicago,  Manz  engraving  company.  The  Hollister  press,  1911] 
56  p.  26cm.  HF5381.C6 

Contents.— The  school  and  the  working-child:  a plea  for  employment  supervision  in  city 
schools  [by]  S.  P.  Breckinridge  and  E.  Abbott.— Preliminary  report  on  opportunities  of  employ- 
ment in  Chicago  open  to  girls  under  sixteen  [by]  A.  S.  Davis.— Public  care  of  working-children  in 
England  and  Germany:  some  notes  on  juvenile  labour  exchanges,  by  E.  Abbott. — Trade  and 
technical  classes  for  girls  in  Chicago.— Selected  bibliography  relating  to  employment  super- 
vision (p.  53-56) 

1728  Cincinnati.  Chamber  of  commerce  and  merchants’  exchange.  Sur- 

vey committee.  Printing  trades.  Cincinnati,  O.,  Cincinnati  chamber  of 
commerce  [1915]  141  p.  chart.  22^cm.  Z122.C56 

At  head  of  title:  Industrial  survey  of  Cincinnati  Vocational  section. 

Bibliography:  p.  140-141. 

1729  Davis,  Anne.  Occupations  and  industries  open  to  children  between  fourteen 

and  sixteen  years  of  age.  Chicago,  Board  of  education,  1914.  19  p.  18^C3J1. 

1730  Dearie,  N.  B.  Report  of  the  special  subcommittee  of  the  City  of  Birmingham 

education  committee  on  the  institution  of  a juvenile  employment  bureau  and 
care  committees  in  Birmingham  (adopted  by  the  Education  committee,  De- 
cember 16, 1910)  Economic  journal,  June,  1911,  v.  21:  301-305. 

HBl.E$,v  21 

1731  Dodge,  Harriet  Hazen.  Survey  of  occupations  open  to  the  girl  of  fourteen 

to  sixteen  years.  Boston,  Mass.,  Girls  trade  education  league,  c1912.  39  p. 

23cm.  HD6058.D7 

1732  Edlmann,  Edith.  Juvenile  labour  exchanges  and  apprenticeship  bureaux  in 

Germany.  Contemporary  review,  Aug.  1913,  v.  104:  230-239. 

AP4.C7,v.l04 

1733  Gordon,  Mrs.  Maria  Matilda.  A handbook  of  employments  specially  pre- 

pared for  the  use  of  boys  and  girls  on  entering  the  trades,  industries,  and  pro- 
fessions. Aberdeen,  The  Rosemount  press,  1908.  3 p.  1.,  444  p.  2L[cm. 

HF5381.G8 

1734  Juvenile  employment  bureaux.  Contemporary  review,  June,  1911, 

v.  99:  723-732.  * * AP4.C7,v.99 

1735  Gt.  Brit.  Board  of  trade.  Handbooks  on  London  trades  . . . Prepared 

on  the  behalf  of  the  Board  of  trade  for  the  use  of  advisory  committees  for 
juvenile  employment  in  Greater  London.  London,  1914-15.  13  pam. 
24^cm.  HF53S1.G83 

Contents. — Clothing  trades,  pt.  1.  Girls;  pt.  2.  Boys.  1915. 

Commercial  occupations.  1914. 

Engineering.  1914. 

Food,  drink,  and  tobacco  trades.  1915. 

Gas  and  electricity  supply  trades.  1915. 

The  Glass  trades.  1914. 

Laundry  work,  dyeing  and  cleaning.  1915. 

Leather,  fur,  brush  making,  and  feather  trade.  1915. 

Precious  metal,  instrument  making  and  sport  trades.  1914. 

Printing,  bookbinding  and  stationery  trades.  Pt.  1.  Boys.  Pt.  2.  Girls.  1915. 

Vehicle  making  and  miscellaneous  metal  trades.  1915. 

1736  Labour  exchanges  act,  1909.  Special  rules  with  regard  to  regis- 

tration of  juvenile  applicants  in  England  and  Wales  made  in  pursuance  of 
regulation  no.  ix  of  the  general  regulations  for  labour  exchanges  managed  by 
the  Board  of  trade.  London,  Printed  for  II.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by  Eyre  and 
Spottiswoode,  ltd.  [1910]  3 p.  incl.  form.  33cm.  HD5915.A5  1910a 

1737  Greenwood,  Arthur.  Juvenile  labour  exchanges  and  after-care.  London, 

P.  S.  King  & son,  1911.  xi,  112  p.  21icm.  HD6250.G7G7 

Bibliography:  p.  [101]-112. 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


135 


1738  Greenwood,  Arthur.  The  organisation  of  the  juvenile  labour  market. 

Progress,  Apr.  1911,  v.  6:  97-105.  HN381.P9,v.6 

1739  Hartford  vocational  guidance  committee.  Report  of  the  Vocational 

guidance  committee,  Hartford,  Conn.,  January,  1914.  [Hartford,  1914]  22  p. 
20cm.  HF5381.H2 

1740  Hiatt,  James  Smith.  The  child,  the  school,  and  the  job.  [Philadelphia, 

1912]  13  p.  25cm.  (Public  education  association.  Study  no.  39) 

Reprinted  from  the  “City  club  bulletin,”  Dec.  27,  1912.  JS12Gl.C47,v.G 

1741  Iowa  state  teachers’  association.  Committee  on  vocational  education 

and  vocational  guidance.  Vocational  education  and  vocational  guidance; 
a survey  and  preliminary  report  by  a committee  appointed  by  the  Iowa 
teachers’  association.  Issued  by  the  Department  of  public  instruction.  [Des 
Moines?]  1914.  96  p.  23cm.  [Iowa.  Dept,  of  public  instruction.  Bulletin 

no.  13]  LB  1046. 17 

1742  Jevons,  H.  Winefrid.  Apprenticeship  and  skilled  employment  committees; 

with  an  account  of  the  work  of  the  Cambridge  boys’  employment  registry  by 
Eglantyne  Jebb.  ( In  Sadler,  M.  E.  ed.  Continuation  schools  in  England 
& elsewhere.  2d  ed.  Manchester,  1908,  p.  454-471)  LC5215.S25 

1743  Juvenile  labor  bureaus  and  vocational  guidance  in  Great  Britain.  U.  S. 

Bureau  of  education.  Bulletin,  1912,  v.  11:  13-17.  Llll.A6,v.ll 

1744  Keeling,  Frederic.  The  labour  exchange  in  relation  to  boy  and  girl  labour. 

London,  P.  S.  King,  1910.  76  p. 

Bibliography:  p.  73-76. 

1745  Kelley,  Mary  R.  G.  Juvenile  workers’ bureau.  (In  Philadelphia.  Municipal 

court.  2d  annual  report,  1915,  p.  145-151) 

1746  Knowles,  G.  W.  Junior  labour  exchanges  (a  plea  for  closer  cooperation 

between  labour  exchanges  and  education  authorities)  London,  Sherratt  & 
Hughes,  1910.  32  p.  22cm. 

1747  Laselle,  Mary  Augusta,  and  Katherine  E.  Wiley.  Vocations  for  girls. 

Boston,  New  York  [etc].  Houghton  Mifflin  company  [c1913]  x,  139  [1]  p. 
18cm.  HD6058.L3 

Bibliography:  p.  [130]-132. 

1748  Mangold,  George  Benjamin.  Industrial  opportunities  of  children  in  St. 

Louis.  [St.  Louis?  n.  d.]  p.  66-83.  28cm. 

“Reprinted  from  Washington  university  studies,  v.  1,  pt.  2,  no.  1,  Oct.  1913.” 

1749  Minneapolis  vocational  survey  committee.  A vocational  survey  of  Minne- 

apolis, pub.  by  the  Minneapolis  teachers’  club,  1913.  [Minneapolis,  1913] 
90  p.  diagrs.  23cm. 

1750  Parsons,  James.  Skilled  employment  committees.  Charity  organisation 

review,  July,  1907,  n.  s.  v.  22:  19-35.  HVl.C6,n.s.v.22 

1751  Peck,  J.  W.  Juvenile  employment:  the  Edinburgh  method  of  co-operation 

between  the  education  authorities  and  the  labour  exchanges.  (In  National 
conference  on  the  prevention  of  destitution.  1st,  London,  1911.  Report  of 
the  proceedings.  London,  1911.  25£cm.  p.  219-237)  HV244.N3  1911 

1752  Richmond,  Va.  Vocational  education  survey.  Vocational  education 

survey  of  Richmond,  Va.  August,  1915.  Washington,  Govt,  print,  off., 
1916.  333  p.  fold,  tables.  23cm  (Bulletin  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of 
labor  statistics,  whole  no.  162.  Miscellaneous  series,  no.  7) 

HD8051.A62, no.162 

1753  Russell,  Charles  Edward  B.,  and  Lilian  M.  Rigby.  Working  lads’  clubs. 

London,  Macmillan  and  co.,  limited,  1908.  xii  p.,  1 1.,  445  p.  illus.,  23  pi. 
(incl.  front.,  plan)  tables  (1  fold.)  19cm.  H' V878.R8 

Labour  bureaux,  p.  286-304. 


136 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


1754  Talbert,  Ernest  Lynn.  Opportunities  in  school  and  industry  for  children  of 

the  stockyards  district.  Chicago  [University  of  Chicago  press]  1912.  vi,  64  p. 
24Jcm.  (A  study  of  Chicago’s  stockyards  community  . . . an  investigation 
carried  on  under  the  direction  of  the  Board  of  the  University  of  Chicago 
settlement.  I)  HN80.C5B6 

1755  Ueland,  E.  Juvenile  employment  exchanges.  American  labor  legislation 

review,  June,  1915,  v.  5:  203-237.  HD7833;A55,v.5 

1756  U.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Vocational  guidance.  Washington,  Govt,  print. 

off.,  1911.  iii,  411-497  p.  23£cm.  HF5381.U6 

Part  of  25th  Annual  report  of  the  commissioner  of  labor,  1910. 

1757  Vocation  bureau,  Boston.  Vocational  guidance  and  the  work  of  the  Voca- 

tion bureau  of  Boston.  Boston,  1915.  15  p.  23cm. 

1758  Vocations  for  Boston  boys,  issued  by  the  Vocation  bureau  of 

Boston.  [Bulletin  no.  1-71  [Boston?  c1911-  1 7 v.  204cm. 

HF5381.V5 

Contents.— No.  1,  The  machinist;  no.  2,  Banking;  no.  3,  The  baker;  no.  4,  Confectionery 
manufacture;  no.  5,  The  architect;  no.  6,  The  landscape  architect;  no.  7,  The  grocer. 

1759  Vocations  for  boys  and  young  men.  Boston,  1911-1913.  3 v. 

Contents.— Banking.  1911.  The  department  store  and  its  opportunities.  1912.  Allen,  F.J. 
The  law  as  a vocation.  1913. 

1760  Vocation  office  for  girls,  Boston.  Vocations  for  Boston  girls,  issued  by  the 

Vocation  office  for  girls  . . . [Bulletin  no.  1-14]  Boston,  Mass.,  The  Girls 
trade  educational  league,  c1911-1912.  14  pam.  20^cm.  I1D6058.V7 

Contains  "References.  ” 

Contents.— 1,  Telephone  operating;  2,  Bookbinding;  3,  Stenography  and  typewriting;  4, 
Nursery  maid;  5,  Dressing;  6,  Millinery;  7,  Straw  hat  making;  8,  Manicuring  and  hairdressing; 
9,  Nursing;  10,  Salesmanship;  11,  Clothing  machine  operating;  12,  Paper  box  making;  13,  Confec- 
tionery manufacture;  14,  Knit  goods  manufacture. 

1761  Weaver,  Eli  Witwer,  and  J.  Frank  Byler.  Profitable  vocations  for  boys. 

New  York  and  Chicago,  The  A.  S.  Barnes  co.,  1915.  282  p.  19cm.  (The 
vocational  series)  HF5381.W3 

Contains  bibliographies. 

1762  ed.  Profitable  vocations  for  girls,  prepared  by  a committee  of  teachers 

under  the  direction  of  E.  W.  Weaver.  New  York  and  Chicago,  The  A.  S. 
Barnes  co.,  1915.  212  p.  19cm.  (The  vocational  series)  HD6058.W27 
A new  edition  of  "Vocations  for  girls, ” pub.  1913.  Contains  bibliographies. 

HEALTH  OF  WORKING  CHILD. 

1763  Adler,  Felix.  Conservation  of  the  human  assets  of  the  nation.  American 

academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1910, 
v.  35:  1-6.  Hl.A4,v.35 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  125.  7 p. 

HD6250.U3N2, no.125 

1764  Alden,  Percy.  The  child  and  the  state.  Chautauquan,  Oct.  1910,  v.  60: 

183-202.  AP2.C48,v.60 

1765  Bruere,  Robert  W.  Physiological  age  and  child-labor.  (In  National  educa- 

tion association,  Journal  of  proceedings  and  addresses  . . . 1908.  Winona, 
Minn.  1908.  23|-cm.  p.  924-932)  L13.N4  1908 

1766  Brown,  H.  Maugham  Schoolboys  as  wage  earners.  Child,  London,  Sept. 

1912,  v.  2:  1026-1030.  HQ750.A2C4,v.2 


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1767  Cheney,  Howell.  Practical  restrictions  on  child  labor  in  textile  industries; 
higher  educational  and  physical  qualifications.  American  academy  of 
political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1909,  v.  33:  86-99. 

Hl.A4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  96.  14  p. 

HD6250.U3N2, no.96 

1768  Churchill,  F.  S.  The  effect  of  irregular  hours  upon  the  child’s  health.  (In 

Chicago.  Child  welfare  exhibit,  1911.  The  child  in  the  city.  Chicago, 
1912.  22cm.  p.  310-312)  HV741.C4 

1769  Clopper,  Edward  N.  Effects  of  street  trading  on  the  health  of  school  children. 

New  York,  National  child  labor  committee,  [1913]  8 p.  23cm.  (Pamphlet 
no.  218)  HD6250.U3N2,no.218 

1770  Corcoran,  Julia.  Actual  present  physical  state  of  working  children  in  Con- 
necticut. (In  Child  labor  conference.  Hartford,  Conn.,  1908.  Report  of 

the  proceedings  . . . [Hartford]  1909.  22em.  p.  4-5) 

HD6250.U4C8  1908 

1771  Crampton,  Charles  Ward.  The  significance  of  physiological  age  in  educa- 

tion. [Washington,  Govt,  print,  off.,  1913]  13  p.  23cm.  Reprinted  from 
the  Transactions  of  the  fifteenth  International  congress  on  hygiene  and  de- 
mography, [v.  3:  224-235]  RA122.N585  1912, v.3 

1772  De  Leon,  Edwin  W.  Accidents  to  working  children.  American  academy 

of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1909,  v.  33:  131- 
143.  Hl.A4,v.33 

1773  Dwight,  Helen  C.  Dangerous  machines  in  the  metal  trades.  Child  labor 

bulletin,  Nov.  1914,  v.  3,  no.  3:  66-75.  HD6250.U3N4,v.3,no.3 

1774  Frankel,  Lee  K.,  and  Louis  I.  Dublin.  Heights  and  weights  of  New  York 

city  children  14  to  16  years  of  age;  a study  of  measurements  of  boys  and  girls 
granted  employment  certificates.  New  York,  Metropolitan  life  insurance  co., 
1916.  53  p. 

1775  Freiberg,  Albert,  H.  Some  effects  of  improper  posture  in  factory  labor. 

American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar. 
1909,  v.  33:  104-110.  Hl.A4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  102.  7 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l02 

1776  Some  of  the  ultimate  physical  effects  of  premature  toil.  American 

academy  of  political  and  social  science.  Annals,  Jan.  1907,  v.  29:  19-25. 

H1.A4,  v.  29 

National  child  labor  committee,  Pamphlet  no.  43.  7 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.43 

■ 1777  Goldmark,  Josephine  Clara.  Fatigue  and  efficiency;  a study  in  industry. 

Containing  also  the  substance  of  four  briefs  in  defense  of  women’s  labor  laws 
by  Louis  D.  Brandeis  and  Josephine  Goldmark.  New  York,  Charities  publi- 
cation committee,  1912.  xvii,  302  p.,  1 1.,  591  p.  incl.  illus.,  charts.  24cm. 
(Russell  Sage  foundation  [publication])  HD5106.G7 

1778  Gordon,  Jean  M.  Developing  normal  men  and  women.  Child  labor  bulle- 

tin, May,  1913,  v.  2,  no.  1:  121-123.  HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

1779  Gt.  Brit.  Board  of  education.  Annual  report  of  the  chief  medical  officer 

of  the  Board  of  education.  1911-1914.  London,  Printed  for  II.  M.  Stationery 
off.,  by  Eyre  and  Spottiswoode,  ltd.,  1912-1915.  4 v.  25cm.  [Parliament. 
Papers  by  command] 

1911:  Medical  inspection  and  juvenile  employment:  p.  245-268. 

1912:  Medical  inspection  and  juvenile  employment:  p.309-327. 

1913:  Examination  of  leavers:  II.  Relation  to  juvenile  employment:  p.  271-284. 

1914:  Juvenile  employment  and  the  war;  examination  of  leavers:  p.  223-239. 


138 

1780 

1781 

1782 

1783 

1784 

1785 

1786 

1787 

1788 

1789 

1790 

1791 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  017  CHILD  LABOR. 


Gt.  Brit.  Inter- departmental  committee  on  partial  exemption  from 
school  attendance.  Report.  Presented  to  both  houses  of  Parliament  by 
command  of  His  Majesty.  London,  Printed  for  H.  M.  Stationery  off.,  by  J. 
Truscott  & son,  ltd.,  1909.  2 v.  in  1.  tables.  33cm.  ([Parliament.  Papers 
by  command]  Cd.  4791,  4887)  HD6250.G7A4  1909 

Educational  results,  v.  1,  p.  7-8. 

Effect  on  health  of  the  children,  v.  1,  p.  6-7. 

Physical  effects  of  mill  life:  Extract  from  report  by  Dr.  Arthur  Greenwood.  Appendix  no. 
16,  p.  282-285. 

Greenwood,  Arthur.  The  medical  supervision  of  juvenile  workers.  (In 
National  conference  on  the  prevention  of  destitution.  2d,  London,  1912. 
Report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  unemployment  and  industrial  section. 
London,  1912.  24^cm.  p.  98-106.)  HD8384.N3 

Hall,  George  A.  Physical  examination  for  working  papers  in  New  York. 

Survey,  Dec.  13,  1913,  v.  31:  297.  HVl.C4,v.31 

Hanson,  William  C.  Exclusion  of  children  from  dangerous  trades.  American 
academy  of  political  and  social  science.  Annals,  Supplement,  July,  1911, 
v.  38:  90-94.  Hl.A4,v.38 

The  health  of  young  persons  in  Massachusetts  factories.  American 

academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1910, v. 
35:  111-113.  Hl.A4,v.35 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  131.  3 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l31 

Harmon,  William  E.  Handicaps  in  later  years  from  child  labor.  American 
academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1909,  v. 
33:  122-130.  IIl.A4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  104.  8 p. 

HD6250.U  3N  2,  no . 104 

Henderson,  Charles  R.  Social  cost  of  accident,  ignorance,  and -exhaustion. 
American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  July, 

1908,  v.  32:  11-18.  Hl.A4,v,32 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  72.  8 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.72 

Hoffman,  Frederick  L.  The  social  and  medical  aspects  of  child  labor.  (In 
National  conference  of  charities  and  correction.  Proceedings,  1903.  [Co- 
lumbus, O.]  1903.  23£cm.  p.  138-157)  HV88.A3  1903 

Hutchinson,  Woods.  Overworked  children  on  the  farm  and  in  the  school. 
American  academy  of  political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar. 

1909,  v.  33:  116-121.  Hl.A4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  105.  6 p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l05 

Johnston,  John.  Wastage  of  child  life,  as  exemplified  by  conditions  in 
Lancashire.  London,  A.  C.  Fifield,  1909.  95  p.  19cm.  (The  Fabian 
socialist  series,  no.  7)  HQ769.J7 

“References”:  p.  94-95. 

Jones,  H.  H.  The  work  of  England’s  certifying  surgeons.  Child  labor  bul- 
letin, Feb.  1914,  v.  2,  no.  4:  76-79.  HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

Kelley,  Mrs.  Florence.  Insanitary  conditions  amongst  home  workers.  (In 
International  congress  of  women,  London,  1899..  London,  1900.  20 Ym-  v. 

6,  p.  21-25)  HQ1106  1899, v.6 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 


139 


1792  Kober,  George  M.  The  physical  and  physiological  effects  of  child  labor. 

American  academy  of  political  and  social  science.  Annals,  Mar.  1906,  v.  27: 
285-288.  Hl.A4,v.27 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  20,  p.  27-30;  Pamphlet 
no.  25,  4 p.  HD6250.U3N2, no.20 ;no*.20a;no. 25 

1793  Loriga,  Giovanni.  Lavoro  dei  fanciulli  e crescenza  del  corpo,  per  il  Prof. 

Giovanni  Loriga.  Roma,  Officina  poligrafica  italiana,  1910.  107  p.  31cm. 

(Italy.  Ufficio  del  lavoro.  Pubblicazioni,  serie  B,  n.  26) 

“Bibliografia”:  p.  73-74. 

1794  Lovejoy,  Owen  R.  Child  labor  and  health.  National  child  labor  committee, 

New  York.  1913.  Pamphlet  no.  189.  13  p.  Reprinted  from  Child  labor 
bulletin,  Feb.  1913,  v.  1,  no.  4,  p.  57-68.  HD6250.U3N2,no.l89 

1795  A six  years’ battle  for  the  working  child.  American  review  of  reviews, 

Nov.  1910,  v.  42:  593-596.  AP2.R4,v.42 

1796  Some  unsettled  questions  about  child  labor.  American  academy  of 

political  and  social  science,  Annals,  Supplement,  Mar.  1909,  v.  33:  49-62. 

Hl.A4,v.33 

National  child  labor  committee.  Pamphlet  no.  108.  14  p. 

HD6250.U3N2,no.l08 

1797  Luther,  Seth.  An  address  to  the  working-men  of  New-England,  on  the  state 

of  education,  and  on  the  condition  of  the  producing  classes  in  Europe  and 
America.  With  particular  reference  to  the  effect  of  manufacturing  (as  now 
conducted)  on  the  health  and  happiness  of  the  poor,  and  on  the  safety  of  our 
republic.  Delivered  in  Boston,  Charlestown,  Mass.,  Portland,  Saco,  Me., 
and  Dover,  N.  H.  By  Seth  Luther.  Boston,  The  author,  1832.  39  p. 
22Jem.  Miscellaneous  pamphlets,  v.  1161,  no.  2.  AC901.M5,v.ll61 

1798  McKelway,  A.  J.  Child  labor  and  its  consequences.  By  A.  J.  McKelway. 

[New  York?  1908?]  16  p.  23£em.  (National  child  labor  committee.  Pam- 
phlet no.  68)  " HD6250.U3N2,no.68 

"Reprinted  from  the  Sewanee  review  for  April,  1908”. 

1799  McMillan,  Margaret.  The  effects  of  monotonous  toil  in  the  years  preceding 

adolescence.  {In  International  congress  of  hygiene  and  demography.  Trans- 
actions, 15th,  1912,  v.  3:  985-1000)  RA122.N585  1912, v.3 

1800  Malcolm,  A.  G.  The  influence  of  factory  life  on  the  health  of  the  operative,  as 

founded  upon  the  medical  statistics  of  this  class  at  Belfast.  Royal  statistical 
society,  Journal,  June,  1856,  v.  19:  170-181.  HAl.R8,v.l9 

1801  Maryland.  Bureau  of  industrial  statistics.  Report  of  medical  exam- 

iners, 1913,  1914,  1915.  {In  its  Annual  report,  1913,  p.  40-47;  1914,  p.  100- 
138;  1915,  p.  84-100,  174-179)  HC107.M3A2  1913-1915 

1802  Medical  testimony  of  the  evils  of  child  labor.  Charities,  April  14,  1906,  v.  16: 

92-93.  . HVl.C4,v.l6 

1803  Mitchell,  John.  Proper  minimum  age  for  working  children.  {In  Child  labor 

conference.  Hartford,  Conn.,  1908.  Report  of  the  proceedings  . . . [Hart- 
ford] 1909.  22cm.  p.  26-32)  HD6250.U4C8  1908 

1804  Montgomery,  Louise.  The  American  girl  in  the  stockyards  district. 

Chicago,  111.,  The  University  of  Chicago  press  [1913]  vi,  70  p.  illus.  (plan) 
plates,  diagrs.  24cm.  (A  study  of  Chicago’s  stockyards  community  . . . 
An  investigation  carried  on  under  the  direction  of  the  Board  of  the 
University  of  Chicago  settlement  and  the  Chicago  alumnae  club  of  the 
University  of  Chicago,  n)  HN80.C5B6 

Health,  p.  2S-32,  55-57. 


140 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES  ON  CHILD  LABOR. 

\ 

1805  Mosso,  Angelo.  Fatigue.  Tr.  by  Margaret  Drummond  and  W.  B.  Drum- 

mond. New  York,  G.  P.  Putnam’s  sons;  London,  S.  Sonnenschein  & co., 
ltd.,  1904.  xiv,  334  p.  illus.  19cm.  (The  science  series)  QP421.M91 

1806  Nation  (London)  [Editorial]  The  waste  of  child  labor.  Nation  (London), 

Feb.  28,  1914,  v.  14:  891-892.  AP4.N15,v.l4 

1807  National  child  labor  committee,  New  York.  Night-work  and  day-sleep; 

what  it  means  to  a man,  woman,  or  child  to  invert  nature’s  order  for  work  and 
sleep.  [New  York]  1911.  15  p.  23cm.  (Pamphlet  no.  149) 

HD6250.U3N2, no.149 

1808  Nearing,  Scott.  Can  the  state  afford  to  pay  the  cost  of  overworking  its  chil- 

dren? Charities  and  the  Commons,  Feb.  3,  1906,  v.  15:  602-606. 

HY1.C4.V.15 

1809  Noble,  D.  On  the  influence  of  the  factory  system  in  the  development  of  pul- 

monary consumption.  Royal  statistical  society,  Journal,  Oct.  1842,  v.  5: 
274-280.  HAl.R8,v.5 

1810  Oates,  W.  H.  Child  labor  and  health.  Child  labor  bulletin,  v.  2,  no.  1: 

117-120.  HD6250.U3N4,v.2 

1811  Ohio.  State  board  of  health.  A survey  of  industrial  health-hazards  and 

occupational  diseases  in  Ohio,  by  E.  R.  Hayhurst.  Columbus,  The  F.  J. 
Heer  printing  co.,  1915.  2 p.  1.,  iii-xviii,  438  p.  illus.  22cm.  RA787.04 

HD7263.04 

1812  Oliver,  Sir  Thomas,  ed.  Dangerous  trades:  the  historical,  social,  and  legal 

aspects  of  industrial  occupations  as  affecting  health,  by  a number  of  experts. 
London,  J.  Murray,  1902.  xxiii,  891,  [1]  p.  incl.  illus.,  tables,  diagrs.  plates. 
24cm.  HD7262.05 

1813  Diseases  of  occupation  from  the  legislative,  social,  and  medical  points 

of  view.  . . . London,  Methuen  & co.  [1908]  xix,  427,  [1]  p.  2 pi.  22\cm. 
(The  new  library  of  medicine;  ed.  by  C.  W.  Saleeby)  RA787.06 

1814  Pearson,  Robert  H.  Occupational  diseases.  New  York,  N.  Y.,  The  Weekly 

underwriter  [1915]  32  p.  illus.  18Jcm.  RA787.P4 

1815  Roberts,  Charles.  The  physical  requirements  of  factory  children.  Royal 

statistical  society,  Journal,  Dec.  1876,  v.  39:  681-733.  HAl.R8,v.39 

1816  Ross,  George  F.  Extending  medical  inspection  from  schools  to  mills.  Child 

labor  bulletin,  v.  1,  no.  1,  June  1912,  p.  128-134.  HD6250.U3N4,v.l 

1817  Rotch,  Thomas  Morgan.  Child  labor  and  work  of  children  should  be  adapted 

to  the  individual  child.  {In  International  congress  of  hygiene  and  demog- 
raphy. Transactions,  15th,  1912,  v.  3:  975-984)  RA122.N585  1912, v. 3 

1818  Royal  society  of  arts,  London.  Shaw  lectures  on  industrial  hygiene.  De- 

livered before  the  Royal  society  of  arts  in  November  and  December,  1907 ; and 
February  and  March,  1908.  London,  Printed  by  W.  Trounce,  1908.  63  p. 

incl.  illus.,  tables,  diagrs.  25cm.  RA787.R88 

Also  publ.  in  Royal  society  of  arts,  Journal,  June,  12,  1908,  v.  56:  738-747.  Tl.S64,v.56 

1819  Smith,  Oliver  C.  The  critical  character  of  the  age  period  from  fourteen  to  six- 

teen. {In  Child  labor  conference.  Hartford,  ‘Conn.,  1908.  Report  of  the 
proceedings  . . . [Hartford]  1909.  22em.  p.  8-13) 

HD6250.U4C8  1908 

1820  Stetson,  George  R.  Industrial  classes  as  factors  in  racial  development. 

Arena,  Feb.  1909,  v.  41:  177-189.  AP2.A6,v.41 

1821  Taylor,  Florence.  Mortality  among  cotton  operatives.  Child  labor  bulletin, 

Nov.  1914,  v.  3,  no.  3:  62-65.  HD6250.U3N4,v.3,no.3 


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141 


1822  Teleky,  Ludwig.  Altersprobleme  gewerblicher  Hygiene.  {In  International 

congress  of  hygiene  and  demography.  Transactions,  15th,  1912,  v.  3:  957- 
974)  RA122.N585  1912, v.3 

1823  Altersprobleme  gewerblicher  Hygiene.  [Wien,  1913?]  17  p.  “Sepa- 

ratabdruck  aus  heft  2,  I.  jahrg.  (1913)  der  Zeitschrift  fur  offentliche  gesund- 
heitspflege”. 

1824  Thackrah,  Charles  Turner.  The  effects  of  arts,  trades,  and  professions,  and 

of  civic  states  and  habits  of  living,  on  health  and  longevity:  with  suggestions 
for  the  removal  of  many  of  the  agents  which  produce  disease,  and  shorten  the 
duration  of  life.  2d  ed.,  greatly  enl.  London,  Longman,  Rees,  Orme, 
Brown,  Green,  & Longman;  [etc.,  etc.]  1832.  1 p.  1.,  [vii]-viii  p.,  1 1.,  238  p. 

22|cm.  RA787.T37 

Children:  p.  35-37;  77-84;  148-149;  177-179. 

1825  Thompson,  William  Gilman.  The  occupational  diseases;  their  causation, 

symptoms,  treatment,  and  prevention.  New  York  and  London,  D.  Apple- 
ton  and  company,  1914.  xxvi,  724  p.  illus.,  diagrs.  24Jcm.  RC964.T4 

1826  Travers,  J.  C.  Some  physical  effects  of  industry  upon  the  working  children  of 

Maryland.  Maryland  medical  journal,  Mar.  1914,  v.  57:  59-64. 

Rll.M32,v.57 

1827  tT.  S.  Bureau  of  labor.  Laws  relating  to  factory  inspection  and  the  health 

and  safety  of  employees.  {In  its  Bulletin,  Nov.  1907,  no.  73:  817-986.) 

HD8051.A5,no.73 

1828  Woolley,  Mrs.  Helen  (Thompson),  and  Charlotte  Rust  Fischer.  Mental 

and  physical  measurements  of  working  children.  Princeton,  N.  J.,  and  Lan- 
caster, Pa.,  Psychological  review  company  [1914]  2 p.  1.,  247  p.incl.  tables, 
diagrs.  25cm.  (Psychological  review  publications.  The  psychological 
monographs  . . . vol.  xviii,  no.  1;  whole  no.  77.  Dec.  1914) 

BF1  .P8,  vol.  18,no.l 


AUTHOR  INDEX, 


(The  numbers  refer  to 

Abbott,  Edith r 50,51,1727 

Abelsdorff,  Walter 52, 734, 817 

Abercrombie,  Anna  S 297 

Aberdeen,  T.  M.  Gordon,  countess  of 747 

Ackroyd,  Thomas  R 1360 

Adams , Jo  hn  C 102 

Adams,,  M.  Bridges 1049 

Adams,  Myron  E 320, 1361, 1362 

Adams,  Thomas  S 54,212 

Adamson,  William  C 713 

Addams , Jane 55-63a,  320, 321, 322, 324 , 326, 

329, 356, 457, 862, 1322, 1323, 1363, 1494-1496, 1498 

Adler,  Eleanor  H 334,341, 1133, 1234 

Adler,  Felix 64-67,226, 

320, 322, 323, 325, 326, 327, 329, 330, 1652, 1763 

Adler,  Georg 818 

Adler , Nettie 68,  951, 969, 1364-1366 

Agahd,  Konrad 761,819-826, 1050 

Alabama.  Department  for  inspection  of  jails, 

etc 69-71,458,459 

Alabama.  Governor,  1915 72 

Alabama  child  labor  c ommittee 73 

A1  Priddy,  pseud.  See  Brown,  F.  K. 

Albrecht,  Otto 1051 

Alden,  Mrs.  Margaret  P 863,864 

Alden,  Percy 1135,1764 

Alexander,  Hooper 325 

Allen,  Alfred  G 1105 

Allen,  Carrie  W 1235 

Allen,  F.J 1759 

American  academy  of  political  and  social 

science 74,1499 

American  association  for  labor  legislation 29, 460 

American  federation  of  labor 1500, 1501 

American  year  book 461 

Anderson , Adelaide  M 969 

Anderson,  Neal  L 226,320,462 

Andrews,  John  B 484 

Anton , Gunther  Kurt 827 

Apprenticeship  and  skilled  employment  as- 
sociation, London 1709,1710 

Arendt,  Henriette,  sister 736 

Argentine  Republic 1035, 1036 

Armstrong  association  of  Philadelphia 75 

Arastein,  Leo 324 

Axono  vie  i,  Carol 76 

Aronvia,  B . C 1367 

Ashby , Irene  M . See  Mac  fady en , Irene  M . A . 

Astor , W aldor  f 1502 

Atherton,  Sarah  H 77 

Austin,  Richard  W 713 

Austria.  Arbeitsstatistisches  Amt 762 

Ayres,  Leonard  P 1711 

Ayres,  Will  jam  A 679 

Bach6,  Rene 1077 

Backus,  August  C 445 

Bacon,  Augustus  O 663 

Bacon,  Mary  A 1236,1236a 

Baggallay,  F.  W 865 

Bailey,  Mrs.  E.  L 78,328 


items,  not  to  pages.] 

Baker,  S.  Josephine 556 

Baldwin,  B.J 79,326 

Ballantyne,  A 1136 

Barker,  Henry  A 1324 

Barnard,  Henry 1503 

Barnard,  J.  Lynn 463 

Barnard,  Kate 80,81 

Barrett,  J.  F 330a 

Barrows,  Alice  P 327, 1652, 1696 

Bartlett,  Charles  L 673 

Bates,  Blanche 1325-1327 

Batten,  Samuel  Z 383 

Baudoin,  Lionel 983 

Beauregard,  Paul 800 

Beck,  James  D 330 

Beckwith , H o Imes 1504 

Seeks,  Gertrude 1237 

Belgium.  Corps  legislate 782 

Laws,  statutes,  etc 783, 785 

Ministere  de  Pint6rieur 786 

Office  du  travail 787 

Belgium  (Territory  under  German  occupa- 
tion, 1914-).  Laws,  statu  tes,  etc 788 

Benedict,  Leonard 1368 

Berger,  T.  Ph 828 

Berry,  Georges 808 

Bertoni,  B 1022 

Best,  Marie 396 

Best,  Ro  bert  H 1505 

Betts,  Lillian  W 1 1137,1190 

Beveridge,  Albert  J 322, 601-605, 664 , 1301 

Beveridge,  William  H 1506 

Bierer,  Willy 829,1138 

Birmingham,  England.  Education  commit- 
tee  1712-1716,1730 

Bittman,Karl 845 

Black,  Clementina 867 

Blackmon,  Fred  L 680 

Blankenburg,  Rudolph. 476 

Blaseoer,  Frances 82 

Blenk,  James  H.,  archbishop 329, 1369 

Bliss,  II.  L 720 

Bloomfield,  Meyer 1, 41, 830, 868, 1507-1512 

Blydenburgh,  Benjamin  B 1328 

Booth,  Charles 1139 

Borah,  William  E 326,606 

Borland,  William  P 681 

Bosanquet,  Helen,  Mrs.  B 869,870 

Boston.  Post £89 

Public  schools 1371 

Boswell,  H elen  V 83, 84 

Boswell,  M.  Louise 85, 328 

Bouquet,  Louis 796 

Bowen,  Louise  II 86,1191,1309 

Bower,  J . W . N 1404 

Bradford,  Eng.  Education  committee. . . 1717-1723 

Bragg,  Shirley 71 

Brants,  V 984 

Bray,  Reginald  Arthur. . . 13, 871, 872, 952, 1513, 1514 
Breckinridge,  S.  P 464,465,1727 

143 


144 


AUTHOR  INDEX, 


Bremer,  Harry  M 329,346,466,1053-1055 

Brereton,  Cloudesley 1515 

Brewer,  Franklin  N 74,1192 

Brinton,  Jasper  Y 607, 650, 653 

British  association  for  labour  legislation . . 2, 873, 874 

Britt,  James  J 713 

Britton,  James  A 87, 324 

Brooke,  Emma  F 737 

Brooklyn.  Public  library 42 

Brooks,  J ohn  G 88, 89, 321 

Brown,  Edward  F 90, 

328, 342, 1078, 1079, 1094, 1095, 1372, 1373 

Brown,  Emma  E . . . 1374 

Brown,  Frederic  K 1238 

Brown,  H.  Maughan 1516, 1766 

Brown,  John  George 1375 

Bruce,  Andrew  A 608 

Bru4re,  Robert  W 1765 

Brumbaugh,  Martin  G. . . 378 

Brundage,  Howard  D 18, 1654 

Brunhes,  H.  J 797 

Brussels.  Exp.  du  travail  a domicile 1140 

Bry,  Georges  Ernest 798 

Bryan,  William  J . 609 

Buckmaster,  Stanley  0 875 

Bulgaria.  Laws,  statutes,  etc 1039 

Bullock,  Edna  D 3, 91 

Bureau  of  municipal  research,  New  York — 467 

Burke,  Thomas 1376,1517 

Burnham,  Ernest 327, 1652 

Busser,  Ralph  C 1518 

Butler,  Elizabeth  B 92,1193,1377 

Byington,  Margaret  F 1239 

Byler,  J.  Frank 1761 

Byrnes,  James  F 713 

Cadwallader,  Starr 322, 468 

California.  Bureau  of  labor  statistics 93, 1080 

Industrial  welfare  commission 94 

Campagnac,  E.  T 1378,1519 

Campbell,  Helen 440 

Campbell,  John  C 328, 1240 

Campbell,  M.  Edith 95, 326, 327, 1652, 1724 

Campbell,  Robert  A 470,471 

Campbell,  Willard  A 472 

Canada.  Royal  commission  on  industrial 

training 1520 

Cannon,  Joseph  G 713 

Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Laws,  statutes,  etc 1521 

Capen,  Edward  W 1522 

Cardiff.  Education  committee 1725 

Carleton,  Ernest  E 1056 

Carlton,  Frank  T 97,98,1654 

Carrigan,  Thomas  C 473 

Carter,  William  H 682 

Cary,  C.  P 1705 

Cary,  W illiam  J 683 

Cat  heron,  Allison  G .99 

Chamberlain,  Mary  L 1081,1082 

Chamberlain,  Norman 876,1726 

Chandler,  H.  A.  E 474 

Chapman,  Sydney  J 1241, 1523 

Chauvet,  Emile 1014 

Chenery,  William  L 1524 

Cheney,  Howell 324, 1242, 1767 

Cherouny,  Henry  W 1525 

Chesser,  Elizabeth  S 1526 

Chevaillier,  A.  A 440 


Chicago.  Child  welfare  exhibit,  1911 . . 100, 101, 1380 

Chicago  school  of  civics  and  philanthropy 43, 

101, 1727 

Chicago.  Vice  commission . 1379 

Child,  Richard  W 610 

Child  labor  conference,  Hartford,  Conn 102 

Church,  Den ver  S 684 

Churchill,  F.  S . . 101, 1768 

Chute,  Charles  L 109, 110, 

326, 476, 479-481, 1059, 1114, 1115, 1210, 1381 

Cincinnati.  Chamber  of  commerce,  etc 1728 

City  Club  of  Chicago 1529 

Clapham,  J.  H 1547 

Clark,  David 330,674 

Clark,  Davis  W Ill 

Clark,  S.  H 101, 1333 

Clark,  Victor  S 878 

Clarke,  Allen 879 

Claxton,  P.  P 327,1652 

Cleland,  Ethel . 112 

Cline,  Cyrus 685 

Cloete,  J.  G 964,1480 

Clopper,  Edward  N... 4,113-121,323, 

324,  325,  326,  329,  330a,  341,  346,  482,  483,  721, 
722,  1060, 1211, 1382-1390,  1442, 1530-1532, 1769 

Cochrane,  Thomas 743 

Cohen,  Barney 490 

Collet,  Clara  E 880,1141,1244 

Colorado.  Bureau  of  labor  statistics 122 

Columbia  typographical  society,  Wash 1533 

Columbia  University . Teachers’ college 19 

Committee  on  wage-earning  children, 

London 881,882 

Commons,  John  R 123,124,484 

Conant,  Richard  K 326, 

327, 328, 329, 650, 653, 1245, 
1246,  1391,  1392,  1536, 1652 

Condy,  George 883 

Conference  of  commissioners  on  uniform  state 

laws 591-593 

Congr^s  inter,  du  patronage  de  la  jeunesse 

ouvrifcre 738 

Connecticut.  Board  of  education 487 

Bureau  of  labor  statistics 102, 125, 126 

Commission  to  investigate  conditions  of 

wage-earning  women  and  minors 127 

Consumers’  league  of  Connecticut 102 

Conyngton,  Mary 372,421,1098 

Cooley,  Edwin  G. 1537 

Cooley,  Jane  C 440 

Coon,  Charles  L 128,326 

Cooper,  John  G 686 

Cooreman,  Gerard 795 

Corcoran,  Julia 102,1770 

Coulter,  Ernest  K 129 

Courcelle,  Louis 799,800 

Covington,  J.  Harry 1105 

Cox,  Irene 884 

Cox,  William  E 687 

Craighead,  Erwin 1538 

Craissac,  Abel 804 

Crampton,  Charles  W 1771 

Crane,  Mrs.  Frederick 327,1652 

Cranston,  Mary  R 885,1194,1539 

Crawshaw,  F.  D — 1705 

Creel,  George 220-223,294 

Crosby,  Ernest  H 1247 


AUTHOR  INDEX, 


145 


Crosby,  Fanny  J 340 

Crowley,  R.  H A 1594 

Crumpacker,  Edgar  D 661,665 

Cunningham,  William .71". 886 

Cunnington,  B 1540 

Dabney,  Charles  W 322, 1541 

Dagan,  Henri 801 

Dallinger,  Frederick  W 713 

Daniels,  Annie  S 1142 

Daniels,  Harriet  McD 130 

Daurnay,  Maxime 833 

Davies,  Edgar  T 101, 131, 322, 324, 489, 490 

Davis,  A.  S 1727 

Davis,  Anne 1729 

Davis,  Philip 132, 1393, 1394 

Dawley,  Thomas  R 133, 342, 1094, 1248 

Dawson,  Lucile  F 134 

Dealey,  James  Q 135 

Dean,  Arthur  D 20, 135a,  1542 

Dearie,  Norman  B 850, 1543, 1730 

Deffenbaugh,  W.  S 1535 

DeGroot,  E.  D.. 330 

De  Lacy,  William  H 136 

Delas,  Joseph  M 1015 

Delaware.  General  assembly.  Senate 137 

De  Leon,  Edwin  W 139, 324, 1772 

Denman,  Richard  D 14,889,951,1547 

Denmark.  Laws,  statutes,  etc 1040-1045 

Denson,  Daisy 491 

Deutsch,  Julius 1023 

Devine,  Edward  T 140, 323, 723 

Devon.  County  council 954 

De  Voss,  Emilia  V.  Kanthack 834 

Dewar,  David 887 

Dewavrin,  Maurice 492 

Dewey,  John 342, 1095 

Dodd,  Edward  A 1108 

Dodge,  Harriet  H 1731 

Doherty,  J.  B 141 

Dooley,  L.  W 1544 

Dorr,  Rheta  C 1143, 1195, 1249, 1250, 1545 

Dough  ton,  Robert  L. 688 

Dowdall,  H.  Chaloner 1395 

Downey,  Ezekiel  H 493 

Drage,  Geoffrey 888 

Draper,  Andrew  S 142, 324, 1546 

Dron,  Gustave 1558 

Drown,  Frank  S 325, 724 

Drummond,  Margaret 1805 

Drummond,  W.  B 1805 

Dublin,  Louis  1 1774 

Dubois,  E 74,789* 

Dubois,  Fred.  T 662 

DucpStiaux,  Edouard 739,790,1208 

Dunckley,  Henry 877 

Dunlop,  Olive  J 14, 889, 1547 

Durham,  Miss 850 

Durland,  Kellogg 143, 1212 

Dutton,  Samuel  T 1548 

Dwight,  Helen  C 334, 341, 1311, 1396, 1773 

Eagleston,  A.  J. . 1403 

E astman , Crystal 144 

Edlmann,  Edith 835,1732 

Edwards,  Alba  M 494 

Edwards,  Mrs.  H.  M 973 

Eldman,  Benjamin  W 145 

Ellis,  Leonora  B 1251, 1252, 1549 

Elson,  W.  E 327, 1652 

44193°— 16 10 


Emery,  James  A 613 

Engel,  Sigmund 147 

Erickson,  Halford 320, 495 

Esche,  Arthur 836 

Eschenbrenner,  Josephine  J 148, 

329, 330a,  342, 478, 1094 

Evans,  Orrena  L 496 

Fairchild,  Fred  R 497 

Fahey,  Charles  P 1253 

Falkenbach,  Joseph 837 

Farnam,  Henry  W 498,614 

Favill,  Henry  B 324,326,1335 

Fehlinger,  Hans 765 

Feld,  Wilhelm 838 

Ferraris,  Carlo  F 985 

Field,  Arthur  S 149 

Findeisen,  H 839 

Fischer,  Alfons 740 

Fischer,  Charlotte  R 1828 

Fish,  Frederick  P 150 

Fitzgerald,  John  J 661 

Fleisher,  Alexander 148S 

Flesch,  Karl 828 

Flexner,  Mary 1551 

Folks,  Homer 151, 322, 325, 499 

Forbush,  William  B 152, 1398 

Fordney,  Joseph  W 673 

Foster,  Thomas 1254 

Fox,  Charles  E 383 

Fox,  Hugh  F 74, 153, 320, 500 

France.  Assemblee  nationale,  1871,  Chambre 

des  deputes 802 

Bureau  des  manufactures 803 

Comm,  de  1 'enseignement  professionnel  — 1552 

Conseil  gdn^ral  de  1 ’agriculture 1553 

Conseil  superieur  du  travail 804, 1554 

Direction  du  travail 974, 1555-1557 

Laws,  statutes,  etc 805, 1558, 1559 

Ministere  des  affaires  4t.rangeres 741 

Min.  du  travail etde  la  pr6 vo yancesociale.  806, 807 

Par lement,  1910.  Chambre  des  d6put6s 808 

Francke,  E 840 

Frankel,  Lee  K 1774 

Fraser,  Patrick  F 1560 

Freeman,  Arnold 5,890 

Freeman,  William 501 

Freiberg,  Albert  H 322, 324, 1775, 1776 

Freundlich,  Emmy 766 

Frey,  John  P 155, 327, 1652 

Frost,  Edward  W 321, 325,  .502 

Fulton,  Charles  W 667 

Furman,  Paul  N 156 

Furth,  Henriette 841 

Gallivan,  James  A 689 

Gardner,  Augustus  P 666 

Garnett,  William  H.  S 891, 1399 

Gaskell,  P 892 

Gay,  E.  F 527 

Georgia.  Laws,  statutes,  etc 675 

Gerard,  Claire 1255 

Germany 1116,1214 

Komm.  fur  Arbeiterstatistik 1562 

Laws,  statutes,  etc 842, 843 

Statistisches  Amt 742, 844 

Gesellschaftfiir  Soziale  Reform 845, 1117, 1312 

Gibb,  Spencer  J 157, 967 

Gibbons,  James,  Cardinal 297 


AUTHOR  INDEX. 


146 

r 

Giddings,  Franklin  H 1563 

Gideon,  Henry  J 383 

Gillette,  J.  M 327, 1061, 1652 

Gilman,  Charlotte  P 216, 1564 

Giretti,  Edoardo 986 

Gorres,  Karl 846 

Golden,  John 325, 1256 

Goldmark,  Josephine  C 325, 478, 1401, 1777 

Goldmark,  Pauline 366,1084,1144,1196,1402 

Goldstein,  Fanny 1025 

Gompers,  Samuel 321, 158-164, 1085 

Gordon,  F.  G.  R 1257 

Gordon,  Jean  M 165, 

166, 323, 324, 326, 327, 328, 503, 1336, 1652, 1778 

Gordon,  Mrs.  Martha  M.  0 894,951,1733,1734 

Gorrell,  Frank  E 1105 

Gottschalk,  Alfred 1145 

Graffenried,  Clare  de 441 

Granger,  Mrs.  A.  O 167,320 

Gray,  Benjamin  K 1565 

Gray,  Finly  H 690 

Gt.  Brit.  Board  of  education 895, 1566-1570, 1779 

Board  of  trade 896,1735,1736 

Sea  fishing  trade  com 1571 

Census  office 897 

Children’s  employment  commission  (1842) 

898,1215,1313 

(1862) 899,1064 

(1867) 1062,1064 

Education  dept 1572, 1573 

Factories  inquiry  commission 900 

! Foreign  office 901 

Home  dept.  .743, 902-910, 1197, 1216, 1403, 1404, 1574 

Interdepartmental  com 911, 1575, 1780 

Laws,  statutes,  etc 912-914,1217,1337 

Parliament,  House  of  Commons  select 

committees 915-919, 1146, 1147 

Standing  committee  on  bills 920 

Poor  law  comm 1063 

Post  office 921 

Royal  comm,  on  labour 922,1064 

Royal  comm,  on  poor  laws 923, 1405 

Greece.  Laws,  statutes,  etc 1046 

Green,  William  R 691 

Greenwood,  Arthur 924-927, 

952, 1065, 1576, 1737, 1738, 1780, 1781 

Griffin,  Appleton  Prentiss  Clark 12, 17 

Griinzel,H 1118 

Guggenheimer,  Aimee 297 

Guild,  Curtis 168, 325, 504, 1258 

Gunckel , J ohn  E 1406 

Gunton,  George 169 

Haas,  Ella  M 329 

Hadley,  A.  T 588 

Hale,  Edward  Everett 170 

Hale,  Eugene 662 

Hall,  Fred  S 325, 341, 505, 506, 725, 1119, 1577 

Hall,  George  A 171,326,329, 

366, 507, 508, 1148, 1149, 1196, 1408, 1578, 1782 

Hall,  Granville  S 1579 

Hall,  Mary  E 44 

Hall,  William  C 928 

Halsey,  O.  S 929 

Hampke,Thilo 1580 

Hand,  W.  H 327, 1535, 1581, 1582, 1652 

Hanks,  Ethel  E 576 

Hanson,  William  C 325, 326, 1783, 1784 


Hanus,  Paul  H 1583 

Hanway,  Jonas 930 

Hard,  William 1409 

Hardy,  Rufus 713 

Harmon,  William  E 324,1785 

Harms,  Bernard 818 

Harriman,  Mrs.  J.  Borden 325,1259 

Harris,  Henry  J 321, 509 

Hartford  vocational  guidance  com 1739 

Harvey,  E.  C 931 

Harvey,  George 172 

Harvey,  Lorenzo  D 1584,1705 

Harwood,  W 932 

Hasbach,  Wilhelm 1066 

Hauck,  Karl 767 

Haworth,  Paul  L 173 

Hayes,  Denis  A 1120 

Hayhurst,  E.  R 1811 

Haynes,  Frederick  E 510 

Heaton,  J.  Henniker 1411 

Hedges,  Anna  C 1585 

Hegedom,  Joseph  H 383 

Heller,  W olfgang 778 

Henderson,  Charles 72 

Henderson,  Charles  H 174 

Henderson,  Charles  R 175, 176, 323, 324, 1786 

Henderson,  Ernest  N 1654 

Henry,  A.  S 1382 

Herbst,  Rudolf 768 

Herkner,  Anna 297,329,330 

Hiatt,  James  S 1740 

Hicks,  Frederick  C 692 

Hiller,  Friedrich 828 

Hine,  Lewis  W 177, 178 

190,  269,  326,  328,  329,  330,  334,  346, 1060, 1067, 
1086-1090, 1095, 1150, 1151, 1260-1262, 1272, 1586 

Hird,  Frank 1152 

Hirsch,  Emil  G 179,320 

Hirst,  F.  W 955 

Hochfelder,  Julius 1587 

Hoffman,  Frederick  L 933, 1787 

Hogg,  Mrs.  E.  F 1153,1412,1413,1588 

Holland,  E.  O 327,1652 

Holland,  Robert  W 744,934 

Hollis,  John  P 326, 327, 511, 1652 

Holloway,  Charlotte  M 126 

j Holmes,  John  H 180,325 

i Hopkins,  Mary  Alden 1154,1155,1198,1263 

j Horton,  Isabelle 181 

j Hourwich,  Isaac  A 182 

j Howard,  William  S 673,713 

Hubbard,  Elbert 183 

Huber,  Mrs.  C.  J 512 

Hughes,  Edwin  H.,  bishop 330 

Hunter,  Robert 184, 185, 408, 1472 

Hutchins,  Miss  B.  Leigh 809,935 

Hutchinson,  W oods 324, 1068, 1589, 1788 

Ihlder,  John 1414 

Illinois.  Bureau  of  labor  statistics 186 

Office  of  inspectors  of  factories  and  woik- 

sliops 187 

Independent  labour  party 936 

Indiana.  Comm,  on  ind.  and  agri.  educ 1590 

Inglis,  William 1415 

International  association  for  labor  legisla- 
tion   745,746,1121 

International  congress  of  women,  London,  1899  747 


AUTHOR  INDEX, 


147 


International  labor  office 748, 749 

Iowa  state  teachers’  association 1741 

Ireland.  Street-trading  children  com 1416 

Iseman,  Myre  St.  W 189 

Italy.  Laws,  statutes,  etc 987,988 

Ministero  di  agri.,  ind.,  e comm 989-990 

Ufficio  del  lavoro 991 

Jackson,  Cyril 923, 937, 1406, 1592 

Jacobs,  Charles  Louis 45 

Jebb,  Eglantyne 1742 

Jeuschik,  A 769 

Jevons,  H.  Winefrid 938,1593,1594,1742 

Johnson,  Alexander . 329, 354 

Johnston,  A.  S 693 

Johnston,  John 1264,1595,1789 

Johnston,  Lettie  L 297, 1417, 1436 

Jones,  Chester 903 

Jones,  Herschel  H 190, 329, 346, 1790 

Jones,  Jerome 191,328 

June,  Jennie,  pseud.  See  Cooley,  Jane  C. 

Kandel,  I.  L 192 

Kansas  City,  Mo.  Public  Library 21 

Kaup,  J 845 

Keating,  Edward . 330a,  694, 713 

Keeling,  Frederic 2, 6, 873, 939, 1744 

Kelley,  Mrs.  Florence 74, 101, 

102, 125, 193-202, 226, 320, 321, 322, 323, 3^,  325, 
326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 330a,  383, 440, 476, 513-526, 
594, 618, 619, 650, 653, 975, 1091, 1122, 1157, 1158, 
1317,  1339,  1418-1421,  1596,  1597,  1652,  1791 

Kelley,  Mary  R.  G 1745 

Kelley,  Patrick  H 673 

Kellogg,  Paul  U 1318 

Kendall,  Henry  P 330,595 

Kennard,  Howard  P 1004 

Kennedy,  A.  K.  Clark 967 

Kennedy,  Albert  J 356 

Kennedy,  Ambrose 695 

Kennedy,  James  B 1598 

Kenypn,  Ruth 1066 

Kenyon,  William  S 696,750 

Kestner,  Fritz 1123,1314 

Kettlewell,  John  E •- 927 

Key,  Ellen  K.  S 204 

Kildare,  Owen  F 1422 

King,  Frederick  A 1423 

Kingsbury,  John  A 207,328 

Kingsbury,  Susan  M 527, 1599 

Kinney , Michael 311 

Kirkland,  James  H 208,320,323,1600 

Kitchin,  William  W 620 

Kittermaster,  D.  B 940 

Know  land,  Joseph  R 676 

Knowles,  G.  W 1746 

Kober,  George  M 321,1792 

Kohne,  Paul 845 

Kohn,  August 1265, 1266 

Kramers,  Martina  G 999 

Kraus,  Sigmund 771 

Kroll,  Grace 1394 

Krows,  A.  E 1340 

Kuechle,  B.  E 1424 

Kiihne,  Alfred 845 

Kydd,  Samuel 941 

Labour  year  book 942 

Ladoff,  Isador 209 

Landmann , Jul 1026 

Lapp,  John  A 22,1601 


Larcom,  Lucy 1267 

Laselle,  Mary  A 1747 

Lasker,  Bruno 956 

Lathrop,  Julia  C 328,424,476,650,653 

Laufer,  Rene 810 

Laughton,  A.  M 982 

Leake,  Albert  H 1602 

Leavitt,  Frank  M 329,1603,1604 

Lederer,  Max 772 

Leeds,  Eng.  Education  committee 943 

Legge,  James  G 1008, 1009 

Legge,  Thomas  M 30 

Lemire,  Jules  A 802 

Lennard,  Reginald 1069 

Lenroot,  Irvine  L 697 

Leonard,  Robert  J 210, 1605 

Lesser,  Ernest 849 

Leupp,  Constance 211 

Levasseur,  Emile 212 

Lewis,  David  J 649,712,713 

Lewis,  Ervin  E 1606 

Lewis,  W illiam  D 621, 622, 650, 653 

Ley,  Frank  T. 213 

Lightbody,  W.  M 944 

Lindsay,  Samuel  McCune 214-218, 

321, 322, 324, 325, 327, 328, 329, 330a, 
528,  529,  596,  623,  624,  1607,  1652 

Lindsey,  Benjamin  B 219-223, 294, 320, 324, 530 

Lingle,  Mrs.  T.  W 330a 

Little,  William  C 1064 

Lodge,  Henry  C 662 

Logue,  Charles  H 1608 

London,  Jack 224 

London,  Meyer 698 

London.  County  council 850, 


1397, 1425, 1426, 1609-1613 

Loos,  Isaac  A 531 

Lord,  Everett  W 102, 225, 323, 324, 

325, 851, 1092, 1268, 1341, 1342, 1427, 1614-1616 

Loriga,  Giovanni 992, 1793 

Louisiana.  Bureau  of  statistics  of  labor 226 

Lovejoy,  Owen  R 102,227-244,294, 

320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 329, 330, 331, 338, 
342, 346, 365, 476, 532-537, 597, 625, 626, 633, 650, 
945, 1070, 1071, 1094, 1095, 1124, 1125, 1159-1161, 
1218-1223, 1343, 1428-1430, 1618-1626, 1794-1796 


Lowell  offering 1269 

Luetgebrune,  Walter 1315 

Luke,  Jemima 340 

Luppe,  Hermann 828 

Luther,  Seth 245,1797 

Macarthur,  W 246 

MacChesney,  Nathan  W 627,639 

McCleary,  G.  F 247 

McCracken,  Robert  M 699 

MacCulloch,  Campbell 1072 

McCulloch,  Roscoe  C 700 

McCullough,  Joseph  A 248, 328, 329 

Macdonald,  Nv  C 1073 

McDowell,  James  R 324,538 

McDowell,  Mary  E 101 

McEnnis,  John  T 249 

Macfadyen,  Irene  M.  Ashby . 250-253,1270 

Mac  Go  wan,  K 1344 

McKelway,  A.  J 254-286, 


320,  321,  322,  323,  324,  325,  326,  327,  328, 
329, 340, 346, 409, 539-542, 628, 629, 650, 653, 
1074, 1271-1277, 1431, 1432, 1627, 1652, 1798 


148 


AUTHOR  INDEX, 


McLaughlin,  James  C . 673 

McLean,  Francis  H 216, 791, 797 

McLeod,  Malcolm  J 287,288 

McMillan,  Margaret 946, 1628, 1629, 1799 

McNeill,  George  E . 301 

McWilliams,  David 1254 

Madden,  Martin  B 661, 673 

Magruder,  Julia 289 

Main,  W 952 

Maine.  Bureau  of  industrial  and  labor  statis- 
tics  290,291,1278 

Committee  on  industrial  education 1630 

Department  of  labor  and  industry 291 

Malcolm,  A.  G 1800 

Mangold,  George  B . . . ’. 292, 293, 1433, 1748 

Mann,  James  R 673,  712,713 

Manning,  Caroline 527 

Manning,  Henry  Edward,  cardinal 877 

Mansie,  Alexander 1631 

Marburg,  Theodore 212 

Markham,  Edwin 294, 

1126, 1162-1164, 1225, 1226, 1279, 1280, 1316, 1434 

Marmel,  Tarrida  del 1016 

Marot,  Helen 295 

Marshall,  Florence  M 1632 

Martin,  George  H 1633 

Marx,  David 296,328 

Maryland.  Bureau  of  industrial  statistics  297, 1801 

Bureau  of  statistics  and  information 543, 

1093, 1345, 1435, 1436 

Commission  on  industrial  education 1634 

Mason,  John 1346 

Massachusetts.  Board  of  education 1635, 1636 

Bureau  of  statistics 8, 1165 

Bureau  of  statistics  of  labor. 1637 

Commissioners  for  promotion  of  uniformity 

of  legislation 598 

Commission  on  industrial  education . . . 1638, 1639 

Commission  on  minimum  wage-boards 298 

Commission  to  investigate  the  inspection  of 

factories,  workshops,  etc 299 

Constable  of  the  commonwealth 300,301 

General  court.  House  of  representatives..  302 

Minimum  wage  commission 303 

State  board  of  labor  and  industry 544-546 

Massachusetts  child  labor  committee 304, 1437 

Massd,  Daniel 811 

Mather,  Sir  William 1638 

Maxey,  Edwin 630 

Medley,  K.  I.  M 1199 

Meerwarth 991 

Meny,  Georges 1166 

Merriman,  C 1109 

Merritt,  Ella  A 577 

Meyer,  H.  H.  B 38 

Michigan.  State  commission  on  industrial 

education 1640 

Miles,  H.  E 1641, 1649-1651, 1705 

Miller,  Marion  Mills 305 

Miller,  Wallace  E 306,322 

Milton,  George  F 323,1642,1643 

Minneapolis  vocational  survey  committee. . . 1749 

Minnesota.  Bureau  of  labor 307-309 

Minor,  Jeanie  V 325, 549 

Minton-Senhouse,  Robert  M 947 

Mises,  Ludwig  von 773 


Missouri.  Bureau  of  labor  statistics  and  in- 


spection : 310 

Senate  wage  committee  for  women  and 

children . 311 

Mitchell,  John. 102, 312, 1227, 1803 

Montague,  J.  F 340 

Mcntessori,  Marie 1228 

Montgomery,  Louise ......: 313, 1804 

Moore,  J.  Hampton 713 

Moore,  John  T 1281 

Morant,  R.  L 1027 

Morgan,  John  H 314,322,323,550 

Morrell,  E.  de  V r 661 

Morrison,  Henry  C 325,551 

Mosby,  Thomas  S ¥ 315 

Moses,  Mabelle 527 

Mosso,  Angelo 1805- 

Mote,  Carl  H 22, 1601 

Motley,  James  M 1644 

Moulder,  Priscilla  E 948,1645 

Moulton,  John  G 44 

Muench,  Hugo . . . ’ 852 

Muensterberg,  Hugo.. 1646 

Mundella,  A.  J 949 

Murdoch,  Mrs.  W.  L 316,328,329,330a 

Murphy,  Edgar  G 73,317,318,631,632 

Musick,  Samuel  H 1647 

Mussey,  Mabel  H.  B 319 

National  association  of  manufacturers  of  the 

United  States 1649-1651 

National  child  labor  committee,  N.  Y 320-353, 

552, 553, 633-636, 726, 1094, 1095, 1127, 
1167, 1272, 1282, 1442-1444,  1652, 1807 

National  civic  federation  review 1200 

National  conference  of  charities  and  correc- 
tion   354 


National  conference  on  prevention  of  desti- 


tution  951,952 

National  conference  on  vocational  guidance. . 1653, 

1658,1659 

National  consumers’  league 355 

National  education  association 1654, 1655 

National  federation  of  settlements 356 


National  society  for  the  promotion  of  indus- 
trial education 1656, 1657 

National  vocational  guidance  association . 1658, 1659 

Nearing,  Scott 357-360, 

1168, 1283, 1445-1447, 1660, 1808 

Neill,  Charles  P 321, 361, 421 

Nelson,  Nell 249 

Netherlands  (Kingdom),  1815 1000 

Directie  van  der  arbeid 1001, 1169 

Laws,  statutes,  etc 1002 

New  Hampshire.  Children’s  commission 555 

New  Jersey.  Bureau  of  statistics  of  labor  and 

industries 362,363 

Commission  on  industrial  education 1661 

New  South  Wales.  Royal  commission 976 

State  children’s  relief  department 1448 

Statistician’s  office 977 

New  York  (City).  Bureau  of  child  hygiene...  556 
New  Y ork  (State).  Bureau  of  factory  inspec- 
tion  557 

Bureau  of  labor  statistics 364, 1096, 1170, 1662 

Bureau  of  stat  istics  and  information 1097 

Commission  on  relief  for  widowed  mothers. . 39 

Department  of  labor 23,558,1284 


AUTHOR  INDEX. 


149 


New  York  (State).  Education  department.  24, 

46, 1663, 1664 


Factory  investigation  commission 365,366 

New  York.  Public  library 33 

New  York  child  welfare  exhibit,  1911 367 

Newell,  Mary  H 328,368 

Newman,  Pauline  M 329 

News  and  Courier,  Charleston,  S.  C 1265,1266 

News  and  Observer,  Raleigh,  N.  C 677 

Nichol,  Henry 328,369 

Nicholes,  Anna  E 559 

Nicholls,  Samuel  J 713 

Nichols,  Francis  H 1229 

Nichols,  J.  Howard 73 

Niczky , W alther 853 

Nienburg,  Bertha  von  der 373 

Noble,  D 1309 

Nolan,  John  1 701 

North  Carolina.  Bureau  of  labor  and  print- 
ing  370 

Norway.  Laws,  statutes,  etc 1010 

Nova  Scotia.  Factories’  inspector 978 

Noyes,  William 321, 342, 371, 1094, 1665 

Nudd,  Howard  W 1666 

Oates,  Austin 1456 

Oates,  W.  H 69, 70,328, 1810 

Obenauer,  Marie  Louise 372,373,1098 

Odencrantz,  Louise  C 1320 

Ogburn,  William  F * 560, 1667 

Ogden,  C.  K 1505 

Ohio.  Industrial  commission . 374,561,1201 

State  board  of  health 1811 

Okey,  Mrs.  Thomas 993 

O’Leary,  Wesley  A ;... 1668 

Oliver,  Henry  K 300 

Oliver,  Sir  Thomas 1812, 1813 

Ontario.  Laws,  statutes,  etc 979 

(frchardson,  C 440 

Oregon.  Board  of  inspectors  of  child  labor...  375 

Child  welfare  commission 376 

Industrial  welfare  commission 377 

O'Reilly,  Mary  Boyle 1105 

Ort,  Jan 1003 

Ortu,  F.  Cocco 990,994 

Otey,  Elizabeth  L 572, 1285 

Paeuw,  L4on  de 1669 

Page,  Anna  B 751,980 

Page,  Arthur  W 1670 

Page,  Robert  N 702 

Palmer,  Walter  B 1286 

Park,  Robert  E 1233 

Parker,  Lewis  W 323, 1671 

Parkinson,  Thomas  1 638-643 

Parkman,  T.  1 330 

Parsons,  Frank 47 

Parsons,  James 1750 

Parton,  Mabel 527 

Paul,  Eden 147 

Pauling,  James  K 1457 

Payen,  Edouard 813 

Peacock,  Netta 1004 

Peaeock,  Robert 1403, 1458 

Pearse,  C.  G.. 327,1652 

Pearson,  Robert  H 1814 

Peck,  J.  W 951,*1751 

Peixotto,  Jessica  B 330 

Pelham,  Herbert  S 953 


Pennsylvania.  Bureau  of  vocational  educa- 


tion  562,563 

Department  of  labor  and  industry 1202 

Governor 378 

Pennsylvania  child  labor  committee. 188, 

379,564,653 

Pennypacker,  Mrs.  Percy  V 329 

Perrin,  John  W 1672 

Perry,  Arthur  R 650, 1298 

Persons,  Charles  E 527 

Peters,  A.  J 327,1652 

Philadelphia.  Board  of  public  education. 

Pedagogical  library 48 

Vice  commission 1459 

Philippine  Islands.  Bureau  of  printing 1673 

Pieper,  August 854 

Pierce,  Franklin 644 

Platt,  Edmund 703 

Pollitzer,  Johann 1674 

Poole,  Ernest 1460-1462 

Pope,  Samuel 954 

Popp,  Adelheid 774 

Porter,  George  R 955 

Porter,  Giles 102 

Porter,  H.  F.  J 1463 

Portugal.  Laws,  statutes,  etc 1048 

Potter,  Zenas  L . . 327, 366, 1099, 1100, 1442, 1464, 1652 

Pou,  E.  W 713 

Praete,  Frank  C 1105 

Pratt,  E.E 381 

Pray,  K.  L.  M 382 

Prelie  de  la  Nieppe,  E . de 855 

Price,  W.  D 1318 

Profumo,  L.  G 995 

Progressive  party,  New  York 384 

Prosser,  Charles  A — 1635 

Puffer,  Joseph  Adams 1675 

Quimby,  Harriet : — 1348 

Quin,  Percy  E. 713 

Quinn,  Lillian  A 1442, 1466 

Rafter,  Charles  H 1403 

Ragsdale,  J.  Willard 712,713 

Ramaix,  de 752, 792 

Rambousek,  Josef 30 

Randall,  Charles  H. 704 

Rankin,  Mildred 297 

Rauchberg,  Heinrich 385 

Reber,  Louis  E 1705 

Reed,  Mrs.  Anna  Y 1676 

Reeder,  Charles  Wells 34 

Reeves,  Edith 527 

Reigart,  John  F 1677 

Reina,  Ettore 996,1349 

Renard,  Georges 814 

Revenga  y Alzamora,  Antonio 1021 

Rhode  Island.  Bureau  of  industrial  statistics.  386 

Commissioner  of  public  schools 1678 

Rich,  Edith  J 753 

Rich,  Jessie  P 329,1150 

Richards,  Charles  R 18, 25, 1654, 1662 

Richmond,  Mary  E 387 

Richmond,  Va.  Vocational  education  sur- 
vey  . 1752 

Ricketts,  Edwin  D 705 

Rigby,  Lilian  M 1753 

Riis,  Jacob  A 129, 1171, 1172, 1467 

Robbins,  H 74 

I Roberts,  Charles 1815 


150 


AUTHOR  INDEX, 


Roberts,  Peter 388, 1230, 1288 

Robinson,  Clarence  C 389 

Robinson,  Harriet  J 1289 

Robinson,  Joseph  T 657 

Rochester,  Anna 329, 

334, 346, 390, 391, 645, 650, 653, 1110, 1290 

Rogers,  John  J 672,713 

Roosevelt,  Theodore 326,392-395 

Rose,  Marie  L 297 

R oseboro , Viola 396 

Ross,  G.  F 327,1652,1816 

Ross,  William  E 397 

Rossi,  Alessandro 997 

Roszelle,  Edward  M 102,565 

Rotch,  Thomas  M 1817 

Rowntree,  B.  Seebohm 793,956 

Royal  society  of  arts,  London. 1818 

Royle,  E.M 1350 

Riihle,  Otto 856 

Ruffy,  Paulde 779,780 

Runciman,  Walter 891 

Russell,  Charles  E 178 

Russell,  C.  E . B 1378, 1403, 1468, 1469, 1519, 1753 

Russian  year  book 1004 

Ryan,  John  Augustine 35,327, 1652 

Ryan,  W.  C.,jr 1535 

Ryff,  Mme 1028 

Sadler,  Michael  E 26,890,1009,1679 

Sakolski,  A.  M 438, 1700 

Samuel,  Herbert 743 

Sand  iford,  Peter 957,1291 

Sanger,  Robert  C 1075 

Sanville,  Florence  L 398, 1292, 1293 

Sargent,  Frank  B 727 

Savoy,  Emile 1680 

Schaeffer,  Nathan  C 322, 1681 

Schall,  Thomas  D 706 

Schiff,  Walter 775 

Schindler,  Solomon 440 

Schneider,  Herman 326, 1682 

Schroeter,  Jakob 1005 

Schultze 857 

Schulz,  M.  von 826 

Schwimmer,  Rosika 781 

Schwittau,  G 1006 

Schwyzer,  Eugen 1029, 1173 

Scott,  John  R.  K 707 

Scott,  Jonathan  French 1683 

Scott,  Laura 125, 566 

Scott,  Nathan  B 662 

Sears,  Horace  S 73 

Sears,  William  J 708 

Seddon,  A.  E 269,323,1272 

Seddon,  Alfred  A 1294, 1684 

Seidl,  E 1231 

Selig,  Mathilde  L 297 

Seligman,  Isaac  N 324, 399 

Selley,  Ernest 1076 

Sergeant,  Elizabeth  S 1174, 1175 

Sewall,  Hannah  R 400 

Shadwell,  Arthur 754 

Sheets,  Nellie  F 567 

Sherard,  Robert  H 958, 1470 

Sherley , Swagar 713 

Sherwood,  Sidney 297 

Shorey , Eva  L 290, 1101 

Shouse,  Jewett 709 


Siegel,  Isaac 710 

Sigg,  Jean 1176 

Simon,  Helene 854 

Simson,  Frau 959, 1177 

Sinclair,  Eunice 330a 

Smail,  J.  C 1612 

Smart,  G.  B ; 98I 

Smith,  A.  E.  Stanley •» 960 

Smith,  Addison  T 711 

Smith,  Anna  T 1535 

Smith,  Charles  F 325, 401 

Smith,  Constance 874, 952, 969 

Smith,  Elizabeth  Oakes 1471 

Smith,  Hoke 402 

Smith,  Oliver  C . . 102, 1819 

Smyth,  Ellison  A 403 

Snedden,  David ......  325, 1548, 1685 

Solensten,  R.  T 328,404 

Sorge,  F.  A. 405 

Southern  conference  on  woman  and  child 

labor 406 

Spahr,  Charles  B 407 

Spain.  Instituto  de  reformas  sociales. . . 1017, 1018 

Laws,  statutes,  etc 1019, 1020 

Spalding,  John  L 1686 

Spangenberg,  Hans 858 

Spargo,  John 408,1472 

Spaulding,  F.  E 1687 

Spencer,  Amy  H 935 

Stelze,  Chas 1473 

Stephens,  George  A 1688 

Stetson,  George  R 1820 

Stevens,  Alzina  P 108, 202 

Stieda,  Wilhelm 756,859 

Stiles,  Ch.  Wardell 1298 

Stimson,  Frederic  J 568, 569 

Stoddard,  William  L 1248 

Stovall,  A.  T 326,599 

Stowe,  Lyman  B 1474 

Stratton,  George  F 255, 409 

Sullivan,  James  D 1663, 1664 

Sumner,  Helen  L 54, 123, 576, 577 

Sumner,  Mary  B 410 

Swan,  Charles  H 411 

Swaysland,  E 1638 

Sweden 1010,1012 

Laws,  statutes,  etc 1013 

Swift,  W.  II 328, 329, 330, 330a,  412, 570,1295 

Tague,  Peter  F 713 

Talbert,  Ernest  L 413, 1754 

Tawney,  James  A 661 

Tawney,  R.  H 952, 961, 962, 967 

Taylor,  Florence  1 341, 571, 1290, 1296,1821 

Taylor,  Graham 321,414 

Teleky,  Ludwig 1822, 1823 

Tennessee.  Dept,  of  shop  and  factory  in- 
spection   415 

State  library , N ash ville 9 

Terhune,  Leola  B 1476 

Texas.  University.  Department  of  exten- 
sion   10 

Thackrah,  Charles  T 1824 

Thompson,  Holland 1297 

Thompson,  Laura  A 40 

Thompson,  William  G 1825 

Tillman,  Benjamin  R 662 

Todd,  Helen  M 416 


AUTHOR  INDEX, 


Tumpkins,  Juliet  W 417 

Towson,  C.  R 418 

Trauttmansdorff,  Ferdinand,  Graf  von 776 

Travers,  John  C 297 , 1826 

Tremenheere,  H.  S 899 

Troutman,  Robert  B 648 

Trumbull,  Millie  R 327, 1652 

Tuckwell,  Gertrude  M 963, 969, 1179 

Tyler,  Ina 1482 

Ueland,  E 1755 

Ulm,  Aaron  H 269, 419, 1272 

UnitedStates.  Bureau  of  education.  16,27,485,1535 

Library 49 

Bureau  of  labor 28,29,420-422,572,573,  757, 

1103,  1111,  1129,  1203,  1298,  1319, 
1320,  1477,  1690,  1691, 1756,  1827 

Bureau  of  labor  statistics 11, 423, 574, 575, 758 

Library 31 

Bureau  of  the  census 728-731, 

1104, 1130, 1299, 1300 

Children’s  bureau 40, 424, 576, 577 

Commission  on  national  aid  to  vocational 

education 1692 

Congress.  House 661,668,673,678,712-714 

Committee  on  labor 649-653 

Committee  on  rules 1105 

Committee  on  the  District  of  Colum- 


bia  578-580,1693 

Committee  on  the  judiciary 654 

Senate 662,669-671 


Committee  on  interstate  commerce. . . 655-657 


Immigration  commission 1478, 1479 

Industrial  commission 425 

Laws, statutes, etc 581,658,659 

Library  of  Congress.  Division  of  bibliog- 
raphy   12,17, 29, 38 

Surgeon-general’s  office.  Library 32 

Urwick,  Edward  J 964, 1480, 1694 

Vaiden,  V 1695 

Valesh,  Eva  McD 426,582,583 

Van  der  Vaart,  Mrs.  Harriet 322, 584, 1131 

V an  Dyke,  Carl  C 715 

Van  Kleeck,  Mary 325, 1112, 1180-1182, 1204 

Van  Vorst,  Bessie 427-429, 1301, 1302 

VanVorst,  Mrs.  John.  See  Van  Vorst,  Bessie. 

Van  Vorst,  Marie 429,1302 

Vance,  A.  T 322 

Vare,  William  S 713,716 

Veditz,  Charles  William  A 759, 

777, 794, 815, 860, 998, 1030 

V ermeer  sch , Arthur 795 

Verrill,  Charles  Henry : 36 

V ictor ian  year  book 982 

Villard,  O.  G 660 

Villerme,  Louis  Rene 816, 1303 

Villota  y Presilla,  Isidro  de 1021 

Vocation  bureau,  Boston , . . 1757-1759 

V ocation  office  for  girls , B oston 1760 

Vocational  guidance  survey,  N.  Y 1696 

Wagner,  Robert  F 365,366 

Wald,  L.  D 324, 330a,  430 

Walling,  William  E 431 

Ward,  Grace  F 527 

Warner,  C.  F 1638 

Washington,  Booker  T 1233 

Washington  (State)  Bureau  of  labor 1106 

Washington  University,  St.  Louis 1482 


151 

j 

Watson,  Elizabeth  C . . . 338, 365, 366, 1161, 1183-1185 


Watson,  E.  J 325,432,585 

Watson,  Frank  D 433,1697 

Watson,  Walter  A 712,713,717 

Waudby,  William  S 434, 1232 

Waugh,  Benjamin 1483 

Waxweiler,  Emile 791 

Wayne,  Flynn 435 

Weaver,  Eli  W 436, 1698, 1761, 1762 

W eaver , Zebulon . 330a 

Webb,  Beatrice  P 965,966 

Webb,  Edwin  Y 718 

Webb,  Sidney 924,935,966 

Weicker,  Hans 845 

Wells,  EmilieL 437 

Welpton,  W.  P 1699 

Weltner,  C.  E 328, 1304 

Wentworth,  Laura  F 1511 

Weyl,  Walter  E 438, 1700 

White,  Frank  M 439, 1701 

White,  Henry 1186 

White,  Sophie  D 586 

Whitehouse,  John  H 967 

Whitin,  Ernest  S 587, 1107 

Whittelsey,  Sarah  S 588 

Whittemore,  Gilbert  E 325,732,1702 

Whitt  ier , John  G 340 

Wiese,  Dr 832 

Wilcox,  W.  R 1206 

W iley , Katherine  E 1747 

Wilhelmi,  L 828 

Will,  Thomas  E 108 

Williams,  John 324,733 

Williams,  Mornay 329, 1485 

Williams,  Talcott 1305 

Williamson,  Charles  C 33,37 

Williamson,  Emily  E 589 

Williamson,  Robert 968, 1207 

Willis,  W.  N 1187 

Willoughby,  William  F 441 

Willows,  Maurice 326, 1486 

Wilmarth,  Raymond  O 442 

Wilmer,  C.  B 443 

Wilson,  Francis 1338, 1355-1358 

Wilson,  Hilda 1594 

Wilson,  Lewis  A 24,46 

Winship,  A.  E 1487 

Winslow,  Charles  H 1501, 1703 

Winston,  G.  T 330a 

Wirth,  Clara 1188 

Wirth,  Max ' 1031 

Wischnewetzsky,  Florence  Kelley.  See 
Kelley,  Mrs.  Florence. 

Wisconsin.  Bureau  of  labor  and  industrial 

statistics 444, 445, 1488 

Commission  upon  plans  for  experiments  of 

industrial  and  agricultural  training 1704 

Industrial  commission 446,447 

Laws , statutes , etc 1489 

State  board  of  industrial  education 1705 

Wise,  Stephen  S 325,448,449 

Wolff,  Solomon 1359 

Women’s  educational  and  industrial  union, 

Boston 1321 

Womer,  Parley  P..’ 450,1490 

Wood,  George  H 970,971 

Wood,  Mrs.  Mary  I.  S 451 


152 


AUTHOR  INDEX, 


Wood,  William  R 719 

Woodbridge,  Alice  L 108 

Woods,  Robert  A 356,546 

Woodward,  Margaret 452 

Woodward,  S.W 321,453 

Woolley,  Mrs.  Helen  B.  T 327, 

454, 455, 590, 1652, 1706, 1828 

Woolley,  R.  W 1306 

Woolston,  Florence 1491 

Worcester,  Daisy  W 456,1298 


Worcester,  Wood  F 1298 

Woycicki,  Alexandre 1007 

Wright,  Carroll  D 15,  307,  422,  1707 

Wright,  Livingston 1493 

Year-book  of  social  progress 972 

Young,  Thomas  M 1307 

Zanten,  J.  H.  van 760 

Zentralstelle  fur  V olksw’ohlfahrt 1708 

Zinsli,  Ph 1032 

Zuicher,  E . 1033,1034 


SUBJECT  INDEX. 


{Numbers  refer  to  items,  not  to  pages.) 


Accidents 31,139,144,374,933,1319 

Age,  physiological 1765, 1771, 1793, 1817, 1822 

Age  limit 201, 285, 575, 577, 1227, 1287 

Connecticut 125 

Illinois 186 

France 796,804 

Germany 832 

See  also  Legislation. 

Agricultural  work 1049-1076 

Austria 1052 

France 796 

Germany 823  1050,1051 

Gt.  Brit 895, 

955, 1049, 1056-1058, 1062-1066, 1069, 1076 
U.  S...  1053-1055, 1059-1061, 1037, 1068, 1070-1075 
Alabama ....  69-73, 79, 190, 252, 253, 317, 328, 329, 330a 

Comp,  educ 458,577 

Cotton 1301 

Inspection 69-71 

Legis 253, 458, 459, 572, 573, 575, 577 

Alaska,  legislation 577 

American  Federation  of  Labor 97, 

102, 124, 158-164,312,565 

Apprenticeship 364, 

438, 1513, 1514, 1525, 1533, 1540, 1571, 1592, 1683 

Bibl 13-15,1680,1683 

Austria 1674 

British  Guiana 1631 

Cape  of  Good  Hope 1521 

France 1552-1559 

Germany 1562,1580,1639,1708 

Great  Britain 871,872, 

889,922,942, 1547, 1571, 1610, 1612, 1613 

Massachusetts 1637 

New  York 364 

Fhil.  Is 1647,1673 

Scotland . . .’ 1560 

Switzerland 1680 

United  States . . . 1608, 1644, 1649-1651, 1700, 1707 

Wisconsin 446 

Argentine  Republic 1035, 1036. 1037 

Arguments,  pro  and  con 88,91 

Arizona,  legis *. 474, 573, 575, 577 

Arkansas,  legis 539, 573, 575, 577 

Artificial  flowers: 

Great  Britain 1152 

New  York  City 1133, 1180 

Artist  child.  See  Stage  children. 

Australia 974,976,977,982 

Austria 696, 734, 742,  752, 758, 761-777, 817 

Agri 1052 

Bibl 768,771 

Coal 1231 

Legis 735, 750, 757, 777, 812 

Night  work 767,768 

School  children 832, 1528 


Bags,  paper 1152 

Baltimore 297,543,1826 

Agri 1054 

Mer.  estab 1193 

Stage 297,1329 

Beet  fields  of  Colorado 1060 

Belgium 758,782-795 

Home  work 1140 

Legis 696, 757, 783-786, 788, 792, 795 

Mines 782,1208 

Beveridge  child-labor  bill 601-605, 608, 630, 632 

Bibliographies: 

Apprenticeship 13-15,1680,1683 

Child  labor 1-12, 

108,  111 , 294, 389,  420, 446, 447, 473, 734, 756, 
817, 818,  839, 853, 863, 864, 873, 889, 890, 1027 

Comp,  educ 16,1535 

Cont.  schools 1679 

Eight-hour  day 17 

Indus,  educ 18-28, 

1504, 1537, 1602, 1604, 1630, 1654, 'l683 

Indus,  hyg 29-32 

Juv.  employ,  bur 1737,1744 

Minimum  wage 33-37 

Mothers’ pensions 38-40 

Vocational  guidance 41-49, 1508-1510 

Street  trades 1382,1394 

Birth  certificates 348, 549 

Birmingham,  Eng 890,958 

Juv.  employ,  bur 1712-1716, 1730, 1737 

Street  trades 1403 

Biscuit  factories,  Maryland 1098 

“ Blind  alley” occupations.  961, 1506, 1544, 1576, 1696 
See  also  Juvenile  occupations. 

Boot  and  shoe  industry,  Mass 429, 1321 

Bootblacks 1370, 1382, 1394, 1452, 1460, 1476, 1479 

Boston: 

Employ,  cert 576 

Juv.  occup 1731, 1758, 1759, 1760 

Newsboys’  court 1382, 1394, 1454, 1493 

Newsboys’ Republic 1394 

Street  trades 1371, 1374, 1394, 1402 

Voc.  bureau 1757 

See  also  Massachusetts. 

Box  factories 357, 109S,  1152, 1316, 1317, 1320 

Bradford,  Eng.: 

Juv.  employ,  bur. . 1723 

Juv.  occup 1717-1722 

Brazil 1038 

Bricks  and  tiles 1315, 1316 

British  Guiana 1631 

Building  trades 1612, 1613, 1752 

Bulgaria 1039 

Caddies,  Great  Britain 893 

California 93,94,330 

Canneries 1080 


153 


154 


SUBJECT  INDEX, 


California,  legis 469,573,575,577 

Cambridge,  Eng.,  Juv.  emp.  bur 1742 

Canada 975,981 

Indus,  educ 1520 

Legis 973,979,980 

Candy  factories 357, 1098, 1310, 131G,  1317, 1326 

Canneries. 1077-1107 

Statistics 1103,1104 

California 1080, 1091 

Florida 1095 

Gulf  coast 1078, 1079, 1086-1088, 1095 

Illinois 1091 

Maine 1101 

Maryland 297, 1090, 1093, 1098 

Mississippi 1095,1102 

New  England 1092 

New  York  State 1081-1085, 


1091, 1094, 1096, 1097, 1099, 1100, 1105 


Washington  (State) 1106 

Cans  and  boxes,  tin 1320 

Cape  of  Good  Hope 1521 

Cardiff,  Wales . . . 1725 

Juv.  employ,  bur 1725 


Care  committees.  Sec  Juvenile  employment 


bureaus. 

Cash  girls.  See  Mercantile  establishments. 

Causes  of  child  labor 186, 

294, 335, 338, 339, 422, 1142, 1691 

Parental  dependence 151, 

193, 223, 230, 269, 326, 368, 404 
Poverty ....  56, 151, 185, 207, 209, 258, 326, 328, 506 
Certificates.  See  Birth  certificates;  Employ- 


ment certificates. 

Chain  making: 

Great  Britain 1174 

Massachusetts 1165 

Chemnitz,  Germany 822 

Chicago 100,101,429 

Candy  factories 1310 

Employ,  cert 559 

Juv.  employ,  bur 1727 


J uv.  occup 1727, 1729, 1754 

Stockyards 313,413 

Street  trades 1379,1380 

Voc.  train 1529 

Child  idleness 315 

Chimney  sweeps: 

Great  Britain 916,917.930,1547 

Church  and  child  labor 180, 229, 232, 353, 386, 450 

Cigars  and  cigarettes 1168, 1320 

Cincinnati 454,1706 

Juv.  employ,  bur 1724 

Street  trades 1385 

Voc.  guid 1724 

Clocks  and  watches 1320 

Clothing 429, 1108-1112, 1178, 1320 

Coal.  See  Mines. 


Colonies,  Great  Britain 973-982 

Colorado 122 

Beet  fields 1060 

Legis 573, 575, 577 

Stage.. 1331, 1339 

Compulsory  education 485, 


522, 1534, 1535, 1563, 1566 


Bibliography 16, 1535 

Alabama 458 


Compulsory  education,  Connecticut 1672 

District  of  Columbia 580, 1693 

European  countries.  1570 

France 1685 

Germany . 1685 

Great  Britain.  895, 920, 1566, 1568, 1569, 1574, 1685 

Kentucky 113,1530 

Louisiana 1617 


Massachusetts 545,1672 

Minnesota... 307 

South 1538, 1581, 1582, 1642, 1643, 1652 

South  Carolina 1598 

Switzerland 1027 

United  States 577, 1548, 

1570, 1587, 1591, 1596, 1618, 
1619,1633,1667,  1671,  1685 

Legis 1535,1663,1664 

Wisconsin.. 446 


Confectionery.  See  Candy  factories. 


Connecticut 102,125-127 

Age  limit 125 

Comp,  educ 1522,1672 

Employ,  cert 576 

Legis 125, 487, 494, 572, 573, 575, 577 

Physical  condition 1770 

See  also  Hartford. 

Conservation  of  childhood 142, 392-394, 1546 

Constitutionality  of  Federal  law 602, 

607, 608, 610, 613, 622, 627, 630, 638- 
643, 641, 648,  650,  653,  654, 691, 692 

Consumer  and  child  labor 200 

Continuation  schools 1679 

Bibliography 1679 

Germany 845,1505 

Great  Britain 1569,1611 

Pennsylvania 563,573,575,1641 

United  States 1649-1651 

Wisconsin 1705 


Core  making 1320 

Corset  manufacture 127, 1320 

Cotton  mills 572, 1094, 

1235, 1238, 1239, 1240,  1247, 1248, 1249, 

1254,  1258, 1275, 1282, 1286, 1290,  1295 

History 1285 

Mortality  of  operators 1296, 1298 

Statistics 729,1298,1300 

Workers’  budgets 1298 

Alabama 1301 

Connecticut 127 

France 816,1303 

Georgia 1236a,  1262, 1301 

Great  Britain 955 

Lancashire,  Eng .# 1241,1264,1287 

New  Orleans 1261 

North 1301 

North  Carolina 1243, 1272, 1297 

South 1236, 1237, 1252, 1259, 1260-1262, 

1270-1277, 1281, 1294, 1295, 1302, 1306 

South  Carolina 1265, 1266, 1272, 1304 

United  States 1298, 1307 

Cotton  picking,  Texas 1087, 1260 

Court  decisions.  See  Decisions  of  courts. 

Crackers  and  biscuits 1320 

Cranberries 1059, 1070-1072, 1075 

Crime,  and  child  labor.  See  Juvenile  delin- 


quency. 


SUBJECT  INDEX 


155 


Dangerous  occupations 703,807, 

912, 1228, 1311, 1773, 1783, 1811-1814 

Employment  s prohibited 485, 577 

See  also  Accidents;  Occupational  diseases. 

Decisions  of  courts 574,575. 586 

Delaware 137,138 

Agri 1054 

Legis 572,573,575,577 

Democracy  and  child  labor 327 

Denmark 734,752,817, 1550 

Legis 812,1040-1045 

Department  stores.  See  Mercantile  establish- 
ments. 

Devon,  Eng 954 

Dinner  toters 128 

District  of  Columbia 104, 105, 136, 361, 

442, 453, 578-580, 661, 662, 664, 668-671, 1432 

Comp,  educ 580, 1693 

Legis 470, 509, 529, 573, 575, 577, 581 

Statistics 728 

Edinburgh 951 

Juv.  employ,  bur 1751 

Educational  aspects 58, 

122, 149, 186, 198, 327, 386, 149 1, 1708 

Educational  test  for  working  children 1536 

See  also  Employment  certificates. 

Effects  of  child  labor 66, 

67,  122,  155,  184,  214.  215,  221,  222,  226,  257, 
275, 294, 321 , 329, 330, 335, 338, 339, 1142, 1808 

Adult  wages 102, 191, 212, 422 

Health 1768-1770,1774-1781, 

1784-1788, 1791-1794, 1798-1802, 1807, 1810, 
1812, 1813, 1815, 1817, 1819, 1822-1826, 1828 
Morals. . . 199, 790, 1372, 1379, 1403, 1423, 1459, 1816 
See  also  Juvenile  delinquency;  Social  cost 
of  child  labor. 

Efficiency,  relative,  of  men,  women,  and 

children 422 

Eight-hour  day.  See  Hours. 

Employers’  attitude 146, 

179, 186, 370, 382, 436, 928, 1698 

Employment  certificates 485, 508, 535, 575, 590 

Chicago 559 

Connecticut 576 

Great  Britain 906 

Maine 290 

Maryland 297,543,576 

Massachusetts 576 

New  York  City 467,556,1774,1782 

New  York  State 557, 558, 576 

Ohio 561,576 

Pennsylvania 562 

Wisconsin 576 

Employment  offices.  See  Juvenile  employ- 
ment bureaus. 

Employment  prohibited.  See  Dangerous  oc- 
cupations. 

England.  See  Great  Britain. 

Entrance  to  trades.  See  Apprenticeship. 

Ethical  aspects 208 

European  countries 734-760, 899 

Comp,  educ 1535,1570 

Indus,  educ 1537,1638 

Statistics 817 

See  also  under  names  of  countries. 

European  war  and  child  labor 1567, 1568 


Factories 689,718 

France 799,803 

Germany 837,854 

Great  Britain 865, 879, 883, 892, 898, 

900, 905, 915, 918, 919, 926, 941, 942, 948, 965, 967 
See  also  under  name  of  industry. 

Factory  inspection 314, 749 

Alabama 69-71 

France 800 

Germany 299 

Great  Britain 299 

Illinois 101,299 

Maine 290 

Maryland 297 

Massachusetts 299, 300 

New  York  State 299 

New  Jersey 299 

Nova  Scotia 978 

Ohio 299,455 

Pennsylvania 299 

Pittsburgh 195,1317 

United  States 1827 

Wisconsin 299 

Factory  schools 1668 

, See  also  Continuation  schools;  Industrial 
education. 

Fatigue 1777,1805 

Federal  control 330a,  601-660 

Speeches  in  Congress 661-719 

Flax 1244 

Florida 279 

Canneries 1095 

Legis 512, 533, 573, 575, 577 

Flower  makers.  See  Artificial  flowers. 

France 790-816,1685 

Apprent 1552-1559 

Comp,  educ 1685 

Homework 1166 

Indus,  educ 1558,1559 

Legis 606,734,744,752,757, 

758, 798-800, 805-809, 81 1-815, 817 

School  children 832, 1574 

Textiles i 1303,1553 

Furniture 1152,1555 

Gary,  Ind 1594 

General  Federation  of  Women’s  Clubs 167,451 

Georgia 96,264,265,280 

Cotton 1236a,  1262, 1301 

Factories 1251 

Legis 572,573,575,577,663,675 

Germany 734, 742, 744, 752, 

754.758, 817-860, 1315, 1685 

Agri 823,1050,1051 

Apprent 1562,1580,1037,1708 

Comp,  educ 1535, 1685 

Cont.  schools 845, 1505 

Fact,  insp 299, 758 

Glass 1113,1116-1118,1123,1132 

Homework 829,1138,1145,1183 

Ind.  educ 1504, 1518, 1708 

Juv.  employ,  bur 1727,1732 

Legis 696, 757, 812, 823, 824, 826-829, 

832, 836, 839, 842, 843, 845, 846, 857-860 

Mines 1214 

Night  work 950, 1117, 1118, 1123 

Statistics 825,831,844 


156 


SUBJECT  INDEX. 


Germany,  Street  trades 1400 

School  attend 1574 

Class  industry 340,525,1115-1132,1735 

Germany 1113, 1116-1118, 1123, 1132, 1314 

Illinois 1131 

New  Jersey 1122 

Ohio 1122 

Pennsylvania 380,1122,1125 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  newsboys 1398,1414 

Great  Britain 441,445,861-972 

Accidents 933 

Agri 895, 

955, 1049, 1056-1058, 1062-1066, 1069, 1076 

Apprent 871, 872, 889, 922, 942, 1547, 1571 

Chimney  sweeps 916,917,930 

Commissions 89S-900, 922, 923 

Comp,  educ . . 895, 920, 1566, 1568, 1569, 1574, 1685 

Coni,  schools 1569,1679 

Employ,  cert 906 

Factories 865,879,883,892,898,900, 

905, 915, 918, 919, 926, 941, 942, 948, 965, 967 

Factory  inspec 299, 758 

“Half-timers” 877, 

885, 908, 911, 914, 943, 957, 964, 1291, 1526, 
1567,  1572,  1573,  1575,  1595,  1629,  1645 

History 883, 889, 892, 89S-900, 

915-919, 928, 930, 935, 941, 955, 971, 1066 

Home  work 1134, 1136, 1139, 1141, 1146, 

1147, 1152, 1153, 1157, 1174, 1177, 1179, 1187 

Hours 900,910,913 

Ind.  educ 1593 

Juv.  employ,  bur 868,876, 

877,  951,  972,  1593,  1726,  1727,  1733, 
1734, 1738, 1743, 1744, 1746, 1750, 1753 

Juv.  occup 896, 897, 922, 1709, 1710, 1733, 1735 

Legis 696,734,744,752, 

754, 757, 758, 812, 817, 873, 874, 881, 883, 884, 
887, 888, 891, 902-904, 912-914, 928, 931, 934, 
935,  942,  945,  947,  960,  969,  970,  1047, 1217 

Medical  super 1779, 1781, 1790 

Mess,  boys 923, 964 

Mines 739, 912, 1208, 1213, 1215-1217 

Min.  wage 867,872,877 

Night  work 909,950 

Office  boys 964 

Post-office  boys 866, 921, 923, 963, 972 

Stage 901,963,1337 

Statistics 880, 896, 897, 905, 927, 955, 972, 1216 

street  trades  . 891,964, 1403-1405, 1468-1470, 1481 

Textiles 905, 955, 957, 1241, 1244 

Unemploy 927,937,940,955,956 

Van  boys 963, 964, 96S,  1199 

Voc.  guid 1508, 1593, 1742, 1743 

See  also  Blind-alley  occupations;  Bir- 
mingham, Bradford,  Cambridge,  Lan- 
caster, London,  Manchester. 

Great  Britain,  colonies 973-982 

Greece,  legislation 1046, 1047 

Greek  padrone  system 1476, 1478, 1479 

Grimsby,  Eng 958 

Gulf  Coast  States 90 

Canneries 107S,  1079, 1086-1088, 1095 

See  also  South,  and  names  of  States. 

Gunckel,  John  E.,  and  newsboys. . . 1406, 1407, 14S7 

Gymnasts 226 

See  also  Stage  children. 


| “Half-timers.”  See  Great  Britain,  “Half- 


timers.” 

Hammond,  Ind 210 

Hartford,  Conn 1410 

Voc.  guid 1739 

Hawaii,  legislation 573,575.577 

See  also  Honolulu. 

Health  of  working  children 102, 149, 186, 

245, 297, 386, 845, 964, 1188, 1546, 1763-1S28 

History: 

Great  Britain 307,883,889,892,898-900, 

915-919, 928, 930, 935, 941, 955, 971, 1066 

United  States .50, 

51, 123,  245, 263, 463, 464, 572, 587, 588 

Home  work 329, 525, 1133-1189 

Belgium 1140 

France 1166 

Germany 829, 1138, 1145, 1188 

Great  Britain 1134-1136,1139,1141,1146, 

1147, 1152, 1153, 1157, 11/4, 1177, 1179, 1187 

Massachusetts 1165 

Netherlands 1169 

New  York  City 1133,1144,1148,1149, 

1151, 1159, 1161, 1167, 1171, 1172, 1175, 1182-1185 

New  York  State 1148,1170,1185 

Switzerland 1173, 1176, 1189 

United  States 1133,1137, 

1143, 1144,1148-1151, 1154-1165, 1167, 
1170-1172, 1174, 1175, 1178, 1180-1186 

Honolulu 82 

Hosiery  and  knit  goods 1320 

Hotels  and  restaurants 804,1309 

Hours  of  labor 485,575, 577, 1091 

Eight-hour  day 168, 345, 355, 369, 390, 650, 653 

Bibl 17 

Ten-hour  day 745 

Colorado 122 

Connecticut 494 

France 796 

Germany 832 

Great  Britain 900,910,913 

Maine 290 

Massachusetts 236, 588, 650, 653 

Ohio 1201 

Hours,  irregular,  effect  on  health 1768,1807 

Hungary 752,778-781 

Idaho,  legis _. 573,575,577 

Illinois 63,131,186,187 

Fact,  insp 101,299 

Glass 1122,1131 

Legis 457, 

479, 489, 490, 495, 518-521, 550, 573, 575,577, 584 

Street  trades 101,1420 

See  also  Chicago. 

Immigration,  Child  labor  and 182 

Indiana 112,114,119 

Glass 1122 

Indus,  educ 1590 

Legis 482, 495, 550, 573, 575, 577 

See  also  Hammond. 

Industrial  education 1499-1501, 

1551, 1601, 1602, 1604, 1683, 1C99 
Bibl . . 18-28, 1504, 1537, 1602, 1604, 1630, 1654, 1683 

Infl.  on  wages 1C87 

Canada 1520 

Europe 1537,1638 


SUBJECT  INDEX. 


157 


Industrial  education,  France 1558,1559 

Germany 1504,1518,1708 

Great  Britain 1543, 1593, 1609-1613 

Illinois 1529 

Indiana 1590,1594,1605 

Maine 1630 

Maryland 1634 

Massachusetts 1583, 1605, 1635, 1638, 1639 

Michigan 1640 

New  Jersey 1661 

New  York 1662 

Pennsylvania 1651 

Rhode  Island 1678 

Switzerland 1680 

United  States 1542, 1583,1594, 

1649-1651, 1654-1657, 1665, 1670, 1690, 1692 

Wisconsin 1650, 1651, 1704, 1705 

Industrial  hygiene,  bibl 29-32 

See  also  Occupational  diseases. 

Inspection.  See  Factory  inspection. 

Iowa 1605 

Legis 466, 493, 510, 531, 573, 575, 577 

Voc.  guid 1606,1741 

Ireland: 

Agriculture 1064 

Street  trades 1416 

See  also  Great  Britain. 

Irregular  employment : 157 

Italy 734, 742, 744, 752, 817, 983-998 

Glass 696 

Legis 757,812,983-991,993-998 

Stage 1349 

5 Japan 734,817 

Jewelry 1165,1320 

Jute 1244 

Juvenile  delinquency 68, 

87, 204,  219,  421, 840,845, 969, 1431, 1579 

Rel.  to  street  trades 1389, 

1392, 1394, 1399,1401, 1403, 1475, 1477 

Juvenile  employment  bureaus 1506, 1755 

Bibl 1737,1744 

Cooperation  with  schools 830, 1506, 1508, 

1512, 1515, 1524, 1594, 1727, 1730, 1751 

Birmingham,  Eng 1712-1715, 1730 

Boston 1757 

Bradford,  Eng 1723 

Cambridge,  Eng 1742 

Chicago 1727 

Cincinnati 1724 

Edinburgh 1751 

Germany 1727,1732 

Great  Britain 876,877,951,972, 

1593, 1709, 1710, 1726, 1727, 1733, 1734, 
1736,  1738, 1743, 1744, 1746, 1750, 1753 

Philadelphia 1745 

Juvenile  occupations 75, 76, 

896, 897, 922, 1709-1762 

Occupations  for  boys 1709, 1717-1720, 1722, 

1729,1733,1735,1748, 
1754,  1758,  1759,  1762 

Occupations  for  girls 1710, 

1716,1721,1727,1729,1731, 
1733, 1735, 1747,  1760, 1762 
Sec  also  Juv.  employ,  bur.;  Voc.  guid. 

Kansas,  legis 573,575,577 

Keating-Owen  hill 330a, 

613, 620, 634, 635, 638, 640, 641, 653, 059 


Keating-Owen  bill,  Speeches  in  Congress..  679-719 

Kentucky 203 

Comp,  educ 113,1530 

Legis 550,567,573,575,577 

Kiel,  Germany 821 

Knit  goods 1320 

Lancashire,  Eng 1519, 1595 

Cotton 1241,1264 

Legal  status  of  child 524 

Legislation,  foreign  countries.  See  under 
names  of  countries. 

Legislation,  United  States 652,672,696 

Econ.  effects 494 

State  legislation  and  enforcement 457-590 

Uniform  legis 591-600 

See  also  Names  of  states. 

Licenses,  Street  trading.  See  Street  trades. 

Linen,  France 816, 1303 

Liverpool,  Eng 958 

Street  trades 1376, 1395, 1403 

London. 951,952,958 

Apprent 1610, 1612, 1613 

Cont.  schools 1611 

Homework 1139 

Ind.  educ. 1543, 1609-1613 

Juv.  employ,  bur 1709,1710 

Juv.  occup . 1709, 1710, 1735 

School  attend 1677 

Street  trades 1397, 1425, 1426 

Louisiana... 165,226 

Comp,  educ 1617 

Legis 503,573,575,577 

Stage 1332,1352 

See  also  New  Orleans. 

Lowell,  Mass 1267, 1269, 1289 

Luxemburg 752 

Legis 812 

Lynn,  Mass 429 

Maine: 

Canneries 1101 

Emp.  cert 290 

Fact,  insp 290,291 

Ind.  educ 1630 

Legis 572,573,575,577,587 

Stat 290 

Textiles 1278 

See  also  Portland. 

Manchester,  Eng 958 

Street  trades 1360, 1378, 1403 

Maryland 297,372,1826 

Agri 1054, 1055 

Canneries . . . 297, 1086, 1087, 1090, 1093-1095, 1098 

Employ,  cert 297, 543, 576 

Factories 1098 

Factory  insp 297 

Ind.  educ 1034 

Legis 297, 548, 572, 573, 575, 577 

Med.  super 1801 

Stage 1345 

Street  trades 1435, 1436 

Massachusetts 99, 

107, 123,  236, 301-304, 1321, 1437, 1638, 1784 

Apprent 1637 

Comp,  educ 545,1535,1072 

Emp.  cent 576 

Factory  insp 299-300 

Homework 1165 


158 


SUBJECT  INDEX, 


Massachusetts,  Hours 650,653,1245 

Ind.  edue 1583, 1635, 1638, 1639 

Leg  is 486, 

504, 527, 544r-547, 572, 573, 575. 577, 588, 1535 

School  attend 545 

Statistics 298,724 

Street  trades 1371, 1374, 1394, 1402, 1437 

Medical  supervision 1774, 

1779, 1781, 1782, 1790, 1801, 1816, 1828 
Men’s  clothing.  See  Clothing. 

Mercantile  establishments. . 127, 357, 1190, 1207, 1759 

Messenger  boys 357, 1372, 1373, 

1379, 1382, 1387, 1391, 1405, 1409, 1411,  1418, 
1428,  1429,  1438, 1439, 1447, 1459, 1463, 1480 

Great  Britain 923, 964 

Minnesota 307 

Pennsylvania 380 

Metal  trades 341, 1311, 1313, 1317-1320 

Connecticut 127 

Germany 1123,1312 

Michigan 213,287,288 

Ind.  educ 1640 

Legis 495,573,575,577 

Mills.  See  Factories. 

Milwaukee: 

Newsboys’  Republic ... . . 1424, 1441 

Street  trades 1440, 1488 

Mines  and  quarries 689, 718, 1208-1233 

Austria 1231 

Belgium 739,1208 

France 796 

Germany 1214 

Great  Britain 739, 912, 1208, 1213, 1215-1217 

Pennsylvania 295, 

380, 1210, 1212, 1220, 1221, 1224, 1230 

United  States 1209-1212, 

1218-1227, 1229, 1230, 1232 
Minimum  age.  See  Age  limit. 

Minimum  wage 197, 261, 303, 373, 384 

Bibliography 35-37 

Great  Britain 867,872,877 

Minneapolis 1749 

Minnesota 307-309 

Comp,  educ 307 

Legis 573,575,577 

Messenger  boys 307 

Statistics 307 

See  also  Minneapolis. 

Missouri 1 16, 1 19, 310, 31 1 

Legis 573,575,577 

Mississippi '.  78, 120, 266, 328 

Canneries 1095,1102 

Legis 538,567,573,575,577 

Montana,  legis 573, 575, 577 

Mothers’  pensions,  bibliography 38-40 

Mountain  whites 412 

National  child  labor  committee: 

Aims 227 

Constitution 344 

Proceedings 320-330a 

Secretary’s  reports 331 

Nebraska,  legis 573,575,577 

Needles  and  pins 1320 

Netherlands 734, 742, 752, 817, 999-1003 

Homework 1169 

Legis 812,1002 

Nevada,  legis 573, 575, 577 


New  England 125, 225, 245, 290, 407 

Canneries 1092 

Street  trades 1427 

Textiles 1263, 1267-1269, 1289 

See  also  names  of  states. 

New  Hampshire,  legis 551, 555, 572, 573, 575, 577 

New  Jersey 1 . 103, 149, 153, 362, 363 

Fact,  insp 299 

Glass 1122 

Ind.  educ 1661 

Legis 500, 572, 573, 575, 577 

Silk 1293 

Street  trades 1377 

See  also  Newark,  Paterson. 

New  Mexico,  legis 573,575,577 

New  Orleans,  La.,  cotton  mills 1261 

New  South  Wales 976,977 

Street  trades 1448 

New  York  City 130,145,367 

Employ,  cert 467, 556, 576, 1774, 1782 

Home  work 1133, 1144, 

1148,  1149,  1151,  1159,  1161,  1167, 
1171,  1172,  1175,  1180,  1182-1185 

Mer.  est 1200,1204,1206 

Newsboys 1367, 1368, 1457, 1467 

School  census 1666 

Voc.  guid.  survey 1696 

New  York  State 171, 365, 366 

Apprent 364 

Canneries 1081-1085, 

1094, 1096, 1097, 1099, 1100, 1105 

Employ,  cert 557,558,576 

Fact,  insp 299 

Home  work 1148, 1170, 1185 

Ind.  educ 1662 

Legis 497, 507, 572, 573, 575, 577 

Mer.  est 1196 

New  Zealand,  legis 974 

Newark,  N.  J.,  newsboys 1457 

Newport  survey 76 

Newsboys 577, 1408, 1415, 

1445, 1451,1452, 1460, 1461, 1471, 1484, 1587 

Boston... 1493 

Chicago 1379 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich 1398, 1414 

Maryland 297,1435,1436 

Milwaukee 1424, 1441, 1488 

Newark 1457 

New  York  City 1367, 1368, 1457, 1467 

New  York  State 1449, 1450 

Philadelphia 1381,1446 

St.  Louis 1482 

Toledo 1406,1407,1487 

Wash.  U.  C 1453,1455 

Newsboys’  Court,  Boston 1382, 1394, 1454, 1493 

Newsboys’  Republic,  Boston 1394 

Newsboys’  Republic,  Milwaukee 1424,1441 

Night  work 345, 355, 575, 740, 746, 1121 

Austria 767,768 

France 796, 802 

Germany 950,1117,1118,1123 

Great  Britain 909,950 

Pennsylvania 481 

Switzerland 1026 

Northern  States 431 

See  also  New  England,  and  names  of 
states. 


st*/ 


SUEJECT  INDEX 


159 


North  Carolina 164, 

194, 269, 270, 277, 330, 330a,  370, 412 

Cotton 1243, 1272, 1297, 1301 

Legis 491,511,572,573,575,577 

North  Dakota,  legis 573, 575, 577 

Norway 752 

Legis 812,1010 

Nova  Scotia 978 

Occupational  diseases 1809, 

1811-1814, 1821, 1824, 1825 

Bibl 29-32 

Occupations.  See  Juvenile  occupations. 

Office  hoys,  Great  Britain 964 

Ohio 306 

Accidents 374 

Comp,  educ 1535 

Employ,  cert 561,576 

Fact,  insp 299,455 

Glass 1122 

Hours 1201 

Legis 483, 495, 496, 550, 572, 573, 575, 577, 1535 

Mer.  estab 1201 

Wages 1201 

See  also  Cincinnati. 

Ohio  Valley  states 115, 306, 550 

See  also  names  of  states. 

Oklahoma 80, 81 

Legis 471,573,575,577 

Ontario 975,979 

Oregon 375-377 

Legis 573,575,577 

Min.  wage. 373 

Organized  labor  and  child  labor 97, 

102, 124, 158-163, 312, 330a 
See  also  American  Federation  of  Labor; 

Trade  unions,  Great  Britain. 

Paimer-Owen  bill 625, 

626, 633, 636, 637, 649, 650, 651, 655, 658 

Speeches 672-678 

Paper  boxes.  See  Box  factories. 

Parental  dependence.  Sec  Causes  of  child 
labor. 

Parental  responsibility 382, 414 

Part  time  schools 1636, 1652 

See  also  Continuation  schools,  Great 
Britain  “Half-timers.” 

Paterson,  N.  J 123 

Pauperism.  See  Causes  of  child  labor. 

Peddlers.  See  Street  trades. 

Pennsylvania 109,110,143,156, 

196, 209, 295, 378-380, 388, 398, 433, 564, 653 

Cont.  schools 563, 1641 

Employ,  cert 562 

Fact,  insp 299 

Glass.... 1122,1125 

Ind.  educ 1651 

Legis 463,472,476, 

505, 550, 554, 563, 564, 572, 573, 575, 577 
Mines. . . 295,380, 1210, 1212, 1220, 1221, 1224, 1230 

Night  work 481 

Street  trades 1438 

Textiles 1288,1293 

See  also  Philadelphia,  Pittsburgh,  Wilkes- 
Barre. 

Perry,  N.  Y 429 

Philadelphia 123, 188, 383, 396, 1561 


Philadelphia,  Juv.  employ,  bur 1561, 1745 

Juv.  occup 75 

Mer.  est 1202 

Stage 1459 

Street  trades 1381, 1446, 1459 

Philanthropy  and  child  labor 231 

Philippine  Islands: 

Apprent 1647,1673 

Legis 577 

Physical  standards 424, 1765, 

1771, 1774, 1793, 1817, 1819, 1822, 1S23, 1828 
Physiological  age.  Sec  Age,  physiological. 

Pittsburgh,  Pa 92, 195, 429, 1168, 1317, 1318 

Portland,  Me 290 

Porto  Rico,  legis 577 

Portugal 752 

Legis 812,1048 

Post-office  boys,  Great  Britain.  866,921,923,963,972 

Pottery 1320 

Poverty.  See  Causes  of  child  labor. 

Preserving.  See  Canneries. 

Printing  trades 1533, 1550, 1647, 1673, 1735, 1752 

Providence,  R.  I.,  School  census 1702 

Rag  stripping 1178 

Religious  aspects.  See  Church  and  child 
labor. 

Remedial  measures 294, 335, 338, 339, 408, 11-12 

Restaurants.  See  Hotels  and  restaurants. 

Rhode  Island 3S6 

Ind.  educ 1678 


Legis 572,573,575,577 

See  also  Newport,  Providence. 

Richmond,  Va.,  Voc.  educ.  survey 1752 

Rolling  mills,  Germany 1123, 1312, 1314 

Roumania 752 

Rubber  abd  elastic  goods 127, 1320 

Russia 100 1— 1007 


Legis 752,812 

St.  Louis,  Mo.: 

Juv.  occup 1748 

Newsboys 1482 

Scavengers,  child 1437 

School  attendance: 

France 1574 

Germany 1574 

Great  Britain 868, 892, 895, 

908, 914, 920, 943, 972, 1566-1569, 1572-1575, 1677 
See  also  Great  Britain,  “Half-timers.” 

New  York 1666 

Rhode  Island 386 

Switzerland 1574 

See  also  Compulsory  attendance;  Contin- 
uation schools. 

School  children  as  wage  earners 1498 

Austria 832 

France 832 

Germany 820 

Great  Britain 832, 1516, 1517, 1572, 1588, 1766 

See  also  Gt.  Brit.  “Half-timers:” 

Street  trades. 

Switzerland 1189 

Schools,  relation  to  employmeut 534,1230.1508, 


1512, 1515, 1519, 1524, 1541, 1600, 1603, 1607, 1614- 
1616, 1618-1623, 1632, 1666, 1669, 1677, 1681, 1682 
See  also  Comp,  educ.;  Cont.  schools;  In- 
dus. educ.;  Juv.  employ,  bur.;  Voc. 
guid. 


160 


SUBJECT  IXDEX, 


Scholarships  for  working  children 330a, 

1577, 1578, 1597, 1689, 1697 

Scotland 958 

Agri 1064 

Apprent 1560 

Yoc.  guid 1733,1751 

See  also  Edinburgh,  Great  Britain. 

Seattle,  Wash 1676 

Sharpsburg,  Pa 1317 

Shoes.  See  Boot  and  shoe  industry. 

Silk  mills 1234, 1280, 1283, 1298 

Statistics 1298,1299 

Connecticut 127 

France 816,1393 

Great  Britain 955 

New  Jersey 1293 

Pennsylvania 1293 

Social  cost  of  child  labor. ...  64, 155, 184, 221, 235, 259, 


347, 441, 1563, 1785, 1786, 1808 
See  also  Effects  of  child  labor. 


Sonneberg,  Germany 829 

South 106,160,169, 

177, 183, 226, 254, 262, 267,  271-273, 276, 285, 316, 
318,  320,  329,  403, 406, 407, 429, 628, 629, 631, 633 

Comp,  educ 1531, 

1535, 1538, 1549, 1581, 1582, 1642, 1643, 1652, 1684 

Cotton 1252, 

1259, 1260-1262, 1270-1277, 1281, 1302, 1306 

Legis 462,541,542,570 

See  also  names  of  states. 


South  Carolina 194, 248, 269, 270, 277, 328, 329, 432 

Comp,  educ 1598 

Cotton 1265, 1266, 1272, 1304 

Legis. .....................  511, 5< 3, 5* 5, 5/ 1 , 58o 

South  Dakota,  legis 573,575,577 

Spain 744,752 

Legis 812,1014-1021 

Speeches  in  Congress 305,661-719 

Stage  children 1322-1359 

Legis : 577 

Baltimore 1329 

Colorado 1331,1339 

Great  Britain 901,963,1337 

Italy 1349 

Louisiana 1332,1352 

Maryland 297 

State  and  child  labor 525, 928, 963 

State  and  Federal  legislation,  relation  of  498, 606, 614 
See  also  Federal  control. 

State  laws.  See  Legislation,  United  States. 
Statistics: 

Austria 762 

European  countries 817 

Germany 818, 825, 831, 844 

Great  Britain.  880, 896, 897, 905, 927, 955, 972, 1216 

Massachusetts 298 

Minnesota 307 

New  South  Wales 977 

New  York  State 1284 

Rhode  Island 386 

Russia 1004 

Switzerland 1188 

United  States 189,339,422 

720-733, 1104, 1129, 1130, 1285, 1286, 1298, 1300 

Victoria 982 

Stockyards,  Chicago 313,413 


Stores,  department.  See  Mercantile  estab- 
lishments. 

Stories,  Child  labor 340, 343, 350, 352 

Strawberry  pickers 1055 

Street  trades 292, 329, 1360-1493 

Bibl  1382, 1394 

Effect  on  health 1769 

Regulation 577, 1388, 1395, 1397, 1399, 

1400, 1403, 1404, 1417, 1418, 1420, 1425, 1426, 1435, 
1442, 1449,  1450, 1456, 1458, 1464-1466, 1481, 1489 

Boston 1371, 1374, 1394, 1402 

Cincinnati 1385 

Hartford 1410 

Great  Britain 891, 

964, 1360, 1376, 1378, 1403, 1404, 1425 

Illinois 1420 

Ireland 1116 

Maryland 1435,1436 

Milwaukee 1440,1488 

New  Jersey 1377 

New  South  Wales 1448 

Wisconsin 446,1488 

See  also  Bootblacks;  Messenger  boys; 

Newsboys. 

Sugar  beet  industry.  See  Beet  fields  of  Col- 
orado. 


Sulphur  mines 1233 

Sweden 752, 1008, 1009, 1011, 1012 

Legis 812,1013 

Switzerland 734, 752, 758, 817, 1023, 1024, 1027 

Apprent 1680 

Bibl 1025 

Comp,  educ 1027 

Home  work 1 173, 1176, 1188, 1189 

Indus,  educ 1680 

Legis 696,757,812, 

1022, 1025, 1027, 1028, 1030, 1031, 1033, 1034, 16S0 
Night  work 1026 


School  attend 1574 

Tailoring.  See  Clothing. 

Telegraph  boys.  See  Messenger  boys. 
Tenement-house  manufacture.  See  Home 
work. 

Tennessee 208, 369, 415, 1253 

Legis 573,575,577 

Texas: 

Cotton  picking 1260 

Legis 573,575,577 

Textiles 729a,  1234-1307 

France 1553 

Gt.  Brit 905,955,957 

See  also  Cotton;  Linen;  Silk;  Woolen. 

Tobacco.  See  Cigars  and  cigarettes. 

Toledo,  Ohio,  Newsboys 1406, 1407 

Tomatoes 1054 

Trade  unions,  U.  S.  See  American  Federation 
of  Labor. 

Trades.  See  Juvenile  occupations. 

Unemployment,  Gt.  Brit 927,937,940,955,956 

Uniform  legislation 552, 560, 591-600 

United  States  and  general 50-456, 


734,742,752,754,817, 1685 
Agri. . . 1053-1055, 1059-1061, 1067, 1068, 1070-1075 


Apprent 1608, 1644, 1649-1651, 1700, 1707 

Canneries 1077-1107 


SUBJECT  INDEX. 


161 


United  States,  Comp  educ 1535, 1548, 

1570, 1587, 1591, 1596, 1618, 1619, 
1633, 1663,1664, 1667,  1671,  1685 

Cotton 1298,1307 

Glass 1114, 1115, 1119, 1120, 1122, 1124-1131 

Homework 1133,1137, 

1143, 1144, 1148-1151, 1154, 1165, 1167, 
1170-1172,  1174, 1175, 1178,  1180-1186 

Ind.  educ 1542,1583, 

1594, 1605, 1649-1651, 1654- 
1657,  1665,  1670, 1690, 1692 

Legis 54, 302, 457-590, 812 

Uniform 591-600 

Mer.  est 1190-1207 

Mines 1209-1212, 1218-1227, 1229, 1230, 1232 

Statistics . . . 189, 339, 422, 720-733, 1104, 1129, 1130 

Voc.  guid 1624-1626, 1652, 1655 

See  also  names  of  states. 

Utah,  legis 573, 575, 577 

Vermont,  legis 572, 573, 575, 577 

Vagrancy  and  child  labor 132 

Van  boys,  Gt.  Brit 963,964,968,1199 

Victoria 982 

Vienna 1674 

Virginia 141,274,283 

Legis 573,575,577 

Vocational  education.  See  Industrial  educa- 
tion. 

Vocational  guidance 325, 1507-1512, 

1646, 1675, 1696, 1747, 1756, 1761, 1762 

Bibl 41-49, 1508-1509 

National  conferences 1653,1658,1659 

Birmingham,  Eng 1712-1716,1730 

Boston 1731, 1757-1760 

Bradford,  Eng 1717-1722 

Cardiff,  Wales.... 1725 

Chicago 1727,1729,1754 

Cincinnati 1724 

Edinburgh 1751 

Germany 1508 

Gt.  Brit 1508, 1593, 1742, 1743 

Hartford,  Conn 1739 

Iowa 1606,1741 

London 1709,1710,1735 

Minneapolis 1749 


Vocational  guidance,  New  York  City 1696 

Philadelphia 1561, 1740,1745 

Richmond,  Va 1752 

St.  Louis 1748 

Seattle 1676 

United  States 1594, 1624, 1625, 1652, 1655 

Wages 212,1188 

Boot  and  shoe  ind 1321 

Cotton  mills 1274 

Germany 832 

Illinois 186 

Iowa 1606 

Newport 76 

Ohio 1201 

North  Carolina 370 

Oregon 373 

Phila 75 

Rhode  Island 386 

United  States 421, 422 

Wages,  effects  on  adults.  Sec  Effects  of  child 
labor. 

Wales,  Agri 1064 

See  also  Cardiff;  Great  Britain. 

Washington,  D.  C.  See  District  of  Columbia. 
Washington  (State): 

Canneries 1106 

Legis 573, 575, 577 

West  Virginia 117-119,1211 

Legis 550,573,575,577 

Western  States 530 

See  also  names  of  states. 

Wilkes-Barre,  Pa 77 

Wisconsin 340,444-447 

Apprent 446 

Comp,  educ 446 

Employ,  cert 576 

Fact,  insp 299 

Ind.  educ 1650, 1651, 1 704, 1705 

Legis 446, 495, 502, 573, 575, 577, 1705 

Street  trades •. . . 1489 

See  also  Milwaukee. 

Woolen  and  worsted  goods 955, 1320 

Work  permits.  Sec  Employment  certificates. 
Wyoming,  legis 573, 575, 577 


441S3°— 16- 


-11 


O 


ADDITIONAL  COPIES 

OP  THIS  PUBLICATION  MAY  BE  PROCURED  FROM 
THE  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  DOCUMENTS 
GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

AT 

20  CENTS  PER  COPY 
A 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR 

CHILDREN’S  BUREAU 

JULIA  C.  LATHROP.  Chief 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY 

FROM  ALL  CONDITIONS  CONNECTED 
WITH  CHILDBIRTH 

IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 
AND  CERTAIN  OTHER 
COUNTRIES 

BY 

GRACE  L.  MEIGS,  M.  D. 


MISCELLANEOUS  SERIES  No.  6 
Bureau  Publication  No.  19 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1917 


ADDITIONAL  COPIES 

OF  THIS  PUBLICATION  MAY  BE  PROCURED  FROM 
THE  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  DOCUMENTS 
GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

AT 

10  CENTS  PER  COPY 

A 


CONTENTS. 


Letter  of  transmittal 


Page. 

5 


Summary - < 

Part  I.  General  discussion 

Statistics  relating  to  childbirth  in  the  United  States  and  in  certain  foreign 

countries 

Introduction 

Are  the  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement  preventable 

diseases?  

Reliability  of  data 

Number  of  deaths  in  the  United  States  from  childbirth 

Death  rates  in  the  United  States  from  childbirth 

Is  the  death  rate  from  childbirth  falling? 

Diagram  1.  Death  rates  per  100,000  population  from  typhoid,  diph- 
theria and  croup,  and  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement 

in  the  death-registration  area  of  the  United  States,  1900  to  1913 

Diagram  2.  Death  rates  per  100,000  population  from  tuberculosis  and 
pneumonia  in  the  death-registration  area  of  the  United  States, 

1900  to  1913 

Death  rates  from  childbirth  in  urban  and  rural  districts 

Death  rates  from  childbirth  in  different  States 

Death  rates  from  childbirth  of  white  and  colored  population 

Comparison  of  the  average  death  rates  from  childbirth  in  certain 

foreign  countries  and  in  the  United  States 

Conclusions 

Part  II.  Detailed  analysis  of  methods  and  statistical  data 

Discussion  of  certain  terms  and  methods  used  in  this  report 

International  Classification  of  Causes  of  Death 

Death-registration  area 

Provisional  birth-registration  area 

Methods  of  computing  the  death  rates  from  all  causes  connected  with 

pregnancy  and  confinement 

Sources  of  error  in  the  study  of  death  rates  from  childbirth 

Inaccuracy  of  returns 

Limited  area  and  short  period  of  time  represented  by  figures 

Methods  of  computation 

Sources  of  error  in  comparisons  of  death  rates  of  different  years 

Sources  of  error  in  a study  of  foreign  statistics 

Foreign  statistics 

Comparison  of  the  average  death  rates  from  childbirth  in  certain 

foreign  countries  and  in  the  United  States 

Comparison  of  the  changes  in  the  death  rates  from  childbirth  in  certain 
foreign  countries  for  the  years  1900  to  1913 


9-27 

9-27 

9 

10 

13 

14 
14 
16 


13 


19 

20 
21 
22 


22 

23 

29-17 

29-34 

29 

31 

31 


34-43 

35 

36 

37 
37 
41 

43-47 

43 

44 


3 


4 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Fart  III.  General  tables 49-66 

Table  I.  Population,  deaths,  and  death  rates  per  100,000  population  in  the 
death-registration  area  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confine- 
ment, 1890  and  1900  to  1913 49 

Table  II.  Deaths  and  death  rates  per  100,000  population  in  the  8 States 
within  the  death-registration  area  in  1890  from  diseases  caused  by 

pregnancy  and  confinement,  1890  and  1900  to  1913 49 

Table  III.  Deaths  and  death  rates  per  100,000  population  in  the  11  States 
within  the  death-registration  area  in  1900  from  diseases  caused  by 

pregnancy  and  confinement,  1900  to  1913 50 

Table  IV.  Death  rates  per  100,000  female  population  in  the  11  States  within 
the  death-registration  area  in  1900  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy 

and  confinement,  1900  to  1910 50 

Table  Y.  Number  of  deaths  of  women  from  15  to  44  years  of  age  in  the 
death-registration  area  from  each  cause  and  class  of  causes  included  in 
the  abridged  International  List  of  Causes  of  Death  (revision  of  1909), 

1913 51 

Table  YI.  Population,  live  births,  deaths,  and  death  rates  per  100,000  pop- 
ulation and  per  1,000  live  births  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and 
confinement,  by  States  and  principal  cities  in  the  provisional  birth- 

registration  area,  1910 52 

Table  VII.  Death  rates  per  100,000  population  in  the  death-registration 

area  from  certain  important  causes  of  death,  1890  and  1900  to  1913 53 

Table  VIII.  Deaths  and  death  rates  per  100,000  population  in  cities  of  at 
least  8,000  population  and  in  smaller  cities  and  rural  districts  in  the 
death-registration  States  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confine- 
ment, 1900  to  1913 53 

Table  IX.  Death  rates  per  100,000  population  in  cities  that  had  at  least 
200,000  population  in  1900,  and  were  within  the  death-registration  States 
of  1900,  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement,  1900  to  1913.  54 

Table  X.  Death  rates  per  100,000  population  in  the  11  States  within  the 
death-registration  area  in  1900  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and 

confinement,  1900  to  1913 > 54 

Table  XI.  Deaths  and  death  rates  per  100,000  population  in  the  death- 
registration  area  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement, 

by  color  of  decedent,  1910  to  1913 56 

Table  XII.  Average  death  rates  per  100,000  population  in  certain  countries 

from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement,  1900  to  1910 56 

Table  XIII.  Average  death  rates  per  1,000  live  births  in  certain  foreign 
countries  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement,  1900  to 

1910 56 

Table  XIV.  Deaths  in  certain  countries  from  diseases  caused  by  preg- 
nancy and  confinement  and  number  and  per  cent  of  such  deaths  from 

puerperal  septicemia,  1900  to  1910 57 

Comment  on  sources  of  statistics  for  foreign  countries 57 


Table  XV.  Population,  births,  deaths,  and  death  rates  per  100,000  popula- 
tion, per  1,000  births,  and  per  1,000  live  births  from  diseases  caused  by 
pregnancy  and  confinement  in  certain  foreign  countries  for  specified 


years 60 

Table  XVI.  Average  death  rates  per  100,000  population  and  per  1,000  live 
births  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement  in  certain 
foreign  countries  for  specified  periods  of  years 66 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Labor, 

Children’s  Bureau, 
Washington,  September  25, 1916. 

Sir:  I transmit  herewith  a report  entitled  “Maternal  Mortality 
from  all  Conditions  Connected  with  Childbirth  in  the  United  States 
and  Certain  Other  Countries,”  by  Dr.  Grace  L.  Meigs,  in  charge  of  the 
hygiene  division  of  this  bureau.  This  report  has  been  prepared 
because  the  bureau’s  studies  of  infant  mortality  in  towns  and  rural 
districts  reveal  a connection  between  maternal  and  infant  welfare  so 
close  that  it  becomes  plain  that  infancy  can  not  be  protected  without 
the  protection  of  maternity. 

In  this  study  Dr.  Meigs  undertakes  to  do  no  more  than  to  assemble 
and  interpret  figures  already  published  by  the  United  States  Bureau 
of  the  Census  and  by  the  statistical  authorities  of  various  foreign 
countries,  and  to  state  accepted  scientific  views  as  to  the  proper  care 
of  maternity.  She  points  out  clearly  that  maternal  mortality  is  in 
great  measure  preventable,  that  no  available  figures  show  a decrease 
in  the  United  States  in  recent  years,  and  that  certain  other  countries 
now  exhibit  more  favorable  rates.  This  report  reveals  an  unconscious 
neglect  due  to  age-long  ignorance  and  fatalism.  It  is  earnestly  be- 
lieved that  whenever  the  public  realizes  the  facts  it  will  awake  to 
action  and  that  adequate  provision  for  maternal  and  infant  welfare 
will  become  an  integral  part  of  all  plans  for  public  health  protection. 

The  generous  assistance  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  the  Census 
in  the  preparation  of  this  report  is  gratefully  acknowledged. 

Dr.  Meigs  desires  that  special  mention  be  made  of  the  assistance 
of  Miss  Emma  Duke,  head  of  the  statistical  division  of  the  Chil- 
dren’s Bureau,  and  of  Miss  Viola  Paradise,  research  assistant  in  the 
division  of  hygiene. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

Julia  C.  Lathrop, 

Chief  of  Bureau. 

Hon.  William  B.  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Labor . 


5 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY  FROM  ALL  CONDITIONS  CONNECTED 
WITH  CHILDBIRTH* 


SUMMARY. 

In  1913  in  this  country  at  least  15,000  women,  it  is  estimated,  died 
from  conditions  caused  by  childbirth;  about  7,000  of  these  died  from 
childbed  fever,  a disease  proved  to  be  almost  entirely  preventable, 
and  the  remaining  8,000  from  diseases  now  known  to  be  to  a great 
extent  preventable  or  curable.  Physicians  and  statisticians  agree 
that  these  figures  are  a great  underestimate. 

In  1913  the  death  rate  per  100,000  population  from  all  conditions 
caused  by  childbirth  was  little  lower  than  that  from  typhoid  fever; 
this  rate  would  be  almost  quadrupled  if  only  the  group  of  the 
population  which  can  be  affected,  women  of  childbearing  age,  were 
considered. 

In  1913  childbirth  caused  more  deaths  among  women  15  to  44  years 
old  than  any  disease  except  tuberculosis. 

The  death  rate  due  to  this  cause  is  almost  twice  as  high  in  the  col- 
ored as  in  the  white  population. 

Only  2 of  a group  of  15  important  foreign  countries  show  higher 
rates  from  this  cause  than  the  rate  in  the  registration  area  of  the 
United  States.  The  rates  of  3 countries,  Sweden,  Norway,  and  Italy, 
which  are  notably  low,  show  that  low  rates  for  these  diseases  are 
attainable. 

The  death  rates  from  childbirth  and  from  childbed  fever  for  the 
registration  area  of  this  country  apparently  are  not  falling  to  any 
great  extent;  during  the  13  years  from  1900  to  1913  they  have  shown 
no  demonstrable  decrease.  These  yearn  have  been  marked  by  a 
revolution  in  the  control  of  certain  other  preventable  diseases,  such 
as  typhoid,  diphtheria,  and  tuberculosis.  During  that  time  the 
typhoid  rate  has  been  cut  in  half,  the  rate  from  tuberculosis  markedly 
reduced,  and  the  rate  from  diphtheria  reduced  to  less  than  one-half. 
During  this  period  there  has  been  a decrease  in  the  death  rate  from 
childbirth  per  1,000  live  births  in  England  and  Wales,  Ireland,  Japan, 
New  Zealand,  and  Switzerland. 

These  facts  point  to  the  need  in  this  country  and  in  foreign  countries 
of  higher  standards  of  care  for  women  at  the  time  of  childbirth. 

The  low  standards  at  present  existing  in  this  country  result  chiefly 
from  two  causes:  (1)  General  ignorance  of  the  dangers  connected 


8 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


with  childbirth  and  of  the  need  for  proper  hygiene  and  skilled  care  in 
order  to  prevent  them;  (2)  difficulty  in  the  provision  of  adequate  care 
due  to  special  problems  characteristic  of  this  country.  Such  prob- 
lems vary  greatly  in  the  city  and  in  the  rural  districts.  In  the 
country  inaccessibility  of  any  skilled  care  is  a chief  factor. 

Improvement  will  come  about  only  through  a general  realization 
of  the  necessity  for  better  care  at  childbirth.  If  women  demand 
better  care,  physicians  will  provide  it,  medical  colleges  will  furnish 
better  training  in  obstetrics,  and  communities  will  realize  the  vital 
importance  of  community  measures  to  insure  good  care  for  all  classes 
of  women. 


PART  I.  GENERAL  DISCUSSION, 


STATISTICS  RELATING  TO  CHILDBIRTH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 
AND  IN  CERTAIN  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 

Introduction. 

For  the  last  two  decades  civilized  countries  have  been  absorbed  in 
the  problem  of  preventing  the  enormous  and  needless  waste  of  human 
life  represented  by  their  infant  death  rates.  The  importance  of  this 
problem  has  been  felt  more  keenly  in  the  last  two  years  in  the  coun- 
tries now  at  war;  in  these  countries  the  efforts  toward  saving  the 
lives  of  babies  have  redoubled  since  the  war  began.  Side  by  side 
with  this  problem,  another,  which  is  only  of  late  finding  its  true 
place,  is  that  of  the  protection  of  the  lives  and  health  of  mothers  dur- 
ing their  pregnancy  and  confinement.  This  is  a question  so  closely 
bound  up  with  that  of  the  prevention  of  infant  mortality  that  the 
two  can  not  be  separated. 

It  is  now  realized  that  a large  proportion  of  the  deaths  of  babies 
occur  in  the  first  days  and  weeks  of  life,  and  that  these  deaths  can 
be  prevented  only  through  proper  care  of  the  mother  before  and  at 
the  birth  of  her  baby.  It  is  also  realized  that  breast  feeding  through 
the  greater  part  of  the  first  year  of  the  baby’s  life  is  the  chief  pro- 
tection from  all  diseases;  and  that  mothers  are  much  more  likely  to 
be  able  to  nurse  their  babies  successfully  if  they  receive  proper 
care  before,  at,  and  after  childbirth.  Moreover,  in  the  progress  of 
work  for  the  prevention  of  infant  mortality  it  has  become  ever  clearer 
that  all  such  work  is  useful  only  in  so  far  as  it  helps  the  mother  to 
care  better  for  her  baby.  It  must  be  plain,  then,  to  what  a.  degree 
the  sickness  or  death  of  the  mother  lessens  the  chances  of  the  baby 
for  life  and  health. 

This  question  has  also  another  side.  Each  death  at  childbirth  is 
a serious  loss  to  the  country.  The  women  who  die  from  this 
cause  are  lost  at  the  time  of  their  greatest  usefulness  to  the  State  and 
to  their  families;  and  they  give  their  lives  in  carrying  out  a function 
which  must  be  regarded  as  the  most  important  in  the  world. 

Questions  then  of  the  most  vital  interest  to  the  whole  Nation  are 
these:  How  are  the  lives  of  the  mothers  in  this  country  and  other 
countries  being  protected  ? To  what  degree  are  the  diseases  caused  by 
pregnancy  and  childbirth  preventable  ? If  preventable,  how  far  are 
they  being  prevented  in  this  country?  Has  there  been  the  same 
great  decrease  in  the  last  few  years  in  sickness  and  death  from 
these  causes  as  that  which  has  marked  the  great  campaigns  against 
64614°— 17 2 9 


10 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


other  preventable  diseases  such  as  typhoid,  tuberculosis,  or  diph- 
theria? How  do  the  conditions  in  the  United  States  compare  with 
those  in  other  countries  ? 

In  the  following  report  the  attempt  has  been  made  to  derive 
answers  to  these  questions  from  the  official  records  of  this  country 
and  of  foreign  countries. 

Are  the  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement  preventable 

diseases? 

These  diseases  1 fall  naturally  into  two  groups,  which  differ  con- 
siderably as  to  the  degree  to  which  they  are  preventable: 

1.  Childbed  fever,  or  puerperal  septicemia  (an  infection  arising 
in  connection  with  miscarriage  or  confinement),  which  is  to  a great 
degree  a preventable  disease. 

2.  All  other,  diseases  and  complications  caused  by  pregnancy  and 
confinement,  including  conditions  varying  very  much  in  the  degree 
to  which  they  can  be  prevented  or  cured. 

Puerperal  septicemia  ( childbed  fever) . — The  fact  is  now  well  kriowm 
that  puerperal  septicemia,  or  childbed  fever,  is  in  reality  a wound 
infection,  similar  to  such  an  infection  after  an  accident  or  an  opera- 
tion, and  that  it  can  be  prevented  by  the  same  measures  of  cleanliness 
and  asepsis  which  are  used  so  universally  in  modern  surgery  to  prevent 
infection.  The  proof  of  the  nature  of  this  disease  is  one  of  the  tre- 
mendous results  of  the  scientific  discoveries  which  were  made  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  nineteenth  century. 

During  the  early  part  of  that  century  childbed  fever  was  one  of  the 
greatest  hospital  scourges  known.  It  occurred  also  in  private  prac- 
tice; but  in  hospitals  where  there  was  great  opportunity  for  the 
spreading  of  infection  the  death  rate  from  this  disease  was  appalling. 
The  average  death  rate  in  hospitals  in  all  countries  was  3 to  4 per  cent 
of  all  women  confined;  sometimes  it  reached  10  to  20  per  cent  and 
even  over  50  per  cent  during  short  periods  of  epidemics.2  In  the  face 
of  this  terrific  mortality  many  obstetrical  hospitals  were  closed . Com- 
missions were  appointed  to  investigate  the  cause  of  these  epidemics, 
and  medical  congresses  devoted  sessions  to  the  discussion  of  the 
problem.  In  1843  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  and  in  1847  Semmelweiss, 
published  articles  stating  the  theory  that  this  fever  was  similar  to  a 
wound  infection  and  was  due  chiefly  to  the  carrying  of  infectious 
material  on  the  hands  of  attendants  from  one  case  to  another.  The 

1 Throughout  this  report  when  reference  is  made  to  causes  of  death  the  term  “childbirth”  will  be  used  as 
sjmonymous  with  “all  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement”;  and  each  of  these  terms  will  be 
used  as  being  the  sum  of  the  two  groups,  “puerperal  septicemia”  and  “all  other  diseases  caused  by  preg- 
nancy and  confinement.”  It  will  be  noted  that  diseases  of  the  breast  during  lactation  are  included  in 
the  latter  group.  For  a fuller  discussion  of  these  causes  of  death,  and  the  titles  of  the  International  List 
of  Causes  of  Death  to  which  they  correspond,  see  p.  29. 

2 Williams,  J.  W.  “Obstetrics  and  animal  experimentation.”  Defense  of  Research  Pamphlet  XVIII, 
Amer.  Med.  Assn.,  Chicago,  1911,  pp.  5-19. 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


11 


same  ideas  had  been  published  much  earlier  but  had  not  received 
attention. 

At  the  time  of  the  publications  of  Holmes  and  Semmelweiss  it  was 
not  known  that  the  infection  of  wounds  is  caused  by  the  action  of 
bacteria  or  germs.  This  discovery  followed  the  pioneer  discovery  of 
living  bacteria  causing  fermentation,  made  by  Pasteur  about  1863, 
which  has  revolutionized  all  surgery  and  preventive  medicine. 

In  1867  Lister  began  to  apply  to  surgery  the  work  of  Pasteur;  he 
taught  that  wound  infection  at  operation  could  be  prevented  by  the 
destruction  of  bacteria  through  disinfection  or  antisepsis.  Though 
these  methods  have  been  supplemented  in  later  years  by  the  better 
methods  of  absolute  surgical  cleanliness  or  asepsis,  they  represented 
at  that  time  a great  advance. 

About  1875  Lister’s  methods  began  to  be  generally  accepted  and 
applied  in  hospitals  to  the  prevention  of  infection  at  childbirth. 
This  movement  gained  great  support  in  1879  when  Pasteur  proved 
definitely  that  childbed  fever  is  caused  by  bacteria. 

Gradually  the  methods  of  antisepsis  or  disinfection  and  later  the 
better  methods  of  asepsis  were  accepted  in  obstetrical  hospitals;  and 
at  the  same  time  the  mortality,  once  so  high,  dropped  enormmusly. 
At  present  the  death  rate  from  puerperal  septicemia  amongWises 
delivered  in  hospitals  is  extremely  low.  Williams  says:  “At  the 
present  time  it  is  safe  to  say  that  in  well-regulated  hospitals  the  mor- 
tality from  puerperal  infection  is  less  than  0.25  per  cent.  This  is  in 
great  contrast  with  the  average  mortality  of  3 to  4 per  cent  observed 
[in  hospitals]  throughout  the  world  prior  to  the  introduction  of  anti- 
septic methods,  and  means  that  only  1 woman  now  dies  as  compared 
with  15  or  20  formerly.”1 

This  experience  in  hospitals  has  proved  definitely  that  puerperal 
septicemia  is  to  a very  large  degree  preventable.  One  fact,  however, 
complicates  the  whole  question  and  makes  it  impossible  to  say  that 
the  disease  is  in  all  cases  absolutely  preventable,  namely,  that  a very 
small  number  of  cases  develops  even  under  conditions  of  the  best 
hospital  or  private  care,  when  every  method  for  avoiding  infection 
has  been  used.  This  fact  has  led  to  much  controversy.  In  general 
obstetricians  of  the  greatest  experience  believe  that  a small  number 
of  cases  of  infection  after  childbirth  may  develop  from  bacteria 
which  were  already  in  the  body  of  the  patient  before  confinement; 
but  that  in  the  main  such  cases  are  of  mild  severity  and  that  only  a 
few  fatal  cases  are  due  to  this  cause.  Another  point  which  must  be 
borne  in  mind  is  that,  in  a certain  number  of  cases,  women  may  infect 
themselves  through  improper  hygiene  during  pregnancy  or  just 
before  or  at  confinement.  Therefore  the  teaching  of  proper  hygiene  is 
an  essential  part  of  the  work  for  the  prevention  of  infection. 


Williams,  J.  W.  Supra  cit.,  p.  19. 


12 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


To  sum  up,  experience  has  shown  that  by  far  the  major  part  of  all 
serious  cases  of  infection  at  childbirth  may  be  prevented  by  the 
application  of  such  principles  of  hygiene  and  of  strict  surgical  cleanli- 
ness as  are  now  established  beyond  question. 

AU  other  diseases  caused  by  'pregnancy  and  confinement. — The  dis- 
eases and  complications  included  under  this  heading  are  those 
given  on  page  SO  as  being  included  under  “ Other  puerperal  acci- 
dents of  pregnancy  and  labor.’ ’ 

A definite  statement  such  as  that  made  above  regarding  the  pre- 
vent ability  of  puerperal  septicemia  can  not  be  made  about  this  second 
group  of  diseases,  which  includes  many  different  conditions.  How- 
ever, it  is  a fact  well  proved  in  practice  that  a large  number  of  these 
complications  can  be  prevented  through  proper  hygiene  and  super- 
vision during  pregnancy  and  through  skilled  care  at  labor.  Certain 
other  complications  which  can  not,  be  prevented  can  be  detected 
before  serious  harm  is  done,  and  treatment  can  be  given  which  will 
save  the  mother’s  life.  We  can  see  this  more  clearly  if  we  consider 
as  examples  two  of  the  most  important  complications. 

Puerperal  albuminuria  and  convulsions,  called  also  eclampsia,  or 
toxemia  of  pregnancy,  is  a disease  which  occurs  most  frequently 
during  pregnancy  but  may  occur-at  or  following  confinement.  It  is  a 
relatively  frequent  complication  among  women  bearing  their  first 
children.  When  fully  established  its  chief  symptoms  are  convulsions 
and  unconsciousness.  In  the  early  stages  of  the  disease  the  symp- 
toms are  slight  puffiness  of  the  face,  hands,  and  feet;  headache; 
albumen  in  the  urine;  and  usually  a rise  in  blood  pressure.  Very 
often  proper  treatment  and  diet  at  the  beginning  of  such  early 
symptoms  may  prevent  the  development  of  the  disease;  but  in 
many  cases  where  the  disease  is  well  established  before  the  physician 
is  consulted,  the  woman  and  baby  can  not  be  saved  by  any  treatment. 
In  the  prevention  of  deaths  from  this  cause  it  is  essential,  therefore, 
that  each  woman,  especially  each  woman  bearing  her  first  child, 
should  know  what  she  can  do,  by  proper  hygiene  and  diet,  to  prevent 
the  disease;  that  she  should  know  the  meaning  of  these  early  symp- 
toms if  they  arise,  so  that  she  may  seek  at  once  the  advice  of  her 
doctor;  and  that  she  should  have  regular  supervision  during  preg- 
nancy, with  examination  of  the  urine  at  intervals. 

Some  obstruction  to  labor  in  the  small  size  or  abnormal  shape  of  the 
pelvic  canal  causes  many  deaths  of  mothers  included  in  the  class 
1 1 other  accidents  of  labor”  and  also  many  stillbirths.  If  such  diffi- 
culty is  discovered  before  labor,  proper  treatment  will  in  almost  all 
cases  insure  the  life  of  mother  and  child;  if  it  is  not  discovered  until 
labor  has  begun,  or  perhaps  until  it  has  continued  for  many  hours, 
the  danger  to  both  is  greatly  increased.  Every  woman,  therefore, 
should  have  during  pregnancy — and  above  all  during  her  first  preg- 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


13 


nancy — an  examination  in  which  measurements  are  made  to  enable 
the  physician  to  judge  whether  or  not  there  will  be  any  obstruc- 
tion to  labor.  A case  in  which  a complication  of  this  kind  is  found 
requires  the  greatest  skill  and  experience  in  treatment/  but  with 
such  treatment  the  life  and  health  of  the  mother  are  almost  always 
safe. 

These  two  examples  will  suffice.  In  the  same  way  it  could  be 
shown,  with  regard  to  all  the  other  complications  of  pregnancy  and 
labor,  that  those  which  can  not  be  prevented  can  be  treated  success- 
fully in  most  cases  if  detected  in  time. 

It  can  be  regarded,  then,  as  a generally  accepted  fact  that  all 
illness  and  death  connected  with  childbearing  is,  to  a certain  and 
large  degree,  preventable,  through  the  application  of  the  scientific 
knowledge  which  is  now  well  established.  The  next  questions 
are,  How  far  are  these  diseases  being  prevented  in  the  United 
States?  How  many  deaths  do  they  cause  each  year?  Wliat  are 
the  death  rates  from  these  causes,  and  are  they  decreasing  or  in- 
creasing? The  statistics  gathered  by  the  United  States  Bureau  of 
the  Census  have  been  studied  for  answers  to  these  questions. 

There  are  other  equally  important  questions  to  which  these  figures 
will  not  give  answers.  In  addition  to  the  number  of  deaths  and 
death  rates,  it  is  important  to  know  how  much  illness  is  caused  by 
the  diseases  of  pregnancy  and  confinement.  How  many  women  do 
they  disable  for  months  or  years  ? Undoubtedly  the  health  of  these 
mothers  affects  enormously  the  welfare  of  their  children.  Unfortu- 
nately such  questions  can  not  be  answered;  puerperal  septicemia 
is  not  a reportable  disease  in  this  country  as  it  is  in  many  others. 
We  can  only  remember  that  for  each  woman  who  died  there  are 
surely  many  who  were  ill  for  days,  weeks,  or  months,  but  who  finally 
recovered. 

The  following  pages  give  a brief  summary  of  the  data,  published 
by  the  United  States  Bureau  of  the  Census,  dealing  with  deaths 
from  childbirth.  These  are  discussed  in  further  detail  in  other 
sections  of  the  report. 

Reliability  of  data. 

The  statement  is  frequently  made  that  all  statistics  on  this  subject 
are  incomplete.  This  is  undoubtedly  true  with  regard  to  the  figures 
available  in  each  country.  A detailed  discussion  of  the  many  sources 
of  error  in  the  statistics  of  the  United  States  and  of  foreign  countries 
on  this  subject  will  be  found  in  another  section,  beginning  on  page  34. 

1 The  public  must  be  taught  that  the  conduct  of  labor  complicated  by  a moderate  degree  of  pelvic  con- 
traction is  quite  as  serious  as  a case  of  appendicitis,  and  that  its  proper  management  requires  the  highest 
degree  of  judgment  and  skill,  while  eclampsia  or  placenta  prsevia  are  even  more  serious. — Williams,  J.  W. 
“ The  midwife  problem  and  medical  education  in  the  United  States.”  Trans.  Amer.  Assn,  for  Study  and 
Prevention  of  Infant  Mortality,  1911,  p.  189. 


14 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


From  that  discussion  several  conclusions  may  be  drawn: 

1.  Though  the  figures  of  the  number  of  deaths  from  puerperal 
septicemia  and  from  all  other  diseases  connected  with  childbirth  are 
certainly  incomplete,  yet  they  are  reliable  as  far  as  they  go;  they 
may  be  accepted  as  a statement  of  the  minimum  number  of  deaths 
which  have  actually  occurred  as  a result  of  these  diseases. 

2.  All  conclusions  as  to  comparative  death  rates  in  various  years 
and  in  various  countries  can  be  made  only  with  caution  and  by 
bearing  in  mind  the  many  statistical  pitfalls  connected  with  such 
comparisons. 

With  a full  understanding  of  the  limitations  of  the  figures  avail- 
able, it  has  seemed  worth  while  to  publish  the  following  figures  of 
the  deaths  in  the  United  States  due  to  childbirth. 

Number  of  deaths  in  the  United  States  from  childbirth. 

In  1913  in  the  “death-registration  area”  1 of  the  United  States 
10,010  deaths  were  reported  as  due  to  conditions  caused  by  preg- 
nancy and  childbirth.  Of  these  deaths,  4,542  were  reported  as 
caused  by  puerperal  septicemia  or  childbed  fever. 

Using  the  death-registration  area  as  a basis,  we  are  justified  in 
estimating  that  in  1913  in  the  whole  United  States  15,376  deaths 
were  due  to  childbirth,  and  6,977  of  these  were  due  to  childbed  fever. 
As  will  be  shown  later,  these  figures  are  without  doubt  a gross  under- 
estimate. As  it  is,  they  are  striking  enough — almost  7,000  deaths  in 
one  year  in  this  country  due  to  childbed  fever,  a disease  to  a large 
degree  easily  preventable;  and  over  8,000  due  to  the  other  diseases 
caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement,  most  of  which  are  preventable 
or  curable  by  means  well  known  to  science. 

Death  rates  in  the  United  States  from  childbirth. 

The  death  rate  from  all  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  con- 
finement in  1913  in  the  registration  area  was  15.8  per  100,000  popu- 
lation (which  includes  all  ages  and  both  sexes).  The  death  rate 
from  puerperal  septicemia  was  7.2. 

These  figures,  however,  mean  little  to  us  unless  we  compare  them 
with  the  death  rates  from  other  preventable  diseases.  In  the  same 
year  and  area  the  typhoid  rate  was  17.9  per  100,000  population;  the 
rate  from  diphtheria  and  croup  18.8.  The  highest  death  rate  from  any 
one  disease  was  that  from  tuberculosis,  147.6  per  100,000  population. 
Any  such  comparison  with  the  rates  from  diseases  to  which  both  sexes 
and  all  ages  are  liable  is  of  course  very  misleading;  but  in  spite  of 
that  fact  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  t}^phoid  fever,  the  disease 

1 The  death-registration  area  comprises  the  States  and  cities  in  which  the  registration  of  deaths  is 
returned  as  fairly  complete. — U.  S.  Census.  Mortality  Statistics,  1911,  p.  9.  It  is  estimated  that  in  1913 
the  death-registration  area  included  65.1  per  cent  of  the  population  of  the  United  States.  (See  Table  I, 
p.  49.) 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


1 5 

against  which  so  great  an  amount  of  effort  is  now  directed,  has  a 
rate  at  present  but  2 per  100,000  population  higher  than  that  from  the 
diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement. 

Death  rates  'per  100,000  women. — The  death  rates  from  childbirth 
are  aj^proximately  doubled  when  worked  on  the  basis  of  100,000 
women.  This  will  be  seen  when  Tables  IV  and  III  (p.  50)  are  com- 
pared. The  former  gives  for  the  period  1900  to  1910,  the  annual 
death  rates  per  100,000  women  in  the  group  of  11  States  which  were 
in  the  death-registration  area  in  1900,  the  latter  the  death  rates  per 
100,000  population  in  the  same  group  of  States  for  the  same  period. 
It  is  evident  that  the  rates  in  Table  IV  for  each  year  are  slightly 
more  than  twice  those  in  Table  III  for  the  same  year. 

Death  rates  per  100,000  women  of  childbearing  age . — Again,  a much 
higher  but  a more  accurate  death  rate  from  these  diseases  is  found 
when  the  basis  taken  is  the  group  which  alone  is  affected  by  these 
diseases — women  of  childbearing  age.  When  the  rate  is  based  not 
upon  100,000  population  of  both  sexes  and  all  ages  but  upon  100,000 
women  15  to  44  years  of  age,  the  rate  as  ordinarily  given  is  multi- 
plied several  times. 

In  1900,1  the  only  year  for  which  the  rates  can  be  computed,  the 
death  rate  in  the  registration  area  per  100,000  women  15  to  44  years 
of  age  from  all  diseases  of  pregnancy  and  confinement  was  50.3 ; from 
puerperal  infection,  21.6.  (See  p.  32.)  The  corresponding  rates 
for  the  same  year  per  100,000  population  were  13.1  and  5.6.  In  this 
year,  therefore,  the  rates  are  almost  quadrupled  when  based  on  that 
group  of  the  population  which  alone  can  be  affected  by  these  diseases. 

Moreover,  the  death  rates  as  ordinarily  given  per  100,000  popula- 
tion conceal  the  fact  that  the  diseases  of  pregnancy  and  childbirth 
are  indeed  among  the  most  important  causes  of  death  of  women 
between  15  and  44  years  of  age;  the  actual  number  of  deaths  shows 
this  to  be  the  case.  In  1913  in  the  registration  area  these  diseases 
caused  more  deaths  than  any  other  one  cause  of  death  except  tuber* 
culosis.  In  that  year  there  were,  among  women  15  to  44  years  of  age, 
26,265  deaths  from  tuberculosis;  9,876  deaths  from  the  diseases  of 
pregnancy  and  confinement;  6,386  from  heart  disease;  5,741  from 
acute  nephritis  and  Bright’s  disease;  5,065  from  cancer;  and  4,167 
from  pneumonia.  Other  diseases,  such  as  typhoid,  appendicitis,  and 
the  infectious  diseases  show  far  fewer  deaths.  (See  Table  V,  p.  51.) 

Death  rates  per  1,000  live  births. — This  rate,  as  will  be  shown  repeat- 
edly throughout  the  report  (see  p.  32),  gives  a far  clearer  picture  of 
the  actual  risk  of  childbirth  than  do  any  of  the  rates  so  far  con- 
sidered. This  rate  can  be  given  only  for  one  year,  1910,  and  only  for 
the  provisional  birth-registration  area  for  that  year.  The  rate  from 
all  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement  is  6.5,  from  puer- 


i Census  year  ending  May  31. 


16 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


peral  septicemia,  2.9,  and  from  all  other  diseases  of  pregnancy  and 
confinement,  3.6  per  1,000  live  births.  That  is,  in  this  area  for 
every  154  babies  born  alive  one  mother  lost  her  life.  (See  Table 
VI,  p.  52.) 

Is  the  death  rate  from  childbirth  falling? 

Has  there  been  in  the  last  few  years  any  decrease  in  the  death  rates 
from  puerperal  septicemia  and  from  other  diseases  caused  by  preg- 
nancy and  confinement?  The  general  opinion  of  the  medical  pro- 
fession and  of  the  laity  is  that  these  death  rates,  and  especially  the 
rate  from  puerperal  septicemia,  are  fast  decreasing.  The  fact  that 
hospital  epidemics  of  puerperal  septicemia  are  now  things  of  the 
past  is  thought  to  be  evidence  that  deaths  from  this  disease  are  now 
rare.  On  the  other  hand,  many  obstetricians  of  wide  experience 
believe  that  outside  of  hospitals  there  has  been  no  great  decrease  in 
the  death  rate  from  puerperal  septicemia. 

Dr.  Williams,1  professor  of  obstetrics,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  be- 
lieves that  there  has  been  no  great  improvement  in  this  country;  Dr. 
Webster,2  professor  of  obstetrics.  Rush  Medical  College,  University  of 
Chicago,  and  Dr.  Powell3  hold  the  same  opinion;  Dr.  De  Lee,4 professor 

1 In  private  practice  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  results  are  materially  better  to-day  than  they  were  before 
the  introduction  of  antiseptic  methods,  for  the  reason  that  the  doctrines  of  asepsis  have  not  yet  permeated 
the  rank  and  file  of  medical  men,  much  less  of  midwives,  to  whose  care  is  committed  a very  large  propor- 
tion of  obstetrical  cases.  Though,  at  the  same  time,  it  must  be  admitted  that  we  rarely  hear  of  outbreaks 
of  puerperal  infection  such  as  are  mentioned  in  the  historical  work  of  Hirseh,  who  gives  the  particulars  of 
216  epidemics  occurring  between  the  years  1652  and  1862. 

Boehr  stated  in  1875  that  363,324  wofnen  had  died  from  puerperal  infection  in  Prussia  during  the  preced- 
ing 60  years,  and  calculated  that  every  thirtieth  married  woman  eventually  perished  from  it;  while  Ehlers 
contended  that  outside  of  the  well-regulated  hospitals  the  results  were  equally  bad  in  1900.  Furthermore, 
Fromme  stated,  in  1910,  that  at  least  5,000  women  succumb  each  year  in  Prussia  to  this  preventable  malady. 

Bacon,  in  an  article  based  upon  the  records  of  the  health  department  of  Chicago,  showed  that  for  the  40 
years  prior  to  1896  puerperal  infection  was  assigned  as  the  cause  of  death  in  12.75  per  cent  of  the  women 
dying  between  the  ages  of  20  and  50  years,  varying  between  20  per  cent  in  1873  and  7.3  per  cent  in  1895. 
Similar  results  were  reported  by  Ingerslev,  who  stated  that,  even  at  the  present  time  in  Denmark,  with 
the  single  exception  of  tuberculosis,  puerperal  infection  is  the  most  frequent  cause  of  death  in  women  during 
the  childbearing  period. 

The  investigations  of  Boxall,  Byers,  and  Lea  show  a similar  condition  in  England,  where  it  may  be 
said  that  outside  of  the  lying-in  hospitals  this  preventable  scourge  claims  as  many  and  perhaps  more  vic- 
tims than  it  did  20  or  even  40  years  ago. 

Moreover,  in  trying  to  determine  the  frequency  of  puerperal  infection,  one  can  not  be  guided  altogether 
by  the  mortality  statistics,  inasmuch  as  the  largest  proportion  of  these  cases  do  not  end  fatally.  On  the 
other  hand,  anyone  who  deals  much  with  gynecological  patients  can  not  fail  to  be  impressed  with  the 
very  large  proportion  whose  troubles  have  originated  from  febrile  affections  during  the  puerperium,  which 
in  many  instances  were  clearly  due  to  the  neglect  of  aseptic  precautions  on  the  part  of  the  obstetrician 
or  midwife. — Williams,  J.  W.  Obstetrics,  1913,  pp.  900,901. 

2 It  is  the  general  impression  that  there  has  been  a marked  diminution  in  the  mortality  of  puerperal 
sepsis  since  the  introduction  of  antiseptics.  This  is  probably  true  only  as  regards  hospital  prac- 
tice. * * * As  regards  private  practice,  it  is  doubtful  if  there  has  been  much  diminution  in  mortality, 
either  in  Europe  or  America. — Webster,  J.  C.  A Text-book  of  Obstetrics,  1903,  p.  640. 

3 1 am  quite  sure  it  is  the  belief  of  all  who  have  given  attention  to  this  subject,  that  the  mortality  from 
puerperal  infection  has  been  diminished  little  if  any  in  private  practice. — Powell,  H.  H.  “Mortality  from 
puerperal  infection.”  Surgery,  Gynecology  and  Obstetrics,  1906,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  11. 

4 I do  not  fear  to  hazard  the  statement  that  8,000  women  die  annually  in  the  United  States  from  child- 
bed infections.  When  one  considers  that  the  majority  of  cases  of  puerperal  infection  get  well,  the  con- 
clusion is  inevitable  that  the  disease  is  still — in  these  modern  aseptic  and  antiseptic  times— very  preva- 
lent , — De  Lee,  J.  B.  Principles  and  Practice  of  Obstetrics,  1913,  p.  870. 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


17 


of  obstetrics,  Northwestern  University,  comments  on  the  great  preva- 
lence of  puerperal  septicemia  in  spite  of  our  present  knowledge  of  asep- 
sis. Ur.  Moran 1 points  out  the  lack  of  decrease  in  the  figures  as  given 
in  the  census  reports,  as  does  also  Ur.  Uavis 2 in  a recent  volume.  Ur. 
Edgar,3  professor  of  obstetrics  and  clinical  midwifery,  Cornell  Univer- 
sity Medical  College,  on  the  other  hand,  believes  that  there  has  been 
a decrease. 

We  need  a definite  answer  to  this  question,  based  on  a study  of 
unassailable  statistics.  Unfortunately  the  available  figures  on  this 
subject  for  this  country  and  foreign  countries  have  many  possibilities 
of  error,  as  will  be  shown  in  a later  section  (see  p.  34).  The  errors 
have  been  avoided  as  far  as  possible;  those  which  can  not  be  avoided 
must  be  considered  in  reading  the  following  summary.  Especially 
to  be  remembered  is  the  fact  that  in  recent  years  great  improvement 
has  been  made  in  the  registration  of  deaths  from  childbirth  and 
childbed  fever. 

According  to  the  evidence  available,  these  death  rates  are  appar- 
ently not  decreasing.  Uuring  the  23  years  ending  in  1913  in  this  coun- 
try no  definite  decrease  in  the  death  rate  from  the  diseases  caused  by 
pregnancy  and  confinement  can  be  demonstrated;  nor  can  any 
decrease  in  the  death  rate  from  puerperal  septicemia  be  shown. 

In  the  registration  area  as  a whole  the  death  rates  have  shown  no 
decline  in  the  years  between  1890  and  1913.  The  death  rate  from 
all  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement,  which  was  15.3 
in  1890,  fell  to  13  in  1902,  and  then  with  annual  fluctuations  rose  to 
16  in  1911;  in  1913  the  rate  was  15.8.  The  annual  average  for  the 
period  1901  to  1905  was  14.2;  for  the  period  1906  to  1910,  15.5. 
(See  Table  I,  p.  49.) 

The  death  rate  from  all  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  con- 
finement for  the  group  of  eight  States  which  have  been  included  in 
the  death-registration  area  from  1890  to  1913  4 also  has  shown  no 
decrease  during  the  course  of  these  23  years.  There-was  a slight  fall 
in  the  rate  for  the  year  1900  as  compared  with  that  for  the  year  1890, 
followed  by  a slight  rise.  (See  Table  II,  p.  49.)  In  1890  the  rate 
was  14.1  per  100,000  population;  in  1900,  12.6;  in  1913  it  was  14.3. 

The  death  rates  for  a second  group  of  States 4 (those  included  in 
the  death-registration  area  since  1900)  show  between  1900  and  1913  a 

1 Moran,  J.  F.  “ The  endowment  of  motherhood/’  Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assn.,  1915,  Vol.  LXIV,  p.  122. 

2 It  is  probable  that  very  few  physicians  realize  that  with  the  great  progress  of  preventive  medicine  and 
aseptic  surgery  that  there  has  not  been  a similar  increase  in  the  safety  of  maternity.— Davis,  C.  H.  Pain- 
less Childbirth,  Eutocia,  and  Nitrous  Oxid-Oxygen  Analgesia,  1910,  p.  62. 

3 It  is  very  difficult  to  estimate  the  frequency  of  puerperal  infection  outside  of  hospitals  * * * but 
it  is  undoubtedly  much  less  than  it  used  to  be.— Edgar,  J.  C.  The  Practice  of  Obstetrics,  1903,  p.  752. 

* Selected  for  study  because  good  methods  of  death  registration  may  be  assumed  to  have  become  estab- 
lished, and  also  because  comparisons  of  the  rates  of  such  a group  of  States  are  not  open  to  the  error  due  to 
the  changing  character  of  the  registration  area. 

64614°— 17 3 


18 


MATERIAL  MORTALITY. 


slight  increase,  from  12.9  to  14.9,  with,  the  high  point  15.5  in  1911. 
(See  Table  III,  p.  50).  These  rates  are  more  fully  discussed  on 
page  38. 

The  death  rates  from  puerperal  septicemia  or  childbed  fever 
during  these  years  in  each  group  of  States  have  run  parallel  with 
those  from  the  whole  group  of  diseases  connected  with  childbirth; 
they,  too,  have  shown  practically  no  change  in  13  years. 

It  is  probable  that  the  improvement  in  reporting  deaths  from  child- 
birth may  account  for  the  apparent  rise  in  the  rates  since  1900;  it 
may  also  perhaps  conceal  a slight  improvement  in  actual  conditions 
since  that  time;  but  it  is  safe  to  say  that  any  marked  decrease  in  the 
actual  death  rate  from  childbirth  during  the  last  13  yearn  could  not 
have  been  masked  by  this  error. 

In  these  years  what  has  been  the  change  in  the  death  rates  from 
other  preventable  diseases?  These  death  rates  tell  a very  different 
story  from  that  of  the  rates  from  childbirth.  They  give  a bare  out- 
line of  the  remarkable  achievements  of  modern  medicine  in  the 
prevention  of  certain  diseases. 

DIAGRAM  I.— DEATH  RATES  PER  100,000  POPULATION  FROM  TYPHOID,  DIPHTHERIA  AND 
CROUP,  AND  DISEASES  CAUSED  BY  PREGNANCY  AND  CONFINEMENT  IN  THE  DEATH- 
REGISTRATION  AREA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  i900  TO  1913. 

RATE. 


V 

\ 

V 

1 . > 

"■  1 "I 

\ 

\ 

\ 

X 
, ' 

X 

X 

- - - 

1 

^ 

| 

i 

i 

• 

V. 

X. 

V 

X 

\ \ 
X 

X 

V 

V 

1/ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

X 

x X 

Lx.. 

V 



i 

i . 

1 S I 

! 8 

3 % 

§888  8 23  22 

~ ~ ~ ~ 04  - ' - 

rH 


YEAR. 

TYPHOID. 

DIPHTHERIA  AND  CROUP. 

DISEASES  OF  PREGNANCY  AND  CONFINEMENT. 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


19 


DIAGRAM  2.— DEATH  RATES  PER  100,000  POPULATION  FROM  TUBERCULOSIS  AND  PNEU- 


MONIA IN  THE  DEATH-REGISTRATION  AREA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  1900  TO  1913, 
RATE. 


TUBERCULOSIS, 

PNEUMONIA. 


20 


MATERIAL  MORTALITY. 


Between  1890  and  1913  the  death  rate  from  typhoid  fever  in  the 
death-registration  area  fell  from  46.3  to  17.9;  that  from  diphtheria  and 
croup  from  97.8  to  18.8;  from  tuberculosis  from  252  to  147.6;  from 
pneumonia  from  186.9  to  132.4;  from  diarrhea  and  enteritis  under  2 
years  from  139.1  to  75.2.  (See  Table  VII,  p.  53.) 

If  we  consider  only  the  13  years  since  1900,  for  which  we  have 
annual  reports,  the  changes  are  just  as  startling.  In  that  time  the 
death  rate  from  typhoid  fever  has  been  cut  in  half;  that  from  diph- 
theria and  croup  has  dropped  to  less  than  half;  those  from  tubercu- 
losis and  pneumonia  have  both  shown  a marked  fall.  These  changes, 
together  with  the  lack  of  change  in  the  death  rates  from  the  diseases 
caused  by  pregnancy  and  childbirth,  are  shown  graphically  in  diagrams 
1 and  2. 

Death  rates  from  childbirth  in  urban  and  rural  districts. 

Besides  the  questions  applying  to  the  death  rates  of  the  country 
as  a whole,  there  are  further  questions  which  it  would  be  interesting 
to  answer  from  the  data  given  by  official  figures.  Is  the  rate  higher 
in  the  cities  than  in  rural  districts  ? Does  a comparison  of  the  rates 
of  different  sections  of  the  country  reveal  any  significant  facts  ? Is 
there  any  difference  in  rate  among  different  groups  of  the  population  ? 

No  figures,1  unfortunately,  are  available  for  the  death  rates  from 
these  diseases  in  what  is  generally  understood  as  the  rural  portion 
of  this  country;  that  is,  among  the  population  scattered  in  districts 
outside  of  even  the  smallest  towns  and  cities.  In  view  of  the  fact 
that  standards  of  obstetrical  and  prenatal  care  differ  so  widely  in 
these  rural  districts  from  those  in  large  cities  a comparison  of  the 
rates  would  have  been  extremely  significant. 

The  death  rates  for  the  group  of  cities  of  8,000  2 or  more  inhabitants 
in  the  registration  States 3 have  been  studied,  as  contrasted  with  the 
death  rates  of  the  smaller  cities,  towns,  and  rural  districts  classed 
together.  The  rates  in  each  year  are  higher  for  the  larger  cities  of 
the  registration  States  than  for  the  smaller  cities  and  rural  districts. 
(See  Table  VIII,  p.  53.)  Part  of  this  difference  may  be  due  to  greater 
incompleteness  of  the  returns  from  the  second  group.  Further  than 
this,  many  factors  may  be  involved  in  the  higher  rate  in  the  larger 

1 In  the  publications  of  the  Bureau  of  the  Census  on  Mortality  Statistics  figures  are  given  for  the  popula- 
tion classified  into  urban  and  rural  or  of  cities  and  rural  districts.  For  the  years  1900  to  1909  urban  is 
defined  as  including  the  population  of  all  cities  of  8,000  or  more  inhabitants  at  the  census  of  1900;  rural  as 
including  that  of  all  cities  and  towns  of  less  than  8,000  inhabitants,  as  well  as  of  the  districts  outside  of 
any  cities,  towns,  or  villages.  For  the  years  1910  to  1913  the  division  is  made  between  cities  having  a 
population  of  10,000  or  more  in  1910  and  those  cities  having  less  than  10,000  inhabitants,  together  with 
rural  districts. 

2 Ten  thousand  inhabitants,  1910  to  1913. 

3 It  has  been  thought  better  to  compare  the  urban  and  rural  rates  in  the  group  of  registration  States  in 
each  year  rather  than  to  compare  these  rates  for  the  whole  registration  area  as  constituted  in  each  year. 
As  the  registration  area  includes  cities  in  several  States  of  which  the  smaller  towns  and  rural  districts  are 
not  included,  the  latter  comparison  would  seem  to  be  scarcely  fair. 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


21 


cities.  While  some  of  the  larger  cities  afford  better  provision  for 
obstetrical  and  prenatal  care  than  do  the  smaller  cities  and  rural 
districts,  this  is  not  true  of  all;  moreover,  the  larger  cities  probably 
show  a much  higher  rate  among  the.  less  favored  than  among  the 
more  favored  groups  of  their  inhabitants.  Overcrowding,  over- 
work, low  incomes,  ignorance  of  the  need  for  good  obstetrical  care 
and  how  it  can  be  obtained  may  all  play  their  part  in  producing  this 
high  rate  in  the  larger  cities. 

The  figures  do  not  show  a decrease  in  the  death  rates  from  child- 
birth  in  the  larger  cities  in  recent  years.  The  death  rates  of  the 
whole  group  of  cities  of  8,000  1 or  more  inhabitants  in  the  registration 
States  for  the  years  1900  to  1913  (see  Table  VIII,  p.  53)  show  no 
decline.  The  rate  in  1900  was  14.9;  in  1913,  17.2. 

The  rates  from  childbirth  for  the  same  period  in  a group  of  7 large 
cities  have  been  studied.  (See  Table  IX,  p.  54.) 

The  rates  for  New  York  City  alone  show  a definite  and  steady 
decline;  in  1905  the  rate  per  100,000  inhabitants  was  20.3;  in  1913, 
14.1. 

The  rates  of  Boston,  Buffalo,  Detroit,  Jersey  City,  and  Washington 
show  wide  annual  fluctuations,  but  no  general  tendency  to  increase 
or  decrease.  The  rate  of  Newark,  on  the  other  hand,  shows  an 
increase. 

Death  rates  from  childbirth  in  different  States. 

The  death  rates  of  only  1 1 States  (including  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia) can  be  studied  through  a period  of  time  (1900  to  1913)  long 
enough  to  justify  any  conclusions.  These  States,  unfortunately,  do 
not  represent  any  widely  different  sections  of  the  country,  as  they 
include  only  the  New  England  States,  two  Middle  Atlantic  States 
(New  York  and  New  Jersey),  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  two 
North  Central  States  (Indiana  and  Michigan).  The  western  and 
southern  sections  of  the  country  are  unrepresented. 

Though  the  rates  for  each  State  vary  considerably  from  year  to 
year,  it  will  be  noted  that  certain  States  show  high  average  rates; 
among  these  are  the  District  of  Columbia,  Michigan,  and  Rhode 
Island,  whose  rates  are  17.6,  17.1,  and  16.8,  respective^.  (See 
Table  X,  p.  54.)  Other  States  show  comparatively  low  average 
rates;  for  example,  New  Hampshire  (11.2)  and  Maine  (11.8).  It 
seems  premature  at  this  time  to  draw  any  conclusions  as  to  the 
cause  of  these  differences  in  rates  in  different  States.  When  the  rates 
are  available  for  all  sections  of  the  country,  a comparison  of  rates 
for  different  large  sections  presenting  similar  problems  will  be  very 
useful. 


Ton  thousand  inhabitants,  1910  to  1913. 


22 


MATERIAL  MORTALITY. 


Death  rates  from  childbirth  of  white  and  colored  population. 

No  facts  brought  out  in  this  study  are  as  striking  as  the  difference 
in  rates  from  childbirth  of  the  white  and  colored  population  of  the 
death-registration  area.  In  some  cases  the  rates  for  the  colored  popu- 
lation are  almost  double  those  for  the  white.  Table  XI,  page  56,  which 
gives  the  rates  so  divided,  demonstrates  this  difference.  In  1913 
the  death  rate  from  all  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement 
was  15.2  per  100,000  white  population  and  26.1  per  100,000  colored. 
In  the  same  year  the  rate  from  puerperal  septicemia  was  6.9  for  the 
white  population  and  11.5  for  the  colored.  A similar  relation  is 
shown  by  the  rates  for  each  year  from  1910  to  1913.  Although  the 
rates  can  be  given  only  for  four  years,  and  are  based  on  small  figures, 
yet  they  show  differences  so  marked  that  they  picture  without  doubt 
a very  great  difference  in  standards  of  care  at  childbirth  in  these 
two  groups.  When  all  the  Southern  States  are  included  in  the  death- 
registration  area  the  magnitude  of  this  problem  undoubtedly  will  be 
shown  by  the  death  rates  from  childbirth  in  these  States.  At  pres- 
ent but  a small  percentage  of  the  colored  population  of  the  United 
States  is  represented  by  the  figures  available. 

Comparison  of  the  average  death  rates  from  childbirth  in  certain 

foreign  countries  and  in  the  United  States. 

Are  the  death  rates  from  these  diseases  in  the  death-registration 
area  of  the  United  States  higher  or  lower  than  those  in  other  civilized 
countries  ? Have  these  rates  in  other  countries  been  falling  or  rising  in 
the  last  13  years,  while  the  rates  of  this  country  have  been  apparently 
stationary?  These  questions,  like  all  those  of  comparative  interna- 
tional statistics,  are  of  immense  interest,  but  they  involve  many  diffi- 
culties and  sources  of  error.  These  are  discussed  on  page  41.  They 
should  be  considered  in  reading  the  following  summary. 

In  order  to  make  possible  a comparison  of  the  death  rates  from  these 
causes  for  15  foreign  countries  with  those  for  the  United  States,  an 
average  rate  has  been  computed  for  the  years  1900  to  1910  1 for  each 
of  the  countries,  using  the  same  method  as  that  in  use  in  the  United 
States.  When  the  16  countries  studied  are  arranged  in  order,  with  the 
one  having  the  lowest  rate  first,  the  death-registration  area  of  the 
United  States  stands  fourteenth  on  the  list.  (See  Table  XII,  p.  56.) 
Only  two  countries,  Switzerland  and  Spain,  have  higher  rates;  many 
of  the  countries,  however,  show  rates  differing  but  little  from  that  of 
the  United  States.  Markedly  low  rates  are  those  of  Sweden  (6), 
Norway  (7.8),  and  Italy  (8.9);  a strikingly  high  rate  is  that  of  Spain 
(19.6). 

The  death  rate  from  childbirth  per  1,000  live  births  is  not  available 
for  the  death-registration  area  of  the  United  States,  but  can  be  given 


1 Or  for  that  portion  of  this  period  for  which  figures  are  available. 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


23 


only  for  the  small  number  of  States  and  cities  included  in  the  pro- 
visional birth-registration  area  and  for  one  year,  1910.  (See  p.  31.) 
This  rate,  6.5,  is  consider  ably  higher  than  that  for  1910  of  any  of  the 
countries  studied.  When  the  average  rates  for  a number  of  years 
of  the  15  countries  are  reckoned  per  1,000  live  births  and  arranged 
in  order,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  same  group  of  countries — Sweden, 
Italy,  and  Norway — shows  the  lowest  rates.  (See  Table  XIII, 
p.  56.)  Spain  in  this  table  shows  the  rate  which  is  next  to  the 
highest,  while  Belgium  now  has  the  highest  rate.  For  a comparative 
study  of  the  rates  of  these  countries  the  rates  per  1,000  live  births  give 
undoubtedly  the  clearest  picture  of  the  actual  conditions. 

These  rates  show  a wide  variation.  While  in  Sweden  but  one 
mother  is  lost  for  every  430  babies  born  alive,  in  Belgium  one  mother 
dies  for  every  172  babies,  and  in  Spain  one  for  every  175  babies  born 
alive.  The  rates  in  Belgium  and  Spain  are  two  and  a half  times  as 
high  as  the  rate  in  Sweden. 

Far  more  significant  than  a comparison  of  actual  death  rates  of 
various  countries  is  a comparison  of  the  changes  which  have  occurred 
in  these  death  rates  in  each  country  in  recent  years.  England  and 
Wales,  Ireland,  Japan,  New  Zealand,  and  Switzerland  have  shown 
a decrease  in  the  death  rate  per  1,000  live  births  from  all  diseases 
caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement;  but,  in  this  group,  only  in 
England  and  W ales  and  in  Ireland  has  the  death  rate  from  puerperal 
septicemia  decreased;  in  the  other  three  countries  this  rate  has 
remained  practically  the  same,  though  the  total  rate  has  decreased. 

In  Australia,  Belgium,  Hungary,  Italy,  Norway,  Prussia,  Spain, 
and  Sweden  both  the  rate  from  childbirth  and  that  from  puerperal 
septicemia  remained  almost  stationary  during  the  periods  studied. 

The  total  rate  for  Scotland  shows  a definite  increase,  though  the 
rate  from  puerperal  septicemia  has  decreased.  (See  Table XVI,  p.  66.) 

Conclusions. 

In  the  foregoing  pages  the  attempt  has  been  made  to  draw,  from 
available  statistics,  answers  to  certain  important  and  urgent  ques- 
tions relating  to  the  hazards  of  childbirth  in  this  country  and  in 
other  countries.  It  has  been  shown  that  a large  number  of  women 
die  year  after  year  in  this  country  from  childbed  fever,  a disease 
proved  over  40  years  ago  to  be  almost  entirely  preventable;  and 
that  a still  larger  number  die  from  other  conditions  connected  with 
childbirth  which  are  known  to  be  to  a large  degree  preventable  or 
curable.  The  proportionately  small  number  of  women  lost  from 
these  causes  in  certain  foreign  countries  demonstrates  the  needless- 
ness of  the  greater  part  of  our  losses.  There  is  no  evidence,  moreover, 
of  any  great  advance  made  during  the  last  13  years  in  this  country  in 
the  prevention  of  disease  and  death  due  to  childbirth,  though  the 


24 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


same  period  has  been  marked  by  a notable  decrease  in  the  death  rates 
of  certain  other  diseases  which  have  been  proved  preventable. 

What  is  the  cause  of  these  conditions  in  this  country?  At  the 
root  of  the  matter,  apparently,  lie  two  chief  causes:  First,  general 
ignorance  of  the  dangers  connected  with  childbirth  and  the  need  of 
skilled  care  and  proper  hygiene  in  order  to  prevent  them;  second, 
such  difficulties  related  to  the  provision  of  proper  obstetrical  care 
as  are  characteristic  of  conditions  in  this  country. 

A general  realization  of  certain  of  the  fundamental  facts  related  to 
the  bearing  of  children  has  only  begun;  this  function  has  always 
been  looked  upon  with  a mixture  of  ignorance  and  fatalism.  The 
hazards  to  health  and  life  connected  with  childbirth  have  been 
either  ignored  or  accepted  as  unavoidable  accidents.  By  most 
people  childbirth  is  regarded  as  an  entirely  normal  process,  and, 
happily,  in  the  great  majority  of  cases  this  is  true.  But  the  figures 
given  in  this  report  show  that  it  is  not  true  of  all.  Each  year  there  is 
a vast  number  of  normal  deliveries,  and  among  them  the  relatively 
small  but  absolutely  very  large  number  of  complicated  cases  is  lost 
sight  of.  On  the  other  hand,  most  people  regard  such  illness  and 
deaths  as  do  occur  as  unprevent  able.  Only  very  gradually  and 
incompletely  are  women  beginning  to  realize  the  simple  facts  that 
certain  accidents  and  complications  occur  in  a definite  percentage 
of  cases  of  childbirth,  but  that  almost  always  these  may  be  avoided 
or  cured  if  women  exercise  the  proper  hygiene  during  pregnancy, 
secure  proper  supervision  during  that  time,  and  have  skilled  attend- 
ance at  labor.  Like  other  essentials  of  hygiene  and  preventive 
medicine  these  principles  are  at  last  becoming  public  property  in- 
stead of  being  the  exclusive  possession  of  physicians.  But  in  this 
case  progress  has  been  very  slow.  Knowledge  of  the  need  for  good 
care  at  childbirth  is  essential;  the  lack  of  such  knowledge  and  of  a 
demand  for  this  care  has  been,  probably,  the  chief  factor  in  producing 
the  present  indifference  to  this  phase  of  preventive  medicine. 

The  husbands  of  women  bearing  children  do  not  realize  that 
money  paid  for  skilled  service  at  childbirth  is  one  of  the  most  neces- 
sary family  expenditures;  hence,  obstetrics  has  become  one  of  the 
worst  paid  though  one  of  the  most  taxing  branches  of  medicine. 
Dr.  Williams  1 speaks  of  the  small  fees  usually  paid  for  maternity 
care  and  says  that  “ doctors  who  are  obliged  to  live  from  their  prac- 
tice can  not  reasonably  be  expected  to  give  much  better  service 
than  they  are  paid  for.”  Naturally  enough,  the  lack  of  interest  of 
physicians  in  obstetrics  is  partly  due  to  this  fact.  No  doubt  another 
reason  why  many  able  physicians  dislike  this  branch  of  practice  is 
the  fact  that  they  feel  strongly  the  responsibility  assumed  in  the  care  of 

1 Williams,  J.  W.  “The  midwife  problem  and  medical  education  in  the  United  States.”  Trans.  Amer. 
Assn,  for  Study  and  Prevention  of  Infant  Mortality,  1911,  p.  190. 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


25 


women  at  childbirth;  jet  they  are  frequently  called  upon  to  take  this 
responsibility  in  the  face  of  conditions  which  they  can  not  control 
and  which  threaten  the  safety  of  their  patients.  A conscientious 
physician  does  not  willingly  undertake  the  conduct  of  a difficult  case 
of  labor  outside  a hospital  and  without  skilled  assistance;  but  fre- 
quently he  must  do  so,  either  because  there  is  no  hospital  or  trained 
nurse  available,  or  because  the  patient  and  her  family  are  unable  or 
unwilling  to  pay  for  the  needed  help.  The  physician  either  must 
give  up  the  case  to  an  attendant  who  is  less  skillful  and  careful  than 
himself  or  must  take  the  risk  that  puerperal  septicemia  or  some  other 
complication  may  occur.  If  either  follows  he  has  the  blame.  Alto- 
gether a physician  has  little  incentive  to  specialize  and  acquire  great 
skill  in  this  branch. 

Necessarily  the  same  apparent  indifference  to  the  importance  of 
obstetrics  is  reflected  in  the  courses  of  many  medical  colleges.  Dr. 
Williams1  pointed  out  in  1911  that  in  the  majority  of  medical  col- 
leges in  the  United  States  instruction  in  this  subject  was  grossly 
neglected;  that  graduates  from  these  colleges  beginning  their  prac- 
tice were  totally  unprepared  to  manage  any  but  absolutely  normal 
cases  of  confinement,  and  that  they  were  untrained  in  the  practice  of 
the  principles  of  asepsis  as  applied  to  this  branch.  Other  papers  and 
discussions  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Association  for 
Study  and  Prevention  of  Infant  Mortality  have  emphasized  the  same 
facts.  In  the  five  years  since  the  article  of  Williams  was  written 
some  improvement  in  these  conditions  has  undoubtedly  taken  place, 
as  would  be  expected  in  connection  with  the  present  remarkable 
tendency  toward  the  raising  of  standards  of  medical  education  in 
the  United  States.  However,  there  is  no  question  that  further  im- 
provement is  greatly  needed. 

Communities  are  still  to  a great  extent  indifferent  to  or  ignorant  of 
the  number  of  lives  of  women  lost  yearly  from  childbirth;  many 
communities  which  are  proud  of  their  low  typhoid  or  diphtheria  ra  tes 
ignore  their  high  rates  from  childbed  fever.  Communities  are  only 
beginning  to  realize  that  among  their  chief  concerns  is  the  protection 
of  the  babies  born  within  their  limits,  and  necessarily  also  of  the 
mothers  of  those  babies  before  and  at  confinement. 

The  second  fundamental  cause  of  the  high  death  rates  from  child- 
birth  in  this  country  previously  spoken  of — that  is,  the  difficulty  of 
obtaining  adequate  care — is  seen  to  depend  to  a large  extent  on  the 
first,  the  general  ignorance  of  need  for  good  care.  As  women,  their 
husbands,  physicians,  and  communities  realize  the  absolute  need 
of  skilled  care  for  the  prevention  of  needless  deaths  from  childbirth, 
methods  for  providing  such  care  will  be  developed.  In  this  develop- 
ment special  problems  will  have  to  be  solved  in  each  type  of  commu- 


64614°— 17 4 


i Williams,  J.  W.  Supra  cit.,  p.  182. 


26 


MATERIAL  MORTALITY. 


nity,  and  in  eacli  section  of  the  country — North,  South,  East,  and 
West.  These  problems  are  different  from  those  of  foreign  countries. 
While  the  methods  being  employed  in  such  countries  for  reducing  the 
maternal  death  rate  may  be  suggestive,  special  methods  adapted  to  the 
conditions  in  this  country  will  probably  have  to  be  worked  out.  Of 
the  greatest  value,  however,  as  examples,  are  pieces  of  work  such  as 
that  now  being  carried  on  in  England  and  other  European  countries 
for  maternal  and  infant  welfare,  that  of  the  New  Zealand  Society  for 
the  Health  of  Women  and  Children,  the  work  of  the  Victorian  Order 
of  Nurses  of  Canada,  and  of  the  mayor  of  the  little  French  town  of 
Villiers-le-duc.1 

Certain  typical  problems,  characteristic  of  especial  types  of  com- 
munities in  this  country,  may  be  outlined  briefly.  In  many  of  the 
larger  cities  excellent  prenatal  and  obstetrical  care  can  be  obtained 
by  those  who  can  pay  considerable  sums  for  it  and  who  realize  its 
importance  sufficiently  to  be  willing  to  do  so.  In  many  cities,  also, 
much  progress  has  been  made  in  the  provision,  through  obstetrical 
clinics  and  hospitals,  of  good  prenatal  and  obstetrical  care,  free  or  at 
low  cost,  for  those  who  otherwise  could  not  afford  it.  Yet  even  in  a 
city  well  supplied  with  such  clinics  the  number  of  women  reached  is 
relatively  small  in  comparison  with  the  total  number  of  women  who 
bear  their  children  without  adequate  care  during  pregnancy  and  labor. 
In  many  large  cities,  especially  those  with  a large  percentage  of  for- 
eign or  of  colored  population,  the  untrained  midwife  is  a mueh- 
discussed  problem.  It  is  well  known,  moreover,  that  women  of 
moderate  means,  who  represent  a very  large  proportion  of  women 
bearing  children,  have,  in  most  modern  cities,  received  least  benefit 
from  improvements  in  standards  of  prenatal  and  obstetrical  care.  In 
working  out  plans  for  decreasing  the  death  rate  from  childbirth  in 
large  cities  the  interests  of  this  group  can  not  be  ignored.  The 
problem  must  be  considered  as  one  which  must  be  solved  for  all 
classes  in  a community;  it  must  be  realized  that  it  is  a problem  of  the 
greatest  importance  to  the  community  as  a whole,  A very  hopeful 
tendency  is  the  one  shown  already  hi  some  cities,  to  look  upon  such 
service  not  as  a charity  but  as  a concern  of  the  municipality  as  truly 
as  the  protection  of  its  homes  from  fire  and  burglary  or  its  milk  and 
water  supply  from  contamination. 

In  rural  districts  the  problems  are  essentially  different.  In  many 
such  districts,  especially  in  the  North  and  West,  where  pioneer  con- 
ditions still  prevail,  the  question  is  not  one  of  good  or  bad  obstetrical 
care  but  of  the  inaccessibility  of  any  care  at  all  at  this  time.  Many 
women  bear  their  children  with  no  attendant  other  than  the  hus- 


1 Rapport  sur  un  Arrete  Municipal  pris  par  M.  Morel  de  Villiers.  Bulletin  de  1’ Academic  de  Medocine. 
1904.  3d  serie,  Vol.  LI,  p.  222.  Moore,  S.  G.  “The  Milroy  lectures  on  infantile  mortality  and  the  rela- 
tive practical  value  of  measures  directed  to  its  prevention.”  Lecture  III,  Lancet,  1910.  VoL.  CXC,  p.  943. 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


27 


band,  a relative,  or  a neighbor.  The  nearest  physician  may  be  many 
miles  away,  the  nearest  hospital  much  farther.  The  expense  of 
calling  a physician  must  necessarily  be  great,  and  usually  is  not 
considered  justifiable.  These  women  have  of  course  no  care  during 
pregnancy;  if  complications  develop  they  are  unforeseen,  and  help 
is  not  available.  As  help  in  household  tasks  is  usually  unprocurable, 
many  women  must  take  up  their  work  much  sooner  than  they  should. 
It  may  be  urged  that  in  practice  it  would  be  quite  impossible  for 
women  living  under  rural  conditions  to  be  provided  with  such  skilled 
supervision  during  pregnancy  and  such  care  at  and  after  confinement 
as  are  now  considered  ideal.  It  certainly  is  not  true,  however,  that 
a feasible  community  plan  could  not  be  worked  out,  if  the  interest 
of  the  community  demanded  it.  Such  a plan  would  necessarily  recog- 
nize two  main  problems:  (1)  The  best  practical  care  of  normal  cases 
and  (2)  the  detection  of  abnormal  cases  and  their  care. 

A unit  plan  for  a rural  county  would  perhaps  include: 

1.  A rural  nursing  service,  centering  at  the  county  seat,  with 
nurses  especially  equipped  to  discern  the  danger  signs  of  pregnancy. 
The  establishment  of  such  a service  would  undoubtedly  be  the  most 
economical  first  step  in  creating  the  network  of  agencies  which  will 
assure  proper  care  for  both  normal  and  abnormal  cases.  In  the 
rural  counties  in  the  United  States  which  already  have  established 
nurses,  the  growth  of  this  work  will  be  watched  with  the  greatest 
interest. 

2.  An  accessible  county  center  for  maternal  and  infant  welfare  at 
which  mothers  may  obtain  simple  information  as  to  the  proper  care 
of  themselves  during  pregnancy  as,  well  as  of  their  babies. 

3.  A county  maternity  hospital,  or  beds  in  a general  hospital,  for 

the  proper  care  of  abnormal  cases  and  for  the  care  of  normal  cases 
when  it  is  convenient  for  the  women  to  leave  their  homes  for  confine- 
ment. Such  a hospital  necessarily  would  be  accessible  to  all  parts 
of  the  county.  * 

4.  Skilled  attendance  at  confinement  obtainable  by  each  woman 
in  the  county. 

As  examples  have  been  chosen  the  special  problems  in  large  cities 
and  in  pioneer  rural  districts.  Other  types  of  communities  in  this 
country  present  some  of  the  same  problems  or  others  just  as  urgent. 
In  each  community,  large  or  small,  the  essential  problem  is  the  same — 
how  to  bring  about  a general  realization  of  the  need  for  adequate 
care  for  each  woman  at  childbirth,  and  how  to  secure  such  care. 

This  report  attempts  to  open  for  lay  discussion  and  medical  study 
the  subject  of  the  preventable  loss  of  life  caused  by  childbirth  in  this 
country.  Greater  interest  in  the  subject  surely  will  lead  to  the 
development  of  new  and  successful  methods  for  the  prevention  of 
these  needless  deaths. 


PART  II.  DETAILED  ANALYSIS  OF  METHODS  AND 
STATISTICAL  DATA.1 


DISCUSSION  OF  CERTAIN  TERMS  AND  METHODS  USED  IN  THIS 

REPORT. 

International  Classification  of  Causes  of  Death. 

Official  mortality  statistics  are  derived  from  the  returns  of  the 
causes  of  the  deaths  which  occur  annually.  Such  a return  is  made 
on  the  death  certificate  by  the  attending  physician  or  by  some  person 
assumed  to  be  familiar  with  the  facts  as  regards  the  cause  of  death. 
Before  the  establishment  in  1900  of  the  International  Classification 
of  Diseases  and  Causes  of  Death  many  different  methods  were  used 
in  different  countries  for  the  classification  of  these  causes  as  returned 
on  the  certificates.  The  resultant  confusion  made  difficult  or  impos- 
sible the  comparison  of  the  mortality  statistics  of  various  countries 
and  led  to  the  proposal  of  this  uniform  method  of  classification, 
called  the  ‘‘International  Classification.”  Various  countries  have 
adopted  this  system  of  classification  at  various  times;  the  United 
States  Bureau  of  the  Census  adopted  it  for  use  in  the  calendar  year 
1900;  Great  Britain  for  use  in  1911.  It  is  planned  to  keep  this  clas- 
sification up  to  date  through  revisions  at  10-year  intervals.  The 
second  revision  was  made  in  1909,  and  a considerable  number  of 
changes  were  made.  Differences  in  classification  between  the  Inter- 
national List  of  Causes  of  Death  and  the  lists  in  use  in  countries 
where  the  International  has  not  been  adopted  and  between  the  dif- 
ferent revisions  of  the  International  List  are  extremely  important, 
as  will  be  shown,  in  any  comparison  of  the  death  rates  of  various 
countries  and  of  the  same  country  for  a series  of  years.2 

In  the  detailed  International  List  of  Causes  of  Death,  second  de- 
cennial revision,  Paris,  1909,  the  heading  “VII — The  Puerperal 
State”  includes:  (134)  Accidents  of  pregnancy;  (135)  Puerperal 
haemorrhage;  (136)  Other  accidents  of  labor;  (137)  Puerperal  septi- 
chsemia;  (138)  Puerperal  albuminuria  and  convulsions;  (139)  Phleg- 
masia alba  dolens,  embolus,  sudden  death;  (140)  Following  child- 
birth (not  otherwise  defined) ; (141)  Puerperal  diseases  of  the  breast. 

The  abridged  International  List  of  Causes  of  Death  (same  revi- 
sion) makes  but  two  divisions  of  all  the  causes  of  death  included  in 
the  detailed  list  under  The  Puerperal  State.  These  divisions  are: 

(31)  Puerperal  septichaemia  (puerperal  fever,  peritonitis),  corre- 
sponding to  number  (137)  of  the  detailed  list. 

1 Part  II  will  be  of  interest  chiefly  to  students  of  statistics. 

2 For  a discussion  of  this  subject  see  Bureau  de  la  statistique  g£n6rale  de  la  France:  Statistique  Inter- 
nationale du  Mouvement  de  la  Population,  1913,  p.  155*. 


29 


30 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


(32)  Other  puerperal  accidents  of  pregnancy  and  labor,  corre- 
sponding to  Nos.  (134),  (135),  (136),  (138),  (139),  (140),  and  (141) 
in  the  detailed  list. 

In  this  report  in  the  discussion  of  the  Census  figures  and  the  tables, 
the  classification  of  deaths  according  to  the  International  List  of 
Causes  of  Death,  second  revision,  is  used.  The  names  for  the  differ- 
ent groups  have  been  slightly  changed,  as  it  was  felt  that  the  names 
used  in  the  International  List  give  a misleading  or  obscure  impression 
to  those  unfamiliar  with  this  list. 

In  giving  deaths  and  death  rates  the  following  terms  and  classi- 
fication are  used : 

(a)  Childbirth,  or  all  diseases  caused  by  'pregnancy  and  confine- 
ment, which  is  the  sum  of  (b)  and  (c)  and  corresponds  to  VII — The 
Puerperal  State  of  the  detailed  International  List  and  to  the  sum  of 
(31)  and  (32)  of  the  abridged  International  List. 

(b)  Puerperal  septicemia , or  childbed  fever,  which  corresponds  to 
(31)  Puerperal  septichremia  of  the  abridged  International  List,  and 
to  (137)  Puerperal  septichgemia  of  the  detailed  International  List. 

(c)  All  other  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement,  which 
corresponds  to  (32)  Other  puerperal  accidents  of  pregnancy  and  labor 
of  the  abridged  International  List,  (134)  to  (136),  and  (138)  to  (141) 
of  the  detailed  International  List. 

A few  words  of  explanation  may  be  useful  with  regard  to  these 
diseases  and  complications.  In  the  term  “ accidents  of  pregnancy” 
the  word  “accident”  is  not  used  in  its  ordinary  sense  but  in  the 
sense  of  complications  due  to  the  pregnant  condition.  It  includes 
miscarriage,  severe  hemorrhage  during  pregnancy,  uncontrollable 
vomiting,  and  other  complications. 

“Puerperal  haemorrhage”  includes  severe  hemorrhage  at  or  follow- 
ing labor.  It  includes  placenta  praevia. 

“Other  accidents  of  labor”  includes  cases  of  difficult  labor,  opera- 
tive delivery,  rupture  of  the  womb,  and  other  complications,  except 
hemorrhage,  occurring  at  the  time  of  labor. 

“Puerperal  septichsemia”  (childbed  or  milk  fever)  is  an  infection 
coming  on  after  labor  or  miscarriage. 

“Puerperal  albuminuria  or  convulsions,”  or  “eclampsia,”  is  an 
acute  toxemia  occurring  during  pregnancy,  or  during  or  after  confine- 
ment, characterized,  in  its  severest  form,  by  convulsions. 

“Phlegmasia  alba  dolens,”  often  known  as  “milk  leg,”  is  a disease 
characterized  by  the  swelling  of  a leg  after  confinement  or  miscarriage. 
The  cause  is  the  stoppage  of  a large  vein  of  the  thigh  by  a blood  clot. 

“Embolus”  means  blood  clot.  Sudden  death  may  result  from 
the  carrying  of  such  a blood  clot  to  the  heart  or  lungs. 

“Following  childbirth”  (not  otherwise  defined)  includes  among 
other  conditions  insanity  occurring  after  pregnancy  or  labor. 


mateknal  mortality. 


31 


“ Puerperal  diseases  of  the  breast”  include  inflammation  or  in- 
fection of  the  breast  during  lactation. 

Death-registration  area. 

The  statistics  of  causes  of  death  are  available  only  for  a certain 
portion  of  the  United  States,  included  in  the  so-called  “death- 
registration  area.”  Unlike  other  civilized  countries,  the  United 
States  has  no  uniform  laws  for  the  registration  of  births  and  deaths. 
Moreover,  the  efficiency  of  enforcement  of  existing  laws  varies  greatly 
in  the  different  States.  The  Bureau  of  the  Census  in  1880  therefore 
established  a “death-registration  area,”  which  comprises  “States 
and  cities  in  which  the  registration  of  deaths  is  returned  as  fairly 
complete  (at  least  90  per  cent  of  the  total),  and  from  which  trans- 
scripts  of  the  deaths  recorded  under  the  State  laws  or  municipal 
ordinances  are  obtained  by  the  Bureau  of  the  Census.”1  In  1880 
this  area  included  but  17  per  cent  of  the  total  population  of  the 
United  States.  As  States  and  cities  have  passed  better  la’ws  and 
obtained  better  enforcement  they  have  been  added  to  the  registra- 
tion area;  the  latter  has  increased  greatly  in  size,  but  even  in  1913 
included  only  65.1  per  cent  of  the  population  of  the  United  States. 
For  the  remaining  34.9  per  cent  of  the  population  of  the  country  we 
have  no  reliable  statistics.  This  34.9  per  cent  includes  the  popula- 
tion of  the  greater  number  of  the  Southern  States  and  of  many  Middle 
Western  and  Western  States  outside  of  certain  registration  cities  in 
these  States  which  are  included  in  the  area.  No  statements  can  be 
made,  therefore,  of  the  number  of  deaths  from  any  cause  in  the 
United  States  as  a whole;  only  an  estimate  can  be  made  on  the 
assumption  that  for  any  cause  of  death  the  same  rate  prevails  in  the 
remainder  of  the  United  States  as  in  the  death-registration  area. 

Provisional  birth-registration  area. 

The  registration  of  births  is  still  more  incomplete  in  this  country 
than  is  the  registration  of  deaths.  For  1910  the  United  States  Bu- 
reau of  the  Census  established  a “provisional  birth-registration  area,” 
including  the  New  England  States,  Pennsylvania,  Michigan,  New 
York  City,  and  Washington,  D.  C.2 

Methods  of  computing  the  death  rates  from  all  causes  connected 

with  pregnancy  and  confinement. 

(1)  Death  rates  'per  100,000  inhabitants. — Trask3  gives  the  defini- 
tion, “Death  rates  may  be  expressed  as  the  ratio  of  the  total  number 
of  deaths,  taken  as  a unit,  to  the  population.  For  example:  1 in  60. 
The  usual  method,  however,  is  to  express  these  rates  in  terms  of  the 

1 U.  S.  Census.  Mortality  Statistics,  1911,  p.  9. 

2 U.  S.  Census.  Mortality  Statistics,  1911,  p.  25. 

3 Trask,  J.  W.  “Vital  statistics.”  TJ.  S.  Public  Health  Service,  Supp.  to  the  Public  Health  Reports, 
No.  12,  p.  59. 


32 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


number  of  deaths  per  1,000  population,  or  in  some  instances  per 

10.000  or  even  100,000,  or  1,000,000.”  In  the  publications  of  the 
United  States  Bureau  of  the  Census  the  death  rates  of  all  diseases, 
including  those  of  the  diseases  connected  with  childbirth,  are  usually 
expressed  in  terms  of  the  number  of  deaths  per  100,000  tctal  popula- 
tion. But  a death  rate  computed  in  this  way  obviously  gives  a very 
misleading  impression  with  regard  to  a disease  to  which  only  one 
group  of  the  population  is  liable.  In  computing  the  death  rate  from 
the  diseases  connected  with  childbirth,  only  women  of  childbearing 
age  should  be  considered,  or,  still  better,  only  women  actually  bear- 
ing children  in  a given  year.  All  individuals  of  all  ages  and  both 
sexes  may  be  exposed  each  year  to  a risk  of  typhoid  fever,  pneumonia, 
or  tuberculosis ; but  during  the  year  only  the  women  pregnant  or 
bearing  children  are  exposed  to  the  risk  of  death  from  the  diseases 
connected  with  these  functions. 

(2)  Death  rates  per  100,000  women. — This  method  of  computing 
rates  is  somewhat  superior  to  that  of  computing  the  deaths  per 

100.000  total  inhabitants.  It  is  used  to  some  extent  in  foreign 
reports.  These  rates  have  been  computed  from  estimates  of  female 
population  furnished  by  the  United  States  Bureau  of  the  Census  for 
the  years  1900  to  1910  for  the  group  of  11  States  within  the  death- 
registration  area  in  1900.  These  are  given  in  Table  IV,  on  page  50. 

(3)  Death  rates  per  100,000  women  of  childhearing  age } — Such  a 
rate,  which  is  a much  more  accurate  one  than  either  of  those  men- 
tioned above,  can  be  computed  for  the  registration  area  for  only  one 
year,  the  census  year  1900.  For  that  year  only  has  the  age  and  sex 
distribution  of  the  registration  area  been  published.  The  number  of 
women  15  to  44  years  of  age  in  the  registration  area  in  that  year  was 
7, 383, 154. 2 The  number  of  deaths  from  childbirth  among  women  15 
to  44  years  was  3,712;  of  these  1,594  were  from  puerperal  septicemia 
and  2,118  from  all  other  diseases  of  pregnancy  and  confinement.3 
The  death  rates  were,  therefore,  from  childbirth  or  all  diseases  caused 
by  pregnancy  and  confinement,  50.3;  from,  puerperal  septicemia, 
21.6;  and  from  all  other  diseases  of  pregnancy  and  confinement,  28.7. 

(4)  Death  rates  per  1,000  births. — As  shown  above,  the  method  of 
computation  of  death  rates  which  gives  the  clearest  picture  of  the 
hazards  of  childbirth  is  that  which  takes  into  account  only  the 
women  giving  birth  to  children  in  that  year.  This  is  the  method  in 
use  in  a large  number  of  foreign  countries.  The  advantages  of  the 
method  are  self-evident.4  A demonstration  of  the  superiority  of 

1 The  female  population  between  the  ages  of  15  and  45  years  as  determined  by  census  enumeration,  or 
by  estimation  for  intercensal  and  postcensal  years. --Trask,  J.  W.  Supra  cit.,  p.  23. 

2 U.  S.  Twelfth  Census,  1900.  Vital  Statistics,  Part  I,  p.  XLII. 

s U.  S.  Twelfth  Census,  1900.  Vital  Statistics,  Part  II,  p.  242. 

4 Each  death  rate  is  in  terms  of  registered,  i.  e.,  living,  births.  This  is  a more  accurate  measure  than  a 
statement  per  1,000  of  total  population  or  per  1,000  total  or  married  women  at  childbearing  ages.— News- 
holme,  A.  Maternal  Mortality  in  Connection  with  Childbearing.  Grt.  Brit.  Local  Govt.  Bd.,  Supp.  to 
Report  of  Medical  Officer  for  1914-15,  p.  24. 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


33 


this  method  of  computation  is  obtained  by  a study  of  the  tables  giv- 
ing the  death  rates  from  these  diseases  for  foreign  countries.  In  cer- 
tain countries,  as  for  instance  Belgium  and  Hungary,  there  has  been 
in  recent  years  an  apparent  fall  in  the  average  death  rates  as  com- 
puted per  100,000  population,  while  the  average  rates  computed  per 

1.000  live  births  have  remained  stationary  or  risen.  This  phenom- 
enon is  due,  evidently,  to  a decline  in  the  birth  rate  in  these  countries 
during  these  years,  and  shows  how  misleading  the  rates  as  given  per 

100.000  population  undoubtedly  are  in  countries  with  declining  birth 
rates.  Whether  a fall  in  the  birth  rate  has  occurred  in  the  United 
States  is  not  known.  If  it  has  occurred  in  the  registration  area,  it 
would  mean  that  the  slight  rise  in  rates  per  100,000  population 
between  1900  and  1913  means  a greater  rise  in  rates  computed  accord- 
ing to  the  number  of  births.  Such  an  error  might  compensate  for  the 
opposite  error  due  to  the  more  complete  registration  of  deaths  from 
childbirth  in  the  later  years  of  this  period. 

In  computing  the  rates  per  1,000  births  two  methods  are  in 
use:  The  computation  of  the  number  of  deaths  per  1,000  total  births 
and  that  per  1,000  live  births.  Both  methods  depend  upon  an  accu- 
rate registration  of  births;  the  first  method  is  used  in  those  foreign 
countries  in  which  all  births  including  stillbirths  are  required  to  be 
reported;  the  second,  in  those  countries  where  only  live  births  are 
reported.  The  first  is  probably  the  better  method,  because  by  it 
the  whole  number  of  women  bearing  children  in  a certain  year  is 
considered.  But  even  this  rate  is  not  absolutely  accurate.  While 
the  number  of  deaths  includes  those  from  diseases  connected  with 
miscarriage,  the  whole  number  of  women  having  miscarriages  is  not 
used  as  a base,  but  only  the  number  of  those  bearing  stillborn  and 
live  children.  Miscarriages  are  not  reportable  in  any  country, 
although  a number  of  miscarriages  (as  the  term  is  usually  defined) 
probably  are  reported  as  stillbirths  in  certain  countries.  The  fact 
that  women  having  miscarriages  are  not  considered  in  the  base  would 
lead  to  a somewhat  higher  death  rate  than  that  which  would  express 
absolutely  the  number  of  deaths  per  1,000  women  at  risk.  On  the 
other  hand,  in  the  computation  of  this  rate  the  fact  is  not  taken  into 
consideration  that  a certain  number  of  births  are  multiple;  that  is, 
the  number  of  births  is  larger  than  the  number  of  women  bearing 
children.  Still  another  objection  to  the  use  of  this  rate,  especially 
in  the  comparison  of  the  rates  of  different  countries,  is  the  fact  that 
the  definition  of  stillbirth  varies  greatly  according  to  the  laws  of 
different  coun tries;1  that  is,  in  one  country  many  cases  may  be 
reported  as  stillbirths  which  in  another  country,  having  a different 

1 Royal  Statistical  Society.  “ Report  of  special  committee  on  infantile  mortality.”  Journal  of  the 
Royal  Statistical  Society,  1913,  Vol.  LXXVI,  p.  27. 

64614°— 17 5 


34 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


interpretation  of  this  term,  might  not  be  reported  at  all,  as  they 
would  be  classed  as  miscarriages. 

The  second  method,  in  which  the  number  of  deaths  per  1,000  live 
births  is  considered,  is  that  used  by  foreign  countries  in  which  the 
registration  of  stillbirths  is  not  required.  England  and  Wales, 
Ireland,  Scotland,  and  New  Zealand  are  among  this  number. 

The  variation  in  different  countries  with  regard  to  the  definition 
of  stillbirth  causes  a difficulty  in  the  use  of  this  method.  In  three 
of  the  countries  studied — France,  Belgium,  and  Spain — the  term 
stillbirth  includes  infants  alive  at  birth  but  dying  before  the  regis- 
tration of  birth,  i.  e.,  within  one  to  three  days  of  birth.  Because  of 
these  various  difficulties,  death  rates  for  the  foreign  countries  have 
been,  wherever  possible,  computed  by  both  methods. 

On  account  of  the  lack  of  accurate  birth  registration  neither 
method  has  been  used  in  computing  rates  for  the  United  States. 
Only  for  States  and  cities  in  the  provisional  birth-registration  area, 
and  for  one  year,  1910,  can  the  death  rates  per  1,000  live  births  be 
given.  These  are  shown  in  Table  VI,  page  52. 

SOURCES  OF  ERROR  IN  THE  STUDY  OF  DEATH  RATES  FROM 

CHILDBIRTH. 

In  all  mortality  statistics,  and  especially  in  those  with  which  we 
are  especially  concerned  in  this  bulletin,  there  are  two  general  sources 
of  inaccuracy  in  the  figures:  First,  the  figures  for  each  year  may  be 
inaccurate,  or  may  give  an  incomplete  picture  of  actual  conditions 
because  of  many  different  factors,  such  as  incompleteness  or  inac- 
curacy of  the  figures,  inappropriate  methods  of  classification  or 
computation,  etc.  Second,  the  figures  for  different  years  may  not  be 
comparable  simply  because  of  the  great  improvements  that  are  made 
each  year  in  methods  of  registration,  computation,  and  classifica- 
tion. With  the  object  in  view  of  giving  each  year  as  accurate  and 
clear  a picture  of  the  actual  conditions  as  possible,  tremendous 
advance  in  methods  has  been  made  yearly  in  this  country  and  in 
other  countries.  This  very  advance,  however,  brings  with  it  many 
difficulties  in  comparing  the  figures  for  the  years  before  such 
improvements  were  instituted  with  those  of  the  years  after  that 
time.  Each  year  the  figures  give  us  more  accurate  information  of 
the  actual  number  of  deaths  and  of  the  death  rates;  yet  each  year 
the  comparison  of  the  figures  for  that  year  with  those  in  the  past  is 
fraught  with  more  danger  of  error.  In  general,  therefore,  the  study 
of  the  actual  number  of  deaths  and  the  death  rates  for  the  last 
years  for  which  figures  are  obtainable  is  more  valuable  than  any 
comparison  of  rates  for  different  years.  All  these  sources  of  error 
will  now  be  discussed  in  detail. 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


35 


Inaccuracy  of  returns. 

As  all  mortality  statistics  depend  upon  the  returns  of  the  cause  of 
death  as  given  by  the  physician  or  other  person  on  the  death  certifi- 
cates, their  value  depends  on  the  degree  of  accuracy  of  diagnosis 
shown  by  these  returns.  As  Hoffman 1 has  pointed  out,  the  returns 
for  countries  in  which  a medical  certificate  of  the  cause  of  death  is  not 
required  must  be  of  very  small  value.  He  states,  however,  that  “For 
most  of  the  civilized  countries  this  requirement  is  met  to  a reasonably 
satisfactory  degree.” 

The  objection  has  frequently  been  raised,  however,  that  there  is  a 
large  percentage  of  error  even  in  the  returns  made  by  physicians  due 
to  mistakes  in  diagnosis,  such  errors  being  more  numerous  in  the  case 
of  certain  diseases  than  of  others.  This  matter  has  been  considered 
by  the  United  States  Bureau  of  the  Census.2  Hoffman 3 defends  the 
general  validity  of  the  death  returns.  He  admits  that  there  is  serious 
risk  of  error  in  the  “Careless  or  superficial  use  of  the  data  of  mortality 
statistics,  irrespective  of  the  diseases  dealt  with;  for,  as  pointed  out 
by  Longstaff,  * * * 1 there  are  numerous  fallacies  to  which  the 

classification  of  deaths  according  to  their  alleged  causes  is  liable/  and 
he  enumerates  particularly  * * * the  more  or  less  varying  pro- 

portions of  indefinite  causes,  the  deliberate  falsification  of  returns  for 
personal  or  family  reasons,  and  the  effect  of  the  progress  of  medical 
science,  improved  diagnosis,  etc.”  Hoffman,  however,  concludes : ‘ 1 All 
of  these  reasons  notwithstanding,  the  conclusion  appears  to  be  incon- 
trovertible that  on  the  whole  the  present  system  of  death  registration 
is  entitled  to  confidence  and  the  results  approximately  represent  the 
true  state  of  the  nation’s  health.” 

With  regard  to  the  diseases  in  question,  however,  inaccuracy  of  the 
returns  undoubtedly  constitutes  a special  source  of  error  in  the 
figures  for  all  countries.  The  statistics  of  deaths  due  to  puerperal 
septicemia  (childbed  fever  or  infection  at  the  time  of  miscarriage  or 
childbirth)  are  without  question  very  incomplete.  Many  deaths  due 
to  this  disease  are  reported,  for  obvious  reasons,  as  due  to  some  other 
condition  or  to  some  general  condition,  such  as  septicemia,  pyemia, 
and  the  like.  This  fault  in  all  statistics  on  the  subject  has  been 
commented  on  very  frequently  both  in  this  country  and  in  foreign 
countries.4 


1 Hoffman,  F.  L.  The  Mortality  from  Cancer  Throughout  the  World,  1915,  p.  2. 

2 U.  S.  Census.  Mortality  Statistics,  1912,  p.  24. 

* Hoffman,  F.  L.  Supra  cit.,  p.  3. 

4 (a)  It  is  very  difficult  to  make  accurate  statements  as  to  the  frequency  of  puerperal  infection,  especially 
when  it  occurs  outside  of  hospital  practice.  Concerning  this  condition  the  vital  statistics  of  the  health 
officers  of  the  various  American  cities  are  of  no  value,  inasmuch  as  the  vast  majority  of  deaths  from  this 
disease  are  returned  as  being  due  to  malaria,  typhoid  fever,  pneumonia,  or  other  causes. — Williams,  J.  W. 
Obstetrics,  1913,  p.  900.  (6)  It  is  very  difficult  to  estimate  the  frequency  of  puerperal  infection  outside  of 
hospitals,  since  many  deaths  are  reported  as  due  to  typhoid,  malaria,  pneumonia,  etc. — Edgar,  J.  C.  The 
Practice  of  Obstetrics,  1903,  p.  752.  (c)  It  is  not  unlikely,  furthermore,  that  in  a considerable  number  of 
deaths  due  to  childbearing  the  fact  that  they  are  associated  with  childbearing  escapes  certification. 


36 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


It  follows,  however,  that  almost  never  is  a case  reported  as  due 
to  infection  at  confinement  when  it  is  really  due  to  some  other  cause; 
in  other  words,  the  figures  though  undoubtedly  incomplete  are 
reliable  as  far  as  they  go;  they  are  a statement  of  the  minimum 
number  of  cases  which  have  occurred.  As  Newsholme  remarks,* 1 
many  cases  of  puerperal  septicemia  probably  are  reported  as  due 
to  other  conditions  associated  with  childbirth;  so  that  the  total 
figures  for  all  diseases  associated  with  this  condition  should  always 
be  noted,  although  it  may  he  the  figures  for  puerperal  septicemia 
in  which  our  immediate  interest  lies. 

Many  deaths  due  to  other  complications  of  pregnancy  and  con- 
finement are  also  undoubtedly  reported  under  other  headings. 
This  is  especially  true  of  cases  of  puerperal  albuminuria  and  con- 
vulsions, which  are  reported  as  due  to  acute  nephritis  or  simply  to 
convulsions;  and  of  hemorrhage  or  phlebitis  following  miscarriage 
or  labor,  reported  without  reference  to  their  connection  with  child- 
birth. 

Limited  area  and  short  period  of  time  represented  by  figures. 

In  the  United  States  the  limited  area  of  the  country  (the  death- 
registration  area)  for  which  any  figures  are  available  is  an  element 
of  weakness  in  the  statistics.  Though  this  area  and  its  population 
are  absolutely  very  large,  they  can  not  be  considered  as  representa- 
tive of  the  entire  country.  Any  estimate  based  on  the  figures  for 
the  registration  area  is  open  to  criticism  on  account  of  differences 
in  age  and  sex  distribution  in  different  parts  of  the  country. 

In  the  United  States  the  short  period  for  which  any  figures  are 
available  lessens  greatly  the  value  of  a study  such  as  this.  In  foreign 
countries  comparisons  of  the  death  rates  for  a long  series  of  years 
may  be  made,  even  though  errors  due  to  lack  of  comparability  of 
the  figures  may  occtir.  In  this  country  information  is  available 

Deaths  from  puerperal  fever  are  likely  also  to  be  understated;  and  the  desirability  is  confirmed  of  basing 
inferences  as  to  excessive  mortality  from  childbearing  on  all  the  conditions  concerned  in  this  mortality, 
and  not  merely  on  the  death  returns  for  puerperal  fever. — Newsholme,  A.  Supra  cit.,  pp.  26,  30.  (d)  It 
may  be  objected  that  owing  to  faulty  registration  and  deficient  death  certification  the  returns  are  not 
reliable.  That  this  objection  may  have  some  weight  in  estimating  the  amount  of  mortality,  especially  as 
regards  puerperal  fever  (in  which  for  obvious  reasons  the  death  returns  are  avowedly  defective),  I fully 
admit;  but,  as  this  communication  seeks  to  compare  the  mortality  of  one  year  with  that  of  another  and  of 
one  part  of  the  kingdom  with  that  of  another,  and  as  the  sources  of  error  apply  to  each,  the  result  can  not  be 
materially  affected.  In  estimating  the  true  amount  of  mortality,  however,  a mental  correction  should 
certainly  be  made  for  this  obvious  source  of  error. — Boxall,  It.  “The  mortality  of  childbirth,”  Lancet, 
1893,  Vol.  II,  p.  10.  ( e ) Warren,  S.  P.  “The  prevalence  of  puerperal  septicemia  in  private  practice  at  the 
present  time,  contrasted  with  that  of  a generation  ago.”  Amer.  Jour,  of  Obstetrics,  1905,  Vol.  LI,  p.  301. 

1 But  the  above  extreme  local  variations  in  the  proportion  between  deaths  from  puerperal  fever  and  from 
other  dangers  of  childbearing  suggest  that  in  death  certification  there  may  be  local  variations  in  the  extent 
to  which  deaths  from  puerperal  fever  are  returned  under  the  heading  of  other  conditions  associated  with 
childbearing.  * * * On  the  whole,  it  is  likely  that  in  comparing  counties  and  county  boroughs  with 
each  other,  the  safest  plan  is  to  utilize  only  the  death  rates  from  the  two  sets  of  conditions  token  together.— 
Newsholme,  A.  Supra  cit.,  p.  26. 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


37 


onty  for  the  census  years  1880,  1890,  and  1900  and  for  the  calendar 
years  from  1900  to  1913,  inclusive.  Moreover,  the  area  covered 
by  the  reports  previous  to  1890  was  so  small  that  any  comparison 
between  years  prior  to  1890  and  years  subsequent  to  that  date  has 
seemed  unwise. 

Methods  of  computation. 

In  the  United  States  the  computation  of  the  death  rates  from  the 
diseases  in  question  by  a method  (computation  per  100,000  total  popu- 
lation) giving  hut  an  inaccurate  picture  of'  the  facts  is  necessarily  a 
source  of  error  in  the  study.  This  method  also  makes  difficult  a com- 
parison of  the  death  rates  with  those  of  foreign  countries. 

Sources  of  error  in  comparisons  of  death  rates  of  different  years. 

There  are  many  special  sources  of  error  involved  in  the  comparison 
of  death  rates  of  the  registration  area  of  the  United  States  from  these 
causes  in  different  years. 

First.  Differences  in  the  constitution  of  the  death-registration 
area  cause  one  of  the  most  important  difficulties  in  comparison. 
As  before  stated,  the  death-registration  area  is  not  an  unchanging 
entity,  but  has  been  added  to  almost  yearly  as  registration  has 
improved  in  various  States  and  cities.  This  constant  increase  con- 
stitutes a serious  source  of  error  in  comparing  the  death  rates  for 
this  area  for  different  years.  Within  the  course  of  the  years  studied, 
States  or  cities  having  a particularly  high  or  low  rate  from  the  disease 
in  question  may  have  been  added  to  the  registration  area.1  This 
difficulty  is  so  serious  that  in  making  comparisons  of  the  death  rates 
in  the  registration  area  of  the  United  States  from  a certain  disease 
through  a series  of  years  the  publications  of  the  United  States  Bureau 
of  the  Census  always  point  out  the  influence  which  the  inclusion  of  a 
certain  State  may  have  had  upon  the  rate  of  the  disease  in  question 
for  the  registration  area. 

The  same  method  may  be  applied,  for  example,  to  a comparison 
of  the  death  rates  from  childbirth  in  the  registration  area  for  the 
years  1909  and  1910.  In  1909  the  rate  for  the  registration  area  was 
15.3;  in  1910,  15.7.  In  1910,  however,  four  States — Minnesota, 
Montana,  Utah,  and  North  Carolina  2 — were  added  to  the  registration 
area  and  one  State — South  Dakota — was  dropped.  In  that  year 
the  death  rate  from  childbirth  in  Minnesota  was  11.9  per  100,000 
inhabitants,  in  Montana  16.4,  in  Utah  18.4,  and  in  the  municipalities 
of  North  Carolina  30.7.  That  in  South  Dakota  in  1909  was  21.7 
for  the  urban  and  12.9  for  the  rural  portions  of  the  State.  Evidently 
the  exact  determination  of  the  effect  which  the  inclusion  or  exclusion 
of  any  one  of  these  States  exerted  upon  the  death  rate  of  the  regis- 
tration area  is  a complicated  matter. 


1 U.  S.  Census.  Mortality  Statistics,  1909,  p.  9. 

2 Municipalities  of  1,000  or  more  inhabitants  in  1900. 


38 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


It  was  thought  wise,  therefore,  in  this  study  to  make,  in  addition 
to  a comparison  of  the  death  rates  from  childbirth  in  the  registration 
area  for  1890  and  from  1900  to  1913,  a comparison  of  the  death  rates 
shown  ( 1 ) for  the  same  series  of  years  by  the  group  of  States  which 
hate  been  registration  States  since  1890,  and  (2)  for  the  years  1900 
to  1913  by  the  group  of  States  which  have  been  registration  States 
since  1900.  Obviously  these  two  comparisons  contain  no  error  due 
to  changes  in  the  groups  of  States  compared  from  year  to  year. 

The  group  of  eight  States  which  have  been  registration  States 
since  1890  includes  all  the  New  England  States  except  Maine,  also 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  the  District  of  Columbia.  (See  Table 
II,  p.  49.)  For  this  group  of  States  no  permanent  decrease  has 
occurred  in  the  death  rate  from  childbirth  per  100,000  population  in 
the  23  years  studied.  There  was  a decrease  in  the  rate  between 
1890  and  1900,  followed  by  a rise,  and  then  by  slightly  fluctuating 
rates.  The  rates  for  1890 1 and  1913,  however,  are  almost  identical — 
14.1  and  14.3  per  100,000  inhabitants. 

The  rates  for  the  second  group  of  11  States  show  no  decline  but 
rather  an  increase  in  the  13  years  from  1900  to  1913.  These  States, 
have  been  registration  States  since  1900  and  include,  besides  the  8 
above  mentioned,  Maine,  Michigan,  and  Indiana.  The  death  rate 
from  childbirth  in  1900 3 was  13.4;  in  1913,  14.9;  with  fluctuations 
between  12.7  and  15.5. 

The  fact  that  the  death  rates  from  childbirth  show  no  decrease  in 
the  registration  area  from  1890  to  1913  (see  Table  I,  p.  49)  is  there- 
fore corroborated  by  the  two  comparisons  just  made.  The  rates  for 
this  area  also  show  fluctuations  from  year  to  year,  but  are  nearly 
identical  for  1890  and  1913,  i.  e.,  15.3  and  15.8. 

This  possible  source  of  error  in  the  comparison  of  the  rates  in  the 
registration  area  for  different  years,  therefore,  is  shown  to  be  of 
practical  unimportance. 

A comparison  of  the  three  Tables  I,  II,  and  III  brings  out  several 
interesting  facts.  Tables  I and  II  both  show  a decline  in  the  rates 
between  1890  and  1900;  this  fall  is  followed  by  a corresponding  rise 
and  fluctuating  rates.  The  rates  for  the  group  of  8 States  shown  in 
Table  II  are  almost  uniformly  slightly  lower  for  each  year  than  are 
those  of  the  death-registration  area  shown  in  Table  I. 

Second.  The  most  important  source  of  error  in  the  comparisons  of 
the  death  rates  of  various  years  is  due  to  the  improvements  which 
have  been  made  yearly  in  the  accuracy  of  the  returns  of  the  cause 
of  death.  In  each  State,  newly  admitted  to  the  registration  area, 
improvements  are  made  continually  in  the  completeness  and  accuracy 
of  the  death  returns.  In  addition  one  special  improvement  has  been 
made  in  the  returns  in  the  registration  area. 


Census  year  ending  May  31. 


2 Calendar  year 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


39 


It  has  already  been  pointed  out  with  regard  to  the  diseases  under 
consideration  that  deaths  due  to  puerperal  septicemia  and  to  other 
complications  of  pregnancy  and  confinement  are  frequently  reported 
as  due  to  such  indefinite  causes  as  septicemia,  pyemia,  hemorrhage, 
phlebitis,  convulsions,  etc.  In  several  foreign  countries  the  attempt 
has  been  made  for  some  years  to  render  the  records  more  complete 
by  making  inquiries  as  to  cases  of  death  of  women  of  childbearing  age 
where  the  cause  of  death  is  an  indefinite  one  of  this  character.  To 
each  physician  making  such  a report  for  a woman  of  childbearing  age 
a confidential  inquiry  is  sent,  asking  whether  or  not  the  cause  of  death 
had  any  relation  to  childbirth  or  miscarriage.  Boxall1  states  that  this 
has  been  done  in  England  since  1881  and  has  resulted  in  an  increase 
of  about  1 2 per  cent  in  the  number  of  cases  reported  as  due  to  puerperal 
septicemia.  In  this  country  since  about  1906 2 the  State  registrars  of 
vital  statistics  have  cooperated  with  the  United  States  Bureau  of  the 
Census  in  making  their  reports  more  complete  through  this  practice. 

For  several  years 2 the  Census  Bureau  has  made  an  inquiry  in  many 
cases  where  the  cause  of  death  of  a woman  of  childbearing  age  has  been 
returned  to  it  as  septicemia,  pyemia,  or  peritonitis,  and  additional 
cases  of  puerperal  septicemia  have  been  added  in  this  way.  That 
bureau  is  unable,  however,  to  estimate  the  percentage  of  cases  which 
have  thus  been  added.  In  a test 3 in  which  a number  of  letters  of 
inquiry  were  sent  to  physicians  returning  deaths  as  due  to  meningitis, 
paralysis,  convulsions,  pneumonia,  and  peritonitis,  102  cases  returned 
as  peritonitis  were  thus  investigated.  Eight  cases  were  changed  to 
puerperal  septicemia  f0Jdowirig  the  answer-  to  these  inquiries.  The 
following  statement  i^fpft.<J.p*4' 'if  the  percentages  of  change  result- 
ing from  this  investigation,  which,  though  limited,  may  prove  to  be 
fairly  representative,  be  applied  to  the  numbers  of  deaths  compiled 
from  the  various  causes  for  the  registration  area  for  1911,  * * * 

some  of  the  definite  causes  would  be  increased  as  follows:  * * * 

Puerperal  septicemia  from  4,376  to  4,560,  or  4.2  per  cent.”3 

Without  doubt,  therefore,  the  records  in  this  country  since  1906, 
and  especially  since  1912,  are  more  complete  than  those  for  previous 
years.4 

Obviously  greater  accuracy  of  the  returns  leads  to  an  apparent 
rise  in  rate,  even  when  the  true  death  rate  is  stationary  or  declining 
slightly.  It  is  impossible  to  estimate  how  great  has  been  the  influence 

1 Boxall,  R.  “Mortality  in  childbed,  both  in  hospital  and  in  general  practice,”  Jour,  of  Obstetrics  and 
Gynaecology  of  the  British  Empire,  1905,  Vol.  VII,  p.  322;  Newsholme,  A.  Supra  eit.,  p.  25. 

2 Statement  by  Chief  Statistician  for  Vital  Statistics,  U.  S.  Bureau  of  the  Census. 

3 U.  S.  Census.  Mortality  Statistics,  1911,  pp.  37,  38. 

4 Similar  improvements  in  the  records  for  other  causes  of  death  have  been  made  in  recent  years  through 
the  method  of  making  similar  inquiries  with  regard  to  deaths  reported  as  due  to  such  indefinite  causes  as 
simple  meningitis,  paralysis  without  specified  cause,  etc.  See  U.  S.  Census.  Mortality  Statistics,  1912, 
pp.  23,  24,  and  Dublin,  I/.  I.,  and  Kopf,  E.  W.  “An  experiment  in  the  compilation  of  mortality  sta« 
tistics,”  Quart.  Public,  of  the  Amer.  Stat.  Assn.,  1913,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  639. 


40 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


of  this  factor  upon  the  death  rates  of  childbirth  and  of  puerperal 
septicemia  since  1900.  As  an  index  the  changes  in  the  death  rates 
for  the  death-registration  area  from  the  indefinite  causes,  “ purulent 
infection  and  septicemia/’  “simple  peritonitis,”  “convulsions,”  and 
“hemorrhage,  other  diseases  of  the  circulatory  system,”  between 
1900  and  1913  should  be  studied. 

It  is  significant  that  the  average  death  rate  from  purulent  infec- 
tion and  septicemia,  which  in  1901-1905  was  6.1  per  100,000  popu- 
lation, fell  in  1906-1910  to  3.8  and  then  decreased  steadily,  being 
2.8  in  1913.1  In  the  same  way  the  death  rate  from  simple  peritonitis, 
which  was  10.8  in  1901-1905,  fell  to  6.1  in  1906-1910  and  2.7  in 
1913.1  The  other  causes  mentioned  have  shown  a decline  which  is 
much  less  marked. 

As  these  death  rates  represent  those  of  the  entire  population,  not 
those  of  women  of  childbearing  age,  their  decline  can  be  ascribed 
only  in  part  to  the  fact  that  a number  of  cases  formerly  returned  as 
due  to  these  causes  are  now  ascribed  to  puerperal  septicemia  and 
other  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement.  It  is  plain, 
however,  that  this  factor  has  been  a very  important  one  in  deter- 
mining their  decrease. 

In  general,  then,  it  may  be  stated  that  recent  improvements  in 
death  certification  must  be  borne  in  mind  in  making  comparisons  of 
the  death  rates  from  childbirth  since  1900;  that  these  improvements 
probably  account  for  the  apparent  rise  in  the  death  rate  between 
1900  and  1913,  and  may,  indeed,  conceal  a slight  actual  decrease  in 
the  rates  during  those  years.  It  '.is'  not,  ho1?*'  ^er,  probable  that  any 
substantial  decrease  in  rathhas  beeiUcAYer  in  this  way. 

The  comparisons  made  in  Tables  II  and  III  of  rates  for  the  group 
of  8 States  which  have  been  in  the  registration  area  since  1890  and 
for  that  of  11  States  which  have  been  in  this  area  since  1900  are 
probably  less  subject  to  this  source  of  error  than  is  a comparison  of 
rates  for  the  registration  area.  In  the  States  in  which  registration 
has  been  good  for  a number  of  years  improvements  made  in  the 
returns  for  the  more  recent  years  will  not  be  so  marked  a factor. 

Third.  A third  source  of  error  in  the  comparison  of  death  rates 
for  various  years  in  this  country  results  from  the  changes  in  classi- 
fication of  causes  of  death  which  have  been  made.  In  the  United 
States  the  International  List  of  Causes  of  Death  was  adopted  for  use 
in  the  calendar  year  1900.  A different  classification  was  in  use  be- 
fore that  time.  The  group  of  diseases  included  in  the  older  classi- 
fication under  “Affections  connected  with  pregnancy”  are  included 
under  the  title  “The  puerperal  state,”  Division  YII  of  the  detailed 
International  List  (see  p.  29),  corresponding  to  the  terms  “Child- 


i U.  S.  Census.  Mortality  Statistics,  1913,  pp.  53,54. 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


41 


birth”  or  “All  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement’ ’ as 
used  in  this  bulletin.  Therefore  these  large  groups  can  be  compared 
for  the  census  years  1890  and  1900  and  the  calendar  years  1900  to 
1913.  The  title  puerperal  septicemia  of  the  older  classification  does 
not  correspond,  however,  to  that  of  “ puerperal  septichaBmia  ” of 
the  International  Classification.  Nevertheless,  it  has  been  thought 
best  to  print  the  figures  for  puerperal  septicemia  for  the  census  years 
1890  and  1900  with  the  warning  that  these  figures  are  not  exactly 
comparable  with  the  figures  for  this  disease  for  the  calendar  yearn 
1900  to  1913.  At  the  second  revision  of  the  International  Classi- 
fication, in  force  for  the  registration  area  January  1,  1910,  several 
changes  were  made  in  the  classification  of  the  group  of  diseases  with 
which  we  are  concerned,  i.  e.,  “The  puerperal  state.”  These  changes 
do  not  affect  the  whole  group,  hut  only  the  subgroups,  especially 
No.  137,  “Puerperal  septichsemia.”  Three  causes  of  deaths  included 
under  this  heading  under  the  first  revision  were  removed  and  in- 
cluded under  other  headings;  these  are:  Puerperal  toxemia,  in- 
cluded now  under  138;  puerperal  phlebitis,  changed  to  a separate 
heading,  139;  and  retention  of  the  placenta,  now  included  under  135. 
No  other  groups  previously  not  included  were  added  to  “Puerperal 
septiclnemia”  in  that  year.  These  changes  would  naturally  cause  a 
decrease  in  the  number  of  deaths  ascribed  to  puerperal  septicemia 
and  a corresponding  decrease  in  the  death  rate  for  this  disease,  with 
an  increase  in  the  rate  of  those  included  under  “ Other  diseases  caused 
by  pregnane}^  and  confinement.”  This  must  be  remembered  in 
comparing  the  rates  for  years  succeeding  1910  with  those  preceding 
it,  both  in  the  United  States  and  in  all  other  countries  studied. 
How  far  this  change  in  the  death  rate  for  puerperal  septicemia  com- 
pensates in  the  United  States  for  the  opposite  error  due  to  the  more 
complete  returns  for  this  disease  brought  about  by  the  incpiiries  sent 
by  the  Bureau  of  the  Census  it  would  be  impossible  to  say. 

Sources  of  error  in  a study  of  foreign  statistics. 

It  may  be  claimed  that  a comparison  of  the  vital  statistics  of  various 
foreign  countries  involves  a certain  risk  of  error  due  to  differences  in 
the  methods  of  registration  employed  in  the  various  countries  and  in 
the  degrees  of  accuracy  of  the  returns.  For  instance,  the  compara- 
tively low  death  rate  of  a certain  country  may  be  explained  as  being 
due  to  the  incompleteness  of  the  returns  in  that  country.  Beyond 
this  source  of  error,  which  can  not  be  avoided,  two  other  especial 
sources  appear  to  exist  in  the  comparison  of  the  death  rates  from  the 
diseases  caused  by  childbirth.  The  first  one  is  that  already  treated  at 
some  length,  i.  e.,  the  development  of  errors  due  to  the  different 
methods  used  by  different  countries  in  computing  the  rates.  This 
source  of  error  has  been  avoided  by  reckoning  the  rates  uniformly  for 


42 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


each  country  in  the  group  considered  according  to  two  different 
methods,  i.  e.,  per  100,000  total  population  and  per  1,000  live  births. 
While  neither  method  of  computation  is  an  ideal  one,  it  has  been  neces- 
sary to  use  them  as  they  alone  give  a basis  of  comparison  of  the  rates 
of  ail  the  countries  considered. 

A second  source  of  error  has  also  been  alluded  to;  it  is  the  lack  of 
uniformity  in  methods  of  classification  of  the  causes  of  death. 
Many  of  the  countries  under  consideration  have  not  used  the  Inter- 
national Classification  at  all,  or  only  for  a portion  of  the  period  stud- 
ied. As  the  best  means  available  for  avoiding  this  difficulty,  the 
figures  for  each  country  have  been  used  as  published  in  the  Statistique 
Internationale  du  Mouvement  de  la  Population  d’apres  les  Registres 
d’Etat  Civil,  prepared  by  the  Ministere  du  Travail,  Bureau  de  la 
Statistique  Generate  of  France.  In  this  publication  figures  for  coun- 
tries not  using  the  International  Classification  have  been  rearranged 
to  conform  as  nearly  as  possible  to  the  divisions  of  the  International 
List.  Figures,  however,  are  available  from  this  source  only  up  to  the 
year  1910;  for  the  years  following,  figures  have  been  obtained  from 
the  latest  available  original  reports  of  each  country.  For  those  coun- 
tries not  using  the  International  Classification  the  figures  have  been 
rearranged  in  the  same  way  to  conform  to  it  as  nearly  as  possible.1 

Slight  differences  hi  methods  of  classification  will  probably  not 
affect  the  death  rates  to  any  great  extent,  nor  will  they  often  affect 
the  number  of  deaths,  and  consequently  the  death  rates,  of  the  whole 
group  of  diseases — '‘The  puerperal  state,”  or  “All  diseases  caused  by 
pregnancy  and  confinement.”  Only  the  proportion  of  deaths  to  be 
ascribed  to  either  of  the  two  subgroups  “puerperal  septicemia  ” and 
“other  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement,”  will  be 
affected.  A rearrangement  of  the  deaths  within  the  group,  ascribing 
a larger  number  of  deaths  to  puerperal  septicemia  will  bring,  of  course, 
a decrease  in  those  reported  as  due  to  “other  diseases  caused  by  preg- 
nancy and  confinement.”  F or  this  reason,  therefore,  the  total  number 
of  deaths  for  the  large  group  and  the  death  rate  for  this  group  are 
more  important  than  those  of  the  subgroups.  (See  p.  36.)  An 
exception  to  the  statement  in  regard  to  the  differences  in  method  of 
classification  must  be  made  for  the  figures  of  England  and  Wales. 
Previous  to  1911,  the  year  in  which  the  International  Classification 
was  adopted,  a certain  group  of  deaths  almost  universally  included 
under  the  large  group  “The  puerperal  state”  or  “All  diseases  caused 
by  pregnancy  and  confinement”  was  not  included  in  the  English 
and  Welsh  figures,  i.  e.,  deaths  due  to  puerperal  nephritis  and  albu- 
minuria. Consequently  in  these  earlier  years  the  reports  of  deaths 


1 On  pages  57  to  59  will  be  found  especial  notes  as  to  difficulties  encountered  in  the  reclassification  of  the 
figures  of  various  countries. 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


43 


ascribed  to  childbirth  or  all  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and 
confinement  are  incomplete  and  the  death  rates  from  this  group  of 
causes  are  lower  than  would  have  been  the  case  had  the  International 
Classification  been  used.  This  fact  must  be  remembered  in  making 
comparisons  between  England  and  Wales  and  other  countries.  The 
amount  of  the  error,  which  is  not  a very  large  one,  can  be  estimated 
by  noting  the  number  of  deaths  annually  reported  from  this  cause  for 
the  years  1911  to  1914.  (See  p.  58;  also  Table  XV,  p.60.)  Whether 
or  not  there  is  the  same  incompleteness  in  the  figures  of  other  coun- 
tries could  not  be  learned  from  the  reports. 

In  general,  foreign  statistics  have  been  used  in  this  report  as  giving 
a rough  estimate  of  actual  conditions.  Unfortunately  more  exact 
information  is  not  in  existence.  It  has  not  been  considered  wise,  in 
view  of  the  possibilities  of  error  in  the  material,  to  use  any  method  of 
analysis  which  assumes  a higher  degree  of  accuracy  than  can  be 
attributed  to  all  the  existing  figures. 

FOREIGN  STATISTICS. 

Comparison  of  the  average  death  rates  from  childbirth  in  certain 

foreign  countries  and  in  the  United  States. 

1.  Average  death  rates  'per  100,000  population. — In  order  to  obtain  a 
basis  for  comparison  with  the  rates  for  the  death-registration  area  of 
the  United  States  the  average  rates  for  15  foreign  countries  have  been 
reckoned  according  to  the  number  of  deaths  per  100,000  population. 
These  rates  are  given  in  Table  XII,  on  page  56,  in  which  the  coun tries 
are  arranged  in  order,  the  one  having  the  lowest  rate  being  first. 
Many  of  the  countries  show  rates  differing  but  very  little  from 
that  of  the  United  States.  The  rates  for  9 of  the  16  coun  tries  vary 
between  12.4  and  15.2,  while  that  of  the  registration  area  is  14.9. 
Other  facts  brought  out  by  this  table  are  mentioned  on  page  22. 

2.  Average  death  rates  per  1,000  live  births. — It  has  been  realized 
that  the  average  death  rate  from  these  diseases  as  above  computed 
gives  a very  misleading  idea  of  the  actual  death  rate  on  the  basis  of 
the  number  of  women  bearing  children.  Differences  in  the  age  and 
sex  composition  of  the  population  of  the  countries  studied,  and,  above 
all,  differences  in  the  birth  rate,  obviously  lead  to  great  error.  Un- 
fortunately the  rate  per  1,000  births  can  not  be  given  for  the  death- 
registration  area  of  the  United  States,  though  it  can  be  given  for 
one  year  (1910)  for  the  provisional  birth-registration  area.  This  rate 
is  6.5  per  1,000  live  births.  The  comparison  of  such  a rate,  for  a 
limited  area  of  a country  reckoned  only  for  one  year,  with  average 
rates  of  other  countries  reckoned  for  a series  of  years,  is  of  course 
unfair.  Still  it  is  a noteworthy  fact  that  the  rate  for  this  small  area  of 
the  United  States  is  considerably  higher  than  that  for  any  country  in 
the  group  considered. 


44 


MATERIAL  MORTALITY. 


Table  XIII,  page  56,  gives  the  average  death  rates  reckoned  per 
1,000  live  births  for  the  15  foreign  countries  already  studied  arranged 
in  order,  the  one  having  the  lowest  rate  being  first.  The  order  here 
shows  a considerable  variation  from  that  in  the  previous  table.  How- 
ever, the  same  group  of  countries  shows  the  lowest  rates  computed 
according  to  either  method  of  computation;  these  are  Sweden,  Italy, 
and  Norway.  Similarly,  the  highest  rates  in  both  tables  are  shown 
by  a second  group  of  countries — Belgium,  Spam,  Switzerland,  Aus- 
tralia, and  Scotland.  The  rates  for  Ireland  form  an  exception.  The 
rate  for  that  country,  reckoned  per  100,000  inhabitants,  is  only 
moderately  high;  reckoned  p>er  1,000  live  births,  however,  it  is  one 
of  the  higher  rates. 

3.  Percentage  of  deaths  caused  by  puerperal  septicemia. — Another 
interesting  feature  of  the  foreign  figures  is  the  great  variation  shown 
among  the  different  countries  in  the  percentage  of  the  total  deaths 
from  childbirth  which  are  ascribed  to  puerperal  septicemia.  Table 
XIV  gives  these  figures  for  each  country  for  as  large  a part  of  the 
period  1900  to  1910  as  figures  are  available.  As  pointed  out  fre- 
quently throughout  this  report,  on  account  of  the  inaccurate  returns 
from  puerperal  septicemia  the  total  rate  from  childbirth  is  a more 
reliable  one  than  is  the  rate  from  puerperal  septicemia;  therefore, 
sweeping  conclusions  can  not  be  based  on  these  comparisons.  Other- 
wise these  figures  would  be  extremely  significant,  as  the  deaths  from 
puerperal  septicemia  are  the  most  easily  preventable  of  all  the  deaths 
from  childbirth.  In  the  larger  number  (11)  of  the  15  foreign  countries 
studied  the  deaths  from  puerperal  septicemia  constitute  from  30  to 
50  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  deaths  from  childbirth.  In  the 
registration  area  of  the  United  States  they  represent  44  per  cent. 
Norway,  51.2  per  cent,  and  Spain,  62.8  per  cent,  show  the  only  two 
percentages  higher  than  50;  New  Zealand,  25.2  per  cent,  and  Hun- 
gary, 26.7  per  cent,  show  markedly  low  percentages. 

Comparison  of  the  changes  in  the  death  rates  from  childbirth  in 

certain  foreign  countries  for  the  years  1900  to  1913. 

Far  more  valuable  than  a comparison  of  average  rates  of  foreign 
countries  is  a study  of  the  rates  of  each  country  for  a series  of  years  in 
order  to  discover  whether  they  are  decreasing  or  increasing  and  to  com- 
pare such  changes  in  the  various  countries.  While  it  may  be  dangerous 
on  account  of  different  methods  of  registration  and  classification  to 
compare  the  rates  of  different  countries,  no  such  source  of  error  is 
attached  to  the  comparison  of  rates  in  the  same  country  for  a num- 
ber of  years.  The  period  1900  to  1913  (or  the  latest  year  for  which 
figures  are  available)  is  a very  short  one  for  a study  of  a change  in 
death  rates.  It  would  have  been  far  more  interesting  to  study  the 
death  rates  for  a long  series  of  years  in  each  country,  choosing  a 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


45 


period  beginning  before  the  introduction  of  methods  of  asepsis.  But 
such  a study  for  the  complete  list  of  countries  considered  was  not 
thought  advisable,  because  of  the  difficulties  caused  by  variations  in 
classification  of  causes  of  death  in  the  earlier  years. 

In  order  to  study  the  rates  for  any  increase  or  decrease  occurring 
during  the  last  13  years,  the  rates  per  1,000  1 live  births  will  be  used 
rather  than  those  per  100,000  population.  In  several  countries — - 
Belgium,  Hungary,  Italy,  Norway,  Prussia,  and  Spain — the  rate  from 
childbirth  per  100,000  population  apparently  has  fallen  during  the 
period,  while  the  rate  per  1,000  live  births  has  remained  almost 
the  same,  or  has  risen.  The  cause  of  this  inconsistency,  as  ex- 
plained on  page  33,  is  the  fact  that  in  these  countries  the  birth 
rate  or  the  proportionate  number  of  births  to  the  number  of  inhab- 
itants has  decreased. 

Average  death  rates  for  the  foreign  countries  studied  are  given  for 
periods  of  from  3 to  5 years  in  Table  XVI.  Differences  in  averages 
from  period  to  period  are  more  significant  than  differences  in  rates 
from  year  to  year,  and  they  indicate  more  accurately  and  readily 
whether  death  rates  in  a given  country  are  increasing  or  decreasing. 

In  preparing  Table  XVI  it  would  have  been  more  satisfactory  to 
base  averages  on  identical  five-year  periods  for  all  countries,  but  since 
the  periods  for  which  the  information  was  available  varied  so  widely 
in  different  countries,  this  procedure  was  impracticable,  and  the  com- 
plete periods  were  divided  into  as  nearly  uniform  subperiods  as 
possible. 

The  countries  will  be  considered  in  different  groups. 

Countries  showing  a decrease  in  the  death  rates  from  all  diseases  caused 
by  pregnancy  and  confinement.— England  and  Wales  show  a fall  in  the 
total  death  rate  from  these  diseases  and  also  a fall  in  the  death  rate 
from  puerperal  septicemia  in  the  years  between  1900  and  1914.1  2 
The  total  death  rate  per  1,000  live  births  fell  from  4.4  in  1900-1904 
to  3.7  in  1910-1914.  The  death  rate  from  puerperal  septicemia  per 
1,000  live  births  was  1.9  in  1900-1904,  and  1 .4  in  1910-1914.  The  still 
greater  apparent  drop  in  the  rates  per  100,000  inhabitants  will  be  noted. 
This  decrease  in  the  rates  from  these  diseases  in  England  and  Wales 
since  1900  is  especially  important  because  the  lack  of  decrease  for  a 
long  period  of  time  before  1900  has  been  the  subject  of  considerable 
discussion. 

Boxall 3 in  1893  and  1905  published  two  reports  which  aroused 
medical  interest.  Based  on  studies  of  the  figures  published  by  the 

1 The  rate  per  1,000  live  births  will  be  found  in  column  8 of  Table  XV,  p.  60. 

2 In  studying  the  figures  after  1910,  only  the  figures  given  as  1911  (a)  and  1912  (a),  etc.,  must  be  compared 
with  the  figures  of  years  before  1910,  for  the  reasons  explained  on  p.  58. 

3 Boxall,  R.  “ The  mortality  of  childbirth/’  Lancet,  1893,  Vol.  II,  p.  9;  “ Mortality  in  childbed,  both 
in  hospital  and  in  general  practice.”  Jour,  of  Obstetrics  and  Gynaecology  of  the  British  Empire,  1005, 
Vol.  VII,  p.  315. 


46 


MATERIAL  MORTALITY. 


registrar  general,  these  reports  comment  on  the  lack  of  decrease  in 
the  total  mortality  from  childbirth  and  from  puerperal  septicemia  in 
the  period  since  the  introduction  of  methods  of  antisepsis. 

Sir  Arthur  Newsholme,  medical  officer  of  the  Local  Government 
Board  of  England,  published  last  year  a most  interesting  report  on 
maternal  mortality  in  connection  with  childbearing  in  England  and 
Wales.1  The  report  in  question  will  no  doubt  be  the  inspiration  of 
studies  of  this  subject  in  many  countries,  just  as  it  has  been  of  the 
present  report  on  conditions  in  the  United  States.  He  finds  that 
from  1874  to  1893  there  was  no  decline  in  the  rates  from  puerperal 
septicemia,  or  from  other  conditions  associated  with  childbirth,  but 
that  since  1895  there  has  been  a marked  decline  in  the  rate  from 
puerperal  septicemia  and  a decline  in  the  total  rate  from  childbirth. 
There  has  been,  however,  little  change  in  the  death  rate  from  condi- 
tions other  than  puerperal  septicemia  caused  by  childbirth.  He 
writes:  “Even  so  far  as  puerperal  fever  is  concerned,  notwithstand- 
ing the  improvement  already  secured,  it  must  be  regarded  as  highly 
unsatisfactory  that  in  1914  for  every  644  infants  born  1 mother  lost 
her  life  from  puerperal  infection,  either  present  before  the  birth  of 
the  infant,  or  more  often  acquired  during  or  soon  after  its  birth.  A 
large  portion  of  this  mortality,  with  its  still  greater  amount  of  asso- 
ciated sickness,  could  at  once  be  prevented  were  adequate  antenatal 
care  and  skilled  attendance  under  satisfactory  conditions  at  and  after 
birth  made  available.”1 

The  interest  in  this  subject  in  England  is  reflected  in  several  acts 
which  have  been  passed  in  recent  years  with  the  object  of  securing 
better  antenatal  and  confinement  care  for  all  women  at  childbirth. 
These  are  the  midwives  act,  1902;  the  notification  of  births  act, 
1907;  the  notification  of  births  (extension)  act,  1915,  the  maternity 
benefits  under  the  national  insurance  act,  and  the  voting  of  grants 
by  Parliament  in  aid  of  work  done  by  local  authorities  and  voluntary 
agencies  to  promote  maternal  and  child  welfare  work. 

Tlie  rates  for  Ireland  show  a decrease  in  the  death  rate  from  child- 
birth. In  1902  to  1906  the  rate  was  5.8;  in  1911  to  1914  it  was  5.2. 
There  was  also  a slight  decrease  in  the  rate  from  puerperal  septicemia. 

Japan  shows  also  a fall  in  the  rate  from  childbirth  from  4.2  in  1901- 
1904  to  3.6  in  1909-1912.  The  death  rate  from  puerperal  septice- 
mia, however,  has  increased  slightly. 

The  rates  for  New  Zealand  and  Switzerland  have  also  shown  a 
decline  in  the  periods  studied. 

Countries  showing  almost  stationary  rates  from  the  diseases  caused 
by  pregnancy  and  confinement. — This  group  includes  all  the  remaining 
countries  considered  except  Scotland.  In  several  of  these  countries 

1 Newsholme,  A.  Maternal  Mortality  in  Connection  with  Childbearing.  Grt.  Brit.  Local  Govt. 
Bd.,  Supp.  to  Report  of  Medical  Officer  for  1914-15,  pp.  22,  23. 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


47 


there  has  been  a slight  fall  or  rise  in  the  rates  between  the  first  and 
last  period,  amounting  in  each  case  to  less  than  0.5  of  1 per  1,000 

live  births. 

In  Prussia  no  demonstrable  fall  has  occurred  in  the  rate  per  1,000 
live  births  from  all  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement, 
nor  in  that  from  puerperal  septicemia.  The  total  rate  in  1903  to 
1906  was  3.2;  in  1907  to  1910  it  was  3.1. 

The  almost  stationary  rates  for  Australia,  Belgium,  Hungary,  Italy, 
Norway,  Spain,  and  Sweden  will  also  be  noted  in  the  tables. 

In  all  of  these  countries  numerous  physicians  have  called  attention 
to  the  stationary  or  rising  death  rates  from  childbirth  and  from 
childbed  fever.  A large  medical  literature  has  grown  up  on  this 
subject.  Von  Herff 1 comments  on  the  figures  published  by  Krohme, 
showing  for  Prussia  an  increasing  death  rate  from  puerperal  septi- 
cemia in  the  years  1901  to  1904.  He  attributes  it  to  the  laxity  of 
physicians  in  carrying  out  antiseptic  methods  and  to  the  unneces- 
sarily frequent  use  of  forceps  and  to  other  obstetrical  operations. 
Buess  2 and  Winter  3 are  among  those  who  have  written  more 
recently  on  the  question  of  these  death  rates  in  Switzerland,  East 
Prussia,  and  other  European  countries. 

Countries  showing  a rise  in  rates. — The  total  mortality  rate  from 
diseases  of  childbirth  for  Scotland  has  shown  a definite  increase  from 
5.1  per  1,000  live  births  in  1901-1905  to  5.8  in  1911-1914.  This  in- 
crease, however,  has  not  been  due  apparently  to  an  increase  in  the 
rate  from  puerperal  septicemia;  in  fact,  this  rate  has  shown  a fall. 

1 Von  Herff,  O.  “Wie  ist  der  zunehmenden  Kindbettfiebersterblichkeit  zu  steuern  ? Minderung  der 
Operationen.  Besserung  der  Desinfektion  in  der  Hauspraxis.”  Miincliener  Medizinische  Wochenschrift, 
1907,  Vol.  LIV,  p.  1017. 

2 Buess.  Zeitschrift  fur  Geburtshiilfe  und  Gynakologie,  1915,  Vol.  LXXVII,  p.  735. 

3 Winter.  “ Die  Bekampfung  des  Kindbettfiebers  in  Ostpreussen.’,  Deutsche  Medizinische  Woche.i- 
schrift,  1908,  Vol.  XXXIV,  p.  2244. 


PART  III.  GENERAL  TABLES 


Table  I.- — Population,  deaths , and  death  rates  per  100,000  population  in  the  death- 
registration  area  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement,  1890  and  1900 
to  1913. 


Deaths  from  diseases  caused  hy  pregnancy  and 
_ . , . . , confinement. 

Population  of  death-  : - 

registration  area.  ) 1nnnnn 


Year.1 

registration  area. 

Number. 

Rate  per  100,000 
population. 

Total. 

Per  cent 
of  popu- 
lation of 
United 
States. 

Total. 

Puer- 

peral 

septi- 

cemia. 

All 

other. 

Total. 

Puer- 

peral 

septi- 

cemia. 

All 

other. 

1890 2 

19, 659,  440 

31.4 

3, 011 

31,383 

1,628 

15.3 

37.0 

8.3 

1900 2 

28,  807, 269 

37.9 

3,772 

3 1,619 

2,153 

13.1 

3 5. 6 

7.5 

1900 

30,  765, 618 

40.5 

4,106 

1,769 

2, 337 

13.3 

5.7 

7.6 

1901 

31,370,952 

40.3 

4,294 

1,882 

2,412 

13.7 

6.0 

7.7 

1902 

32,029,  815 

40.4 

4,164 

1,813 

2, 351 

13.0 

5.7 

7.3 

1903 

32,  701, 083 

40.4 

4,569 

1,992 

2, 577 

14.0 

6.1 

7.9 

1904 

33,345,163 

40.4 

5,109 

2,291 

2,818 

15.3 

6.9 

8.5 

1905 

34, 052, 201 

40.4 

5,077 

2,309 

2, 768 

14.9 

6.8 

8.1 

1906 

41,983,419 

48.9 

6, 341 

2,622 

3,719 

15.1 

6.2 

8.9 

1907 

43, 016, 990 

49.2 

6,719 

2,908 

3,811 

15. 6 

6.8 

8.9 

1908 

46, 789, 913 

52.5 

7, 344 

3,271 

4,073 

15.7 

7.0 

8.7 

1909 

50,870, 518 

56.1 

7, 791 

3, 427 

4, 364 

15.3 

6.7 

8.6 

1910 

53,  843,  896 

58.3 

8, 455 

3,892 

4,563 

15.7 

7.2 

8.5 

1911 

59, 275, 977 

63.1 

9,456 

4,376 

5,080 

16.0 

7.4 

8.6 

1912 

60. 427,  247 

63.2 

9, 035 

3.905 

5,130 

15.0 

6.5 

8.5 

1913 

63,  298,  718 

65.1 

10, 010 

4,  542 

5, 468 

15.8 

7.2 

8.6 

Annual  average: 

1901  to  1905... 

32,  699.  843 
47, 300, 947 

4,643 
7, 330 

2, 057 

2,  586 

14.2 

6.3 

7.9 

1906  to  1910 

3,224 

4,106 

15.  5 

1 

6.8 

8.7 

3 Calendar  year,  unless  otherwise  specified. 

2 Census  year  ending  May  31. 

3 Figures  for  puerperal  septicemia  for  the  census  years  1890  and  1900  not  comparable  with  those  for  later 
years.  See  p.  41. 


Table  II. — Deaths  and  death  rates  per  100,000  population  in  the  8 States  within  the 
death-registration  area  in  1890  1 from  diseases  caused  by  preqnancy  and  confinement, 
1890  and  1900  to  191$. 


Deaths  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement. 


Year.2 

Number. 

Rate  per  100,000  population. 

Total. 

Puer- 

peral 

septi- 

cemia. 

All 

other. 

Total. 

Puer- 

peral 

septi- 

cemia. 

All 

other. 

18903 • 

1, 655 

« 698 

957 

14.1 

< 6.0 

8.2 

1900 3 

1,806 

* 791 

1,015 

1,107 

12.6 

4 5.5 

7.1 

1900 

1,905 

798 

13.3 

5.6 

7.7 

1901 

1,903 

747 

1,156 

13.0 

5.1 

7.9 

1902 

1,842 

762 

1,080 

12.4 

5.1 

7.2 

1903 

1,998 

801 

1,197 

13.1 

5.3 

7.9 

1904 

2,305 
2, 434 
2, 434 
2,595 
2, 450 

996 

1,309 

14.9 

6.4 

8.4 

1905 

1, 033 

1,401 

15.4 

6. 5 

8.9 

1906 

989 

1,445 

15.0 

6.1 

8.9 

1907 

1,086 

1,509 

15.6 

6. 5 

9.1 

1908 

1,050 

1,034 

1,400 

14.4 

6.2 

8.2 

1909 

2, 537 
2,608 

1,503 

14.5 

5.9 

8.6 

1910 

1, 145 

1,463 

14.6 

6.4 

8.2 

1911 

2,  722 

1,179 

1,543 

14.9 

6.4 

8.4 

1912 

2, 574 

1,049 

1,525 

13.9 

5. 6 

8.2 

1913 

2,  707 

1,140 

1,567 

14.3 

6.0 

8.3 

I 

1 Excluding  Delaware. 

2 Calendar  year,  unless  otherwise  specified. 

3 Census  year  ending  May  31. 

« Figures' for  puerperal  septicemia  for  the  census  years  1890  and  1900  not  comparable  with  those  fer  later 
years.  See  p.  41. 


49 


50 


MATERIAL  MORTALITY. 


Table  HI. — Deaths  and  death  rates  per  100,000  population  in  the  11  States  within  the 
death-registration  area  in  1900  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement , 
1900  to  1913. 


Deaths  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement. 


Year.1 

Number. 

Rate  per  100,000  population. 

Total. 

Puer- 

peral 

septi- 

cemia. 

All 

other. 

Total. 

Puer- 

peral 

septi- 

cemia. 

All 

other. 

1900 2 

2, 568 
2, 682 

3 1, 150 

1,418 

12.9 

35.8 

7.1 

1900  

1,155 

1.527 

13.4 

5.8 

7.6 

1901  

2,  704 

1,124 

1,580 

13.3 

5.5 

7.8 

1902  

2.626 

1,092 

1,534 

12.7 

5.3 

7.4 

1903 

2, 778 

1,153 

1,625 

13.2 

5.5 

7.7 

1904  

3, 216 
3, 219 
3,229 
3,448 

1,403 

1,813 

1,818 

15.1 

6.6 

8.5 

190")  

1,401 

14.8 

6.4 

8.4 

1900  

1,302 

1,476 

1,927 

1,972 

1,912 

14.5 

5.9 

8.7 

1907  

15.2 

6.5 

8.7 

1908  

3, 343 
3, 422 
3, 641 
3,806 

1,431 

14.4 

6.2 

8.2 

1909  

1,453 

1,969 
2,017 
2,058 
2,039 
2,  128 

14.5 

6.1 

8.3 

1910  

1,624 

15.1 

6.7 

8.4 

1911  

1,748 

15.5 

7.1 

8.4 

1912  

3.527 

1,488 

14.1 

6.0 

8.2 

1913 

3,  7S9 

1,661 

14.9 

6.  5 

8.4 

i 

1 Calendar  year,  unless  otherwise  specified. 

* Census  year  ending  May  31. 

3 Figures  for  puerperal  septicemia  for  the  census  year  1900  not  comparable  with  those  for  later  years. 
See  p.  41. 


Table  IV. — Death  rates  per  100,000  female  population  in  the  11  States  within  the 
death-registration  area  in  1900  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement , 
1900  to  1910. 


Year. 

Death  rate  per  100,000  female 
population  from  diseases 
caused  by  pregnancy  and 
confinement. 

Year. 

Death  rate  per  100,000  female 
population  from  diseases 
caused  by  pregnancy  and 
confinement. 

Total. 

Puerperal 

septi- 

cemia. 

All  other. 

Total. 

Puerperal 

septi- 

cemia. 

All  other. 

1900  

26.9 

11.6 

15.3 

1906 

29.2 

11.8 

17.5 

1901 

i 26. 7 

11. 1 

15.6 

1907 

30.6 

13. 1 

17.5 

1902  . 

25.  5 

10.6 

14.9 

1908 

29. 1 

12.  4 

16.6 

1903 

1 26. 6 

11.0 

15.5 

1909 

29.2 

12.  4 

16.8 

1904  . 

30.  3 

13.2 

17. 1 

1910 

30.4 

13.6  ! 

j 

16.9 

1905 

29.8 

13.0 

16.8 

MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


51 


Table  V. — Number  of  deaths  of  ivoinen  from  15  to  44  years  of  age  in  the  death-registration 
area  from  each  cause  and  class  of  causes  included  in  the  abridged  International  List  of 
Causes  of  Death  ( revision  of  1909), 1 1913. 

[Computed  from  figures  in  Mortality  Statistics.  1913,  pp.  338  to  3-t9,  in  which  causes  of  death  are  given  ac- 
cording to  the  detailed  International  List  of  Causes  of  Death.] 


Abridged 
Inter- 
national 
List  No. 


Cause  of  death. 


13,14,15 

31,32 

19 

29 
16 
22 
35 

1 

30 
26 
38 

23 
18 

24 

27 

28 
9 

17 

8 

12 

6 

5 

3 
21 

20 
33 
11 

4 
7 
2 

10 

37 

38 


Tuberculosis  of  the  lungs,  tuberculous  meningitis,  other  forms  of  tuberculosis 

Puerperal  septicemia  (puerperal  fever,  peritonitis;  and  other  puerperal  accidents 

of  pregnancy  and  labor 

Organic  diseases  of  the  heart 

Acute  nephritis  and  Bright’s  disease . 

Cancer  and  other  malignant  tumors 

Pneumonia 

Violent  deaths  (suicide  excepted) 

Typhoid  fever 

Noneancerous  tumors  and  other  diseases  of  the  female  genital  organs 

Appendicitis  and  typhlitis 

Suicide 

Other  diseases  of  the  respiratory  system  (tuberculosis  excepted) 

Cerebral  hemorrhage  and  softening 

Diseases  of  the  stomach  (cancer  excepted) 

Hernia,  intestinal  obstruction 

Cirrhosis  of  the  liver 

Influenza 

Simple  meningitis 

Diphtheria  and  croup 

Other  epidemic  diseases 

Scarlet  fever 

Measles 

Malaria 

Chronic  bronchitis 

Acute  bronchitis 

Congenital  debility  and  malformations 

Cholera  nostras 

Smallpox 

Whooping  cough 

Typhus  fever 

Asiatic  cholei'a 

Other  diseases 

Unknown  or  ill-defined  diseases 


Number 

of 

deaths. 


26, 265 

9, 876 
6,386 
5,741 
5, 065 
4,167 
3,  262 
2,706 
2, 669 
1,620 
1,562 
1,458 
1,398 
940 
854 
598 
489 
484 
330 
312 
307 
304 
250 
184 
90 
24 
18 
19 


11,688 

458 


1 Except  No.  25,  diarrhea  and  enteritis  (under  2 


years),  and  No.  34,  senility. 


Table  VI. — Population , live  births , deaths,  and  death  rates  per  100,000  population  and  per  1,000  live  births  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and 

confinement , by  States  and  principal  cities  in  the  provisional  birth-registration  area,1  1910. 


52 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


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MATERIAL  MORTALITY. 


53 


Table  VII.- — Death  rates  per  100,000  population  in  the  death-registration  area  from 
certain  important  causes  of  death , 1890  and  1900  to  1913. 


Death  rate  per  100,000  population  from— 


Year.1 

Ty- 

phoid 

fever. 

Diph- 

theria 

and 

croup. 

Meas- 

les. 

Whoop- 

ing 

cough. 

Scar- 

let 

fever. 

Tuber- 

culosis 

(all 

forms). 

Pneu- 

monia 

(all 

forms). 

Diar- 

rhea 

and 

enter- 

itis 

(under 
2 yrs.). 

Diseases  caused  by 
pregnancy  and 
confinement. 

Total. 

Puer- 

peral 

septi- 

cemia. 

All 

other. 

1890  2 

46.3 

97.8 

13.5 

15.8 

13.6 

252.0 

186.9 

139. 1 

15.3 

3 7.0. 

8.3 

1900  2 

33.8 

45.2 

13.2 

12.7 

11.6 

190.9 

192.0 

97.5 

13.1 

3 5.  6 

7.5 

1900 

35.9 

43. 3 

12.5 

12.1 

10.2 

201.9 

180. 5 

108.8 

13. 3 

5.7 

7.6 

1901 

32.3 

34.0 

7.3 

9. 7 

13.1 

196.9 

161.4 

90.9 

13.7 

6.0 

7.7 

1902 

34.3 

30.8 

9.5 

12.0 

12.6 

184.5 

155.7 

84.0 

13.0 

5,7 

7.3 

1903 

34.1 

31.7 

9.8 

15.8 

12.2 

188.5 

155. 1 

81.6 

14.0 

6.1 

7.9 

1904 

31.7 

28.3 

. 11.0 

6.5 

10.8 

200.7 

171.4 

90.9 

15.3 

6.9 

8.5 

1905 

27.8 

23.6 

7.5 

10.6 

6.7 

192.3 

148.8 

97.0 

14.9 

6.8 

8.1 

1906 

31.3 

25.7 

12.1 

15.1 

7.7 

180.2 

145. 5 

101.4 

15.1 

6.2 

8.9 

1907 

29.5 

23.6 

10.0 

11.3 

10.0 

178.5 

156.5 

96.6 

15. 6 

6.8 

8.9 

1908 

24.3 

21.5 

9.9 

10.6 

11.9 

167.6 

130.  9 

95.2 

15.7 

7.0 

8.7 

1909 

21.1 

20.4 

9.6 

9.6 

11.4 

160.8 

137.6 

87.8 

15.3 

6.  7 

8.6 

1910 

23.5 

21.4 

12.3 

11.4 

11.6 

160.3 

147.7 

100.8 

15.  7 

7.2 

8.5 

1911 

21.0 

18.9 

10.0 

11.3 

8.8 

158.9 

133.  7 

77.4 

16.0 

7.4 

8.6 

1912 

16.5 

18.2 

7.0 

9.3 

6.7 

149.5 

132. 3 

70.3 

15.0 

6.5 

8.5 

1913 

17.9 

1 

18.8 

' 

12.8 

10.0 

8.7 

147.6 

132.4 

75.2 

15.8 

7.  2 

8.6 

1 Calendar  year,  unless  otherwise  specified. 

2 Census  year  ending  May  31. 

3 Figures  for  puerperal  septicemia  for  the  census  years  1890  and  1900  not  comparable  with  those  for  later 
years.  See  p.  41. 

Table  VIII. — Deaths  and  death  rates  per  100,000  population  in  cities  of  at  least  8,000  1 
population  and  in  smaller  cities  and  rural  districts  in  the  death-registration  States  from 
diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement,  1900  to  1913. 


Deaths  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement. 


Year. 

Number. 

Rate  per  100,000  population. 

Total. 

Puerperal 

septicemia. 

All  other. 

Total. 

Puerperal 

septicemia. 

All  other. 

Cities  of  at  least  8,000 
population. 

Cities  of  less  than  8,000 
population  and  rural 
districts. 

Cities  of  at  least  8,000 
population. 

Cities  of  less  than  8,000 
population  and  rural 
districts. 

Cities  of  at  least  8,000 
population. 

Cities  of  less  than  8,000 
population  and  rural 
districts. 

Cities  of  at  least  8,000 
population. 

Cities  of  less  than  8,000 
population  and  rural 
districts. 

Cities  of  at  least  8,000 
population. 

Cities  of  less  than  8,000 
population  and  rural 
districts. 

Cities  of  at  least  8,000 
population. 

Cities  of  less  than  8,000 
population  and  rural 
districts. 

1900 

1,595 

1,087 

713 

442 

882 

645 

14.9 

11.7 

6.7 

4.8 

8.3 

6.9 

1901 

1,607 

1,097 

661 

463 

946 

634 

14.4 

12.0 

5.9 

5.1 

8.5 

7.0 

1902 

1,575 

1,051 

710 

382 

865 

669 

13.7 

11.5 

6.2 

4.2 

7.5 

7.3 

1903 

1,659 

1,119 

715 

438 

944 

681 

14.1 

12.1 

6.1 

4.  7 

8.0 

7.4 

1904 

1,968 

1,248 

892 

511 

1,078 

737 

16.4 

13.4 

7.4 

5. 5 

8.9 

7.9 

1905 

2,069 

1,150 

937 

464 

1,132 

686 

16.8 

12.3 

1 7.6 

5.0 

9.1 

7.3 

1906 

3, 080 

2,063 

1,308 

761 

1,752 

1,302 

16.8 

13.2 

7.2 

4.9 

9.6 

8.3 

1907 

3, 245 

2,145 

1,427 

821 

1,818 

1,324 

17.3 

13.5 

7.6 

5.  2 

9.7 

8.3 

1908 

3, 384 

2,654 

1,532 

1,085 

1,852 

1, 569 

16.6 

14.5 

7.5 

5.  9 

9.1 

8.6 

1909 

3,734 

2,936 

1,678 

1,212 

2,056 

1,724 

16.2 

13.8 

7.3 

5.7 

8.9 

8.1 

1910 

4,271 

3, 123 

2,029 

1,305 

2, 242 

1,818 

17.0 

13.8 

1 8.1 

5.8 

8.9 

8.0 

1911 

4,543 

3,926 

2,202 

1,678 

2,341 

2,248 

16.5 

14.6 

! 8.0 

6.2 

8.5 

8.4 

1912 

4,  463 

3, 551 

1,997 

1,417 

2,  466 

2, 134 

15.9 

13.1 

! 7.1 

5.2 

8.8 

7.9 

1913 

5,031 

4,013 

2,353 

1,717 

2, 678 

2,296 

17.2 

13.8 

1 8.0 

5.9 

9.2 

7.9 

1 For  the  years  1900  to  1909,  inclusive,  basis  of  division  was  8,000  according  to  the  census  of  1900;  for  the 

years  19-10  to  1913,  inclusive,  basis  of  division  was  10,009  according  to  the  census  of  1910. 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY, 


54 


Table  IX. — Death  rates  per  100,000  population  in  cities  that  had  at  least  200,000  popu- 
lation in  1900,  and  were  ivithin  the  death-registration  States  of  1900,  from  diseases  caused 
by  pregnancy  and  confinement,  1900  to  1913. 


Year. 

Boston. 

Buffalo. 

Detroit. 

Jersey 

City. 

New  York,  i 

Newark. 

Washing- 

ton. 

1900 

18.5 

9.1 

24.7 

15.9 

19.3 

12.6 

15.4 

1901 

13.4 

15.3 

19.5 

16.0 

17.7 

14.8 

23.8 

1902 

14.7 

12.5 

15.7 

16.4 

16.4 

16. 8 

15.  2 

1903 

17.4 

18.1 

15.0 

12.0 

. 15.7 

9.7 

18.0 

1904 

15.8 

16.0 

16.3 

17.3 

19.0 

14.6 

17.6 

1905 

14.1 

12.9 

16.7 

17. 6 

20.3 

16.3 

17.7 

1906 

15. 0 

20.4 

15.7 

18.4 

18.3 

18.1 

17.0 

1907 

15.9 

19.8 

17.1 

11.6 

18.9 

16.9 

16.8 

1908 

12.1 

16.1 

IS.  5 

24.2 

17.1 

20.0 

17.7 

1909 

20.7 

13.4 

14.6 

15.6 

16.3 

19.7 

17.1 

1910 

14.0 

12.5 

20.6 

17.1 

16.7 

1S.0 

21.1 

1911 

19.4 

10.2 

21.6 

21.8 

15.8 

19.8 

16.9 

1912 

17.9 

13.0 

17.7 

18.1 

14.8 

20.6 

14.0 

1913 

20.6 

13.9 

26.5 

18.1 

14.1 

23.2 

18.1 

Table  X. — Death  rates  per  100,000  population  in  the  11  States  within  the  death-regis- 
tration area  in  1900  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement , 1900  to  1913. 


Death  rate  per  100,000  population  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement. 


Year. 

Connecticut. 

District  of  Columbia. 

Indiana 

Maine. 

I 

Total. 

. ' - 

Puer- 

peral 

septi- 

cemia. 

All 

other. 

Total. 

Puer- 

peral 

septi- 

cemia. 

All 

other. 

Total. 

Puer- 

peral 

septi- 

cemia. 

All 

other. 

Total. 

Puer- 

peral 

septi- 

cemia. 

All 

other. 

1900 

13.0 

5. 7 

7.3 

15.4 

5.4 

10.0 

10.4 

4.8 

5. 6 

9.4 

3.0 

6.3 

1901 

11.9 

4.4 

7.5 

23.6 

10.5 

13.0 

10.2 

5.0 

5.2 

11.0 

4. 1 

6.9 

1902 

j 13.4 

5. 0 

814 

15.2 

5.9 

9.3 

9.0 

3.8 

5.2 

15.2 

6.1 

9.  1 

1903 

! 13.2 

4.4 

8.7 

18.0 

9.2 

8.8 

10.5 

5.4 

5.1 

13.1 

3.9 

9.2 

1904 

! 13.2 

4.8 

8.4 

17.6 

8.0 

9.7 

12.3 

5.8 

6.4 

12.7 

5.3 

7.4 

1905 

15.0 

5.7 

9.3 

17.7 

6.2 

11.5 

12.3 

6.5 

5.7 

11.7 

5.1 

6.5 

1906 

13.6 

5.4 

8.2 

17.0 

7.  7 

9.3 

11.2 

4.8 

6.3 

10.  i 

2.3 

7.7 

1907 

13.4 

6.4 

7.0 

16.8 

7.3 

9.5 

13.3 

7.1 

6.3 

10.8 

4.3 

6. 6 

1908 

11.7 

4.3 

7.4 

17.7 

4.7 

13.1 

13.2 

6.1 

7.0 

11.2 

4.1 

7.1 

1909 

13.  1 

4.1 

9.0 

17.1 

7.6 

9.5 

14.5 

7.2 

7.3 

10.6 

4.6 

6.0 

1910 

13.2 

5.8 

7.4 

21.1 

12.0 

9.0 

16. 6 

8.8 

7.8 

14.8 

6.2 

8.6 

1911 

11.3 

5. 0 

6.3 

16.9 

7.4 

9.5 

17.7 

10.9 

6.8 

13.4 

3.9 

9.  5 

1912 

15.  2 

5.  3 

9.9 

14.0 

4.4 

9.6 

16. 5 

8.7 

7.8 

10.1 

2.8 

7.3 

1913 

12. 1 

4.7 

7.4 

18.1 

6.9 

11.2 

15.1 

8.0 

7.2 

11.3 

3.7 

Annual  aver- 
age, 1900  to 
1913 

13.1 

J 5.1 

I 

8.0 

1 

17.0 

7.4 

10.2 

13.1 

j 6.7 

6.4 

11.8 

j 4.2 

7.6 

MATERNAL  MORTALITY 


55 


Table  X. — Death  rates  per  100,000  population  in  the  11  States  within  the  death-regis- 
tration area  in  1900  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement,  1900  to 
191 3 — Continued . 


Death  rate  per  100,000  population  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  Confinement- 

Continued. 


Year. 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan. 

New  Hampshire. 

New  Jersey. 

Total. 

Puer- 

peral 

septi- 

cemia. 

All 

other. 

Total. 

Puer- 

peral 

septi- 

cemia. 

All 

other. 

Total. 

Puer- 

peral 

septi- 

cemia. 

All 

other. 

Total. 

Puer- 

peral 

septi- 

cemia. 

All 

other. 

1900 

11.1 

3.7 

7.4 

18.5 

8.8 

9.7 

8.0 

2.4 

5.6 

12.8 

4.9 

7.9 

1901 

9.4 

3.2 

6.2 

19.0 

9.1 

9.9 

7.0 

3.1 

3.9 

9.9 

3.8 

6.1 

1902 

9.5 

3.1 

6.4 

18.1 

7.7 

10.4 

6.  7 

2.6 

4.1 

11.0 

4.8 

6.2 

1903 

11.7 

4.0 

7.7 

16.7 

7.4 

9.3 

10.5 

3.8 

6.7 

11.5 

4. 6 

6.9 

1904 

13.3 

4.5 

8.8 

19.8 

8.6 

11.2 

9. 1 

3.3 

5.7 

12.7 

6.3 

6.  t 

1905 

11.9 

4.0 

7.9 

14.8 

6.2 

8.6 

12.6 

3.3 

9.3 

13.3 

6.2 

7.0 

1906 

12.5 

3.9 

8.5 

16.3 

6.4 

9.9 

14.9 

5.  0 

9.9 

14.6 

6.2 

8.3 

1907 

12.8 

4.3 

8.4 

15.7 

6.4 

9.3 

10.6 

3.1 

7.5 

13. 1 

5.2 

7.8 

11.0 

4.0 

6.9 

16.9 

6.9 

10.0 

10.1 

2.3 

7.7 

14.5 

7.1 

7.5 

1909 

14.6 

5.1 

9.4 

15.0 

6.9 

8.2 

13. 1 

4.4 

8.6 

12.7 

5.7 ; 

7.0 

1910 

12.2 

4.9 

7.3 

16.8 

7.0 

9.9 

12.1 

4.2 

7.9 

15. 5 

7.5 

8.1 

1911 

14.8 

6.1 

8.7 

17.5 

8.5 

9.0 

13.6 

4.2 

9.5 

16.1 

7.7 

8.4 

1912 

13.1 

5.3 

7.8 

14.7 

6.2 

8.5 

15.2 

5.1 

10.1 

15.2 

6.1 

9.2 

1913.... 

14.4 

5.3 

9.1 

19.7 

9.3 

10.4 

13.5 

4.  1 

9.4 

16.2 

7.8  | 

8.4 

Annual  aver- 

age, 1900  to 

1913 

12.4  j 

4.4  | 

7.9 

17.1 

7.5 

9.6 

11.2 

3.7 

• 7.6 

13.7 

6.1 

7. 3 

New  York. 

Rhode  Island. 

Vermont. 

Year. 

Total. 

Puer- 

peral 

septi- 

cemia. 

All 

other. 

Total. 

Puer- 

peral 

septi- 

cemia. 

All 

other. 

Total. 

Puer- 

peral 

septi- 

cemia. 

All 

other. 

1900 

14.1 

6. 5 

7.6 

20.8 

8.4 

12.4 

13.4 

4.9 

8.4 

1901 

15.1 

6.2 

8.9 

18.9 

6.8 

12.1 

9.6 

2.9 

6.7 

1902 

13.7 

6.0 

7.7 

15.8 

7.1 

8.7 

11.3 

3.8 

7.5 

1903 

14.0 

6.0 

8.0 

13.5 

5.9 

7.6 

14.7 

3.5 

11.2 

1904 

16.0 

7.3 

8.7 

20.6 

10.6 

10.0 

16.9 

5.4 

11.5 

1905 

16.9 

7.8 

9.1 

20.8 

8.9 

11.8 

18.9 

4.3 

14.6 

1906 

15.9 

7.0 

9.0 

17.8 

6.9 

10.9 

15.9 

4.0  : 

12.0 

1907 

17.1 

7.7 

9.4 

19.5 

8.1 

11.4 

27.0 

7.1 

19.9 

190S 

15.  7 

7.2 

8.5 

16.7 

6.0 

10.8 

18.9 

6.2 

12.7 

1909 

14.9 

6.3 

8.7 

15.4 

7.3 

8.1 

18.9 

9.0 

9.9 

1910 

15.1 

6.7 

8.4 

15.0 

5.0 

10.  1 

17. 1 

6.2 

10.  9 

1911 

15.0 

6. 6 

8.4 

15.9 

5.2 

10.8 

13.7 

4.5 

9.2 

1912 

13.5 

6.0 

7.6 

14.1 

5.1 

9.0 

13.7 

2.2 

11.4 

1913 

14.0 

6.2 

7.8 

12.6 

4.0 

8.6 

15.3 

4.  7 

19.6 

Annual  aver- 
age, 1900  to 
1913 

15.1 

6.7 

8.4 

16.8 

6.  7 

10.1 

16.1 

4.9 

11.2 

56 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


Table  XI. — Deaths  and  death  rates  per  100,000  population  in  the  death-registration  area 
from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement , by  color  of  decedent,  1910  to  1913. 


Deaths  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement. 


Number. 


Rate  per  100,000'population. 


Year. 

Total. 

Puerperal 

septicemia. 

All  other. 

Total. 

Puerperal 

septicemia. 

All  other. 

Whte. 

Col- 

ored. 

White. 

Col- 

ored. 

White. 

Col- 

ored. 

White. 

Col- 

ored. 

White. 

Col- 

ored. 

White. 

Col- 

ored. 

1910. ...... 

7,902 

553 

3,609 

283 

4,293 

270 

15.3 

25.6 

7.0 

13.1 

8.3 

12.5 

1911 

8,  783 

673 

4,038 

338 

4,745 

335 

15.5 

26.8 

7.1 

13.5 

8.4 

13.3 

1912 

8, 365 

670 

3,580 

325 

4,785 

345 

14.5 

26.0 

6.2 

12.6 

8.3 

13.4 

1913 

9,167 

843 

4,170 

372 

4,997 

471 

15.2 

26.1 

6.9 

11.5 

8.3 

14.6 

Table  XII. — -Average  death  rates  per  100,000  population  in  certain  countries  from 
diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement,  1900  to  1910. 


Country. 

Death  rate  per  100,000 
population  from  dis- 
eases caused  by  preg- 
nancy and  confine- 
ment. 

Country. 

Death  rate  per  100,000 
population  from  dis- 
eases caused  by  preg- 
nancy and  confine- 
ment. 

Total.  ! 

I Puer- 
peral 
septi- 
| cemia. 

All 

other,  i 

Total. 

Puer- 

peral 

septi- 

cemia. 

All 

other. 

Sweden 1 

6.0 

2.4 

3.5  1 

Japan 1 

13.3 

4.5 

8.8 

Nor  wav 

8. 1 

4.1 

3.9 

Australia 3 

14. 1 

4.7 

9.4 

Italy. 

8.9 

3.3 

5.7 

Belgium 3 ..... . 

14.8 

5.8 

9.0 

France2 

10.3 

4.8 

5.5 

Scotland  1 

14.8 

5. 5 

9.4 

Prussia 3 

10.4 

4.7 

5.8 

United  States6 

14.9 

6.5 

8.3 

England  and  Wales 

11. 1 

4.7 

6.5 

Switzerland 

15. 2 

6.4 

8.8 

New  Zealand 

12.4 

3.1 

9.3  ! 

Spain  1 . . . 

19.6 

12.3 

7.3 

Ireland  4 

12.  9 

4.5 

8.4 

Austria . . . 

(7) 

! 

6.6 

1 

<7) 

Hungary 

13.3 

3.6 

9.8 

1 Rates  based  on  figures  for  1901  to  1910. 

2 Rates  based  on  figures  for  1906  to  1910. 

3 Rates  based  on  figures  for  1903  to  1910. 

4 Rates  based  on  figures  for  1902  to  1910. 

5 Rates  based  on  figures  for  1907  to  1910. 

6 Rates  based  on  figures  for  death-registration  area  which  increased  from  year  to  year;  in  1900  it  comprised 
40.5  per  cent  of  the  total  population  of  the  United  States  and  in  1910,  58.3  per  cent. 

7 Figures  not  available. 

Table  XIII. — Average  death  rates  per  1,000  live  births  in  certain  foreign  countries  from 
diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement,  1900  to  1910. 


Country. 

Death  rate  per  1,000  live 
births  from  diseases 
caused  by  pregnancy 
and  confinement. 

Country. 

Death  rate  per  1,000  live 
births  from  diseases 
caused  by  pregnancy 
and  confinement. 

Total. 

Puer- 

peral 

septi- 

cemia. 

1 

All 

other. 

Total. 

Puer- 

peral 

septi- 

cemia. 

All 

other. 

Sweden 1 

2.3 

0.9 

1.4 

France 3 

5.2 

2.4 

2.8 

Italy...  . 

2.  7 

1.0 

1.7 

Scotland 1 

5.2 

1.9 

3.3 

Norway..  . 

2.9 

1.5 

1.4 

Australia 4 

5.3 

1.8 

3.5 

Prussia 2 . . 

3.2 

1.4 

1.8 

Ireland 3 

5. 5 

1.9 

3.6 

Hungary 

3.6 

1.0 

2.6 

Switzerland 

5.  6 

2.4 

3.3 

England  and  Wales 

4.1 

1.7 

2.4 

Spain 1 

5. 7 

3.6 

2.1 

Japan  1 

4. 1 

1.4 

2.7 

Belgium 2 

5.8 

2.3 

3.5 

New  Zealand  . 

4.6 

1.2 

3. 5 

Austria «... 

(6) 

1.9 

(6) 

1 Rates  based  on  figures  for  1901  to  1910.  4 Rates  based  on  figures  for  1907  to  1910. 

2 Rates  based  on  figures  for  1903  to  1910.  6 Rates  based  on  figures  for  1902  to  1910. 

* Rates  based  on  figures  for  1906  to  1910.  6 Figures  not  available. 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


57 


Table  XIV. — Deaths  in  certain  countries  from  diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confine- 
ment and  number  and  per  cent  of  such  deaths  from  puerperal  septicemia,  1900  to  1910. 


Country. 

Deaths  from  diseases 
caused  by  pregnancy 
and  confinement. 

Country. 

Deathsfrom  diseases 
caused  by  pregnancy 
and  confinement. 

Total. 

Puerperal  septi- 
cemia. 

Total. 

Puerperal  septr 
cemia. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent. 

Sweden  1 

Norway 

Italy..'. 

France 2 

Prussia 3 

England  and  Wales  — 

New  Zealand 

Ireland 4 

3,179 
2,032 
32, 651 
20, 217 
31,680 
41,691 
1,190 
5,109 

1.294 
L041 
11,901 
9,424 
14,151 
17,433 
300 
1,  792 

40.7 

51.2 
36.4 

46.6 

44.7 

41.8 

25.2 
35.1 

Hungary 

Japan 1 

Australia  3 

Belgium 3 

Scotland 1 

United  States6 

Switzerland 

Spain  1 

29,273 
63, 908 
2,388 
8, 588 
6,839 
63,  969 
5, 897 
37,504 

7,824 
21,494  | 
800 

3,392  , 
2,522  ! 
28,176  | 
2,485 
23,557 

26.7 
33.6 

33.5 

39.5 
36.9 

44.0 

42.1 

62.8 

1 Figures  for  1901  to  1910. 

2 Figures  for  1906  to  1910. 

3 Figures  for  1903  to  1910. 

4 Figures  for  1902  to  1910. 

6 Figures  for  1907  to  1910. 

e Figures  for  death-registration  area  which  increased  from  year  to  year;  in  1900  it  comprised  40.5  per  cent 
of  the  total  population  of  the  United  States  and  in  1910,  58.3  per  cent. 


COMMENT  ON  SOURCES  OF  STATISTICS  FOR  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 

The  following  paragraphs  present,  by  countries,  the  sources  of  the 
figures  subsequent  to  1910  in  Table  XY  for  foreign  countries  and  also 
notes  on  certain  of  these  figures  which  call  for  comment  or  explanation. 
Unless  otherwise  specified  the  figures  for  all  countries  for  the  years 
1900  to  1910,  inclusive,  are  taken  from  the  Statistique  Internationale 
du  Mouvement  de  la  Population  d’apres  les  Registres  de  V Etat  Civil, 
of  the  Bureau  de  la  statistique  generate  de  la  France.  Tire  figures 
for  1900  come  from  the  volume  published  in  1907  : those  for  1901  to 
1910  from  that  published  in  1913. 

These  foreign  sources  were  used  only  for  the  figures  in  columns  1, 
3,  4,  9,  and  13,  from  which  the  figures  in  columns  2,  5,  6,  7,  8,  10,  11, 
12,  14,  15,  and  16  were  computed.  Blank  spaces  indicate  that  statis- 
tics were  not  available.  Similarly,  where  a table  begins  with  data 
for  a year  subsequent  to  1900,  it  indicates  that  the  figures  for  the 
earlier  years  were  not  available,  unless  otherwise  noted. 

Australia  (p.  60). — Bureau  of  census  and  statistics.  Population  and  vital  statistics. 
Bulletins  29  and  30.  1911-1912. 

Austria  (p.  60). — Statistisches  Centralcommission.  Osterreichisches  statistisch.es 
Handbuch  fur  die  im  Reichsrathe  vertretenen  Konigreiche  und  Lander.  Nebst 
einem  Anhange  fur  die  gemeinsamen  Angelegenheiten  der  osterreichischungarischen 
Monarchic.  Ilrsg.  von  der  statistischen  Centralcommission.  XXXI  Jahrgang.  1911. 

The  statistics  for  Austria  give  the  deaths  from  puerperal  septicemia  only.  The 
figures  for  deaths  from  other  diseases  of  pregnancy  and  confinement  were  not  available. 

The  population  for  1911  could  not  be  secured  from  official  publications,  and  was  there- 
fore estimated.  In  making  this  estimate,  one-tenth  of  the  increase  from  1900  to  1910 
was  added  to  the  figure  for  1910. 


58 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


Belgium ,(p.  60). — Ministere  de  l'interieur  et  de  1 instruction  publique.  Annuaire 
statistique  de  la  Belgique.  1912-13. 

The  population  is  that  estimated  as  of  December  31  of  each  year. 

Belgium  classifies  stillbirths  as  “mort-nes  et  autres  enfants  presentes  sans  vie.  ” 

Englandand  Wales  (p.  61). — 74th-77th  annual  reports  of  the  registrar  general  of  births, 
deaths,  and  marriages  in  England  and  Wales,  1911  to  1914. 

Several  points  should  be  noted  in  the  figures  for  England  and  Wales. 

I.  The  registrar  general’s  reports,  prior  to  1911,  grouped  deaths  from  diseases  of  preg- 
nancy and  confinement  into  the  two  large  groups  “puerperal  septic  diseases”  and 
“diseases  of  pregnancy  and  childbirth  (not  septic),”  and  included  phlegmasia  alba 
dolens  in  puerperal  septic  cl iseases.  F or  the  years  1900  to  1910  the  figures  used  are  those 
given  by  the  Statistique  Internationale.  The  deaths  from  phlegmasia  alba  dolens 
have  apparently  been  subtracted  from  puerperal  septic  diseases  and  have  been  added 
to  the  other  group,  thus  making  the  classification  conform  more  nearly  to  the  inter- 
national nomenclature.  Therefore,  while  the  figures  for  “deaths  from  all  diseases 
caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement”  will  agree  with  the  official  English  figures, 
those  for  the  two  other  groups,  prior  to  1911,  will  not. 

II.  As  the  registrar  general’s  report  for  1914  gives  a table  of  deaths  for  the  years  1900 
to  1914  according  to  the  detailed  list  of  causes  of  death  in  use  prior  to  1911,  this 
table  has  been  used  as  the  source  for  the  figures  for  England  and  Wales  after  1910,  so 
that  the  statistics  after  1910  can  be  compared  with  those  of  earlier  years. 

The  number  of  deaths  from  puerperal  septicemia  for  the  years  after  1910  is  slightly 
lower  when  the  deaths  are  classified  according  to  the  International  Classification  than 
when  they  are  classified  according  to  the  older  method,  as  given  in  table  for  England 
and  Wales.  The  deaths  from  other  diseases  of  pregnancy  and  confinement  are,  of  course, 
correspondingly  higher.  This  difference  can  be  seen  from  the  following: 


Humber  of  deaths  from,  'puerperal  septicemia. 


Year. 

According  to  the  Inter- 
national Classification. 

According  to  the  classi- 
fication in  use  prior  to 
1911. 

1911 

1,262 
1,216 
1,  IDS 

1,267 

1,223 

1912 - 

1913 

1,119 

1,372 

1914 

1,365 

III.  The  International  Classification  was  not  used  in  England  until  1911,  and  deaths 
from  puerperal  nephritis  and  albuminuria  were  not  distinguished  as  puerperal  until 
after  1910.  For  England  and  Wales,  therefore,  the  figures  are  presented  for  1911  to 
1914,  inclusive,  in  two  ways:  (a)  According  to  use  in  England  prior  to  1911,  exclud- 
ing deaths  from  puerperal  nephritis  and  albuminuria;  and  (b)  including  deaths  from 
puerperal  nephritis  and  albuminuria. 

The  number  of  these  deaths  was  as  follows: 


1911 

1912 

1913 

1914 


Deaths  from  puerperal  nephritis  and  albuminuria. 


177 

174 

221 

19S 


Hungary  (p.  61). — Statisztikai  hivatal.  Magyar  statisztikai  evkonyv.  1911. 

The  figures  given  for  Hungary  include  those  for  Fiume  and  Croatia-Slavonia. 
Ireland  (p.  62). — 51st  detailed  annual  report  of  the  registrar  general  of  marriages, 
births,  and  deaths  in  Ireland  in  1914. 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


59 


I.  The  registrar  general’s  reports  for  Ireland  , up  through  1914,  classify  deaths  from 
diseases  of  pregnancy  and  confinement  into  two  large  groups— puerperal  septic  dis- 
eases and  diseases  of  pregnancy  and  childbirth  (not  septic),  and  include  phlegmasia 
alba  dolens  in  puerperal  septic  diseases.  This  was  the  method  used  in  England  and 
Wales  prior  to  1911.  See  note  on  England  and  Wales. 

In  the  figures  for  Ireland,  given  by  the  Statistique  Internationale,  apparently  no 
correction  has  been  made  as  in  the  case  of  England  and  Wales,  but  in  the  table  here 
given  the  figures  have  been  corrected  to  make  them  comparable  with  those  for  Eng- 
land and  Wales  and  for  other  countries.  To  make  this  correction  the  deaths  from 
phlegmasia  alba  dolens  were  subtracted  from  deaths  from  puerperal  septic  diseases 
and  added  to  the  other  group.  Thus  while  the  figures  for  “deaths  from  all  diseases 
of  pregnancy  and  confinement  ” will  agree  with  the  official  Irish  figures  and  with  those 
given  in  the  Statistique  Internationale,  those  for  the  other  two  groups  will  not. 

II.  The  figures  for  1900  and  for  1901  are  not  given  because  in  those  years  the  regis- 
trar general's  reports  did  not  include  under  puerperal  septic  diseases  either  pyemia 
or  septicemia. 

Italy  (p.  62). — Direzione  generale  della  statistica.  Statistica  delle  cause  di  morte. 
1911-1913. 

Movimento  de  la  popolazione.  1913. 

Only  columns  1,  3,  and  4 for  1900  to  1910  were  taken  from  the  Statistique  Interna- 
tionale. The  above  original  Italian  sources  were  used,  as  in  the  Statistique  Interna- 
tionale the  deaths  from  “other  diseases  of  pregnancy  and  confinement  ” and  the  deaths 
from  “ noncancerous  tumors  and  other  diseases  of  Ihe  female  genital  organs”  were 
added  together,  for  several  years.  (The  figures  here  given  were  probably  not  avail  able 
when  the  Statistique  Internationale  was  published.) 

Japan  (p.  63). — Bureau  de  la  statistique  generale.  Mouvement  de  la  population  de 
1’ empire  du  Japon  for  1911  and  1912. 

The  population  is  that  estimated  as  of  December  31  of  each  year. 

New  Zealand  (p.  63). — Registrar  general’s  office.  Statistics  of  the  Dominion  of  New 
Zealand.  1911-1914. 

Norway  ( p.  63). — Statistiske  centralbureau.  Statistisk  aarbok  for  kongeriget  norge. 

1914. 

The  population  for  1911  and  1912  is  that  estimated  as  of  December  31. 

Scotland  (p.  64). — 57th-60th  annual  reports  of  the  registrar  general  for  Scotland. 
1911-1914. 

The  registrar  general’s  reports  for  Scotland  prior  to  1911,  like  those  of  England  and 
Wales  and  Ireland,  included  phlegmasia  alba  dolens  under  puerperal  septic  diseases. 
As  in  the  case  of  Ireland,  the  figures  given  by  the  Statistique  Internationale  have 
apparently  not  been  corrected.  However,  in  the  table  here  given  the  figures  have 
been  corrected  by  the  method  described  above  in  the  comment  on  the  statistics  for 
Ireland . 

Sweden  (p.  65). — Statistiska  centralbyran.  Statistisk  arsbok  for  Sverige.  1915. 

The  population  is  that  estimated  as  of  December  31  of  each  year. 

Switzerland  (p.  65). — Statistisches  Bureau.  Statistisches  Jahrbuch  der  Schweiz. 

1914. 


Table  XV. — Population,  births , deaths , and  death  rates  per  100,000  population , per  1,000  births,  and  per  1,000  live  births  from  diseases  caused  by 

pregnancy  and  confinement  in  certain  foreign  countries  for  specified  years. 


60 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY.  61 


CO  CO  CO  CO 

't*  <NtO00 
CO  CO  CO  CO 

<n  <n  n <n 

^ ^ CO  (N  (M 
<N<N<N<N<N 

IN(ND"<fO 

C4<N<C4<N<N 

-c-  r--  <r> 

■rfMcSbi 

1-4  a 

<nc*<n<n<n 

(OCiNN 

<N  N <N  <N 

00  <D  >D 
<N  <N  <N  C-i 

r-UNPO-’f 
PO  CO  00  CO 

<N  o o to 
CO  CO  CO  CO 

• to  Ci  to  t-  CO 

<N<N<N<N<N 

to  00  t £N 
<N  <N  <N  <N 

t"-  NIONI 
IN  <N  c4  C4 

80  O 00  o 
00  00  00  00 

rH  lO  "04  IPS 

oo  t>5  oo  oo 

00  CO  O 00  CO 

1~  N N to  O 

NLON00  t- 

o o td  id  id 

L®  Tt<  C5  l-  <N 
LO  LO  LO  LO  d 

1 OiONCS 

5 id  cd  id  tr 

1 <OH-<f<D0C 

> IO  CD  lO  U5  ^ 

10.3 

10.9 

10.5 

10.1 

<N  O -xji  O 

ood® 

606 

626 

646 

655 

600 

556 

626 

646 

co 

oT  C'f  of  of  c^T 

5.3.318 

<N  !N  C^N  <N 

1,972 

1,969 

2,146 

2,076 

2.250 

[ SSS.8 

r <n  <n  ofcs 

! SlasI 

efcCefcCH' 

1,970 

2,102 

2,043 

1,991 

2,024 
2, 005 
1,888 
1,832 

HNNU5 

c4cic$c4 

lO  CO  CO  o© 
<N  <N  <N  <N 

hnonk 
c$cic4  Jt4 

oo  coio  ^ io 

1. 4 
1.4 

CO 

to 

CO  CO  LO 

<N<N<N<N<N 

00  O 00  00 

050X0 
•r-5  ’rH 

o -H  —1  -c 
NCINN 

<n<n<nc4 

(NOWrfH 

<N<N<N04<N 

<4  ©00  00 

05  0X0 

• • 

^OOCO 

ioujod 

O lO  CO  CO 
id  id  id  to 

O r-»  00  ir-  O 

cdcdld^^ 

OOIOOI^OO 

^Tji-^-cdcd 

Ht<lO 
CO  CO 

cd 

3.1 

cd 

oo  oo  cm 

CO  to  OJ  Ci 
cd  cd  cd  c4 

C01O  o to 
cd  co  co  cd 

389  | 
403 
407 
466 

3388 

1,941 

2,005 

1,908 

1,581 

1,560 

1,631 

1,538 

1,381 

1,312 

1,357 

1,219 

1,267 

a. 

1,119 

1,372 

1,873 

2,117 

1,855 

1,900 

1,679 

•isisf 

«n 

CO‘0  NH 
lOL^idd 

O lOOtO 

id  id  o o 

00NOHO 
rr  CO 

NOWON 
-d  ^ cd  cd  cd 

onoooc 

CO  CO  CO  CO  'C 

3.7 

4.0 

3.9 

4.2 

1 O 00  o co  to 

' id  id  id  id 

*0  00  10  10 
cd  co  co  cd 

CONrji  t* 
CO  CO  co  CO 

t-4  CO  ^ 00 

id  id  id  id 

ONNCO 

id  id  id  <d 

00  to  00  rH  ^ 

’ Tji  VO  -3*  L®  TP 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

»o  CO  ^ 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

13.9 

14.2 
14.4 

15.2 

13.9 

13.0 

13.7 

14.8 

13.8 

13.5 

12.8 

11.6 
10.9 

11.5 

10.9 

10.1 

9.6 

9.5 

Ci  a ^ rHlO 
00  00  C 5 C5  d 

i C5  ic  nr  © 

! oo  S5  05  c: 

1 1C  rH  ■*«  o 

; S 3 2 S 05 

to  TJ1  b-  o 

CO  ^T*  CO  CO 

13.5 

13.5 
12.4 

12.6 

8889  iggS  38881  8889.8  8838.8  sill  8388.8  Ills  ISIS  » 

HHH  rH  HH  Tf*  Tf  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  COCOCOCOCO  COCOCOCO  Tfi^CO^CO  ofcsTcTcsT  esTeiTc«fc<r  ® 


8338  8S6S 

OO  ‘oo  oo oo  oo  oo 

i 88818  111S  Bis! 
: fe'S'S'SS  S333'  s'sa's' 

SsSi  mss  isiSi  89188  IS 
SS'$f  §§ss  §1111  iiffl  i¥ 

is 

is 

i i 
: § 

il 

il 

806,847 
772, 681 
792, 178 
769,565 
774, 390 

752,  718 
731,  721 
759,  739 
725,239 

740, 799 
720, 532 
733, 953 
740,867 

196,029 
194, 775 
193, 449 
192,397 

184,700 
184, 421 
179,359 
178,976 

i Sins!  §833  1111 
: iiill  8888  SiM 

7,161,000 

7,239,000  1 

7,318,000 

7,386,000 

7,452,000 

7,424,000 

7,490,000 

7,571,000 

lies: 

39  94Q  non 

Hi 

m 

fs's 

id 

M 

£si 

1 li 

§ 11 
3 S~ 

ill) 

i'll) 

1 i 
S'  1 
i s 

ii 

;§f 

\n 

il 

i§ 

36,606,000 

ii 

IS 

;s 

i 

39,282,000 

39,279,000 

39,368,000 

39,421,000 

39,528,000  | 

19, 144, 000 

19,342,000  I 

19,513,000  1 

19,669,000 

19,832,000 

19,969,000 

20,099,000 

20,260,000  1 

1905  

1906  

1907  

1908  

1909  

1910  

1911  

1912  

England  and  W£ 

limn 

ii! 

Mi 

i ii 

i i 

ii 

i 

2 C3  X 

\ S5 

2 o3J 

||  5 

Ai/lIU 

France: 

1906  

1907  

1908  

1909  

1910  

Hungary: 

1900  

1901  

1902  

1903  

1904  

1905  

1906  

1907  

•y  note  on  p.  58. 


Table  XV. — Population , births,  deaths,  and  death  rates  per  100,000  population , per  1,000  births,  and  per  1,000  live  births  from  diseases  caused  by 

pregnancy  and  confinement  in  certain  foreign  countries  for  specified  years — Continued. 


62 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


. I — i-rcocoo 

-§  <N  65  <n  ci  'sr  co  ic  co  ec 

sfSs  “ i 


-f  -r  -r 

co  cc  co  co 


f ~ 50  M 05  t-  O -o  t- 

w co  co  co  -2  -i  -i  -i  -i 


III  2 


0 eo  >-h 

01  oi  oi  oi 


x -o  o «o  t-- 


00  — I Ol  to  IQ  05  50  >-i  C: 

ci  os  oo  i>  oi  t-  oo  oc‘  oc 


-lOHM 

00  oc*  so"  oo’ 


O CO  CO  O)  cqrff  rtM 
aJodaot-  5O..O.OU0U0 


sM  2 


§m  mm  ms  mm  mu 


NrIHrt 


WNrtN  i-<  O*  © —i  — 
-5  A -i  r-5  ci  oi  ci  ci  oi 


i.o  «■»  o i-- 
rH^HOir-i 


1 Cl  50  -x.  0 00-0 


f^8 


ml  - 


ll 


Cl  Ol  © Ol 


*3)3100 


Ttn^oo—  ooot'do 


uo  1-4  t-  -H 
CO  ^ Th’  -o’ 


X CO  I'  O)  0*1- KOJ-H-M 

co  -f  co'  -r  co’  co  oi  co  co 


Hi!  salsa  §S§S  ISIS  1113  s 


OO  ^ CO  NOOCO 
COCOCOCO  OUOIOLOIO 


O M to  W 
•O  LO  1C  lo 


H^fWC  00  co  (-  c- 
m *o  uS  to  oi  04  04  oi  oi 


00  O CO  CO 
CO  CO  CO  CO 


• l - »0  uo  to  zo 

• ci  oi  oi  oi  oi 


04  00  rH  r»  CO  © <N  © GO 

-^cooi^  ^ co  co  co  co 


ms  mm 

C*  of**  Ol 


lohx^  i - ».o  o co  -t  13  a 5f  o 

— i ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  — ei  vi  x x ai 


IIIS  ilSI  isS-Si 


if 

r/}  — « 


ii§s 


40  *o  to  *o 


5-5 

4: 


Ills  8SS88 

g-Rgg"  SSSSS 


§181 

o S S o 


Sill  §§§!§ 
gsfs  iiiii 


SSIs 

uifs 


Is.lH 

=1313 


Ur 


iili  ilili 
Sl¥f  islll 

8’8’ifS' 


ills 


§ii§  iiiii 

Uii  IIIII 
v-r'vv  sfa¥8¥ 


iilsliiiii  ill 


© 05© 


lljllll 

a 


MATERIAL  MORTALITY. 


63 


ONoooof-  o m to  o M © r- 1>  chnn  ec  — < r-  © eo  -h  >o  oo  ao  c*i  re  ft  © h so  ui  -tuc 

nnfifi  «MN«'  (NiNfNC'i  oiro-t^co  mmmnw  cc  sc  © ci  d ^ ^ ~ ~ 


O O r~  O toicoio  © t--  i.C  1.-5  N X C O —i  © © :/: 

pq  ,4  t-H  H rH  ,4.4  <4  .4  <N!N<N<N  esc4c4<N  pq<H4.4 


NMt^HiO  N05MO  >C  02  t-»  SO  O O rH  rH  © © © «0  t-  O t'-  Cl  — ' r-1  lij  ic  IS  50  SC  © 00  © © MKMh« 

<d  io  k5  o u:  lOrrioo  ocsoooo  © © © © nnno  ^ ^ cioooit-^o  ao  oc  t4  © |4  eo  © ^ -r  -r 

iSaii  giis  8818  ll|s  3813  -s§«  ggs”s  assss  ssssa 

cf^TrHefr-T  t-H  i-H  r-(  r-H  ^ rji  CO  't  ^ *t  -f  CO  CO  CO  CO 


050HHH  Oi  00  CC  05  CO  CO  CO  COi<-r  O LO  O rp  ^ flOMWO.  C5  05  OC  05  ~ t-  C:  05  r>»/5Nt>*i> 


>05  o o i-h  ' co  oo  »:■  05  h m m h 05  05  co  -f  r:  ro 


O O O-  TO 


CT>  h N CO 
05  CO  CO  CO  CO 


05  TO  05  rHCOCOOC 

05  05  05  05  ^ CO 


05  O 05 
CO  ^ ^ o 


H O 05  *-0 

1010-r^ 


H «0  rH  ^ O 

CO  05  co  co  oi 


’tONOJ^  *C  I - CC  l-  05  OiCOOOt- 

05  05  CO  *■*  CO  CO  05  rH  05  CO  10  rr  -r  uO  T}i‘ 


SSS2S  sill  Sill  Isis  mm  *****  ssasa  ssaass  ==§=! 

r-T  ^h" L" r-T  r-T  r-T  1-T r-T C<T .-T  t-Tr-Tc^oT  (NNN(N 


05  CO  05  05  00 

o5o4<n<nm 


TttTt"^50  -*  SO  .-H  © 

(N<Nd<N 


CO  iO  (M  CO 


OC  50  LO  CO 
CO  CO  CO  CO 


oc  co  05 

CO  t~  UO 


C)  Ci  C C ^ >uO  CO  tC  TO  05  OC  CO  05  r-»  #-H 

^ CO  rf  -t  O ^ ^ CO  CO  ^ 05  CO  CO  CO  CO 


00  O 00  X N 

05  <N  05  05  05 


CO  CO  CO  ^ OOINCO 

05  05  05  05  rjHCOCOCO 


00X0 

CO  ^ CO  CO 


^ CO  CO  rH 
CO  CO  CO  CO 


05  CO  CO  CO  CO 


O <N  00  05 
0*5  05  0^0 


H O X O t-  05  O 05 
^ ^ CO  05 


C 05  00  CO 
CO  05  CO  ^ 


1>OJCh 
05  05  04  -h 


oc  to  oc  o *o 

05  rH  CO  1C  05 


to  to  C C O OC  05  CO  ^ GO  ^ 00  05  rH  30 

^ ^ £2  £2  2 ^ ^ ^ °5  2 00C5O5C5>D 


iffSis  gaas  siga  ssai  mm  Hgsai  gssss  ssns  sisas 

sc‘<n'cc'so'sc‘  of  of  of  of  o'o'o'ic'  ©'©'©V-f  cocio 


13138  SSsS  fill  ggSi  sill 
s's'sss"  sss's  ssss  9W  ssss' 


sill: 


mss 


1218  Ills 
2iM  1111 


8883 

fill' 


ins  mu  88313  mu  mm 

ssssa  asa'a'a'  assss  ssssa 


05  t-  t- 

!£Sf2 


ISlsS 

gs's's's' 


sisi  mm 

32'ss'  §ll¥ 


ms 

Ils¥ 


flag 
SI 111 


: • ram 

: : S¥i§¥ 


SB3SS 

sssssfssss 


111!  |3|| 

s'll'S  fill 

s¥s¥  'ii  Ss 


iill 

l¥li 


§111 

ills' 

ssVs' 


§1111  11811  11111  lilil 

mis'  iisi'g  ill'll  fill's 


05  05  05  05  05 


mu  iiiiiiiii  mi  1111^11111  lilil  iiiiiiiiiii 

*5  ^ ^ 


Figures  for  Dec.  31. 


64 


MATERIAL  MORTALITY. 


MATERIAL  MORTALITY 


65 


•*•00  OSCCOSICPI  MHHNH  HrtHHO 

com  pi  pi  c4  c4  p»  pi  pi  pi  pi  pi 

PI  P»  CO  NNLCUJ  *<  t>.  CO  lOiON'flO  HNH-J  C00000C5  | 

HHH  rtrtHH  HrtHH  CO  CO  CO  CO  co  coeoeoco  co  ei  pi  ci 

: : : : : nooho  t-*  o o 

: : : : : pi  pi  pi  pi  pi  pi  pi  pi  pi  pi 

•— t »—t  CO  N M 'T  O 00  t-~  CO  50  *•  CO  O CO  "O'  OHCM  T-Il>.1^00 

HHH  HHHH  HHHH  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  cocococo  co  ci  ci  ci 

to  CO  e0'-HP»«5O5  OtOkOiOCO  W WM  ON 

050  OhOhO  06  2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 CO 

3.2 
3.1 

3.4 

3.1 

3.1 

3.8 

3.9 

3.5 

4.3 

4.1 

3.9 

10.0 

10.1 

9.0 

9.2 

9.6 

8.5 

8.5 

8.1 

9.0 

8.3 

7.1 
6.8 

6.9 

IS  fills  IIIII  SSS88 

§§£  sill  MM  Ills!  ills  iisS 

OOO  CO  O CO  00  CCCSl^GOO  OOQOLOCO  05HHO  o <M  CT.  00  OOOOOiO  OOOiON  NOOO^  >OOiN^t 

,-4  ,-h  2 2 .-4  eo  co  co  co  2 co  co  co  co  co  3 2 2 2 2 pi  pi  ci  ci  ei  pi  pi  ci  pi  ci  2 pi  ci 

! i *.  ! ! .*  ccr-t^Nos  anooj  o 01  o c©  oocoqo  o-ioo'to  oqnw  ^ojoco 

co  co  co  co  co  coco  co  coco  2 r-4  2 2 ei  ci  ei  ci  ci  ci  2 ci  ci  ci  2 ci  ci 

Ok O N O H 00  NCOIOOW  OiC^ONOO  *<f<  O 00  lO  Cl  CO  r-t  OHM^f  OClOOOO^  Cl  ^ Cl  (N  05  to  t>« 

^ ^ ^co^co^  r-j  ci  co  ci  co  ^4  o ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  co  ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  »o  lo  so  r4  o^oto 

S3  sSSSi  5388S  ISiil  SslS  SISS  §3S§  SIISS  SSsa  SSis 

ci'ci'ci'cTcf  cTcT  ci  cTcT 

r-4  Tt»  N N lO  Ci  O OWIOOH  CiHNOW 

to  »6  o o 16 10  6 to  to  to  co  o lo  co  to  to  to 

COSTCO  rHiOTUCO  HiOLON  lOONOSIN  00  PI  C5  00  00  00  iO  p} 

pieici  ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  ei  ei  ei  lodioujd  uiicioui 

• ' ! ! 1 ! ! toH^ooo  oooiooh 

!!  !!!!!  io  to  to  to  co  to  to  to  to  to 

CI  Cl  Cl  r-4  ^ CO  CO  r-H  rr  to  O 'tOOONO  (OONO  CO  CO  CO  H 

ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  to  to  to  to  co  to  »o  to  to  to  ^ to  to 

CO  ONNON  NOOIOCQ  (M  ^ CO  ^ 

22  22222  2288£  88222 

6.1 

5.9 

5.9 

5.5 

6.3 
6.1 
5.9 

5.5 

6.4 

6.3 

6.4 

15.8 

17.5 

14.8 
16.2 

17.0 

15.7 

13.9 
15.3 

15.2 

14.7 

12.0 

13.3 

12.6 

11  gISgg  SIES3  8888.5 

co  coco'co'2"  eo'cococo'co' 

31 i Ills  ill!  Iiiii  slli  SSsi 

1I1SI  8S85S  6138  8388  8888  68388  SSSH  S8j|8 

io'«o'oo'^*'t^'  co'io'o'o'o'  conned  co'eceo'ec'  co'rc'cc'co'  co'co'co  co  co"  co’cc'eo'cT  eo'co'ef  pf 


11  IISSI  nils  ISin  Sill  Ills  sill  sills  111!  3311 
ss  Ss'aSS  liill  ill'll  SSSS  SSII  s§3l  sssss  Has  s's's's' 


SSSSS  S8S3I  sill  5111  Ills  iiiSI  Sail  ll«S 
il¥li"  ii'Sli  S's'Ss"  Sa'SS  fs'sS'  s'l'ssl  Ha's  asH 


ii  mil  iiiii  mu  mg 
II  g'ggW  s¥i¥f  Sill's  ~¥§'l  a 


nil  iili  iiiii  nil  iiii 

Mi  isii  §'gw  iiii  iWs 


''2'2'2'2'  c^T  uiVf»o'io'  io'o'uo'io'  10"  io'io'io'  co'co'  co'co'  co"  co'co'co'co'  co'co'co'co' 


II 


22222  ..SSSS 8 
23322=22222 


I 


8888  8222 
2222  2222 


66 


MATERNAL  MORTALITY. 


Tabt.e  XYI. — Average  death  rates  per  100,000  population  and  per  1,000  live  births  from, 
diseases  caused  by  pregnancy  and  confinement  in  certain  foreign  countries  for  specified 
periods  of  years. 


Death  rate  from  diseases  caused  hy  pregnancy  and  confinement. 

Country  and  specified  period 

Total. 

Puerperal  septicemia. 

All  other. 

oi  years. 

Per  100,000 

Per  1,000 

Per  100,000 

Per  1,000 

Per  100.000 

1 Per  1.000 

population. 

live  births. 

population. 

live  births. 

population. 

; live  births. 

1 

Australia: 

j - 

Whole  period 

14.0 

5.2 

4.8 

1.8 

9.2 

3.4 

1907-1909 

14.3 

5.3 

4.6 

1.7 

9.6 

3.6 

1910-1912 

13.7 

5.0 

4.9 

1.8 

8.8 

3.2 

Austria: 

j 

6.5 

1.9 

1900-1903 

7.2 

2.0 

1904-1907 

6.2 

1.8 

i 

1908-1911 

6.2 

1.9 



Belgium: 

Whole  period 

14.7 

5.9 

5.8 

2.3 

8.8 

3.5 

1903-1907 

15.3 

5.8 

5.8 

2.2 

9.5 

3.6 

1908-1912 

14. 1 

6.0 

5.9 

2.5 

8.3 

3.5 

England  and  Wales: 

Whole  period 

10.6 

4.0 

4.3 

1.6 

6.3 

i 2.4 

1900-1904 

12.5 

4.4 

5.5 

1.9 

7.0 

2.5 

1905-1909 

10.3 

3.9 

4.2 

1.6 

6.2 

2.3 

1910-1914a  1 

9. 1 

3.7 

3.4 

1.4 

5.6 

2.3 

France: 

Whole  period 

10.3 

5.2 

4.8 

2.4 

5.5 

2.8 

1906-1910 

10.3 

5.2 

4.8 

2.4 

5. 5 

2.8 

Hungary: 

Whole  period 

13.2 

3. 6 

3.6 

1.0 

9.6 

2.8 

1900-1903 

13.7 

3.6 

3.2 

.8 

10.4 

2. 7 

1904-1907 

13.0 

3.5 

3.3 

.9 

9.7 

2. 8 

19CS-1911 

12.9 

3.6 

4.2 

1.2 

S.  7 

2.4 

Ireland : 

I 

Whole  period 

12.6 

5.4 

4.4 

1.9 

8.2 

3.8 

1902-1906 

13.5 

5.8 

4.9 

2.1 

8.6 

3.7 

1907-1910 

12.2 

5.2 

4.1 

1.8 

8. 1 

3.5 

1911-1914 

11.9 

5.2 

4.0 

1.7 

7.9 

3.5 

Italy: 

Whole  period 

8.7 

2.7 

3.1 

1.0 

5.5 

1.7 

1900-1904 

8.8 

2.7 

3.2 

1.0 

5.6  i 

1.7 

1905-1909 

9.2 

2.8 

3.4 

1.0 

5.9 

1.8 

1910-1913 

7.9 

2.4 

2.8 

.9 

5. 1 

1.6 

Japan: 

Whole  period 

13.0 

4.0 

4.  5 

1.4 

8.5 

2.6 

1901-1904 

13.5 

4.2 

4.2 

1.3 

9.3 

2.9 

1905-1908 

13.5 

4.3 

4.5 

1.4 

9. 1 i 

2.9 

1909-1912 

12.0 

3.6 

4.9 

1.5 

7.1  j 

2.  1 

New  Zealand: 

1 

Whole  period 

11.7 

4.4 

3.0 

1.1 

8.8  | 

3.3 

1900-1904 

12.7 

4.8 

2.9 

1. 1 

9.8  ! 

3.7 

1905-1909 

12.3 

4.  5 

3.2 

1.2 

9. 1 i 

3.3 

1910-1914 

10.5 

4.0 

2.8 

1.1 

7.8  | 

3.0 

Norway: 

Whole  period 

8.1 

2.9 

4.1 

1.5 

3.9  i 

1.4 

19OO-1903 

9.1 

3.1 

4.8 

1.7 

4.3  ; 

1.4 

1904-1907 

7.4 

2.7 

3.8 

1.4 

3.6  i 

1.3 

1908-1910 

7. 6 

2.9 

3.7 

1.4 

4.0  : 

1.5 

Prussia: 

Whole  period 

10.4 

3.2 

4.7 

1.4 

5.8 

1.8 

1903-1908 

11.0 

3.2 

5.0 

1.5 

6.0  i 

1.8 

1907-1910 

9.9 

3.1 

4.4 

1.4 

5.5  ' 

1.7 

Scotland: 

i 

Whole  period 

14.9 

5.4 

5.0 

l.S 

9.8 

3.6 

1901-1905 

14.8 

5. 1 

6.0 

2.  1 

8.7 

3.0 

1906-1910 

14.9 

5.  4 

4.9 

1.8 

10.0 

3.6 

1911-1914 

14.9 

5.8 

4.0 

1. 5 

10.9 

4.2 

Spain : 

Whole  period 

19.6 

5.  7 

12.3 

3.6 

7.3  | 

2.  1 

1901-1905 

20. 1 

5.7 

12.6 

3.6 

7.  5 i 

2. 1 

1906-1910 

19.2 

5.7 

12.1 

3.6 

7.1  i 

2.  1 

Sweden: 

Whole  period | 

6.0 

2.4 

2.4 

1.0 

3.6 

1.4 

1901-1904 

5.8 

2.2 

2.7 

1.0 

3.2 

1.  2 

1905-1908 

6.0 

2.3 

2.4 

.9 

3.6 

1.4 

1909-1911 

6.3 

2.6 

2.2 

.9 

4. 1 

1.7 

Switzerland: 

Whole  period 

14.9 

5.  6 

6.4 

2.4 

8.5 

3.2 

1900-1904 

16.3 

5.8 

6.7 

2.  4 

9.6 

3.4 

1905-1908 

15.0 

5.7 

6.  5 

2.4 

8.5  j 

3.2 

1909-1912 

13.1 

5.3 

5.9 

2.4 

7.3  ! 

2.9 

1 See  explanatory  note  on  p.  58. 


O 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR 

CHILDREN’S  BUREAU 

JULIA  C.  LATHROP,  Chief 


INFANT  MORTALITY 

RESULTS  OF  A FIELD  STUDY  IN  MANCHESTER,  N.  H. 
BASED  ON  BIRTHS  IN  ONE  YEAR 


By 

BEATRICE  SHEETS  DUNCAN  and  EMMA  DUKE 


INFANT  MORTALITY  SERIES  No.  6 
Bureau  Publication  No.  20 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1917 


ADDITIONAL  COPIES 
Off  THIS  PUBLICATION  MAY  BE  PROCURED  FROM 
THE  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  DOCUMENTS 
GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

AT 

25  CENTS  PER  COPY 


CONTENTS. 


•3  4.2.  7 

V)>\  3 k' 

■W20 


Page. 

Letter  of  transmittal 9 

Introduction 11-20 

Method  and  plan  of  study 12-16 

Scope 12 

Cooperation 13 

Infants  included  and  excluded 13 

Table  1. — Births  during  selected  year  included  in  and  excluded 

from  study,  by  nationality  of  mother 13 

Table  2. — Registered  and  unregistered  births  during  selected 
year,  infant  deaths,  infant  mortality  rate,  and  per  cent  of  still- 
births and  miscarriages  included  in  and  excluded  from  study.  . . 14 

Table  3. — Registered  births  during  selected  year  and  infant  deaths 
excluded  from  study,  and  infant  mortality  rate,  by  nationality 

of  mother 15 

Verification  of  father’s  earnings 15 

Table  4. — Infant  mortality  rates  based  upon  accepted,  original, 

and  revised  figures,  by  father’s  earnings 16 

Explanation  of  terms 17 

General  industrial  conditions 19-20 

Industries 19 

Conditions  of  employment 19 

Part  I.  Analysis  of  findings 21-118 

Infant  mortality  rate 21 

Age  at  death 21-24 

Table  5. — Number  and  per  cent  distribution  of  deaths  among 
infants  born  during  selected  year,  by  specified  age  at  death, 

according  to  nativity  of  mother 21 

Table  6. — Per  cent  distribution  of  deaths  in  Manchester  and  in 

registration  area,  by  specified  age  at  death 22 

Table  7. — Deaths  among  infants  born  during  selected  year,  by  age 

and  cause  of  death 24 

Medical  cause  of  death 24-27 

Gastric  and  intestinal  diseases 24 

Table  8. — Per  cent  distribution  of  deaths  in  Manchester  and  in 

registration  area,  by  specified  cause 25 

Table  9. — Deaths  among  infants  born  during  selected  year,  infant 
mortality  rate,  and  per  cent  distribution  of  deaths,  by  cause  of 

death,  according  to  nativity  of  mother 26 

Table  10. — Number  and  per  cent  distribution  of  deaths  among 
infants  born  during  selected  year,  by  ward  of  residence  and 

cause  of  death 27 

Season  and  climate 27-30 

Deaths,  by  seasons 27 

Table  11. — Deaths  among  infants  born  duiing  selected  year,  by 

month  of  occurrence  and  cause  of  death 28 


3 


4 


CONTENTS. 


Part  I.  Analysis  of  findings — Continued. 

Season  and  climate — Continued.  Page 

Climate 29 

Month  of  birth 29 

Table  12. — Births  during  selected  year,  infant  deaths,  infant  mor- 
tality rate,  and  per  cent  of  stillbirths,  by  month  of  birth 29 

Table  13. — Deaths  among  infants  born  during  selected  year,  by  age 

at  death  and  month  of  birth 30 

Table  14. — Deaths  among  infants  born  during  selected  year,  by 

year  and  month  of  death  and  of  birth 30 

Stillbirths 31-32 

Nationality  of  mother 31 

Table  15. — Births  during  selected  year,  infant  deaths,  infant  mor- 
tality rate,  and  per  cent  of  stillbirths,  by  nationality  of  mother. . 31 

Gainful  employment  of  mother _ 31 

Table  16. — Per  cent  of  stillbirths  according  to  employment  of 

mother  during  year  before  baby’s  birth 32 

Sex 32-33 

Table  17. — Births  during  selected  year,  infant  deaths,  infant  mor- 
tality rate,  and  per  cent  of  stillbirths,  by  sex  of  baby  and  nativity 

of  mother 32 

Masculinity 32 

Table  18. — Number  of  male  per  1,000  female  births,  by  nativity 

of  mother ; 33 

Age  of  mother  and  order  of  birth 33-37 

Age  of  mother 33 

Table  19. — Births  during  selected  year,  infant  deaths,  infant 
mortality  rate,  and  per  cent  of  stillbirths,  by  age  of  mother  at 

birth  of  child  and  nativity  of  mother 34 

Order  of  birth 34 

Table  20. — Births  during  selected  year,  infant  deaths,  infant 
mortality  rate,  and  per  cent  of  stillbirths,  by  number  of  child 

in  order  of  birth  and  nativity  of  mother 35 

Table  21. — Per  cent  distribution  of  births  during  selected  year 
and  of  infant  deaths,  by  number  of  child  in  order  of  birth, 

according  to  nativity  of  mother 36 

Size  of  family 36 

Table  22. — Number  and  per  cent  distribution  of  infants  born  dur- 
ing selected  year,  by  number  of  child  in  order  of  birth,  according 

to  earnings  of  father 37 

Attendant  at  birth 37-38 

Table  23. — Number  and  per  cent  distribution  of  births  during 
selected  year,  by  attendant  at  birth,  according  to  nativity  of 

mother 38 

Economic  and  industrial  factors. 38-  54 

Occupation  of  father 38 

Table  24. — Infants  born  during  selected  year,  by  earnings  and 

occupation  of  father 39 

Father’s  earnings  an  index  of  economic  status 40 

Distribution  of  economic  groups - 40 

Table  25. — Number  and  per  cent  distribution  of  births  during 
selected  year,  by  earnings  of  father,  according  to  nativity  of 
mother 42 


CONTENTS. 


5 


Part  I.  Analysis  of  findings — Continued. 

Economic  and  industrial  factors — Continued.  Page- 

Infant  mortality  rate,  by  father’s  earnings 44 

Table  26. — Births  during  selected  year,  infant  deaths,  infant 
mortality  rate,  and  per  cent  of  stillbirths,  by  earnings  of  father 

and  nativity  of  mother 44 

Father’s  earnings  supplemented 46 

Total  income 46 

Table  27. — Number  and  per  cent  distribution  of  infants  born  dur- 
ing selected  year,  by  total  family  income,  according  to  earnings 

of  father 46 

Father’s  earnings  and  employment  of  mother 47 

Table  28. — Number  and  per  cent  of  births  during  selected  year 
to  mothers  gainfully  employed  during  year  following  baby’s 

birth,  by  earnings  of  father  and  nativity  of  mother 48 

Mother ’ s earnings - 50 

Table  29. — Number  and  per  cent  distribution  of  births  during 
selected  year  to  gainfully  employed  mothers,  by  earnings  of 
mother  during  year  following  baby’s  birth,  according  to  nativity 

of  mother 50 

Work  during  year  before  baby’s  birth 50 

Table  30. — Births  during  selected  year,  infant  deaths,  infant 
mortality  rate,  and  per  cent  of  stillbirths,  by  occupation  of 

mother  during  year  before  baby’s  birth 50 

Table  31. — Births  during  selected  year,  infant  deaths,  infant 
mortality  rate,  and  per  cent  of  stillbirths,  by  nativity  of  mother 
and  her  employment  at  home  or  away  from  home  during  year 

before  baby’s  birth ! 51 

Work  during  year  after  baby’s  birth 52 

Table  32. — Live  births  during  selected  year,  infant  deaths,  and 
infant  mortality  rate,  by  employment  of  mother  at  home  or 
away  from  home  during  year  following  baby’s  birth,  and  baby’s 

age  when  mother  resumed  gainful  work  away  from  home 52 

Significance  of  mother’s  absence 53 

Table  33. — Infants  whose  mothers  resumed  work  away  from  home 
during  baby’s  lifetime,  infant  deaths,  and  infant  mortality  rate, 

by  baby’s  age  when  mother  resumed  gainful  work 54 

Mother’s  work  and  infant  mortality  in  low-earnings  group 54 

Table  34. — Live  births,  infant  deaths,  and  infant  mortality  rate 
for  low-earnings  group,  by  employment  of  mother  during  year 

following  baby’s  birth 54 

Nativity  and  nationality 55-62 

Foreign  element  in  city 55 

Foreign-born  mothers  in  this  study 55 

French  Canadians 56 

Nationality  and  infant  mortality 56 

Economic  status  and  size  of  family. 56 

Table  35. — Average  number  of  persons  per  family  and  number 
and  per  cent  of  births  during  selected  year  in  families  of  from  1 
to  4 persons  and  of  more  than  4 persons,  by  earnings  of  father  and 

nativity  of  mother 57 

Economic  status  of  French  Canadians  and  others 58 

Employment  of  foreign-born  mothers 58 


6 CONTENTS. 

Part  I.  Analysis  of  findings — Continued. 

Nativity  and  nationality — Continued.  Page. 

Ability  to  speak  English 59 

Table  36. — Births  during  selected  year,  infant  deaths,  infant 
mortality  rate,  and  per  cent  of  stillbirths,  by  ability  of  mothet 

to  speak  English 59 

Years  in  United  States 60 

Table  37. — Births  during  selected  year  to  foreign-born  mothers, 
infant  deaths,  infant  mortality  rate,  and  per  cent  of  stillbirths, 

by  length  of  residence  of  mother  in  United  States 61 

Table  38. — Number  and  per  cent  distribution  of  births  during 
selected  year  to  foreign-born  mothers  by  specified  length  of 
residence  of  mother  in  United  States,  according  to  nationality. . 61 

Literacy 62 

Table  39. — Births  during  selected  year,  infant  deaths,  infant 
mortality  rate,  and  per  cent  of  stillbirths,  by  literacy  and 

nativity  of  mother 62 

Conditions  peculiar  to  French  Canadians 62 

Feeding . 63-75 

Feeding  and  infant  mortality 63 

Effects  of  feeding  in  each  month  of  age 63 

Table  40. — Infants  bom  during  selected  year  and  surviving  at 
beginning  of  specified  month  and  deaths  in  first  year  and  in 

specified  month,  by  nativity  of  mother  and  type  of  feeding 64 

Table  41. — Infants  born  during  selected  year  surviving  at  3,  6, 
and  9 months  and  deaths  at  specified  age,  by  type  of  feeding 

and  nativity  of  mother 66 

Feeding  methods  and  nationality 68 

Table  42. — Per  cent  distribution  of  infants  of  native  and  of  French- 
Canadian  and  other  foreign-born  mothers,  by  type  of  feeding 

at  and  during  specified  periods 69 

Feeding  methods  in  economic  groups 69 

Table  43. — Number  and  per  cent  of  infants  born  during  selected 
year  artificially  fed  at  specified  age,  by  earnings  of  father  and 

nationality  of  mother 70 

Effects  of  feeding  modified  by  income 71 

Table  44. — Infants  born  during  selected  year  and  surviving  at 
specified  time  and  infant  deaths,  by  type  of  feeding  at  3 and  6 

months  of  age  and  earnings  of  father 72 

Feeding  methods  and  employment  of  mother 72 

Table  45. — Number  and  per  cent  of  infants  born  during  selected 
year  artificially  fed  at  specified  age,  by  nationality  and  em- 
ployment of  mother  during  year  following  baby’s  birth 73 

General  discussion  of  feeding  methods 74 

Substitutes  for  mother’s  milk 75 

Maternal  histories 75-87 

Infant  mortality  rate,  all  pregnancies 76 

Table  46. — Number  of  mothers,  births  resulting  from  all  preg- 
nancies, infant  deaths,  infant  mortality  rate,  and  per  cent  of 
stillbirths,  by  number  of  births  per  mother  and  nativity  of 
mother 76 


CONTENTS.  7 

Part  I.  Analysis  of  findings — Continued. 

Maternal  histories — Continued.  Page. 

Stillbirths  and  miscarriages u . . 77 

Table  47. — Mothers  reporting  specified  number  of  miscarriages, 

by  number  of  pregnancies  per  mother  and  nativity  of  mother 77 

Table  48. — Mothers  reporting  specified  number  of  stillbirths, 

by  number  of  births  per  mother  and  nativity  of  mother 78 

Age  at  death 79 

Table  49. — Mothers  reporting  specified  number  of  infant  deaths, 

by  number  of  live  births  per  mother  and  nativity  of  mother 79 

Table  50. — Mothers  reporting  specified  number  of  stillbirths  and 
deaths  of  infants  aged  2 weeks  or  less,  by  number  of  births  per 

mother  and  nativity  of  mother 80 

Order  of  pregnancy  and  age  of  mother 80 

Table  51. — Births  resulting  from  all  pregnancies,  infant  deaths, 
infant  mortality  rate,  and  per  cent  of  stillbirths,  by  order  of 

pregnancy  and  age  of  mother 81 

Plural  births 83 

Table  52. — Plural  births  resulting  from  all  pregnancies,  infant 
deaths,  infant  mortality  rate,  and  per  cent  of  stillbirths,  by  age  of 

mother 83 

Nationality  of  mother 83 

Table  53. — Number  of  mothers,  births  resulting  from  all  pregnan- 
cies, infant  deaths,  infant  mortality  rate,  and  per  cent  of  still- 
births, by  nationality  of  mother 84 

Economic  status 84 

Table  54. — Number  of  mothers,  births  resulting  from  all  preg- 
nancies, infant  deaths,  infant  mortality  rate,  and  per  cent 

of  stillbirths,  by  earnings  of  father  and  nativity  of  mother 85 

Size  of  family  and  infant  mortality 85 

Table  55. — Number  of  mothers,  live  births  resulting  from  all 
pregnancies,  and  infant  mortality  rate,  by  specified  number  of 

births  per  mother 86 

Large  families  and  nationality 86 

Table  56. — Average  number  of  births  per  mother  and  number  and 
per  cent  distribution  of  mothers,  by  specified  number  of  births, 

according  to  nationality 86 

General  discussion  of  maternal  histories 87 

Illustrative  cases 87 

Table  57. — Mothers  married  specified  number  of  years,  by  number  of 

births  per  mother,  infant  survivals,  infant  deaths,  and  stillbirths 101 

Illegitimacy 108 

E nvironment 108 

Housing 109-115 

Sanitary  condition  of  baby’s  home 109 

Table  58. — Number  of  dwellings  occupied  by  native  and  foreign- 

born  mothers,  by  sanitary  condition  of  dwelling 110 

Street  and  alley  frontage 110 

Table  59. — Births  during  selected  year,  infant  deaths,  infant  mor- 
tality rate,  and  per  cent  of  stillbirths,  by  location  of  dwelling. . 110 

Multiple  dwellings Ill 

Table  60. — Births  during  selected  year,  infant  deaths,  infant  mor- 
tality rate,  and  per  cent  of  stillbirths,  by  number  of  dwellings 
per  building Ill 


8 


CONTENTS. 


Part  I.  Analysis  of  findings — Continued. 

Housing — Continued.  Page. 

Room  congestion 112 

Table  61. — Births  during  selected  year,  by  number  of  rooms  and 

persons  per  dwelling  and  by  nativity  of  mother 112 

Table  62. — Births  during  selected  year,  infant  deaths,  infant  mor- 
tality rate,  and  per  cent  of  stillbirths,  by  number  of  persons  per 

room  and  nativity  of  mother 113 

Rent 114 

Table  63. — Live  births  during  selected  year,  infant  deaths,  and 
infant  mortality  rate , by  tenure  of  home  and  nativity  of  mother . . 115 

Wards 116 

Table  64. — Births  during  selected  year,  infant  deaths,  infant  mor- 
tality rate,  and  per  cent  of  stillbirths,  by  ward  of  residence 117 

Table  65. — Births  during  selected  year,  by  ward  of  residence  and 

nationality  of  mother 117 

Conclusions 117-118 

Infant  mortality  rate 117 

Environment 117 

Low  earnings 118 

Mother’s  employment 118 

Nationality 118 

Large  families 118 

Artificial  feeding 118 

Part  II.  Civic  activities  and  conditions 119-134 

Organization  of  inf  ant- welfare  work 119 

Birth  registration 120 

Philanthropic  institutions  and  agencies 120-122 

Private  relief 121 

Public  relief 121 

Public  care  and  protection  of  infants 122 

Education 123 

Public  health  and  sanitation 123-130 

Administration 123 

Milk  supply 124 

Water  supply 127 

Streets ’ 127 

Sewerage 128 

Garbage  and  refuse  collection 129 

Housing 130 

Schedule  used  in  investigation 134 

Illustrations Follow  134 

Map  of  Manchester Follows  illus. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Labor, 

Children’s  Bureau, 
Washington , November  4,  1916 . 

Sir:  I transmit  herewith  a study  of  infant  mortality  in  the  city  of 
Manchester,  N.  H.,  for  one  year,  bewrg  the  third  item  in  the  field 
inquiry  begun  by  the  study  of  infant  mortality  in  Johnstown,  Pa. 

Manchester  was  selected  because  of  its  high  infant  mortality  rate, 
according  to  the  United  States  census  figures  (1910),  because  it  is 
within  the  birth-registration  area,  and  because  certain  of  its  indus- 
trial characteristics  are  in  marked  contrast  with  those  of  Johnstown. 

The  field  work  was  directed  and  the  preparation  of  the  statistical 
material  was  supervised  by  Miss  Emma  Duke,  now  in  charge  of  the 
bureau’s  statistical  division.  The  text  was  prepared  principally  by 
Mrs.  Beatrice  Sheets  Duncan,  who,  however,  resigned  from  the  bureau 
before  the  completion  of  the  report.  The  final  revision  was  made  by 
Miss  Duke  and  Mr.  Howard  C.  Jenness.  A supplementary  field  study 
of  father’s  earnings  was  in  charge  of  Miss  Marie  Kasten. 

An  unusually  large  number  of  field  agents  and  statistical  clerks 
shared  in  the  work  of  this  report  because  it  was  made  during  a tran- 
sition period — while  the  civil-service  examinations  for  the  enlarged 
staff  were  pending — and  it  was  necessary  to  secure  a considerable 
number  of  temporary  assistants.  I regret  that  it  is  therefore  im- 
practicable to  mention  all  those  in  the  office  and  in  the  field  who 
have  assisted  in  this  study. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

Julia  C.  Lathrop,  Chief. 

Hon.  William  B.  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Labor. 


9 


' 

, 

. 


. 

. 


' 


INFANT  MORTALITY,  MANCHESTER,  N.  H. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Manchester,  N.  H.,  was  the  second  city  selected  by  the  Children’s 
Bureau  for  a field  inquiry  into  infant  mortality  in  its  series  of  com- 
munity studies  upon  this  subject.  The  first  study  was  made  in 
Johnstown,  Pa.,  a steel-mill  city  containing  a large  foreign  population. 
A second  report  upon  infant  mortality,  however,  has  been  published 
by  the  bureau,  namely,  that  for  Montclair,  N.  J.,  a suburban  resi- 
dence community,  where  the  investigation  itself  was  conducted  by 
the  city  authorities  and  the  results  presented  by  them  to  the  Chil- 
dren’s Bureau  for  analysis. 

Manchester  was  chosen  for  several  reasons:  It  had  an  unusually 
high  infant  mortality  rate,  it  was  within  the  registration  area  for  births 
and  deaths  so  that  records  for  those  were  available,  and  it  presented 
conditions  which  usually  are  associated  with  high  infant  mortality — 
namely,  a large  foreign  population  and  a considerable  proportion  of 
industrially  employed  women. 

Because  of  incomplete  registration  of  births  and  deaths  infant  mor- 
tality rates  are  not  available  for  all  cities  in  the  United  States,  but 
only  for  those  cities  in  which  such  registration  is  considered  to  be  90 
per  cent  complete.  Of  such  cities,  according  to  the  table,  only  two, 
Holyoke  and  Lowell,  have  higher  infant  mortality  rates  than  Man- 
chester, and  the  high  rate  in  Holyoke  is  perhaps  due  in  part  to  the 
presence  there  of  a large  infant  asylum  which  receives  infants  born  in 
other  cities. 

For  the  registration  States,1  which  in  1910  comprised  58.3  per  cent 
of  the  population  and  33.6  per  cent  of  the  land  area  of  the  United 
States,  the  infant  mortality  rate  for  1910  was  124,  as  computed  by  the 
Bureau  of  the  Census.  In  other  words,  for  every  eight  births  there 
was  one  infant  death. 

Behind  a general  rate,  however,  are  variations  not  only  among 
different  communities  but,  more  markedly,  among  different  groups 
within  the  same  community;  and  to  trace,  if  possible,  these  variations 
between  and  within  communities  and  to  learn  in  detail  the  conditions 
under  which  babies  live  and  die  is  the  purpose  of  the  series  of  studies 
to  which  the  present  report  is  a contribution. 


1 The  registration  States  are  those  in  which  the  registration  of  deaths  is  considered  by  the  Bureau  of  the 
Census  to  be  at  least  90  per  cent  complete. 


12 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


The  term  infant  mortality  rate  as  ordinarily  used  means  the  number 
of  deaths  of  infants  (i.  e.,  babies  under  1 year  of  age)  per  1,000  live 
births  in  the  same  area  during  the  same  year.  In  Manchester  in  1910, 
according  to  statistics  published  by  the  Federal  Bureau  of  the  Census, 
this  rate  was  193.  How  it  compares  with  rates  in  other  cities  of 
at  least  50,000  population  in  1910  is  shown  in  the  following  table:1 

Infant  mortality  rates  for  registration  cities  having  a population  of  at  least  50,000 

in  1910. 


City. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate.1 

City. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate.1 

Connecticut: 

New  York,  N.  Y 

125 

Bridgeport 

123 

Bronx  Borough 

96 

Hartford 

119 

Brooklyn  Borough 

117 

New  Haven 

108 

Manhattan  Borough 

135 

Waterbury  

149 

Queens  Borough 

122 

Manchester,  N.  H 

193 

Richmond  Borough 

138 

Massachusetts: 

Pennsylvania: 

Boston 

126 

Allentown 

144 

Brockton 

99 

Altoona 

119 

Cambridge 

119 

Erie  

115 

Fall  River 

186 

Harrisburg 

129 

Holyoke 

213 

Johnstown 

165 

Lawrence 

167 

Philadelphia..  .• 

138 

Lowell 

231 

Pittsburgh 

150 

Lynn 

97 

Reading 

142 

New  Bedford 

177 

Scranton 

148 

Somerville 

101 

Wilkes-Barre 

146 

Springfield 

124 

Portland,  Me  

144 

Worcester 

137 

Rhode  Island: 

Michigan: 

Pawtucket ■ 

(2) 

Detroit 

179 

Providence 

(2) 

Grand  Rapids 

122 

Washington,  D.  C 

’ 152 

Saginaw 

145  f 

1 Based  on  provisional  figure  for  births. 

a Returns  of  births  not  received  from  State  board  of  health  in  time  for  inclusion. 


METHOD  AND  PLAN  OF  STUDY. 

The  infant  mortality  rates  for  Manchester  and  other  cities  shown  in 
the  foregoing  table  are  computed  from  the  births  and  deaths  regis- 
tered during  a given  calendar  year.  Obviously  the  deaths  in  part 
were  of  babies  born  during  the  previous  year  and  the  rate  can  not  be 
used  as  an  exact  measure  of  the  deaths  of  those  born  during  a given 
year.  To  avoid  this  inaccuracy  and  to  obtain  a precise  rate  it  would 
be  necessary  to  follow  through  their  first  year  of  life  all  babies  born 
during  the  year  and  to  note  the  deaths  occurring  among  them  within 
that  period.  Such  a method  requires  not  only  perfect  birth  registra- 
tion but  the  means  of  locating  the  baby  (or  its  family)  12  months 
after  birth,  and  therefore  for  most  communities  is  quite  impracticable; 
but  the  present  study  has  been  limited  to  those  babies  to  whom 
this  method  can  be  applied.  It  is,  therefore,  the  one  employed. 

Scope. — The  work  of  investigation  was  begun  in  Manchester  in 
the  fall  of  1914,  when  all  the  babies  born  within  the  selected  period 
might  have  completed  12  months  of  life.  The  study,  as  stated,  was 
confined  to  registered  babies  whose  names  and  addresses  were  obtained 

i Derived  from  table  on  page  18  of  Bulletin  109,  Mortality  Statistics,  1910,  Bureau  of  the  Census,  Washing- 

ton, 1912. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


13 


from  the  birth  certificates  on  file  at  the  city  hall.  So  far  as  possible 
all  their  mothers  were  interviewed  and  information  secured  regard- 
ing the  care  of  the  baby,  the  character  of  the  home,  the  economic 
status  of  the  family,  etc.,  and  the  information  thus  secured  was 
recorded  upon  the  schedules  and  furnishes  the  basis  for  analyzing 
the  factors  contributing  toward  the  high  infant  mortality  rate  in 
Manchester.  All  such  information  was  secured  whether  the  babies 
lived  or  died,  the  purpose  being  to  study  the  conditions  existing  the 
first  year  after  birth,  and  to  note  under  what  circumstances  babies 
survive  or  fail  to  survive. 

Cooperation. — Before  the  work  of  interviewing  the  mothers  v/as 
begun  the  nature  and  purpose  of  the  investigation  was  explained  fully 
through  the  newspapers  and  by  the  clergy  in  order  that  the  interest 
and  cooperation  of  the  public  and  particularly  of  the  mothers  might 
be  secured.  From  the  beginning  every  courtesy  was  extended  to  the 
agents  by  the  local  city  officials  in  giving  access  to  city  records  and 
support  to  the  investigation.  The  mothers  were  found  ready  and  will- 
ing to  give  the  information  desired  as  soon  as  they  understood  the 
reason  for  it.  Evidence  of  the  cordial  response  which  they  made  to 
this  inquiry  is  furnished  by  the  fact  that  in  six  cases  only  was  the 
information  refused. 

Infants  included  and  excluded. — The  investigation  was  limited  to 
the  live  births  and  stillbirths  registered  in  Manchester  between 
November  1,  1912,  and  October  31,  1913.  These  numbered  2,152, 
but  for  the  reasons  noted  in  the  following  summary  604  of  the  births 
during  the  selected  year  were  excluded  from  the  study.  Of  these, 
95  were  excluded  because  they  were  not  registered  and  470  because 
the  babies  could  not  be  found. 


Table  1. 


Births  during  selected  year. 


Nationality  of  mother. 


All  mothers 

Nativity  unknown 

Native 

Foreign-bom 

Canadian,  French 

Canadian,  except  French 

Polish 

English,  Irish,  Scotch 

Greek  and  Syrian 

German 

Jewish 

Ruthenian  and  Lithuanian . . 
All  other  and  no  report 


Total. 

In- 

cluded 

in 

study. 

Excluded  from  study  and  reasons  for  exclusion. 

Total. 

Un- 

regis- 

tered1 

Not 

found.2 

Mother 
dead  and 
data  in- 
complete. 

Infor- 

mation 

refused. 

Miscar- 

riage.3 

Illegiti- 

mate.4 

2, 247 

1,643 

604 

95 

470 

15 

6 

7 

11 

2 

2 

2 

724 

548 

176 

27 

132 

4 

3 

3 

7 

1,521 

1,095 

426 

66 

338 

11 

3 

4 

4 

808 

610 

198 

28 

160 

7 

3 

41 

27 

14 

13 

1 

277 

170 

107 

21 

81 

2 

1 

1 

1 

144 

115 

29 

6 

18 

1 

2 

2 

113 

72 

41 

9 

32 

31 

30 

1 

1 

25 

24 

1 

1 

30 

22 

8 

2 

5 

1 

52 

25 

27 

27 

1 Including  9 illegitimate  births. 

2 Including  24  illegitimate  births. 

* Study  confined  to  issues  of  pregnancy  resulting  from  7 or  more  months’  gestation. 

4 Mother  visited;  results  discussed  in  illegitimacy  section  on  page  108. 


14 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


In  1,643  instances  complete  schedules  were  secured  and  used  as 
the  basis  of  this  study.  Of  these,  79  were  for  stillborn  infants. 
Among  the  "1,564  live-bom  infants  occurred  258  infant  deaths,  a 
mortality  rate  of  165.  This  rate  is  not  offered  as  an  accurate  one  for 
the  city  nor  as  one  to  be  used  in  comparison  with  the  rates  for  other 
cities,  but  rather  as  a rate  accurate  for  the  sample  group  of  babies 
selected  for  detailed  study. 

The  precise  infant  mortality  rate  for  the  city  as  a whole  can  not 
be  computed,  because  the  exact  number  of  births  and  of  deaths 
during  the  12  months  is  not  known.  We  know  that  in  addition  to 
the  509  excluded  cases  of  babies  whose  births  were  registered,  other 
babies  were  born  in  the  selected  period  whose  births  were  not  reg- 
istered. Agents  found  95  such  babies  chiefly  through  the  death 
certificates,  but  no  attempt  was  made  to  find  all  surviving  unregis- 
tered births.  Hence  to  compute  a rate  for  unregistered  births, 
learned  of  principally  through  death  certificates,  is  obviously  un- 
sound; in  fact,  such  a rate  would  be  over  800. 

Practically  all  infant  deaths  in  Manchester  were  recorded,  but  the 
number  of  the  excluded  babies  who  may  have  died  outside  the  city 
is  unknown;  therefore  a rate  based  upon  those  who  were  born  in 
Manchester  and  moved  away  in  their  first  year  would  be  too  low. 

By  using  all  available  data  (that  is,  not  only  the  births  included 
in  the  study  but  also  the  509  registered  and  the  95  unregistered 
births  excluded  from  the  study) , incomplete  as  they  are,  for  computing 
a rate,  we  find  an  infant  mortality  rate  of  188.7.  This  rate  is  un- 
doubtedly too  high,  for,  as  we  have  seen,  no  canvass  was  made  to 
find  all  babies  whose  births  were  not  registered.  If  all  babies  had 
been  located  and  included  in  the  study  the  true  rate  for  the  city 
would  lie  in  all  probability  somewhere  between  the  two  rates,  165 
and  188.7. 


Table  8. 

Births  during  selected  year  and  infant  deaths. 

Live  births. 

Stillbirths  and 
miscarriages.1 

Total 

births. 

Infant  deaths. 

Total. 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Total 

2,247 

2,114 

399 

188.7 

133 

5.9 

Included  in  detailed  study,  registered 

1 643 

1,564 

258 

165.0 

79 

4.8 

Excluded  from  detailed  study 

604 

550 

141 

256.4 

54 

8.9 

Registered 

509 

471 

77 

163.5 

38 

7.5 

Unregistered 

95 

79 

64 

810. 1 

16 

16.8 

1 Dead  issues  of  less  than  7 months'  gestation  were  not  included  in  the  detailed  study. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


15 


A classification  by  mother’s  nationality  of  registered  births  that 
were  excluded  from  tabulation  shows  the  number  of  such  births  to 
foreign-born  and  to  native  mothers. 


Table  3. 


Registered  births  during  selected  year  and  in- 
fant deaths  excluded  from  detailed  study. 


Live  births. 

Nationality  of  mother. 

Total 

births. 

Infant  deaths. 

Still- 
births 
and  mis- 
carriages. 

Total. 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate.1 

All  mothers 

509 

471 

77 

163.5 

38 

Native  

149 

135 

21 

155.  6 

14 

Foreign-born 

360 

336 

56 

166.7 

24 

Canadian,  French 

170 

155 

29 

187. 1 

15 

Canadian,  except  French 

14 

13 

1 

1 

Polish 

86 

83 

13 

3 

English,  Irish,  Scotch * 

23 

22 

7 

1 

Greek  and  Syrian 

32 

30 

5 

2 

German 

1 

1 

Jewish 

1 

Ruthenianand  Lithuanian 

6 

6 

All  other 

27 

25 

1 

2 

i Not  shown  where  base  is  less  than  100. 


Verification  of  father’s  earnings. — Information  concerning  father’s 
earnings  was  originally  obtained  from  the  mother,  but  when  the 
schedules  had  all  been  completed  and  turned  in  to  the  office  a ques- 
tion arose  as  to  whether  or  not  mothers  generally  are  able  to  give 
reasonably  accurate  statements  concerning  their  husbands’  earnings. 
It  was  decided,  therefore,  to  check  or  verify  the  mothers’  answers 
and,  accordingly,  eight  months  after  the  original  data  were  secured, 
agents  were  sent  to  Manchester  for  this  purpose. 

Employers  gave  generous  assistance  in  this  work,  and  the  agents 
of  the  bureau  had  free  access  to  the  pay  rolls.  Because  of  similarity 
of  names,  identification  was  sometimes  difficult;  and  on  account  of 
shifts  from  one  job  to  another  in  the  same  establishment,  or  from 
one  establishment  to  another,  it  was  not  always  possible  to  secure 
from  pay  rolls  the  earnings  of  a given  man  for  the  entire  year. 

When  the  pay-roll  record  was  not  complete  for  the  entire  year,  the 
agents  supplemented  the  information  thus  secured  by  interviews 
with  fathers.  Sometimes  the  fathers  found  it  difficult  to  remember 
the  earnings  for  a definite  year,  namely,  that  which  followed  the 
birth  of  the  baby  whose  history  was  being  studied,  particularly  when 
that  was  two  or  more  years  prior  to  the  time  of  the  interview. 

In  view  of  these  chances  of  error,  each  record  secured  by  the  veri- 
fiers was  carefully  studied  in  connection  with  the  original  returns, 
and  that  which  bore  evidence  of  greater  accuracy  was  accepted. 


16 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Where  the  evidence  seemed  to  afford  no  basis  for  choice,  preference 
was  given  the  verifiers’  returns. 

Averaging  the  results,  it  was  unexpectedly  found  that  on  the  whole 
the  complete  statements  secured  from  pay  rolls  and  in  interviews 
with  employers  and  fathers  were  lower  than  those  previously  ob- 
tained from  mothers.  As  a result  of  the  test  it  was  decided  that  the 
deviations  were  unimportant,  and  confidence  in  the  mothers’  state- 
ments of  earnings  was  strengthened. 

When  infant  mortality  rates  were  computed  according  to  father’s 
earnings  on  the  bases  of  the  original,  the  revised,  and  the  accepted 
figures,  there  was  found  to  be  little  difference  in  trend  in  the  three 
sets  of  figures.  The  following  table  and  the  diagram  on  the  next  page 
indicate  the  amount  of  this  variation : 


Table  4. 

Father’s  earnings. 

Infant  mortality  rates  based 
upon— 

Accepted 

figures. 

Original 

figures. 

Revised 

figures. 

Under  $494 

261. 1 

241.0 

262.4 

$494  to  $571 

172.2 

194.9 

145.  7 

$572  to  $675 

186  3 

196.2 

191.  7 

$676  to  $883 

151. 1 

158.9 

145.  7 

$884  to  $1,091 

143.9 

152.  5 

146.2 

$1,092  and  over 

58.  8 

94.  9 

53.  2 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  limits  of  the  earnings  groups  of  the 
diagram  differ  radically  from  those  of  the  tables  in  the  body  of  this 
report.  The  limits  in  the  diagram  were  those  originally  chosen ; the 
change  in  this  report  was  the  result  of  a deliberate  attempt  to  secure 
greater  accuracy  in  results,  because  a close  examination  of  the  in- 
dividual reports  disclosed  a marked  tendency  to  concentration  of 
earnings  on  the  even  hundreds  and  on  those  sums  which  were  mul- 
tiples of  a certain  weekly  wage.  Obviously,  of  those  reporting  round 
numbers,  or  sums  that  were  multiples  of  52,  some  probably  earned 
more  or  less  than  those  amounts.  Many  reported  earning  a definite 
weekly  wage  for  the  whole  year,  when  in  many  instances  records 
showed  that  they  had  earned  less  on  account  of  unemployment  or 
more  because  they  had  supplemented  these  earnings  by  extra  work. 

The  limits  of  the  earnings  groups  were  changed,  therefore,  so 
that  as  far  as  possible  those  points  of  concentration  might  fall 
well  within  the  various  groups  rather  than  near  the  upper  or  lower 
limit  of  any  group.  With  the  limits  of  a group  fixed  at  $550  to 
$649,  a father  reported  as  earning  $600  who  may  have  earned  $50 
more  or  less  would  fall  still  within  the  proper  group ; or  a father 
earning  $12  per  week  who  might  have  suffered  six  weeks  of  idle- 
ness would  be  correctly  classified  so  far  as  the  earnings  group  was 
concerned. 


EXPLANATION  OF 
TERMS. 

Lack  of  uniformity 
in  the  definitions  of 
such  terms  as  infant, 
birth,  live  birth,  still- 
birth,  miscarriage, 
etc.,  makes  it  essen- 
tial that  the  mean- 
ings assigned  these 
words  in  this  report 
be  explained. 

There  are  no  stand- 
ard definitions  for 
these  terms  which  are 
uniformly  used  by 
medical  or  legal  au- 
thorities or  vital  stat- 
isticians and  given 
the  same  meaning  by 
the  general  public  in 
various  lo  cab  ties.  It 
is  generally  under- 
stood that  a child  is 
born  dead  when  it 
shows  no  signs  of  life 
at  birth,  but  there 
have  been  various 
legal  decisions  as  to 
what  physiological 
function  or  functions 
are  to  be  regarded  as 
signs  of  life. 

In  this  report  the 
statements  of  the  at- 
tending physician  on 
these  points  as  well 
as  upon  all  medical 
matters  are  accepted, 
and  any  child  re- 
corded as  live-born 
or  dead-born  by  the 
attending  physician 
has  been  reported 
accordingly. 

Stillbirth  has  been 
applied  to  all  dead- 

726240— 17 2 


DIAGRAM  I.— INFANT  MORTALITY  RATES  BY  FATHER’S 
EARNINGS,  DERIVED  FROM  ACCEPTED  FIGURES,  ORIGI- 
NAL FIGURES,  AND  REVISED  FIGURES. 

RATE. 


Under  *494  to  $572  to  $676  to  $884  to  $1,092 

$494.  $571.  $675.  $883.  . $1,091.  and  over. 

Accepted  figures. 

Original  figures. 

x x Revised  figures. 

17 


18 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


born  issues  of  pregnancy  which  resulted  from  seven  or  more  calen- 
dar months’  gestation;  and  the  term  miscarriage  to  all  dead-born 
issues  which  have  resulted  from  less  than  seven  calendar  months’ 

gestation. 

The  following  are  brief  explanations  of  the  meanings  assigned  to 
some  of  the  expressions  used  in  the  text  and  tables  of  this  report : 

Selected  year.  Year  ended  October  31,  1913. 

Infant.  Child  under  1 year  of  age. 

Live  birth.  Infant  reported  by  attending  physician  as  born  alive. 

Stillbirth.  Product  of  pregnancy  expelled  after  seven  or  more 
months’  gestation  and  reported  by  attending  physician  as  born  dead. 

Total  births.  Sum  of  live  births  and  stillbirths.  Miscarriages  are 
excluded. 

Miscarriage.  Product  of  pregnancy  expelled  during  first  seven 
months  of  pregnancy  and  reported  by  attending  physician  as  born 
dead. 

Infant  death.  Death  of  an  infant  under  1 year  of  age. 

Infant  mortality  rate.  The  number  of  infant  deaths  per  1,000  live 
births  during  selected  year. 

All  pregnancies.  Miscarriages  are  excluded  unless  the  contrary  is 
indicated  by  a note. 

Maternal  records.  Statistics  on  maternal  records  are  based  upon 
complete  pregnancy  records  furnished  by  married  mothers.  When- 
ever the  mother  had  borne  children  before  her  marriage,  or  whenever 
she  had  not  been  able  to  state  positively  the  age  at  death  of  her 
various  children,  or  the  information  was  in  any  way  incomplete,  her 
record  was  not  included. 

Ward  of  residence.  The  ward  in  which  live-born  infants  spent  the 
greater  part  of  their  life  and  in  which  stillborn  infants’  mothers  spent 
the  greater  part  of  their  pregnancy.  This  was  not  necessarily  the 
ward  in  which  the  birth  or  death  occurred. 

Housing.  Information  as  to  congestion,  house  defects,  rent,  etc., 
was  secured  for  the  house  in  which  the  baby  spent  the  greater  part 
of  the  first  year  of  its  life. 

Earnings  and  income.  Reports  were  secured  of  the  earnings  and 
income  of  the  family  only  for  the  year  following  the  birth  of  the 
infant  even  in  the  case  of  stillborn  children,  and  hence  earnings 
invariably  relate  to  that  year. 

Occupation  of  father.  The  occupation  reported  for  the  father  is  the 
principal  one  in  which  he  was  engaged  in  the  year  following  the  birth 
of  the  infant  during  the  selected  year. 

Occupation  of  mother.  Occupation  of  mother  was  ascertained  for 
the  year  preceding  and  the  year  following  the  birth  of  the  infant  during 
the  selected  year. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


19 


GENERAL  INDUSTRIAL  CONDITIONS. 

Industries. — The  dominant  industry  of  Manchester  is  the  manu- 
facture of  textiles,  particularly  cotton.  This  industry  at  present  em- 
ploys more  than  three  times  as  many  people  as  any  other  and  has 
played  an  important  part  in  the  city’s  growth  and  development  from 
its  very  early  history.  As  far  back  as  1809  cotton  manufacture  was 
started  here  in  what  was  then  the  little  village  of  Derryfield.  The 
Amoskeag  Falls  at  this  point  of  the  Merrimack  River  furnish  the 
abundant  water  power  which  has  been  largely  responsible  for  the 
development  of  Manchester  into  a textile  city.  In  1794  the  potential 
value  of  the  falls  was  recognized  by  Judge  Samuel  Blodgett,  who 
undertook  the  project  of  building  a dam  and  a canal.  He  predicted, 
that  the  village  of  Derryfield  some  day  would  become  “the  Manches- 
ter of  America,”1  and  in  1810  in  honor  of  his  memory  the  name  was 
changed  to  Manchester. 

The  development  of  the  cotton  textile  industry  was  slow  until  1825, 
when  the  enterprise  begun  in  1809  was  taken  over  by  a new  company, 
under  whose  management  the  business  prospered.  Since  that  period 
the  growth  of  the  industry  has  been  steady.  In  1831  a final  incor- 
poration under  a new  management  took  place,  and  the  company 
formed  then  has  continued  up  to  the  present  time. 

According  to  the  Federal  census  of  1910  the  total  number  of  persons 
10  years  of  age  and  over  gainfully  employed  in  Manchester  was 
35,000,  of  whom  22,743  were  male  and  12,257  female.  There  were 
25,131  persons  engaged  in  manufacturing  and  mechanical  industries, 
and  of  these  9,126  were  females. 

At  present  two  establishments  in  Manchester  are  engaged  in  cotton 
manufacture.  One  of  these  produces  the  coarser  cotton  goods — 
ducks,  sheeting,  etc.  The  other,  in  addition  to  the  heavy  and  coarser 
products,  manufactures  cotton  dress  goods,  such  as  ginghams  and 
prints,  as  well  as  some  worsted  goods.  These  two  establishments 
are  reported  by  the  employers  as  having  approximately  1§,800 
employees,  of  whom  15,500  are  in  one  establishment.  The  number  of 
women  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  textiles  is  about  8,600. 

The  manufacture  of  shoes  is  next  in  importance  to  that  of  textiles. 
The  six  largest  establishments  employ  over  6,000  persons,  many  of 
whom  are  women.  Women  also  work  to  a considerable  extent  in  the 
manufacture  of  cigars. 

Conditions  of  employment. — The  conditions  of  employment  vary 
in  the  different  industries.  The  hours  of  labor  prescribed  for  women 
regulate  to  some  extent  those  of  men  in  industries  where  both  are 
employed,  and  Saturday  afternoon  half  holiday  is  the  custom  in 
most  of  the  factory  occupations.  The  cotton  operatives  are  relatively 


1 Manchester,  a Brief  Record  of  Its  Past  and  a Picture  of  Its  Present,  p.  21.  Maurice  D.  Clarke,  com- 
piler, Manchester,  N.  H.,  1875. 


20 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


unskilled  and  receive  lower  rates  of  wages  than  employees  in  the  shoe 
and  cigar  factories.  The  industry  offers  steady  employment;  however, 
practically  throughout  the  year,  with  the  exception  of  two  weeks’ 
shutdown  in  the  fall,  and  consequently  the  labor  force  contains  a 
stable  element  of  regular  workers  who  have  been  employed  for  a 
period  of  years.  One  company  encourages  stability  by  engaging  in 
extensive  welfare  work  and  by  offering  its  employees  assistance  in 
building  homes. 

The  cotton  operatives  are  of  many  nationalities — French-Canadian, 
English,  Scotch,  Irish,  Polish,  Greek,  and  Syrian.  The  last  three 
named  are  the  latest  arrivals  and  as  a rule  are  found  in  the  least- 
skilled  and  lowest-paid  occupations.  The  French  Canadians  predomi- 
nate in  number. 

Employment  in  the  shoe  industry  has  been  much  less  regular  than 
that  in  the  mills.  This  condition,  however,  as  well  as  the  rate  of  pay, 
varies  somewhat  with  the  different  establishments.1 


1 Following  are  the  more  important  provisions  of  the  laws  regulating  the  employment  of  women  and 
children  in  force  in  1914:  Working  hours  for  women  and  minors  in  manufacturing,  mechanical,  and  mer- 
cantile establishments,  laundries,  restaurants,  and  confectionery  stores,  or  in  the  employ  of  express  or 
transportation  companies,  shall  not  exceed  10£  in  any  one  day  nor  55  in  any  one  week.  In  the  same  estab- 
lishments girls  and  women  employed  at  night — that  is,  if  any  part  of  their  employment  on  more  than 
one  day  a week  is  between  8 p.m.  and  6 a.  m.  of  the  following  day — may  not  work  more  than  8 hours  in  any 
24,  nor  more  than  48  hours  in  any  one  week.  [Acts  of  1913,  ch.  156.  Ch.  164  of  the  acts  of  1915  amends 
this  act  by  providing  for  certain  exemptions  and  by  making  the  maximum  of  10^  hours  a day  and  55  a 
week  apply  to  any  female  or  "minor  under  18  years  of  age”  instead  of  toany  femaleor  "minor.”]  Children 
under  14  are  not  allowed  to  work  in  a comprehensive  list  of  employments,  including  work  in  factories 
and  mercantile  establishments,  and  may  not  work  under  16  in  those  employments  unless  they  have 
fulfilled  certain  educational  requirements.  [Acts  of  1911,  ch.  162,  as  amended  by  acts  of  1913,  ch.  224. 
Ch.  61  of  the  acts  of  1915  amends  this  act,  but  makes  no  important  change  except  that  it  permits  em- 
ployment during  school  vacation  without  the  fulfillment  of  the  educational  requirements.] 


PART  I.  ANALYSIS  OF  FINDINGS. 

INFANT  MORTALITY  RATE. 

In  the  detailed  study  of  infant  life  and  mortality  in  Manchester  the 
group  was  composed,  as  we  have  seen,  of  1,643  registered  infants 
horn  during  the  12-month  period  ended  October  31,  1913.  Of  these, 
79,  or  4.8  per  cent,  were  stillborn,  and  of  the  1,564  live  born,  258  died 
under  1 year  of  age,  making  an  infant  mortality  Tate  of  165. 

AGE  AT  DEATH. 

The  largest  proportion  of  deaths  occurred  in  the  early  period  of 
infancy,  which  always  makes  the  greatest  inroads  upon  infant  life, 
and  especially  is  this  true  of  the  first  few  days.  In  the  first  week 
46  deaths  occurred,  constituting  17.8  per  cent  of  all  deaths.  If  the 
same  number  had  occurred  in  each  succeeding  week,  all  the  babies 
would  have  been  dead  before  the  end  of  eight  months.  On  the  first 
day  the  percentage  of  deaths  was  higher  than  on  any  other  day,  and 
although  it  continued  high  for  a number  of  weeks  it  declined  pro- 
gressively from  the  day  of  birth  to  the  end  of  the  year. 


Table  5. 


Deaths  among  infants  born  during  selected  year  to — 


Age  at  death. 

All  mothers. 

Native 

mothers. 

Foreign-born  mothers. 

Num- 

ber. 

1 

Per 

cent 

distri- 

bution. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent 

distri- 

bution. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent 

distri- 

bution. 

French- 

Canadian 

mothers. 

Other  for- 
eign-born 
mothers. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent 

distri- 

bution. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent 

distri- 

bution. 

All  ages 

258 

100.0 

67 

100.0 

191 

100.0 

129 

100.0 

62 

100.0 

Under  1 month 

72 

27.9 

16 

23.9 

56 

29.3 

38 

29.5 

18 

29.0 

Less  than  1 day 

17 

6.6 

4 

6.0 

13 

6.8 

11 

8.5 

2 

3.2 

1 day  but  less  than  2 

6 

2.3 

2 

3.0 

4 

2.1 

2 

1.6 

2 

3.2 

2 days  but  less  than  3 

8 

3. 1 

8 

4.2 

7 

5.4 

1 

1.6 

3 days  but  less  than  7 

15 

5.8 

2 

3.0 

13 

6.8 

8 

6.2 

5 

8.1 

1 week  but  less  than  2 

10 

3.9 

5 

7.5 

5 

2.6 

2 

1.6 

3 

4.8 

2 weeks  but  less  than  1 

month 

16 

6.2 

3 

4.5 

13 

6.8 

8 

6.2 

5 

8.1 

1 month  but  less  than  2 

24 

9.3 

4 

6.0 

20 

10.5 

15 

11.6 

5 

8.1 

2 months  but  less  than  3 

24 

9.3 

4 

6.0 

20 

10.5 

10 

7.8 

10 

16.1 

3 months  but  less  than  6 

57 

22.1 

22 

32.8 

35 

18.3 

26 

20.2 

9 

14.5 

6 months  but  less  than  9 

49 

19.0 

14 

20.9 

35 

18.3 

27 

20.9 

8 

12.9 

9 months  but  less  than  12 

32 

12.4 

7 

10.4 

25 

13.1 

13 

10.1 

12 

19.4 

21 


22 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Deaths  on  the  first  day  were  6.6  per  cent  of  deaths  under  1 year; 
those  of  the  first  week  17.8  per  cent;  of  the  first  month  27.9  per  cent. 
In  the  first  three  months  of  life  there  were  120  deaths,  or  46.5  per 
cent  of  all  infant  deaths.  Over  twice  as  many  babies  died  in  the 
first  half  as  in  the  last  half  of  their  first  year,  and  in  the  last  half 
more  died  in  the  third  quarter  than  in  the  fourth. 

This  concentration  of  deaths  in  the  early  part  of  the  first  year  of  life 
is  common  to  infant  mortality  elsewhere.  For  the  registration  area 
of  the  United  States  in  1913  the  excess  of  deaths  during  the  first 
weeks  is  even  more  marked.  In  this  area  deaths  under  1 day  of  age 
formed  13.4  per  cent  of  all  infant  deaths  as  compared  with  6.6  per 
cent  in  Manchester,  while  deaths  under  1 week  were  28.4  per  cent, 
under  1 month  43.3  per  cent,  and  under  3 months  60.3  per  cent  as 
compared  with  17.8,  27.9,  and  46.5  per  cent,  respectively,  in  Man- 
chester. . 


Table  6. 

Age  at  death. 

Per  cent 
tic 

Man- 

chester. 

distribu- 

>n. 

Registra- 

tion 

area.1 

All  ages 

100.0 

100.0 

Under  1 month 

27.9 

43.3 

Less  than  1 day 

6.6 

13.4 

1 day  but  less  than  2 

2.3 

4.9 

2 days  but  less  than  3 

3.1 

3.4 

3 days  but  less  than  7 

5.8 

6.8 

1 week  but  less  than  2 

3.9 

6.4 

2 weeks  but  less  than  1 month 

6.2 

8.4 

1 month  but  less  than  2 

9.3 

9.  4 

2 months  but  less  than  3 

9.3 

7.  7 

3 months  but  less  than  6 

22.1 

17.4 

6 months  but  less  than  9 

19.0 

12.5 

9 months  but  less  than  12 

12.4 

9.9 

1 Derived  from  Table  8,  p.  577,  Mortality  Statistics,  1913,  Bureau  of  the  Census,  Washington,  1915. 


One  fact  which  would  lead  one  to  expect  a high  death  rate  during 
the  first  weeks  and  months  after  birth  is  that  the  hazard  to  life  in 
general  is  greatest  then;  babies  are  weakest  at  birth  and  during  early 
infancy.  Again,  a large  number  of  deaths  during  these  early  days 
of  infant  life  are  due  to  prenatal  causes,  such  as  premature  birth, 
congenital  defects,  and  weakness  at  birth. 

As  one  means  of  reducing  the  number  of  early  deaths,  proper  pre- 
natal care  of  mothers  is  of  the  utmost  importance.  Efforts  toward 
this  end  have  been  made  in  a number  of  communities  by  hospitals, 
visiting  nurses,  health  officials,  and  others  who  have  attempted  to 
make  accessible  to  all  mothers  adequate  medical  advice  and  obstetrical 
care  during  pregnancy  and  childbirth. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


23 


The  number  of  infant  deaths  during  the  early  months  does  not  in- 
dicate that  in  Manchester  the  whole  problem  of  prevention  of  infant 
mortality  lies  among  the  younger  babies.  The  death  rate,  though  on 
the  decline  as  the  babies  grew  older,  nevertheless  continued  sufficiently 
high  to  the  end  of  the  12-month  period  to  be  susceptible  of  consider- 
able reduction.  In  the  group  under  consideration  32  deaths  occurred 
during  the  last  quarter  of  the  first  year  of  life,  and  even  this  number 
per  quarter  would  have  given  an  infant  mortality  rate  of  81.8.  Such 
a rate,  based  upon  the  assumption  that  the  deaths  were  evenly  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  first  year,  would  be  unduly  high  considering 
that  some  communities  have  reduced  their  actual  rate  to  or  below 
that  point.  (See  Table  7.) 

The  number  of  deaths  in  each  month  of  age  is  shown  graphically 
in  the  following  diagram.  From  72  in  the  first  month  the  number  of 
deaths  drops  sharply  to  24  in  the  second  month,  and  thereafter  there 
is  a general  tendency  for  the  number  to  decrease  each  month  except 
the  ninth,  in  which  occurs  a marked  increase. 

DIAGRAM  II.— INFANT  DEATHS  OCCURRING  IN  SPECIFIED  MONTH  OF  AGE. 


1st  2d  3d  4th  5th  6th  7th  8th  9th  10th  11th  12th 


24 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Infant  deaths  are  classified  by  the  medical  cause  of  death,  which  is 
the  immediate  cause  only.  Back  of  it  lie,  frequently,  economic  and 
social  causes.  Such  conditions  as  poverty,  ignorance  in  the  care  of 
the  baby,  the  work  of  the  mother,  and  artificial  feeding  may  all  share 
in  the  responsibility  for  death. 

Gastric  and  intestinal  diseases. — The  diseases  of  infancy  most  com- 
monly fatal  in  Manchester  were  the  principal  diseases  of  the  digestive 
tract  or  gastric  and  intestinal  diseases;  they  were  responsible  for  99 
deaths,  or  38.4  per  cent  of  the  entire  number. 

The  proportion  of  deaths  from  gastric  and  intestinal  diseases  in  Man- 
chester as  compared  with  that  in  the  registration  area  in  1913  is  of  sig- 
nificance in  connection  with  the  city’s  high  infant  death  rate.  Deaths 
from  this  class  of  diseases  are  commonly  believed  to  be  in  a large 
degree  preventable,1  and  hence  attempts  to  reduce  infant  mortality 
frequently  have  been  confined  largely  to  efforts  to  reduce  the  number 
of  deaths  from  these  diseases.  The  methods  commonly  employed 
have  been  the  improvement  of  the  milk  supply,  the  establishment  of 
infant-welfare  stations  and  of  agencies  which  distribute  pure  and 
modified  milk  to  mothers  of  young  babies  and  give  instruction  to 

1 Prof.  Irving  Fisher,  in  his  Report  on  National  Vitality,  prepared  for  the  National  Conservation  Com- 
mittee, p.  11, says:  “Using  the  statistics,  experience,  and  estimate  of  18  physicians  as  to  the  preventability 
of  each  of  the  list  of  90  causes  of  death,  we  find  that  the  length  of  life  could  easily  be  increased  from  45  to 
60  * * *.  The  principal  reduction  would  be  from  infantile  diarrhea  and  enteritis,  over  60  per  cent  of 
which  could  be  prevented.” 


INFANT  MORTALITY 


25 


them,  and  furnish  other  means  of  disseminating  information  in  regard 
to  the  proper  care  and  feeding  of  babies.  In  Manchester  there  were 
three  infant-welfare  stations  maintained  by  private  philanthropy 
during  the  summer  months* 


Table  8. 

' 

Infant  deaths  in — 

Abridged 
Interna- 
tional List 
number.1 

Detailed 

International 

Cause  of  death.2 

Manchester. 

Registration 
area,  1913. 

List  number.1 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 
cent  < 
distri- 
bution. 

Number. 

Per 

cent 

distri- 

bution. 

258 

100.0 

159,435 

100.0 

Gastric  and  intestinal  diseases 3 

99 

38.  4 

41,379 

26.0 

24 

102, 103 

Diseases  of  the  stomach 

3 

1.2 

2,924 
38,455 
24,285 
3,665 
13, 100 

1.8 

25 

104 

Diarrhea  and  enteritis 

96 

37.  2 

24. 1 

Respiratory  diseases 4 

41 

15.9 

15.2 

20 

Part  of  23 
22 

Part  of  33 

89 

Acute  bronchitis 

13 

5.0 

6.6 

4.3 

5.4 
24.  0 

2.3 

91 

Broncho-pneumonia 

17 

8.2 

92 

Pneumonia 

11 

7,520 

4.7 

150 

Malformations 

14 

8 813 

5.5 

Early  infancy 

62 

52, 865 
27, 359 

33.2 

Part  of  33 
Part  of  33 

151[1] 

jl51[2],  152[2],  153 
152[1] 

Premature  birth 

23 

8.9 

17.  2 

Congenital  debility 

38 

14.7 

.4 

20, 375 

12.  8 

Part  of  37 
Part  of  37 

Injuries  at  birth 

1 

5, 131 

3.2 

Epidemic  diseases 5 _ 

5 

1.9 

.4 

13  390 

8.4 

5 

6 

Measles 

1 

2, 011 

1.3 

6 

7 

Scarlet  fever 

255 

.2 

7 

8 

Whooping  cough  . . . 

4 

1.6 

3,442 

913 

2.2 

.6 

g 

9 

Diphtheria  and  croup 

9 

Part  of  12 
Part  of  12 

10 

Influenza 

608 

. 4 

14 

Dysentery 

651 

. 4 

18 

Erysipelas 

756 

.5 

Part  of  37 

24 

Tetanus 

369 

.2 

13 

28,  29 

Tuberculosis  of  the  lungs 

848 

.5 

14 

30 

Tuberculous  meningitis 

1,230 

.8 

15 

31,  32,  33,  34,  35 

Other  forms  of  tuberculosis 

413 

.3 

Part  of  37 
35 

37 

Syphilis 

1,894 

1,892 

1.  2 

155  to  186 

External  causes 

1.  2 

38 

187,  188,  189 

Diseases  ill  defined  or  unknown 

11 

4.3 

3,292 

13,519 

2. 1 

All  other  causes 

26 

10. 1 

8.  5 

17 

61 

Meningitis 

11 

4.3 

1,739 

1. 1 

Part  of  37 

71 

Convulsions 

7 

2.7 

3,125 

2.0 

19 

79 

Organic  diseases  of  the  heart 

Other 

1 

7 

.4 

2.7 

748 

7,907 

.5 
5. 0 

1 The  numbers  indicate  the  classification  in  the  abridged  and  the  detailed  lists,  respectively,  of  the 
Manual  of  the  International  List  of  Causes  of  Death. 

2 The  causes  of  death  included  in  this  list  are  those  used  by  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  the  Census  (see  Mor- 
tality Statistics,  1913,  p.  577)  in  classifying  the  deaths  of  infants  under  1 year.  They  are  those  causes  of 
death  or  groups  of  causes  which  are  most  important  at  this  age.  The  numbers  of  the  detailed  and 
abridged  International  Lists  will  facilitate  their  identification.  In  order  to  make  discussion  of  the  figures 
easier,  these  causes  of  death  have  been  grouped  in  8 main  groups. 

3 The  term  “gastric  and  intestinal  diseases,”  as  used  in  the  tables  and  discussion,  includes,  as  above 
shown,  only  the  diseases  of  this  type  which  are  most  important  among  infants;  i.  e.,  diseases  of  the 
stomach,  diarrhea,  and  enteritis.  It  does  not  include  all  “diseases  of  the  digestive  system”  as  classified 
under  this  heading  according  to  the  detailed  International  List. 

4 The  term  “ respiratory  diseases,”  as  used  in  the  tables  and  discussion,  similarly  includes  only  those  of 
the  respiratory  diseases  which  are  most  important  among  infants;  i.  e.,  acute  bronchitis,  broncho-pneu- 
monia, and  pneumonia.  It  does  not  include  all  “diseases  of  the  respiratory  system”  as  classified  under 
this  heading  according  to  the  detailed  International  List. 

5 The  term  “epidemic  diseases,”  as  used  in  the  tables  and  discussion,  includes  only  those  of  this  group 
which  are  most  important  among  infants. 


26 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Table  9. 


Deaths  among  infants  bom  during  selected  year  to — 


Cause  of  death. 


All  causes 

Gastric  and  intestinal  diseases.. 

Respiratory  diseases 

Malformations 

Early  infancy 

Premature  birth 

Congenital  debility 

Injuries  at  birth 

Epidemic  diseases 

Diseases  ill  defined  or  unknown 
All  other  causes 


All  mothers. 

Native  mothers. 

Infant 

Per  cent 

Infant 

Per  cent 

Number. 

mortality 

distribu- 

Number. 

mortality 

distribu- 

rate. 

tion. 

rate. 

tion. 

258 

165.0 

100.0 

67 

128.1 

100.0 

99 

63.3 

38.4 

29 

55.4 

43.3 

41 

26.2 

15.9 

12 

22.9 

17.9 

14 

9.0 

5.4 

1 

1.9 

1.5 

62 

39.6 

24.0 

19 

36.3 

28.4 

23 

14.7 

8.9 

7 

13.4 

10.4 

38 

24.3 

14.7 

12 

22.9 

17.9 

1 

.6 

.4 

5 

3.2 

1.9 

1 

1.9 

1.5 

11 

7.0 

4.3 

26 

16.6 

10.1 

5 

9.6 

7.5 

Deaths  among  infants  bom  during  selected  year  to  foreign-bom 
mothers. 


Cause  of  death. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infant 
mortal- 
ity rate. 

Per 

cent 

distri- 

bution. 

French-Canadian 

mothers. 

Other  foreign-bom 
mothers. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infant 
mortal- 
ity rate. 

Per 

cent 

distri- 

bution. 

Num- 

ber. 

Infant 
mortal- 
ity rate. 

Per 

cent 

distri- 

bution. 

All  causes 

191 

183.5 

100.0 

129 

224.7 

100.0 

62 

132.8 

100.0 

Gastric  and  intestinal  diseases 

70* 

67.2 

36.6 

54 

94.1 

41.9 

16 

34.3 

25.8 

Respiratory  diseases 

29 

27.9 

15.2 

18 

31.4 

14.0 

11 

23.6 

17.7 

Malformations 

13 

12.5 

6.8 

7 

12.2 

5.4 

6 

12.8 

9.7 

Early  infancy 

43 

41.3 

22.5 

30 

52.3 

23.3 

13 

27.8 

21.0 

Premature  birth 

16 

15.4 

8.4 

14 

24.4 

10.9 

2 

4.3 

3.2 

Congenital  debility 

26 

25.0 

13.6 

15 

26.1 

11.6 

11 

23.6 

17.7 

Injuries  at  birth 

1 

1.0 

.5 

1 

1.7 

.8 

Epidemic  diseases 

4 

3.8 

2.1 

3 

5.2 

2.3 

1 

2.1 

1.6 

Diseases  ill  defined  or  unknown 

11 

10.6 

5.8 

5 

8.7 

3.9 

6 

12.8 

9.7 

All  other  causes 

21 

20.2 

11.0 

12 

20.9 

9.3 

9 

19.3 

14.5 

A distribution  of  deaths  by  cause  in  the  several  wards  shows  a 
proportionately  large  number  of  deaths  from  gastric  and  intestinal  dis- 
eases in  every  ward — in  all  but  the  fifth  and  seventh  wards  more 
than  a third  of  all  the  deaths.  In  ward  2,  in  which  the  largest  num- 
ber of  deaths  occurs,  45.1  per  cent  of  this  number  were  from  gastric 
and  intestinal  diseases.  It  would  seem,  therefore,  that  a reduction  of 
infant  mortality  not  only  in  the  city  as  a whole  but  in  practically 
every  ward  of  the  city  is  largely  a matter  of  reducing  the  number  of 
deaths  from  this  one  cause. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


27 


All  causes 

100.0 

100.0  ‘ 100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0  100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Gastric  and  intestinal  diseases . 

Respiratory  diseases 

Malformations 

Early  infancy 

Premature  birth 

Congenital  debility 

Injuries  at  birth 

38.4 

15.9 

5.4 

24.0 

36.8 

10.5 

42.1 

j 45.1 

I 11.8 
3.9 
27.5 

37.0 

7.4 

3.7 

25.9 

38.2 

29.4 

2.9 

11.8 

29.4 

11.8 

5.9 

35.3 

40.9 

27.3 

9.1 

22.7 

23.8 

19.0 

9.5 

23.8 

47.4 
21.1 

5.3 

10.5 

37.5 

14.6 
4.2 

22.9 

8.9 

14.7 

.4 

15.8 

26.3 

9.8 

15.7 

2.0 

7.4 

18.5 

11.8 

23.5 

11.8 

18.2 

4.5 

9.5 

14.3 

5.3 

5.3 

4.2 

18.8 

Epidemic  diseases 

1.9 

4.3 

10.1 

2.0 

3.9 

5.9 

3.7 

7.4 

14.8 

5.9 

5.9 

5.9 

4.8 

4.8 

14.3 

2.1 

2.1 

16.7 

Diseases  ill  defined  or  un- 
known   

All  other  causes 

5.3 

5.3 

8.8 

8.8 

15.8 

SEASON  AND  CLIMATE. 

Deaths  by  seasons. — The  season  of  the  year  has  a close  relation 
to  the  medical  cause  of  death.  The  data  obtained  in  Manchester 
on  this  point  agree  with  observation  and  experience  generally.  The 
summer  months  are  hardest  for  the  baby  on  account  of  the  greater 
prevalence  of  gastric  and  intestinal  diseases  during  the  warm  weather. 
The  three  months  showing  the  largest  number  of  infant  deaths  were 
July,  Augus’t,  and  September,  with  32,  48,  and  27  deaths,  respectively, 
in  each  of  which  months  a large  proportion  of  the  deaths  was  from 
gastric  and  intestinal  causes.  In  August  35  deaths  were  from  these 
diseases  alone,  more  than  occurred  in  any  other  month  from  all 
causes  combined.  May  showed  the  next  largest  number  of  deaths, 
namely,  25,  but  no  one  cause  predominated,  and  apparently  climatic 
conditions  do  not  explain  the  large  number.  In  January  and  Febru- 
ary, the  coldest  months  in  Manchester,  also  occurred  a relatively 
large  number  of  deaths,  22  and  20,  respectively.  Deaths  from  respi- 
ratory diseases  occurred  chiefly  in  these  two  months  and  in  the  next 
two,  March  and  April,  which  cover  the  break-up  of  winter.  The  dis- 
tribution by  months  of  deaths  due  to  other  causes  showed  no  strik- 
ing grouping  of  significance.  (See  Table  11.) 


28 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


The  prevalence  of  gastric  and  intestinal  diseases  in  summer  and  of 
respiratory  diseases  in  winter  is  shown  graphically  in  Diagram  III. 
The  rapid  increase  in  the  number  of  deaths  from  gastric  and  intestinal 
diseases  from  June  to  August  and  the  equally  rapid  decrease  in  the 
number  from  August  to  October  are  the  significant  points  brought 
out. 


DIAGRAM  III.— INFANT  DEATHS  OCCURRING  IN  SPECIFIED  MONTH,  FROM  GASTRIC  AND 
INTESTINAL  DISEASES  AND  RESPIRATORY  DISEASES. 


NUMBER. 


Jan.  Feb.  Mar.  Apr.  May.  June.  July.  Aug.  Sept.  Oct.  Nov.  Dec. 

Respiratory  diseases. 

Gastric  and  intestinal  diseases. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


29 


Climate. — The  climate  of  Manchester  apparently  offers  no  special 
disadvantage  to  infant  life  unless  it  be  that  the  long,  cold  winters 
may  swell  the  death  rate  from  broncho-pneumonia  and  other  respira- 
tory diseases.  The  climate  is  somewhat  more  equable  than  that  of 
the  same  latitude  (40°  north)  farther  west,  and  the  average  rainfall 
is  greater.  It  is  generally  regarded  as  agreeable  and  healthful  and  the 
high  death  rate  from  gastric  and  intestinal  diseases  in  the  summer 
months  can  not  be  ascribed  to  exceptionally  long,  hot  summers. 
The  average  temperature  in  1913  at  Concord,  N.  H.,  the  nearest 
United  States  meteorological  station,  was  48°  F. ; the  highest  tem- 
perature of  the  year  was  99°  in  July;  the  lowest,  —7°  in  February. 
The  records  of  the  United  States  Weather  Bureau  were  also  examined 
to  discover  whether  the  seasonal  conditions  which  prevailed  in  Man- 
chester during  the  period  covered  by  the  investigation  were  in  any  way 
exceptional,  but  such  was  found  not  to  be  the  case. 

Month  of  birth. — Another  factor  to  be  taken  into  consideration 
in  connection  with  the  distribution  of  deaths  by  cause  and  season  is 
the  month  of  birth.  The  baby’s  age  when  subjected  to  special  haz- 
ards, such  as  summer  heat  and  diarrheal  epidemics,  makes  a difference 
in  its  power  of  resistance.  Babies  born  during  the  late  summer  and 
early  fall  months  in  Manchester  appeared  to  have  the  best  chance  of 
survival.  October  babies  made  'the  best  showing  of  all,  with  an 
infant  mortality  rate  of  but  90.9.  August  and  September  babies 
showed  rates  of  119.7  and  117.2,  respectively.  Babies  born  in  May 
and  June,  who  were  very  young  to  face  the  summer  months,  had  the 
highest  death  rates,  namely,  227.3  and  234,  respectively.  Babies 
born  in  July  and  August  had  lower  death  rates,  perhaps  because 
fewer  of  them  were  weaned  before  the  end  of  the  hot  season.  The 
numbers,  however,  are  too  small  to  justify  any  positive  deductions. 


Table  12. 


Births  during  selected  year  and  infant  deaths. 


Live  births. 

Stillbirths. 

Month  of  birth. 

Total 

births. 

Infant  deaths. 

Total. 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate. 

Number. 

Ter  cent. 

The  year 

1,643 

1,564 

258 

165.0 

79 

4.8 

November,  1912 

118 

109 

24 

220.  2 

9 

7.6 

December,  1912 

124 

111 

14 

126. 1 

13 

10.5 

January,  1913 

130 

127 

26 

204.  7 

3 

2.3 

February, 1913 

134 

128 

21 

164. 1 

6 

4.5 

March,  1913 

139 

135 

20 

148. 1 

4 

2.9 

April,  1913 

152 

148 

24 

162.2 

4 

2.6 

May,  1913 

138 

132 

30 

227.3 

6 

4.3 

June,  1913 

146 

141 

142 

33 

234.0 

5 

3.4 

July,  1913 

149 

23 

162.  0 

7 

4.  7 

August,  1913 

147 

142 

17 

119.  7 

5 

3.4 

September,  1913 

138 

128 

15 

117.2 

10 

7.2 

October,  1913 

128 

121 

11 

90.9 

7 

5.5 

30 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Table  13. 


Deaths  among  infants  born  during  selected  year. 


Occurring  in  specified  month  of  age. 


Total. 

CO 

.h 

Second. 

Third. 

Fourth. 

Fifth. 

Sixth. 

Seventh. 

| Eighth. 

Ninth. 

Tenth. 

Eleventh.  | 

Twelfth. 

The  year 

258 

72 

24 

24 

18 

18 

21 

18 

11 

20 

11 

9 

12 

November,  1912 

24 

5 

3 

3 

1 

2 

1 

.5 

2 

1 

1 

December,  1912 

14 

3 

2 

1 

1 

2 

3 

2 

January,  1913 

26 

7 

4 

1 

2 

1 

3 

4 

2 

2 

February,  1913 

21 

7 

1 

1 

3 

4 

1 

1 

2 

March,  1913 

20 

5 

2 

”2" 

1 

3 

3 

1 

'T 

1 

i 

April,  1913 

24 

5 

2 

6 

4 

3 

1 

l 

l 

i 

May,  1913 

30 

9 

i 

5 

2 

1 

2 

1 

3 

1 

1 

2 

2 

June,  1913 

33 

7 

8 

4 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

3 

July,  1913 

23 

9 

1 

4 

1 

2 

1 

3 

2 

August,  1913 

17 

8 

1 

1 

2 

3 

1 

1 

September,  1913 

15 

5 

1 

2 

1 

3 

2 

1 

October,  1913 

11 

2 

3 

2 

1 

2 

1 

Table  14. 

Deaths  among  infants  born  during  selected  year. 

Occurring  in  specified  year  and  month. 

Month  of  birth. 

Total. 

1912 

1913 

No- 

vem- 

ber. 

De- 

cem- 

ber. 

Janu- 

ary. 

Febru- 

ary. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Au- 

gust. 

Sep- 

tem- 

ber. 

The  vear 

258 

4 

6 

8 

12 

10 

9 

14 

12 

29 

47 

27 

November,  1912 

24 

4 

3 

2 

2 

1 

1 

][” 

1 

1 

5 

2 

December,  1912 

14 

3 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

4 

January,  1913 

26 

6 

3 

3 

2 

1 

5 

4 

2 

February, 1913 

21 

6 

2 

1 

4 

3 

1 

March,  1913 

20 

3 

4 

3 

4 

2 

April,  1913 

24 

4 

1 

1 

3 

6 

5 

May,  1913 

30 

8 

1 

5 

2 

2 

June,  1913 

33 

5 

3 

9 

2 

Julv,  1913 

23 

5 

5 

2 

August,  1913. . 

17 

8 

1 

September,  1913 

15 

4 

October,  1913 

11 

Occurring  in  specified  year  and  month — Continued. 

Month  of  birth. 

1913 

1914 

Octo- 

ber. 

Novem- 

ber. 

Decem- 

ber. 

Janu- 

ary. 

Febru- 

ary. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Au- 

gust. 

The  year 

13 

5 

9 

14 

8 

5 

6 

11 

5 

3 

1 

November,  1912 

December,  1912 

1 

January,  1913. 

February,  1913  . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

March,  1913 

1 

2 

April,  1913 

2 

1 

1 

May;  1913 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

June,  1913 

3 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

Julv, 1913 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

J 

August,  1913 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

September,  1913 

1 

3 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

October,  1913 

2 

3 

1 

2 

2 

1 

INFANT  MORTALITY. 


31 


STILLBIRTHS. 

A total  of  79  stillbirths  occurred  among  the  1,643  births  included 
in  this  study.  The  problem  of  stillbirths  is  closely  connected  with 
that  of  the  deaths  of  live-born  infants,  especially  the  deaths  due  to 
prematurity  and  other  prenatal  causes.  The  stillbirth  rate,  or  per- 
centage of  stillbirths,  is  given  in  most  of  the  general  tables  parallel 
with  the  infant  mortality  rate. 

The  79  stillbirths  formed  4.8  per  cent  of  all  births  considered  in 
this  study.  No  doubt  this  is  an  understatement  of  the  actual  num- 
ber, as  the  registration  of  stillbirths  is  even  less  complete  than  that 
of  live  births. 

Nationality  of  mother. — The  percentage  of  stillbirths  reported  for 
foreign-born  mothers  was  4.9,  slightly  higher  than  that  reported  for 
native  mothers,  for  whom  it  was  4.6.  The  highest  percentage  was 
found  among  the  group  of  English,  Irish,  and  Scotch  mothers.  Births 
to  the  combined  group  numbered  115  and  9 of  these,  or  7.8  per  cent, 
were  stillbirths.  Among  the  French-Canadian  mothers  there  were 
36  stillbirths,  or  5.9  per  cent  of  all  births;  among  Polish  mothers  only 
6,  or  3.5  per  cent  of  all  births. 


Table  15. 


Births  during  selected  year  and  infant  deaths. 


Live  births.  Stillbirths. 


Nationality  of  mother. 


Total 

births. 


Infant  deaths. 


Total. 


Number. 


Infant 

mortality 

rate.1 


Number. 


Per 

cent.1 


All  mothers 

Native  mothers 

Foreign-bom  mothers 

Canadian,  French 

Canadian,  except  French. . . 

Polish 

English,  Irish,  Scotch 

Greek  and  Syrian 

German 

Jewish 

Ruthenian  and  Lithuanian. 
All  other  and  not  reported. 


1,643 


548 

1,095 


610 

27 

170 

115 

72 

30 

24 
22 

25 


1,564 


523 

1,041 


574 

27 

164 

106 

71 

29 

24 
21 

25 


258 


67 

191 


129 

4 

31 

7 

10 

2 

2 

3 

3 


165.0 


128.1 

183.5 


224.7 


189.0 

66.0 


79  4.8 


25  4.6 

54  4.9 


36  5.9 


6 3.5 

9 7.8 

1 

1 


1 


1 Not  shown  where  base  is  less  than  100. 


Gainful  employment  of  mother. — Gainful  employment  of  the 
mothers  at  some  time  during  pregnancy  might  be  expected,  perhaps, 
to  show  a more  definite  relation  to  a high  percentage  of  stillbirths 
than  any  other  factor  considered  in  this  study.  To  some  degree  this 
appears  to  be  the  case  for  the  group  of  babies  under  consideration. 
Mothers  gainfully  employed  had  a higher  percentage  than  all  mothers 
or  than  those  not  gainfully  employed,  but  the  highest  percentage 


32 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


occurred  among  the  mothers  gainfully  employed  away  from  home 
and  the  lowest  among  those  gainfully  employed  at  home. 


Table  16. 


All  mothers 


Employment  of  mother  during  year  before  baby’s  birth. 


Per  cent 
of  still- 
births. 


4.8 


Not  gainfully  employed. 

Gainfully  employed 

At  home 

Away  from  home . . . 


4.1 

5.5 
1.8 

7.5 


The  percentage  of  stillbirths  was  markedly  higher  among  the  older 
mothers.  Among  babies  of  mothers  40  and  over  they  formed  8.9 
per  cent  of  all  births.  Among  babies  of  mothers  aged  20  to  24  the 
percentage  was  lowest,  namely,  3.8.  In  the  two  intervening  classes, 
mothers  aged  25  to  29  and  those  aged  30  to  39,  the  percentages  were 
4.9  and  4.5,  respectively.  Births  to  mothers  under  20  numbered  64 
and  included  5 stillbirths.  (See  Table  19.) 

SEX. 

The  infant  mortality  rate  among  the  male  infants  was  higher  than 
that  among  the  female,  a result  in  accord  with  general  experience  as 
shown  in  practically  all  vital  statistics  giving  such  rates.  The  differ- 
ence in  rate  is  much  more  marked  among  the  natives. 


Table  17. 


Births  during  selected  year  and  infant  deaths. 


Live  births. 

Stillbirths. 

Sex  of  baby  and  nativity  of  mother. 

Total 

births. 

Infant  deaths. 

Total. 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

All  mothers 

1,643 

1,564 

258 

165.0 

79 

4.8 

Male 

826 

781 

149 

190.8 

45 

5.4 

Female 

817 

783 

109 

139.2 

34 

4.2 

Native  mothers 

548 

523 

67 

128.1 

25 

4.6 

Male 

268 

255 

44 

172.5 

13 

4.9 

Female 

280 

268 

23 

85.8 

12 

4.3 

Foreign-bom  mothers 

1,095 

1,041 

191 

183.5 

54 

4.9 

Male 

558 

526 

105 

199.6 

32 

5.7 

Female 

537 

515- 

86 

167.0 

22 

4.1 

Masculinity. — It  will  be  noted  also  that  the  group  studied  shows 
a preponderance  of  male  births,  which  fact  also  coincides  with  the 
usual  showing  for  birth  statistics.  The  ratio  of  sexes  usually  is 
expressed  by  the  term  masculinity,  which  for  our  group  is  1,011 — 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


33. 


that  is,  1,011  male  births  to  1,000  female  births.  In  their  contribu- 
tion to  national  demography,1  C.  J.  Lewis  and  J.  Norman  Lewis  pre- 
sent some  interesting  figures  concerning  the  variation  of  the  magnitude 
of  masculinity,  and  state  that  “The  proportion  of  masculine  and 
feminine  births  must  be  the  result  of  definite  causes,  and  dependent  on 
laws  which  are  not  yet  adequately  known/’  and  that  “ Under  present 
conditions  the  possession  of  a positive  masculinity  appears  to  be  an 
integral  necessity  of  a vigorous  nationality.  The  reason  for  this  lies 
in  the  heavier  mortality  which  the  male  suffers  as  compared  with  the 
female  in  the  early  years  of  life.  Male  children  perish  not  only  in 
early  years,  but  even  in  early  months,  at  a greater  rate  than  their 
sisters.”  Later,  “The  masculinity  of  a people  rarely  exceeds  1,100 
or  falls  below  900,”  but,  “The  masculinity  of  stillbirths  is  never  lower 
than  1,200,  and  rises  in  one  instance  to  1,700,  though  it  is  generally 
about  1,300.” 

The  variation  in  masculinity  among  the  babies  of  native  and  of 
foreign-born  mothers  in  Manchester  as  indicated  below  is  in  practical 
accord  with  the  findings  above  quoted : 


Table  18. 

Nativity  of  motherV 

Masculinity  (number  of  male 
per  1,000  female  births). 

All 

births. 

Live 

births. 

Still- 

births. 

All  mothers  

1,011 

997 

1,324 

Native  mothers 

957 

952 

1,083 

Foreign-bom  mothers 

1,039 

1,021 

1,455 

AGE  OF  MOTHER  AND  ORDER  OF 

BIRTH. 

Age  of  mother. — The  age  of  the  mother  at  the  time  of  the  birth 
of  the  baby  is  another  possible  factor  in  infant  mortality.  A very 
high  proportion  of  infant  deaths  occurred  among  babies  bom  during 
the  selected  year  to  mothers  who  were  40  years  of  age  and  over — 
19  out  of  92  live  births.  The  highest  rates,  however,  were  found 
among  the  babies  of  mothers  under  25  years  of  age.  The  babies  of 
mothers  aged  from  30  to  39  had  a rate  of  146.6,  which  was  the  lowest 
found  for  any  group  of  mothers  classified  according  to  age.  The 
rate  for  this  same  group  differs  markedly,  however,  for  native  and 
foreign-born  mothers,  the  babies  of  native  mothers  having  a rate  of 
71.4  only,  while  those  of  foreign-bom  mothers  had  a rate  of  176.6. 
The  lowest  infant  mortality  rate  for  any  age  group  of  foreign-bom 
mothers  occurred  among  babies  of  mothers  aged  from  25  to  29 — 
namely,  a rate  of  165.  (See  Table  19.) 


1 Lewis,  C.  J.  and  J.  Norman,  Natality  and  Fecundity,  London,  1906,  pp.  110,  111,  121. 
72624°— 17 3 


.34 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


These  numbers  are  too  small  to  warrant  any  general  conclusions  in 
regard  to  the  influence  of  the  mother’s  age  upon  the  infant  mortality 
rate.  Individual  circumstances  and  the  order  of  birth  of  the  baby 
are  so  closely  connected  with  the  question  of  the  age  of  the  mother 
that  caution  must  be  used  in  drawing  inferences  based  on  age  alone. 


Table  19. 


Births  during  selected  year  and  infant  deaths. 


Live  births. 

Stillbirths. 

Age  of  mother  at  birth  of  child,  and 
nativity. 

Total 

births. 

Infant  deaths. 

Total. 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate.1 

Number. 

Per 

cent.1 

All  mothers * 

1,643 

1,564 

258 

165.0 

79 

4.8 

Under  25  

540 

517 

95 

183.8 

23 

4.3 

Under  20 

64 

59 

12 

5 

20  to  24 

476 

458 

83 

181.2 

18 

3.8 

4.9 
4.5 

8.9 

25  to  29 

487 

463 

71 

153.3 

24 

30  to  39 

514 

491 

72 

146.6 

23 

40  and  over 

101 

92 

19 

9 

Not  reported 

1 

1 

1 

Native  mothers 

548 

523 

67 

128.1 

25 

4.6 

Under  25 

227 

217 

34 

156.7 

10 

4.4 

Under  20 

33 

30 

5 

3 

20  to  24 

194 

187 

29 

155.1 

7 

3.6 

25  to  29 

163 

154 

20 

129.9 

9 

5.5 

30  to  39 

144 

140 

10 

71.4 

4 

2.8 

40  and  over 

14 

12 

3 

2 

Foreign-bom  mothers 

1,095 

1,041 

191 

183.5 

54 

4.9 

Under  25 

313 

300 

61 

203.3 

13 

4.2 

Under  20 

31 

29 

7 

2 

20  to  24 

282 

271 

54 

199.3 

11 

3.9 

25  to  29 

324 

309 

51 

165.0 

15 

4.6 

30  to  39 

370 

351 

62 

176.6 

19 

5.1 

40  and  over 

87 

80 

16 

7 

Not  reported 

1 

1 

1 

1 Not  shown  where  base  is  less  than  100. 


Order  of  birth. — The  babies  scheduled  ranged  from  the  first  to 
the  eighteenth  child  of  the  mother.  Though  the  numbers  on  the 
whole  for  infants  born  during  the  selected  year  are  too  small  to  estab- 
lish conclusively  a biological  tendency,  one  or  two  facts  of  significance 
emerge.  First-born  children  had  a markedly  higher  death  rate  than 
second-born  children.  Fluctuations  in  the  rate  according  to  order 
of  birth  after  the  second  showed  no  special  relation,  except  in  the 
case  of  exceptionally  large  families.  Babies  ninth  and  later  in  order 
of  birth,  of  whom  there  were  144  live  born,  had  an  infant  mortality 
rate  of  250,  a rate  higher  than  that  for  any  earlier  bom  or  for  the 
whole  group  of  earlier  born  babies,  which  was  156.3.  This  fact  may 
explain  the  higher  rate  among  foreign-born  than  among  native  mothers 
in  the  age  group  30  to  39.  Foreign-born  girls  as  a rule  marry  early 
and  are  more  likely  to  have  had  by  this  time  of  life  a large  number  of 


INFANT  MORTALITY, 


35 


children.  It  is  not  possible,  however,  to  determine  exactly  the  relative 
importance  of  the  order  of  birth  as  an  independent  factor  in  the  high 
infant  mortality  rate  in  Manchester. 


Table  20. 


Births  during  selected  year  and  infant  deaths. 


Number  of  child  in  order  of  birth,  and  na- 
tivity of  mother. 

Total 

births. 

Live  births. 

Stillbirths. 

Total. 

Infant  deaths. 

Number. 

Per 

cent.1 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate.1 

All  mothers 

1,643 

1,564 

258 

165.0 

79 

4.8 

First 

454 

427 

71 

166.3 

27 

5.9 

Second 

317 

310 

39 

125.8 

7 

2.2 

Third 

226 

218 

36 

165.1 

8 

3.5 

Fourth 

158 

150 

30 

200.0 

8 

5.1 

Fifth 

114 

108 

12 

111.1 

6 

5.3 

Sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth 

221 

207 

34 

164.3 

14 

6.3 

Ninth  and  later 

153 

144 

36 

250.0 

9 

5.9 

Native  mothers 

548 

523 

67 

128.1 

25 

4.6 

First 

198 

184 

16 

87.0 

14 

7.1 

Second 

126 

124 

16 

129.0 

2 

1.6 

Third  

90 

88 

12 

2 

Fourth  

42 

40 

10 

2 

Fifth  

31 

31 

4 

Sixth  seventh,  and  eighth 

46 

43 

6 

3 

Ninth  and  later  

15 

13 

3 

2 

Foreign-born  mothers 

1,095 

1,041 

191 

183.5 

54 

4.9 

First 

256 

243 

55 

226.3 

13 

5.1 

Second 

191 

186 

23 

123.7 

5 

2.6 

Third 

136 

130 

24 

184.6 

6 

4.4 

Fourth 

116 

110 

20 

181.8 

6 

5.2 

Fifth 

83 

77 

8 

6 

Sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth 

175 

164 

28 

170.7 

11 

6.3 

Ninth  and  later 

138 

131 

33 

251.9 

7 

5.1 

French-Oanadian  mothers 

610 

574 

129 

224.7 

36 

5.9 

First 

130 

122 

36 

295.1 

8 

6.2 

Second 

99 

95 

13 

4 

Third  

64 

60 

18 

4 

Fourth 

59 

54 

8 

5 

Fifth 

49 

44 

5 

5 

Sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth 

103 

98 

21 

5 

4.9 

Ninth  and  later 

106 

101 

28 

277.2 

5 

4.7 

Other  foreign-born  mothers 

485 

467 

62 

132.8 

18 

3.7 

First 

126 

121 

19 

157.0 

5 

4.0 

Second 

92 

91 

10 

1 

Third 

72 

70 

6 

2 

Fourth 

57 

56 

12 

1 

Fifth , 

34 

33 

3 

1 

Sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth 

72 

66 

7 

6 

Ninth  and  later 

32 

30 

5 

2 

Not  shown  where  base  is  less  than  100. 


36 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Table  21. 


Number  of  child  in  order  of  birth,  and  nativity  of  mother. 


All  mothers 

First 

Second 

Third 

Fourth 

Fifth 

Sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth.. 
Ninth  and  later 

Native  mothers 

First 

Second 

Third 

Fourth 

Fifth 

Sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth.. 
Ninth  and  later 

Foreign-born  mothers. 


First 

Second 

Third 

Fourth 

Fifth 

Sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth. 
Ninth  and  later 


Frencli-Canadian  mothers 


First 

Second 

Third 

Fourth 

Fifth 

Sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth 

Ninth  and  later 

Other  foreign-born  mothers 


First 

Second 

Third 

Fourth 

Fifth 

Sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth. 
Ninth  and  later 


Per  cent  distribution  of  births 
during  selected  year  and  of 
infant  deaths. 


Total 

Live 

Infant 

births. 

births. 

deaths. 

100. 0 

100.0 

100.0 

27.6 

27.3 

27.5 

19.3 

19.8 

15.1 

13.8 

13.9 

14.0 

9.6 

9.6 

11.6 

6.9 

6.9 

4.7 

13.5 

13.2 

13.2 

9.3 

9.2 

14.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

36.1 

35.2 

23.9 

23  0 

23.7 

23.9 

16.4 

16.8 

17.9 

7.7 

7.6 

14.9 

5.7 

5.9 

6.0 

8.4 

8.2 

9.0 

2.7 

2.5 

4.5 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

23.4 

23.3 

28.8 

17.4 

17.9 

12.0 

12.4 

12.5 

12.6 

10.6 

10.6 

10.5 

7.6 

7.4 

4.2 

16.0 

15.8 

14.7 

12.6 

12.6 

17.3 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

21.3 

21.3 

27.9 

16.2 

16.6 

10.1 

10.5 

10.5 

14.0 

9.7 

9.4 

6.2 

8.0 

7.7 

3.9 

16.9 

17.1 

16.3 

17.4 

17.6 

21.7 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

26.0 

25.9 

30.6 

19.0 

19.5 

16.1 

14.8 

15.0 

9.7 

11.8 

12.0 

19.4 

7.0 

7.1 

4.8 

14.8 

14.1 

11.3 

6.6 

6.4 

8.1 

Size  of  family. — The  order  of  birth  of  the  baby  is  of  interest  as 
indicating  the  relative  tendency  of  the  different  classes  to  have 
large  families.  Babies  ninth  or  later  in  order  of  birth  were  bom 
chiefly  in  types  of  families  with  generally  high  infant  mortality  rates; 
69.3  per  cent  were  born  to  French-Canadian  mothers,  and  the  tendency 
to  have  many  children  is  more  common  in  the  lower-earnings  classes 
than  in  the  higher.  This  tendency  appears  from  the  following  table. 
Of  the  1,643  babies  considered,  60.7  per  cent  belonged  to  families  in 
which  the  total  number  of  births  had  been  three  or  less. 


INFANT  MORTALITY, 


37 


Table  22. 

Infants  born  during  selected  year. 

Total. 

Whose  fathers  earned  specified  amount. 

Number  of  child  in 
order  of  birth. 

Under  $450. 

$450  to  $549. 

$550  to  $649. 

$650  to  $849. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Total 

1,  G43 

100.0 

225 

100.0 

274 

100.0 

297 

100.0 

426 

100.0 

First  

454 

27.6 

66 

29.3 

72~ 

26^3 

92 

31.0 

90 

21.1 

Second  

317 

19.3 

40 

17.8 

51 

18.6 

49 

16.5 

92 

21.6 

Third  

226 

13.8 

32 

14.2 

39 

14.2 

29 

9.8 

68 

16.0 

Fourth 

158 

9.6 

26 

11.6 

27 

9.9 

28 

9.4 

47 

11.0 

Fifth 

114 

6.9 

14 

6.2 

13 

4.7 

29 

9.8 

28 

6.6 

Sixth  

96 

5.8 

13 

5.8 

14 

5.1 

20 

6.7 

28 

6.6 

Seventh  

74 

4.5 

9 

4.0 

15 

5.5 

16 

5.4 

17 

4.0 

Eighth  

51 

3.1 

3 

1.3 

7 

2.6 

12 

4.0 

17 

4.0 

Ninth  

39 

2.4 

7 

3.1 

6 

2.2 

2 

.7 

9 

2.1 

Tenth  

37 

2.3 

7 

3.1 

5 

1.8 

5 

1.7 

14 

3.3 

F le  venth 

25 

1.5 

3 

1.3 

7 

2.6 

3 

1.0 

8 

1.9 

Twelfth  

20 

1.2 

1 

.4 

10 

3.6 

4 

1.3 

' 3 

.7 

Th  irteenth 

13 

.8 

2 

.9 

3 

1.1 

3 

1.0 

1 

.2 

9 

.5 

2 

.9 

2 

.7 

3 

.7 

Eiflpputh 

3 

.2 

1 

.4 

1 

.3 

RiYtppnt.il 

6 

.4 

3 

1. 1 

2 

.7 

1 

.2 

U1A  lUCUUU  - 

IT  iffh  tppri  til 

1 

. 1 

1 

. 4 

.Tjigll  tCCUUI 

1 



Whose  fathers  earned  specified  amount— Continued. 


$850  to  $1,049. 

$1,050  to  $1,249. 

$1,250  and  over. 

No  earnings.1 

Not  reported. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Total 

199 

100.0 

72 

100.0 

105 

100.0 

24 

100.0 

21 

100.0 

First 

61 

30.7 

21 

29.2 

38~ 

36.2 

9 

37.5 

5 

2378 

Second 

42 

21. 1 

14 

19.4 

27 

25.7 

2 

9. 5 

Third 

32 

16.1 

10 

13.9 

9 

8.6 

4 

16.7 

3 

14.3 

Fourth 

10 

5.0 

6 

8.3 

9 

8.6 

3 

12.5 

2 

9.5 

Fifth 

16 

8.0 

5 

6.9 

6 

5.7 

1 

4.2 

2 

9.5 

Sixth 

11 

5.5 

4 

5.6 

4 

3.8 

1 

4.2 

1 

4.8 

Seventh 

9 

4.  5 

1 

1.4 

5 

4.8 

2 

9.5 

Eighth 

6 

3.0 

3 

4.2 

2 

1.9 

1 

4.2 

Ninth 

4 

2.0 

4 

5.  6 

3 

2.9 

3 

12.5 

1 

4.  8 

Tenth 

1 

. 5 

1 

1.  4 

1 

1.0 

3 

14.3 

Eleventh 

2 

1.  0 

1.  4 

i 

4.  2 

Twelfth 

2 

1.  0 

Thirteenth 

2 

1.  0 

1 

1.4 

2 

4.2 

Fourteenth 

.5 

1 

1.0 

Fifteenth 

1 

1.4 

1 Includes  1 father  living  on  his  income.. 


ATTENDANT  AT  BIRTH. 

The  question  of  attendant  at  birth  is  of  importance  in  all  com- 
munities and  especially  in  those  with  a large  foreign  population 
accustomed  to  the  services  of  a midwife  or  even  to  some  extent  to 
doing  without  trained  care  at  childbirth.  In  Manchester,  however, 
this  custom  is  not  general,  for  in  90.1  per  cent  of  the  registered  births 
considered  the  mother  had  a physician  in  attendance  at  birth  and  in 
only  9.3  per  cent  a midwife.  The  practice  of  the  native  mothers 


38 


INFANT  mortality. 


differed  considerably  from  that  of  the  foreign-born,  98.9  per  cent  of 
the  former  having  been  attended  by  a physician  and  only  85.8 
per  cent  of  the  latter. 


Table  23. 

Births  during  selected  year  to — 

Attendant  at  birth. 

All  mothers. 

Native  mothers. 

Foreign-bom 

mothers. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

All  classes 

1,643 

100.0 

548 

100.0 

1,095 

100.0 

Physician 

1,481 

90. 1 

542 

98.9 

939 

85.8 

Midwife 

153 

9.3 

4 

.7 

149 

13.6 

Other,  none,  or  not  reported 

9 

.5 

2 

.4 

1 7 

.6 

The  proportion  of  cases  accredited  to  midwives  is  doubtless  an 
understatement,  as  in  cases  of  difficult  labor  the  midwife  frequently 
calls  in  a physician  and  the  case  is  accredited  to  him. 

It  was  seldom  the  custom  of  mothers  to  seek  medical  advice  during 
pregnancy,  and  many  of  the  poorer  mothers,  and  especially  of  the 
foreign-born,  resumed  part  or  all  of  their  customary  duties  within  a 
few  days  after  the  birth  of  the  baby.  Nevertheless  a considerable 
number  even  among  this  group  did  remain  in  bed  at  least  a week  or 
10  days  after  childbirth,  with  the  services  either  of  a practical  nurse 
or  of  a visiting  nurse  from  some  philanthropic  organization,  or  at 
least  under  the  care  of  members  of  the  family.  It  was  not  at  all 
uncommon  for  the  husband  to  act  as  nurse,  particularly  among  the 
French  Canadians.  In  these  families  in  some  cases  where  there  were 
no  grown  children  the  husband  continued  to  relieve  the  mother  of  the 
heavy  housework,  such  as  scrubbing  and  washing,  for  a number  of 
weeks  after  confinement. 


ECONOMIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  FACTORS. 

Babies  born  into  the  homes  of  unskilled  workers  where  earnings 
are  small  face  greater  hazards  than  those  in  more  fortunate  circum- 
stances. When  the  1,564  live-born  babies  included  in  this  study  are 
grouped  according  to  father’s  earnings,  it  is  found  that  among  the 
babies  in  the  lo west-earnings  group  infant  deaths  are  more  than  four 
times  as  frequent  as  in  the  highest-earnings  group. 

Another  point  which  appears  from  a study  of  the  findings  is  that 
gainful  employment  of  the  mother  away  from  home  was  accompanied 
by  a high  infant  mortality  rate,  higher  even  than  that  for  all  babies 
in  the  low-earnings  groups. 

Occupation  of  father. — The  great  majority  of  the  babies  included 
in  this  study  had  fathers  who  were  engaged  in  occupations  outside 
of  professional,  clerical,  and  mercantile  groups;  725  of  them  were 
factory  operatives.  The  majority  of  these,  442,  were  textile  opera- 


INFANT  MORTALITY, 


39 


tives,  but  in  all  597  babies  had  fathers  employed  in  textile  mills  in 
some  capacity,  either  as  operatives  or  as  laborers,  teamsters,  clerks, etc. 


Table  24. 


Infants  bom  during  selected  year. 


Occupation  of  father. 


All  occupations  2 

Manufacturing  and  me- 
chanical industries 

Blacksmiths 

Boilermakers 

Builders  and  contractors 

Compositors,  linotype  operators, 

and  pressmen 

Electricians 

Engineers  and  firemen 

Factory  operatives 

Textile 

Shoe 

Cigar  and  tobacco 

Other  industries 

Laborers,  helpers,  and  appren- 
tices   

Machinists,  millwrights,  and 

toolma’  ers 

Manufacturers  (officials  and 

managers) 

Shoemakers  and  cobblers 

Skilled  mechanics,  building 

trades 

Tailors 

Other  pursuits 

Trade 

Bankers,  brokers,  real  estate  and 

insurance  agents 

Commercial  travelers  and  sales- 
men  

Deliverymen 

Laborers 

Retail  and  wholesale  dealers 
(proprietors,  officials,  and 

managers) 

Other  pursuits 

Domestic  and  personal 
service 


Barbers 

Saloonkeepers  and  bartenders . . 

Servants 

Other  pursuits 

Transportation 

Chauffeurs,  teamsters,  and  ex- 
pressmen  

Conductors,  motormen,  and 

trainmen 

Express,  post,  telegraph,  and 

telephone  employees 

Laborers 

Proprietors,  officials,  and  mana- 
gers  

Other  pursuits 


Whose  fathers  earned  specified  amount. 


Total. 

Under 

$450. 

$450 

to 

$549. 

$550 

to 

$649. 

$650 

to 

$849. 

$850 

to 

$1,049. 

$1, 050 
to 

$1,249. 

$1,250 

and 

over. 

No 

earn- 

ings.i 

Not 

re- 

ported. 

1,643 

225 

274 

297 

426 

199 

72 

105 

24 

21 

1,086 

181 

214 

212 

291 

98 

34 

33 

13 

10 

7 

2 

2 

2 

1 

8 

4 

3 

1 

9 

2 

1 

3 

2 

1 

6 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

12 

1 

4 

5 

1 

1 

42 

2 I 

8 

26  | 

1 

2 

2 

725 

154 

166 

145 

161 

48 

26 

11 

10 

5 

442 

121 

129 

87 

78 

11 

4 

1 

7 

4 

200 

24 

26 

38 

65 

28 

11 

6 

1 

31 

1 

1 

2 

6 

7 

10 

4 

52 

8 

9 

18 

12 

2 

1 

2 

56 

14 

17 

14 

10 

1 

34 

5 

5 

15 

6 

j 

2 

17 

2 

2 

1 

12 

7 

2 

2 

2 

1 

138 

8 

17 

30 

56 

21 

1 

1 

1 

3 

10 

1 

1 

5 

1 

1 

1 

15 

2 

2 

1 

4 

6 

240 

15 

24 

41 

57 

39 

15 

43 

2 

4 

15 

4 

4 

7 

67 

2 

3 

12 

17 

17 

4 

10 

2 

56 

4 

10 

18 

21 

2 

1 

13 

6 

3 

1 

3 

80 

3 

8 

9 

10 

14 

6 

26 

2 

2 

9 

1 

6 

2 

90 

7 

11 

6 

29 

22 

6 

6 

1 

2 

19 

2 

2 

9 

4 

2 

29 

2 

2 

3 

3 

13 

2 

3 

1 

10 

1 

8 

1 

32 

4 

7 

1 

9 

4 

4 

1 

1 

1 

88 

9 

11 

18 

25 

13 

7 

5 

35 

5 

8 

11 

8 

2 

1 

27 

1 

4 

11 

6 

2 

3 

6 

1 

5 

13 

4 

2 

3 

3 

1 

3 

2 

1 

■ 1 4 

2 

2 

1 Includes  1 father  living  on  his  income. 

2 Of  597  fathers  in  the  textile  industry  442  were  operatives  and  155  employees  engaged  in  occupations 
not  peculiar  to  the  industry,  such  as  officials,  clerks,  carpenters,  teamsters,  etc.  The  latter  were  classified 
in  the  occupational  groups  to  which  they  belong. 


40 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Table  24— Continued. 


Occupation  of  father. 


Infants  born  during  selected  year. 


Whose  fathers  earned  specified  amount. 


Total. 

Under 

$450. 

$450 

to 

$549. 

$550 

to 

$649. 

$650 

to 

$849. 

$850 

to 

$1,049. 

$1,050 

to 

$1,249. 

$1,250 

and 

over. 

No 

earn- 

ings. 

Not 

re- 

ported. 

Clerical  occupations,  all 
industries 

39 

1 

1 

8 

15 

9 

1 

4 

Public  service 

33 

4 

6 

7 

4 

7 

2 

2 

1 

Laborers 

22 

4 

6 

7 

4 

1 

Officials,  firemen,  and  policemen. 

Professional  and  semipro- 
fessional pursuits 

11 

7 

2 

2 

27 

1 

1 

2 

5 

6 

11 

1 

Agriculture  and  forestry.. . 

20 

2 

4 

4 

3 

4 

2 

Farmers 

8 

1 

2 

3 

1 

1 

Farm  laborers 

10 

1 

4 

2 

2 

1 

Others 

2 

1 

1 

No  occupation 1 

T 

..  7 

Not  reported 

13 

5 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1 Includes  1 father  living  on  his  income. 


Fathers  earnings  an  index  of  economic  status. — The  father’s 
earnings,  it  is  believed,  furnish  the  most  reliable  index  to  the  economic 
status  of  the  family  because  in  most  cases  they  are  not  only  the  chief 
support  but  also  the  most  stable  and  regular  element  in  the  family 
income.  Supplementary  sources  of  income  such  as  mother’s  and 
children’s  earnings  are  likely  to  be  temporary  and  fluctuating.  A 
special  objection  to  lumping  father’s  earnings  with  the  earnings  of  the 
mother  and  children  is  that  the  gainful  employment  of  the  latter  indi- 
cates a low  economic  status  which  would  tend  to  be  obscured  were 
their  earnings  combined.  Furthermore,  the  increase  in  family 
income  due  to  mother’s  going  to  work  is  one  brought  about  by  creat- 
ing a possible  factor  in  infant  mortality,  namely,  the  withdrawal  of 
the  mother’s  care.  Income  derived  from  property  is  found  chiefly  in 
the  group  of  fathers  earning  $1,250  or  more,  all  of  whom  are  classed 
together  in  any  event.  The  father’s  earnings  therefore  best  represent 
the  scale  of  living  attainable  through  a period  of  years  and  fix  the 
living  habits  and  the  real  economic  status  of  the  family. 

Rates  of  pay  can  not  be  computed  from  the  earnings  reported. 
On  account  of  lack  of  employment  or  for  other  reasons  the  father  may 
not  have  worked  steadily.  It  can  not  be  inferred,  because  a father 
earned,  for  example,  only  $350  in  a year’s  time  that  his  unit  rate  was 
so  low  that  he  could  not  have  earned  more  if  at  work  full  time  through- 
out the  year. 

Distribution  of  economic  groups. — A classification  of  babies  on  the 
basis  of  father’s  earnings  shows  that  the  fathers  of  48.4  per  cent,  or 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


41 


nearly  half  of  them,  earned  less  than  $650  a year  and  that  the  fathers 
of  74.4  per  cent,  approximately  three-fourths,  earned  under  $850. 
Only  6.4  per  cent  had  fathers  earning  $1,250  or  more,  while  225,  or 
13.7  per  cent  of  the  whole  number,  had  fathers  who  earned  less  than 
$450.  In  addition  to  those  for  whom  earnings  were  reported  the 
fathers  of  23  babies  either  had  died  or,  during  the  year  following  the 
child’s  birth,  did  not  contribute  to  the  support  of  their  families 
because  they  had  deserted  or  had  earned  nothing  on  account  of  illness. 
In  the  case  of  21  babies  the  father’s  earnings  could  not  be  ascertained. 
(See  Table  25.) 


DIAGRAM  IV.— PER  CENT  OF  BIRTHS  TO  ALL  MOTHERS,  NATIVE  MOTHERS  AND  FOREIGN- 
BORN  MOTHERS,  ACCORDING  TO  FATHER’S  EARNINGS. 


Under  $450  to  $550  to  $650  to  $850  to  $1,050  to  $1,250  No  earnings 

$450.  $549.  $649.  $849.  $1,049.  $1,249.  and  over,  and  no  re- 

port. 


x x- 


All  mothers. 

Native  mothers. 
Foreign-born  mothers. 


42 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Table  25. 


Births  during  selected  year  to — 


Earnings  of  father. 

All  mothers. 

Native  mothers. 

Foreign-born 

mothers. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

All  classes 

1,643 

100.0 

548 

100.0 

1,095 

100.0 

Under  $450 

225 

13.7 

29 

5.3 

196 

17.9 

$450  to  $549 

274 

16.7 

59 

10.8 

215 

19.6 

$550  to  $649 

297 

18.1 

92 

16.8 

205 

18.7 

$650  to  $849 

426 

25.9 

160 

29.2 

266 

24.3 

$850  to  $1,049 

199 

12.1 

100 

18.2 

99 

9.0 

$1,050  to  $1,249 

72 

4.4 

36 

6.6 

36 

3.3 

$1,250  and  over 

105 

6.4 

63 

11.5 

42 

3.8 

No  earnings  1 

24 

1.5 

5 

.9 

19 

1.7 

Not  reported 

21 

1.3 

4 

.7 

17 

1.6 

1 Includes  1 father  living  on  his  income. 


The  same  economic  facts  shown  in  the  preceding  table  and  dia- 
gram are  presented  in  a somewhat  different  form  in  the  next  diagram, 
which  shows  cumulative  groups  by  father’s  earnings — that  is,  those 
earning  a specified  amount  and  oyer. 


DIAGRAM  V.— Per  cent  of  births  to  all  mothers,  native  mothers,  and  foreign-born 

MOTHERS  IN  GROUPS  WHERE  FATHERS  EARNED  SPECIFIED  AMOUNTS  AND  OVER. 


$450  and  $550  and  $650  and 
over.  over.  over. 


$850  and  $1,050  and  $1,250  and 
over.  over.  over. 


Earnings  of  father. 

Percentage  of  births  to — 

All 

mothers. 

Native 

mothers. 

Foreign- 

born 

mothers.  AH  mothers. 

$450  and  over 

83.6 

66.9 

48.8 

22.9 
10.8 

6.4 

93.1 

82.3 

65.5 

36.3 

18.1 

11.5 

_ _ Native  mothers. 

gg  | Foreign-bom  mothers. 

40'.5 

16.2 

7.1 

3.8  43 

$550  and  over 

$650  and  over 

$850  and  over 

$1,050  and  over 

$1,250  and  over 

44 


INFANT  MORTALITY, 


Infant  mortality  rate  by  father’s  earnings. — The  infant  mortality 
rate  shows  a marked  and  almost  regular  decline  as  the  father’s  earn- 
ings become  larger.  In  the  group  of  babies  where  the  father's  earn- 
ings are  less  than  $450  per  annum  the  infant  mortality  rate  is  242,9, 
while  in  the  next  group,  where  the  fathers  earn  from  $450  to  $549,  the 
rate  is  173.6.  It  rises  very  slightly  in  the  next  class,  $550  to  $649, 
namely,  to  174.5,  and  thereafter  drops  steadily  with  each  advance  in 
economic  status.  The  rate,  however,  does  not  fall  below  100  until 
the  father's  earnings  reach  $1,050  or  more.  Babies  whose  fathers 
earn  $1,250  and  over  per  annum  have  a death  rate  of  only  58.3. 


Table  26. 


Earnings  of  father  and  nativity  of  mother. 


All  mothers 

Under  $450 

$450  to  $549 

$550  to  $649 

$650  to  $849 

$850  to  $1,049 

$1,050  to  $1,249  

$1,250  and  over 

No  earnings 2 

Not  reported •. 

Native  mothers 

Under  $450 

$450  to  $549 

$550  to  $649 

$650  to  $849 

$850  to  $1,049 

$1,050  to  $1,249 

$1,250  and  over 

No  earnings 

Not  reported 

Foreign-born  mothers 

Under  $450 

$450  to  $549 

$550  to  $649 

$650  to  $849 

$850  to  $1,049 

$1,050  to  $1,249 

$1,250  and  over 

No  earnings  2 

Not  reported 

French-Canadian  mothers. . 

Under  $450 

$450  to  $549 

$550  to  $649 

$650  to  $849 

$850  to  $1,049 

$1,050  to  $1,249 

$1,250  and  over 

No  earnings 2 

Not  reported 

Other  foreign-born  mothers. 

Under  $450 

$450  to  $549 

$550  to  $649 

$650  to  $849 

$850  to  $1,049 

$1,050  to  $1.249 

$1,250  and  over 

No  earnings 

Not  reported 


Births  during  selected  year  and  infant  deaths. 

Total 

births. 

Live  births. 

Stillbirths. 

Total. 

Infant 

Number. 

deaths. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate.1 

Number. 

Per  cent.1 

1,643 

1,564 

258 

165.0 

79 

4.8 

225 

210 

51 

242.9 

15 

6.7 

274 

265 

46 

173.6 

9 

3.3 

297 

275 

48 

174.5 

22 

7.4 

426 

406 

66 

162.6 

20 

4.7 

199 

192 

24 

125.0 

7 

3.5 

72 

71 

5 

1 

105 

103 

6 

58.3 

2 

1.9 

24 

22 

8 

2 

21 

20 

4 

1 

548 

523 

67 

128.1 

25 

4.6 

29 

23 

5 

6 

59 

58 

3 

1 

92 

85 

18 

7 

160 

155 

22 

141.9 

5 

3.1 

100 

97 

13 

3 

3.0 

36 

35 

1 

1 

63 

62 

1 

1 

5 

4 

2 

1 

4 

4 

2 

1,095 

1,041 

191 

183.5 

54 

4.9 

196 

187 

46 

246.0 

9 

4.6 

215 

207 

43 

207.7 

8 

3.7 

205 

190 

30 

157.9 

15 

7.3 

266 

251 

44 

175.3 

15 

5. 6 

99 

95 

11 

4 

36 

36 

4 

42 

41 

5 

1 

19 

18 

6 

1 

17 

16 

2 

1 

610 

574 

129 

224.7 

36 

5.9 

52 

48 

15 

4 

121 

117 

28 

239.3 

4 

3.3 

133 

123 

24 

195.1 

10 

7.5 

177 

165 

38 

230.3 

12 

6.8 

68 

65 

10 

3 

18 

18 

3 

22 

21 

5 

1 

10 

9 

4 

1 

9 

8 

2 

1 

485 

467 

62 

132.8 

18 

3.7 

144 

139 

31 

223.0 

5 

3.5 

94 

90 

15 

4 

72 

67 

6 

5 

89 

86 

6 

3 

31 

30 

1 

1 

18 

18 

1 

20 

20 

9 

9 

2 

8 

8 

Not  shown  where  base  is  less  than  100. 


2 Includes  1 father  living  on  his  income. 


ich 

RAT 

250 

230 

210 

190 

170 

150 

130 

110 

90 

70 

50 

0 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


45 


following  diagram  graphically  illustrates  the  constancy  with 
infant  death  rates  fall  as  earnings  rise. 

DIAGRAM  VI— INFANT  MORTALITY  RATE  BY  FATHER’S  EARNINGS. 


$450  to 
$549. 


$550  to 
$649. 


$650  to 
$849. 


$850  to 
$1,049. 


$1,050  to  $1,250  and 
$1,249.  over. 


46 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Fathers  earnings  supplemented.— The  families  of  924  babies,  56.2 
per  cent  of  the  whole  number,  had  other  sources  of  income  than  the 
father's  earnings.  Supplementary  income  derived  from  earnings  of 
mother  and  children  occurred  more  frequently,  as  might  be  expected, 
where  the  father's  earnings  were  low  than  in  the  class  with  higher 
earnings,  for  low  earnings  of  the  father  often  necessitate  gainful 
employment  of  other  members  of  the  family.  Mother's  earnings 
where  derived  from  boarders  or  lodgers  were  reported  gross — that  is, 
as  the  total  receipts  from  these  sources.  Actual  net  profit  from 
real  estate  could  never  be  ascertained,  and  rentals,  therefore,  were 
always  reported  gross.  The  data  on  total  income,  it  will  be  seen,  are 
much  less  reliable  than  those  regarding  father’s  earnings  on  account 
of  the  difficulty  in  general  of  ascertaining  the  facts  in  regard  to  such 
income,  and  in  particular  of  separating  net  income  from  gross. 

Total  income. — Though  the  information  obtained  on  total  family 
income  is  not  wholly  accurate,  the  indications  are  that  in  the  group 
of  families  studied  in  Manchester  supplementary  sources  of  income, 
where  they  existed,  were  of  much  less  importance  in  determining  the 
family's  economic  standing  than  was  the  father’s  contribution.  In 
the  group  where  the  father’s  earnings  were  under  $550  per  annum 
other  sources  of  income  existed  in  76  per  cent  of  the  cases,  and  only 
95,  or  25.1  per  cent,  of  379  such  families  had  their  whole  income 
brought  up  to  $850  or  more.  Where  the  father’s  earnings  were  from 
$550  to  $649  per  annum  the  families  ofN  55.2  per  cent  of  the  babies 
had  other  sources  of  income,  but  less  than  hah  of  those  reporting 
other  income  had  a total  annual  income  of  more  than  $850.  The 
relative  importance  of  other  sources  of  income  continues  to  grow  less 
as  the  father's  earnings  increase. 


Table  27. 


Infants  born  during  selected  year. 


Whose  fathers  earned  specified  amount. 


Total  family  income. 

loiai. 

Under  $550. 

$550  to  $649. 

$650  to  $849. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

All  classes 

1,643 

100.0 

499 

100.0 

297 

100.0 

426 

100.0 

Own  income 

1 

. 1 

Income  from  father’s  earnings  only . 

718 

43.7 

120 

24.0 

133 

44.8 

212 

49.8 

Income  including  more  than  fa- 

ther’s earnings 

924 

56.2 

379 

76.0 

164 

55.2 

214 

50.2 

Under  $550 

81 

4.  9 

68 

13.6 

$550  to  $649 

102 

6.2 

83 

16.6 

16 

5.4 

$650  to  $849 

245 

14.9 

117 

23.4 

66 

22.2 

61 

14.3 

$850  to  $1,049 

199 

12.  1 

59 

11.8 

35 

11.8 

81 

19.0 

$1,050  to  $1,249 

95 

5.8 

14 

2.8 

17 

- 5.  7 

37 

8.7 

$1,250  and  over 

149 

9.1 

22 

4.  4 

22 

7.4 

30 

7.0 

Not  reported 

53 

3.2 

16 

3.2 

8 

2.7 

5 

1.2 

INFANT  MORTALITY. 


47 


Table  27— Continued. 


Infants  born  during  selected  year— Continued. 


Whose  fathers  earned  specified  amount — Continued. 


Total  family  income. 

8850  to  81,049. 

81,050  to 
81,249. 

81,250  and 
over. 

No  earnings. 

Not 

reported. 

Num- 

ber. 

Percent 

distri- 

bution. 

Num- 

ber. 

Percent 

distri- 

bution. 

Num- 

ber. 

Percent 

distri- 

bution. 

Num- 

ber. 

Percent 

distri- 

bution. 

All  classes 

199 

100.0 

72 

100.0 

105 

100.0 

24 

100.0 

21 

Own  income 

1 

4.2 

Income  from  father’s  earnings  only . 
Income  including  more  than  fa- 
ther’s earnings 

119 

59.  8 

55 

76.4 

75 

71.  4 

4 

80 

40.2 

17 

23.6 

30 

28.6 

23 

95.8 

17 

Under  8550 

13 

54.  2 

8550  to  8649  

3 

12.5 

8650  to  8849  

4.2 

8850  to  81,049 

21 

10.  6 

3 

12.5 

$1,050  to  81,249 

25 

12.  6 

2 

2.  8 

81,250  and  over 

30 

15. 1 

15 

20.8 

30 

28.6 

N ot  reported 

4 

2.0 

3 

12.5 

17 

Fathers  earnings  and  employment  of  mother. — Gainful  employ- 
ment of  the  mother,  in  so  far  as  it  accompanies  low  earnings  of  the 
father,  would  naturally  be  associated  with  a high  infant  mortality 
rate.  It  may  act  independently,  however,  and  either  add  to  the  dis- 
advantages which  the  baby  suffers  on  account  of  poverty  or  mitigate 
them  according  to  whether  the  loss  of  the  mother’s  care,  which  it 
involves,  is  offset  or  not  by  the  added  income.  But  in  general  the 
babies  of  working  mothers  in  Manchester  had  a higher  infant  mor- 
tality rate  than  babies  whose  mothers  were  not  gainfully  employed. 

It  has  been  often  alleged  that  in  industrial  communities  such  as 
Manchester,  which  offer  ready  employment  for  women,  the  reason 
married  women  and  mothers  seek  gainful  employment  is  either  because 
of  the  temptation  to  earn  pin  money  or  money  for  some  special  purpose 
such  as  the  buying  of  a home  or  because  women  learn  economic 
independence  before  marriage  and  prefer  the  factory  to  housework. 
Individual  instances  of  this  sort  were  encountered  in  Manchester, 
but  insufficient  or  low  earnings  on  the  part  of  the  father  appear  to  be 
the  most  potent  reason  for  the  mother’s  going  to  work.  Where  the 
fathers  earned  less  than  $450  a year  73.3  per  cent  of  the  mothers 
were  gainfully  employed  during  some  part  of  the  year  after  the  baby’s 
birth.  With  each  rise  in  economic  status  the  proportion  of  babies 
with  mothers  gainfully  employed  falls  but  does  not  really  reach  a 
small  proportion,  9.6  per  cent,  until  the  group  with  fathers  earning 
$1,050  and  over  a year  is  reached.  These  proportions,  however,  are 
markedly  different  among  the  native  and  the  foreign  born,  particu- 
larly those  other  than  French  Canadians.  (See  Table  28.) 

Of  the  722  babies  whose  mothers  were  gainfully  employed  the  year 
after  childbirth  45.4  per  cent  were  in  families  where  the  earnings  of 


48 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


the  father  were  under  $550  per  annum;  63.6  per  cent  where  the 
earnings  were  under  $650;  and  85.2  per  cent  where  the  fathers  earned 
under  $850  a year. 


Table  28. 

Earnings  of  father  and  nativity  of  mother. 

Births 1 c 
Total. 

luring  selec 

To  motl 
fuHy 
during 
lowing 
birth. 

Number. 

ted  year. 

lers  gain- 
employed 
year  fol- 
baby’s 

Per  cent. 

All  mothers 

1,643 

722 

43.9 

Under  $450 

225 

165 

73.3 

$450  to  $549 

274 

163 

59.5 

$550  to  $649 

297 

131 

44. 1 

$650  to  $849 

426 

156 

36.6 

$850  to  $1,049 

199 

55 

27.6 

$1,050  to  $1,249 

72 

7 

9.  7 

$1,250  and  over 

105 

10 

9.5 

No  earnings2 

24 

22 

Not  reported 

21 

13 

Native  mothers 

548 

167 

30.5 

Under  $450 

29 

16 

55.  2 

$450  to  $549 

59 

29 

49.2 

$550  to  $649 

92 

33 

35.9 

$650  to  $849 

160 

50 

31.3 

$850  to  $1,049 

100 

24 

24.0 

$1,050  to  $1,249 

36 

3 

8.3 

$1,250  and  over 

63 

5 

7.9 

No  earnings 

5 

5 

Not  reported 

4 

2 

Foreign-born  mothers 

1,095 

555 

50.7 

Under  $450 

196 

149 

76.0 

$450  to  $549 

215 

134 

62.3 

$550  to  $649 

205 

98 

47.8 

$650  to  $849 

266 

106 

39.8 

$850  to  $1,049 

99 

31 

31.3 

$1,050  to  $1,249 

36 

4 

11.1 

$1,250  and  over 

42 

5 

11.9 

No  earnings 2 

19 

17 

Not  reported 

17 

11 

French-Canadian  mothers 

610 

253 

41.5 

Under  $450 

52 

29 

55.8 

$450  to  $549 

121 

62 

51.2 

$550  to  $649 

133 

61 

45.9 

$650  to  $849 

177 

61 

34.5 

$850  to  $1,049 

68 

22 

32.4 

$1,050  to  $1,249 

18 

2 

11.1 

$1,250 and  over. 

22 

2 

9.1 

No  earnings2 . 

10 

9 

Not  reported. . . 

9 

5 

Other  foreign-born  mothers 

485 

302 

62.3 

Under  $450 

144 

120 

83.3 

$450  to  $549 

94 

72 

76.6 

$550  to  $649 

72 

37 

51.4 

$650  to  $849 

89 

45 

50.6 

$850  to  $1,049 

31 

9 

29.0 

$1,050  to  $1,249 

18 

2 

11.1 

$1,250  and  over 

20 

3 

15.0 

No  earnings 

9 

8 

Not  reported 

8 

6 

1 Includes  stillbirths.  2 Includes  1 father  living  on  his  income. 


From  the  figures  just  presented  it  may  not  be  possible  to  determine 
exactly  the  yearly  earnings  that  a man  must  have  in  order  to  maintain 
his  family  unaided,  but  the  fact  that  the  majority  of  all  mothers  in 
the  group  where  the  father’s  earnings  fall  below  $650  were  gainfully 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


49 


employed  at  some  time  during  the  year  following  childbirth  shows 
a significant  relation  between  the  gainful  employment  of  mothers 
and  the  low  earnings  of  fathers. 


DIAGRAM  VII.— PER  CENT  OF  MOTHERS  GAINFULLY  EMPLOYED  DURING  YEAR  FOL- 
LOWING BABY’S  BIRTH  WHEN  FATHERS  EARNED  SPECIFIED  AMOUNTS. 


Under  $ 150  to  $549.  $550  to  $649.  $650  to  $849.  $850  to  $1,049.  $1,050  and 

$450.  over. 

72624°— 17 4 


50 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Mother’s  earnings. — Mother’s  earnings  were  tabulated  separately 
from  income  from  other  sources  and  they  were  found  to  be  relatively 
small;  in. more  than  half  of  the  instances  they  amounted  to  less  than 
$250  per  mother.  There  were  722  babies,  live  born  and  stillborn,  or  43.9 
per  cent  of  the  whole  number,  whose  mothers  were  gainfully  employed 
at  some  time  during  the  year  following  their  birth.  More  than  one- 
third  of  the  working  mothers  earned  under  $150  during  the  year  and 
only  3.5  per  cent  of  them  earned  as  much  as  $550.  A considerably 
larger  proportion  of  the  foreign-born  mothers  than  of  the  native 
mothers  earned  more  than  $250.  These  contributions  were  not  all  net 
gain  to  the  family,  however,  even  when  derived  from  other  work  than 
keeping  boarders  and  lodgers,  for  when  the  mother  worked  out  it 
sometimes  became  necessary  to  hire  a caretaker  for  the  baby  or  to 
incur  other  extra  expense  in  housekeeping. 


Table  29. 


Earnings  of  mother  during  year  following  baby’s  birth. 

Total. 

Native. 

Foreign-bom. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

All  classes 

722 

100.0 

167 

100.0 

555 

100.0 

Under  $150 

263 

36.4 

65 

38.9 

198 

35.7 

$150  to  $249 

148 

20.5 

41 

24.6 

107 

19.3 

$250  to  $349 

119 

16.5 

25 

15.0 

94 

16.9 

$350  to  $549 

127 

17.6 

19 

11.4 

108 

19.5 

$550  and  over 

25 

3.5 

4 

2.4 

21 

3.8 

Not  reported 

40 

5.5 

13 

7.8 

27 

4.9 

Births  during  selected  year  to  gainfully  employed 
mothers. 


Work  during  year  before  baby’s  birth. — Nearly  half  the  whole 
number  of  babies  included  in  the  investigation  had  mothers  who  had 
engaged  in  gainful  employment  at  some  time  during  the  year  pre- 
vious to  the  baby’s  birth.  The  occupations  included  504  cases 
where  the  work  was  away  from  home,  427  of  which  were  of  employ- 
ment in  the  textile  mills  and  47  in  other  factories. 


Table  30. 

Occupation  of  mother  during  year  before 
baby’s  birth. 

Births  during  selected  year  and  infant  deaths. 

Total 

births. 

Live  births. 

Stillbirths. 

Total. 

Infant  deaths. 

Number. 

Per 

cent.1 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate.1 

All  mothers 

1,643 

1,564 

258 

165.0 

79 

4.8 

Not  gainfully  employed 

864 

829 

111 

133.9 

35 

4.1 

Gainfully  employed 

776 

733 

146 

199.2 

43 

5.5 

At  home 

272 

267 

40 

149.8 

5 

1.8 

Keeping  lodgers 

239 

234 

36 

153.8 

5 

2.1 

Other  home  work 

33 

33 

4 

Away  from  home 

504 

466 

106 

227.5 

38 

7.5 

Textile  mill  operatives 

427 

395 

95 

240.5 

32 

7.5 

Othor  ffl.ot.nry  npprativfis 

47 

43 

• 6 

•4 

Clarks  end  sal  aswom  an 

11 

10 

1 

1 

Servants...  . 

12 

11 

4 

1 

Other  occupations 

7 

7 

Not  reported 

3 

2 

1 

! 

1 1 

i 

! 

1 Not  shown  where  base  is  less  than  100. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


51 


Babies  of  mothers  gainfully  employed  during  the  year  preceding 
the  baby’s  birth  had  a mortality  rate  of  199.2,  whereas  the  rate  for 
babies  of  mothers  who  were  not  so  employed  was  133.9.  The  rate 
for  babies  of  mothers  whose  gainful  work  was  in  the  home  was  149.8; 
for  babies  whose  mothers  worked  away  from  home,  227.5.  This 
latter  rate  is  somewhat  lower  than  the  rate  of  242.9  reported  for 
babies  in  the  lowest  economic  class — those  whose  fathers  earned 
under  $450  per  annum.  However,  the  total  number  of  live-born 
babies  whose  mothers  worked  during  the  year  previous  to  childbirth 
was  733,  while  the  number  whose  fathers  earned  under  $450  was  only 
210.  In  order  to  compare  groups  containing  the  largest  possible 
number  of  coincidences  between  low  earnings  and  mother’s  work 
it  is  necessary  to  consider  all  live-born  babies  whose  fathers’  earnings 
were  under  $650  per  annum.  These  babies  numbered  750,  and  the 
infant  mortality  rate  was  193.3,  which  ^appreciably  lower  than  the 
one  quoted  above  for  babies  whose  mothers  were  gainfully  employed 
away  from  home  the  year  previous  to  childbirth.  The  influence 
upon  stillbirths  of  mother’s  work  before  the  birth  of  her  child  has 
been  shown  already  in  the  discussion  of  that  topic  on  page  31 . 


Table  31. 

Employment  of  mother  at  home  and  away 
from  home  during  year  before  baby's 
birth  and  nativity  of  mother. 

Births  during  selected  year  and  infant  deaths. 

Total 

births. 

Live  births. 

Stillbirths. 

Total. 

Infant  deaths. 

Number. 

Per  cent.1 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate.1 

All  mothers 

1,643 

1,564 

258 

165.0 

79 

4.8 

Not  gainfully  employed 

864 

829 

111 

133.9 

35 

4.1 

Gainfully  employed 

776 

733 

146 

199.2 

43 

5.5 

At  home 

272 

267 

40 

149.8 

5 

1.8 

Away  from  home. 

504 

466 

106 

227.5 

38 

7.5 

Not  reported 

3 

2 

1 

1 

Native  mothers 

548 

523 

67 

128.1 

25 

4.6 

Not  gainfully  employed 

352 

338 

31 

91.7 

14 

4.0 

Gainfully  employed 

194 

183 

35 

191.3 

11 

5.7 

At  home 

58 

58 

7 

Away  from  home 

136 

125 

28 

224.0 

11 

8.1 

Not  reported 

2 

2 

1 

Foreign-born  mothers 

1,095 

1,041 

191 

183.5 

54 

4.9 

Not  gainfully  employed 

512 

491 

80 

162.9 

21 

4.1 

Gainfully  employed 

582 

550 

111 

201.8 

32 

5.5 

At  home 

214 

209 

33 

157.9 

5 

2.3 

Away  from  home 

368 

341 

78 

228.7 

27 

7.3 

Not  reported 

1 

1 

French-Canadian  mothers 

610 

574 

129 

224.7 

36 

5.9 

Not  gainfully  employed 

349 

335 

66 

197.0 

14 

4.0 

Gainfully  employed 

261 

239 

63 

263.6 

22 

8.4 

At  home 

75 

73 

14 

2 

Away  from  home 

186 

166 

49 

295.2 

20 

10.8 

Other  foreign-born  mothers 

485 

467 

62 

132.8 

18 

3.7 

Not  gainfully  employed 

163 

156 

14 

89.7 

7 

4.3 

Gainfully  employed 

321 

311 

48 

154.3 

10 

3.1 

At  home 

139 

136 

19 

139.7 

3 

2.2 

Away  from  home.* 

182 

175 

29 

165.7 

7 

3.8 

Not  reported 

J 

1 

1 Not  shown  where  base  is  less  than  100. 


52 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Work  during  year  after  baby’s  birth.— It  remains  to  be  demon- 
strated whether  or  not  the  gainful  employment  of  the  mother  during 
some  part  of  the  year  following  childbirth  is  an  independent  factor 
in  the  infant  mortality  rate.  The  mothers  of  679  live-born  infants 
were  thus  employed;  among  these  infants  occurred  150  deaths  under 
12  months  of  age.  The  infant  mortality  rate,  therefore,  for  this 
group  is  220.9  as  compared  with  a rate  of  122  for  the  babies  whose 
mothers  were  not  gainfully  employed  during  any  part  of  the  year  fol- 
lowing childbirth.  At  first  glance  the  wide  difference  between  these 
rates  seems  conclusive  evidence  of  the  effect  of  the  mother’s  gainful 
employment  upon  the  well-being  of  the  child.  Several  points,  how- 
ever, which  weaken  the  comparative  value  of  these  rates  must  be 
considered. 

In  the  first  place,  the  group  of  gainfully  employed  mothers  is  com- 
posed of  two  widely  different  elements — those  who  worked  at  home 
and  were  not  separated  from  their  babies  and  those  who  worked  away 
from  home  and  were  separated  from  their  babies.  Secondly,  the 
mothers  of  72  babies  were  not  gainfully  employed  until  after  their 
babies  had  died.  In  no  way,  therefore,  could  the  employment  of 
these  mothers  have  been  a factor  in  their  babies’  deaths. 


Table  32. 


Live  births  during  selected  year  and 
infant  deaths. 


Employment  of  mother  at  home  and  away  from  home  during 
year  following  baby's  birth  and  baby's  age  when  mother 
resumed  gainful  work  away  from  home. 

Total 

live 

births. 

Infant  deaths. 

Survived 
1 year. 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate.1 

All  mothers 

1,564 

1,306 

258 

165.0 

Not  gainfully  employed 

885 

777 

108 

122.0 

Gainfully  employed 

679 

529 

150 

220.9 

Resumed  after  baby’s  death 

72 

72 

Resumed  during  baby's  life 

603 

529 

74 

122.7 

No  report  of  time  resumed 

4 

4 

Work  at  home 

353 

305 

48 

136.0 

Resumed  after  baby's  death 

13 

13 

Resumed  during  baby's  life 

336 

305 

31 

92.3 

No  report  of  time  resumed 

4 

4 

Work  away  from  home 

326 

224 

102 

312.9 

Resumed  after  baby's  death 

59 

59 

Resumed  during  baby's  life 

267 

224 

43 

161.0 

Baby's  age  when  resumed: 

Under  1 month 

11 

6 

5 

1 month  and  under  2 

34 

22 

12 

2 months  and  under  3 

42 

37 

5 

3 months  and  under  4 . . 

32 

21 

11 

4 months  and  under  5 . . 

22 

18 

4 

5 months  and  under  6 . . 

31 

28 

3 

6 months  or  older 

95 

92 

3 

i Not  shown  where  base  is  less  than  100. 


If  the  72  babies  just  referred  to  and  the  4 whose  ages  when  the 
mothers  resumed  work  were  not  reported  be  eliminated  from  consider- 
ation, the  infant  mortality  rate  for  the  603  babies  whose  mothers  were 
gainfully  employed  while  their  babies  were  still  alive  is  122.7 — a rate 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


53 


almost  identical  with  that  for  babies  whose  mothers  were  not  gain- 
fully employed. 

The  rate  of  122.7  is  made  up  of  two  rates — one  of  92.3  for  the  babies 
whose  mothers  were  gainfully  employed  at  home  during  the  baby’s 
lifetime  and  one  of  161  for  those  whose  mothers  were  thus  employed 
away  from  home.  Evidently  employment  of  the  latter  sort  is  the 
one,  if  either,  to  be  considered  a factor  in  infant  mortality. 

A careful  examination  of  the  original  schedules  discloses  the  fact 
that  of  the  mothers  who  were  gainfully  employed  outside  the  home 
while  their  babies  were  still  alive  not  one  was  thus  employed  before 
the  baby  was  at  least  2 weeks  old.  The  mortality  rate,  161  for  the 
babies  of  these  mothers,  is  therefore  a rate  for  a selected  group  of 
babies  who  survived  at  least  2 weeks  and  should  be  compared 
with  the  rate  for  the  remaining  babies  who  survived  at  least  2 weeks. 
In  all,  1,508  infants  survived  at  least  2 weeks — 267  whose  mothers 
went  out  to  work  while  their  babies  were  alive  and  1,241  others. 
In  this  latter  group  occurred  159  subsequent  infant  deaths — a mor- 
tality rate  of  128.1,  which  is  markedly  lower  than  the  rate  of  161 
for  the  babies  whose  mothers  were  gainfully  employed  outside  the 
home  during  the  baby’s  lifetime. 

Significance  of  mothers  absence. — The  evil  effects  of  the  mother’s 
gainful  employment  away  from  home  while  the  baby  is  alive  lie 
primarily  in  depriving  the  child  of  the  mother’s  care  and  in  substi- 
tuting artificial  feeding  for  breast  feeding.  The  younger  the  baby  the 
more  marked  the  effect.  Of  the  119  babies  whose  mothers  worked 
away  from  home  before  the  baby  was  4 months  of  age,  33  died 
before  the  age  of  1 year.  The  mortality  rate  was  277.3.  Among  all 
other  live-born  babies,  1,445  in  number,  there  occurred  225  infant 
deaths — a mortality  rate  of  155.7.  But  since  the  119  babies  were 
part  of  a selected  group  which  had  survived  at  least  2 weeks,  the 
full  significance  of  the  rate,  277.3,  appears  only  when  contrasted 
with  the  rate  of  121.7  for  the  remainder  of  the  group,  namely,  1,389 
babies  who  had  survived  at  least  2 weeks.  (See  Table  33.) 

Clearly,  from  these  ^comparisons,  so  far  as  our  data  revealed  the 
actual  conditions  in  Manchester,  the  gainful  employment  of  mothers 
away  from  home  during  some  part  of  the  year  following  childbirth 
was  accompanied  by  a marked  increase  in  the  infant  mortality  rate, 
particularly  in  those  cases  where  the  mothers  were  thus  employed 
within  four  months  of  childbirth. 


54 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Table  33. 


Infants  whose  mothers  re- 
sumed work  away  from 
home  during  baby’s  life- 
time. 


Baby’s  age  when  mother  resumed  gainful  work. 


Infant  deaths. 


Total. 


Number. 


Infant 

mortality 

rate.1 


All  ages 

Under  4 months 

Under  1 month 

1 month  and  under  2. . 

2 months  and  under  3 . 

3 months  and  under  4 . 


267 


119 


11 

34 

42 

32 


43 


33 


5 

12 

5 

11 


161.0 

277.3 


4 months  or  older. 

4 months  and  under  5 . . 

5 months  and  under  6 . . 

6 months  or  older 


148 


22 

31 

95 


10 


4 

3 

3 


67.6 


1 Not  shown  where  base  is  less  than  100. 


Mothers  work  and  infant  mortality  in  low-earnings  group. — The 

gainful  employment  of  mothers,  as  has  been  shown,  is  closely  con- 
nected in  Manchester  with  the  inadequate  earnings  of  the  father, 
and  the  high  infant  mortality  rate  among  babies  of  employed  mothers 
may  be  due  to  the  low  economic  status  of  the  family.  In  order, 
therefore,  to  separate  the  effects  of  the  one  condition  from  the  effects 
of  the  other,  the  data  concerning  the  employment  of  mothers  in  the 
group  where  the  father’s  earnings  were  under  $650  have  been  brought 
together  in  the  following  table. 


Table  34. 

Infant  deaths. 

Employment  of  mother  during  year  following  baby’s  birth,  where  father’s 
earnings  were  under  $650. 

Live 

births. 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate.1 

All  mothers 

750 

145 

193.3 

Mothers  not  gainfully  employed 

322 

43 

133.5 

Mothers  gainfully  employed 

428 

102 

238.3 

After  baby’s  death 

46 

46 

During  baby’s  life 

378 

52 

137.6 

At  home 

181 

21 

116.0 

Away  from  home 

197 

31 

157.  4 

Time  of  resumption  not  specified 

4 

4 

1 Not  shown  where  base  is  less  than  100. 


From  this  table  emerges  the  significant  fact  that  within  the  same 
low-income  group  the  babies  whose  mothers  were  gainfully  em- 
ployed away  from  home  while  their  babies  were  alive  had  a notably 
higher  infant  mortality  rate  than  those  babies  whose  mothers  were 
not  gainfully  employed  during  any  part  of  the  year  following  child- 
birth. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


55 


NATIVITY  AND  NATIONALITY. 

Foreign  element  in  city. — Manchester  has  a large  foreign-bom 
population  in  which  the  French-Canadian  is  the  dominant  group. 
The  total  population  in  1910  according  to  the  Federal  census  was 
70,063,  of  which  29,692,  or  42  per  cent,  were  foreign-born  white; 
24,197,  or  35  per  cent,  native  white  of  foreign  or  mixed  parentage, 
and  only  16,119,  or  23  per  cent,  native  white  of  native  parents.  The 
French-Canadian  was  not  far  below  the  native  stock,  numbering 
13,720,  or  20  per  cent  of  the  total.  Other  foreign  horn  found  in  any 
considerable  numbers  in  1910  were  the  Irish,  3,482;  Canadians  (other 
than  French),  2,716;  Germans,  1,225;  and  Greeks,  1,330.  The  last 
named  and  the  Poles  and  Syrians  are  the  newest  immigrants  and 
appear  to  he  coming  in  increasing  numbers. 

The  reports  1 of  the  Immigration  Commission  give  the  following 
account  of  the  history  of  immigration  to  Manchester: 

The  character  of  the  immigration  to  Manchester,  N.  H.,  like  that  of  other  cotton- 
manufacturing cities,  has  undergone  considerable  change  within  the  past  20  years. 
Practically  no  Irish  have  come  during  that  time,  the  English  and  Germans  ceased  to 
come  in  considerable  numbers  during  the  same  period,  and  comparatively  few  French 
Canadians  have  arrived  since  the  cessation  of  their  enormous  immigration  10  or  15 
years  ago. 

The  Irish  immigration  was  very  heavy  after  1850  and  again  after  1870.  They  form 
at  present  by  far  the  largest  group  of  foreign-born,  exclusive  of  Canadians.  * * * 
French-Canadian  immigration,  beginning  in  large  numbers  in  the  late  seventies  and 
in  the  early  part  of  the  decade  1880-1890,  has  contributed  by  far  the  most  important 
element  of  the  foreign  population.  In  1900,  55  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born  of  Man- 
chester were  French  Canadians,  their  number,  even  exclusive  of  the  second  generation, 
representing  almost  one-fourth  of  the  total  population  of  the  city.  * * * 

The  more  recent  immigrants,  at  present  so  important  a factor  in  the  mill  population, 
began  coming  to  Manchester  12  or  15  years  ago.  The  Poles  first  entered  the  mills  of 
the  city  about  1895,  and  are  still  arriving  in  considerable  numbers.  The  Greeks  and 
Bulgarians,  together  with  a few  Syrians  and  Turks,  constitute  the  largest  racial  group 
now  coming  to  the  city. 

Foreign-born  mothers  in  this  study. — Although  the  foreign  born 
constituted  only  about  42  per  cent  of  the  total  population,  foreign- 
born  mothers  gave  birth  to  about  67  per  cent  of  the  1,643  infants. 

Over  hah  of  the  mothers  of  foreign  birth  were  French  Canadians. 
The  number  of  births  to  this  group  was  610,  or  37.1  per  cent  of  the 
total.  Polish  mothers  were  next  in  numbers,  giving  birth  to  170 
children.  Irish  mothers  contributed  92  births;  Greek  and  Syrian,  72. 

The  last  two  races  named  live  in  the  same  colonies  and  have  much 
the  same  habits;  therefore  they  were  combined  for  purposes  of  com- 
parison. The  same  is  true  also  of  Ruthenian,  Lithuanian,  and  Polish, 
and  the  number  of  births  to  this  whole  group  was  192.  English,  Irish, 
and  Scotch  combined  contributed  115  births.  Other  nationalities 
were  less  important  in  numbers.  (See  Table  15.) 


1 Reports  of  the  Immigration  Commission,  vol.  10,  p.  46,  W ashington,  1911. 


56 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


French  Canadians. — The  French  Canadians  in  Manchester  form  a 
prominent  and  distinct  element  in  the  city  life.  They  have  an  in- 
tense feeling  of  nationality,  shared  even  by  their  descendants  of  the 
first  and  second  generations.  Their  impress  upon  the  city  is  to  be 
seen  in  the  French  names  of  many  institutions,  such  as  churches, 
convents,  schools,  hospitals,  orphanages,  and  homes.  Many  of  the 
streets  in  the  predominantly  French  section  bear  French  names,  as, 
for  example,  Notre  Dame,  Cartier,  Dubuque,  Youville,  Alsace,  etc. 
French  is  the  common  language  of  the  home,  shop,  and  street  in 
this  section,  and  even  the  stores  in  the  principal  business  sections 
employ  French  interpreters  to  receive  customers’  orders.  There  is 
one  French  daily  newspaper  in  the  city.  It  is  significant  that  the 
only  native  mothers  encountered  in  connection  with  this  study  who 
could  not  speak  English  were  of  French-Canadian  descent;  they  num- 
bered 42,  or  7.7  per  cent  of  the  total  native  born. 

The  French  Canadians  in  Manchester  are  generally  thrifty,  self- 
respecting  people,  ambitious  to  own  their  homes  and  to  accumulate 
property.  Despite  their  tendency  to  retain  their  language  and  a sepa- 
rate community  life,  they  are  found  not  only  in  the  French  quarter 
but  in  other  sections  of  the  city.  They  are  also  found  in  all  occupa- 
tions, though  large  numbers  work  in  the  textile  mills.  Their  earn- 
ings here  are  higher  as  a rule  than  those  of  the  newer  immigrants, 
the  Greeks,  Syrians,  and  Poles,  and  on  the  whole  they  occupy  a rela- 
tively favorable  position  among  the  foi'eign-born  population  in  the 
community  as  regards  both  economic  and  social  status. 

Nationality  and  infant  mortality. — The  infant  mortality  rate  among 
babies  of  native  mothers  was  128.1,  while  among  babies  of  foreign- 
born  mothers  it  was  183.5.  The  rate  for  babies  born  to  French- 
Canadian  mothers  was  224.7,  and  the  next  highest  rate  was  that  among 
babies  of  Polish  mothers — 189.  The  lowest  rate  shown  is  that  for 
babies  of  the  English,  Irish,  and  Scotch  mothers;  for  this  group  it 
was  only  66,  a rate  very  much  lower  than  that  for  babies  of  native 
mothers.  These  figures  make  apparent  the  disproportionately  large 
number  of  deaths  among  babies  born  to  French-Canadian  mothers. 
There  were  129  deaths  in  this  group,  and  if  these  be  eliminated  the 
infant  mortality  rate  for  all  other  foreign-nationality  groups  com- 
bined falls  from  183.5  to  132.8,  and  the  rate  for  all  babies  considered 
from  165  to  130.3.  (See  Table  15.) 

Economic  status  and  size  of  family. — A larger  proportion  of  the 
foreign-born  mothers  than  of  the  native  are  found  in  the  economic 
groups  where  father’s  earnings  are  lowest,  and  this  difference  in  eco- 
nomic status  is  even  more  marked  when  the  size  of  family  is  considered. 
In  general  the  native  born  have  larger  earnings  and  smaller  families 
than  the  foreign  born.  In  the  group  of  babies  in  which  the  fathers 
earned  under  $650,  of  those  with  native  mothers  15  per  cent  were  iu 
families  of  over  four  persons,  while  of  babies  with  other  foreign 


INFANT  MORTALITY, 


57 


mothers  28.4  per  cent  and  of  babies  with  French-Canadian  mothers 
42.5  per  cent,  were  in  such  families.  Similarly,  among  all  with  fathers 
earning  under  $850  the  percentages  of  the  same  three  groups  in  families 
of  more  than  four  persons  were  19.7,  30.8,  and  41,  respectively. 
Only  1 1 babies  of  native  mothers  were  born  in  families  of  more  than 
eight  persons  and  two  of  these  were  in  the  earnings  group  under 
$650.  Of  the  babies  born  to  foreign  mothers  74  were  in  families  of 
over  eight  persons,  and  44  of  these  were  in  this  low-income  group. 


Table  35. 


Births  during  selected  year  in — 


Earnings  of  father  and  nativity  of  mother. 


All  mothers 

Under  $450 

$450  to  $549 

$550  to  $649 

$650  fro  $849 

$850  to  $1,049 

$1,050  to  $1,249 

$1,250  and  over 

No  earnings  2 

Not  reported 

Native  mothers 

Under  $450 

$450  to  $549 

$550  to  $649 

$650  to  $849 

$850  to  $1,049 

$1,050  to  $1,249 

$1,250  and  over 

No  earnings 

Not  reported 

Foreign-born  mothers 

Under  $450 

$450  to  $549 

$550  to  $649 

$650  to  $849 

$850  to  $1,049-.: 

$1,050  to  $1,249 

$1,250  and  over 

No  earnings 2 

Not  reported 

French-Canadian  mothers . . 

Under  $450 

$450  to  $549 

$550  to  $649 

$650  to  $849 

$850  to  $1,049 

$1,050  to  $1,249 

$1,250  and  over 

No  earnings2 

Not  reported 

Other  foreign-born  mothers 

Under  $450 

$450  to  $549 

$550  to  $649 

$650  to  $849 

$850  to  $1,049 

$1,050  to  $1,249 

$1,250  and  over 

No  earnings 

N ot  reported 


Average 
number 1 
of  per- 
sons per 
family. 

All 

fami- 

lies. 

Families  of  specified  number 1 of 
persons. 

1 to  4. 

Over  4. 

No 

report. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent. 

4.0 

1,643 

1,132 

68.9 

510 

31.0 

1 

3.8 

225 

163 

72.4 

62 

27.6 

4.2 

274 

183 

66.8 

91 

33.2 

3.9 

297 

205 

69.0 

92 

31.0 

4.1 

426 

283 

66.  4 

143 

33.6 

3.9 

199 

144 

72.4 

55 

27.6 

4.2 

72 

48 

66.7 

24 

33.3 

3.6 

105 

78 

74.3 

27 

25.  7 

3.6 

24 

16 

66.7 

7 

29.  2 

1 

4.2 

21 

12 

57.1 

9 

42.9 

3.3 

548 

444 

81.0 

103 

18.8 

1 

3.4 

29 

24 

82.8 

5 

17.  2 

3.2 

59 

51 

86.4 

8 

13.6 

3.1 

92 

78 

84.8 

14 

15.2 

3.7 

160 

120 

75.0 

40 

25.0 

3.3 

100 

83 

83.0 

17 

17.0 

3.3 

36 

30 

83.3 

6 

16.  7 

3.2 

63 

52 

82.5 

11 

17.5 

1.0 

5 

4 

80.0 

3.8 

4 

2 

50.0 

2 

50.0 

4.3 

1,095 

688 

62.8 

407 

37.2 

3.8 

196 

139 

70.9 

57 

29.  1 

4.5 

215 

132 

61.4 

83 

38.6 

4.3 

205 

127 

62.0 

78 

38.  0 

4.4 

266 

163 

61.3 

103 

38.  7 

4.5 

99 

61 

61.6 

38 

38.  4 

5.1 

36 

18 

50.0 

18 

50.0 

4.1 

42 

26 

61.9 

16 

38.  1 

4.2 

19 

12 

63.2 

7 

36.8 

4.3 

17 

10 

58.8 

7 

41.2 

4.6 

610 

355 

58.2 

255 

41.8 

4.3 

52 

32 

61.5 

20 

38.5 

5.0 

121 

65 

53.7 

56 

46.  3 

4.6 

133 

79 

59.4 

54 

40.  6 

4.4 

177 

109 

61.6 

68 

38.  4 

4.8 

68 

39 

57.4 

29 

42.6 

6.0 

18 

6 

33.3 

12 

66.7 

4.4 

22 

13 

59.1 

9 

40.9 

3.4 

10 

7 

70.0 

3 

30.0 

4.7 

9 

5 

55.6 

4 

44.4 

3.9 

485 

333 

68.7 

152 

31.3 

3.7 

144 

107 

74.3 

37 

25.7 

3.8 

94 

67 

71.3 

27 

28.  7 

3.9 

72 

48 

66.7 

24 

33.3 

4.4 

89 

54 

60.7 

35 

39.3 

3.9 

31 

22 

71.0 

9 

29.0 

4.2 

18 

12 

66.7 

6 

33.3 

3.8 

20 

13 

65.0 

7 

35.0 

5.0 

9 

5 

55.6 

4 

44.4 

3.9 

8 

5 

62.5 

3 

37.5 

Baby  bom  during  selected  year  not  included  in  number. 


2 Includes  1 father  living  on  his  income. 


58 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Economic  status  of  French  Canadians  and  others. — The  high  infant 

mortality  rates  found  among  foreign  born  are  accompanied  in  general 
by  low  earnings  of  the  father.  Among  the  French  Canadians,  how- 
ever, the  father’s  earnings  were  in  general  higher  than  among  other 
foreign  born.  For  example,  of  the  births  to  French-Canadian  mothers 
only  8.5  per  cent  occurred  in  the  economic  class  where  the  father’s 
earnings  were  less  than  $450,  while  of  the  births  to  other  foreign 
mothers  29.7  per  cent  were  in  this  class.  Half  of  the  babies  of  French- 
Canadian  mothers  belonged  to  families  where  the  father’s  earn- 
ings were  less  than  $650,  but  practically  two-thirds  of  the  babies  of 
other  foreign-born  mothers  belonged  to  such  families.  The  infant 
death  rates  among  both  the  French  Canadians  and  the  other  foreign 
born  show  in  general  a decline  with  rise  in  father’s  earnings,  but  the 
death  rates  for  the  babies  of  French-Canadian  mothers  within  each 
economic  class  are  higher  than  the  rates  for  others  in  the  same 
class. 

Employment  of  foreign-born  mothers. — A classification  of  the 
babies  born  to  French-Canadian  mothers  and  to  other  foreign-born 
mothers  on  the  basis  of  gainful  employment  of  the  mother  the  year 
after  childbirth  and  according  to  father’s  earnings  reveals  a smaller 
extent  of  gainful  employment  among  French-Canadian  mothers. 
Of  the  whole  number  of  babies  of  French-Canadian  mothers,  41.5  per 
cent  had  mothers  who  worked  the  year  following  childbirth  as  com- 
pared with  62.3  per  cent  of  the  babies  of  other  foreign  mothers  who 
worked  during  this  period.  In  the  lowest  economic  class,  where  the 
father’s  earnings  were  less  than  $450  per  annum,  the  percentage  of 
babies  whose  mothers  worked  the  year  following  childbirth  was  55.8 
in  the  French-Canadian  group  and  83.3  in  the  group  of  other  foreign- 
born.  Though  the  proportion  of  mothers  gainfully  employed  declines 
in  both  groups,  generally  with  the  rise  of  father’s  earnings  the  pro- 
portion of  mothers  who  work  is  less  among  the  French  Canadians 
than  among  the  other  foreign  born.  (See  Table  28.) 

Gainful  employment  of  the  mothers  during  the  year  preceding 
childbirth  is  also  found  to  a less  extent  among  the  French-Canadian 
mothers.  Of  the  births  to  French-Canadian  mothers  42.8  per  cent 
were  to  mothers  who  had  worked  the  year  previous  to  confinement, 
while  66.2  per  cent  of  the  births  to  other  foreign-born  mothers  were 
to  mothers  who  had  worked  in  this  year.  (See  Table  31.) 

The  infant  mortality  rate,  as  has  been  shown,  in  general  is  higher 
among  babies  of  mothers  gainfully  employed  than  among  babies  of 
mothers  not  so  employed.  The  contrast  between  those  whose 
mothers  work  away  from  home  and  others  is  particularly  marked, 
but  in  all  cases  the  babies  of  French-Canadian  mothers  die  at  a much 
higher  rate  than  babies  of  other  foreign-born  mothers. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


59 


Despite  then  the  smaller  extent  of  gainful  employment  among 
the  French-Canadian  mothers  and  the  higher  economic  status  of  the 
families,  counterbalanced  in  part,  it  is  true,  hy  the  larger  size,  in- 
fant death  rates  in  all  subclasses  compared  are  so  much  higher 
among  babies  of  French-Canadian  mothers  than  among  babies  of 
other  foreign-born  mothers  that  a much  higher  rate  for  the  French- 
Canadian  group  as  a whole  is  obtained. 

Ability  to  speak  English. — Among  the  foreign  born  inability  to 
speak  English  is  generally  regarded  as  a handicap  which  puts  them 
at  a disadvantage  economically  and  socially  and  so  tends  toward  a 
lower  standard  of  living.  It  usually  indicates  a lack  of  means  for 
securing  knowledge  of  the  proper  care  of  the  baby  and  of  the  medical 
resources  of  the  community  as  a whole,  in  that  the  non-English 
speaking  are  more  or  less  limited  in  their  choice  of  doctors  and  nurses 
and  of  other  social,  medical,  and  educational  resources  of  the  com- 
munity. But  these  conditions  do  not  operate  equally  regardless 
of  nationality ; in  Manchester  lack  of  a knowledge  of  English  would 
be  naturally  less  disadvantageous  to  the  French  Canadians  than  to 
others,  as  the  former  are  such  a definitely  independent  element  in 
the  population. 


Table  36. 


Births  during  selected  year  and  infant  deaths. 


Ability  of  mother  to  speak  English. 

Total 

births. 

Live  births. 

Stillbirths. 

Total. 

Infant  deaths. 

Number. 

Per 

cent.1 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate.1 

All  mothers 

1,643 

1,564 

258 

165.0 

79 

4.8 

Able  to  speak  English 

975 

922 

126 

136.7 

53 

5.4 

Unable  to  speak  English2 

667 

641 

132 

205.9 

26 

3.9 

Not  reported  

1 

1 

Foreign-born  mothers 

1,095 

1,041 

191 

183.5 

54 

4.9 

English-speaking  nationalities  3 

129 

120 

9 

75.0 

9 

7.0 

Non-English  speaking  nationalities 

966 

921 

182 

197.6 

45 

4.7 

Able  to  speak  English 

341 

321 

60 

186.9 

20 

5.9 

Unable  to  speak  English 

625 

600 

122 

203.3 

25 

•4.0 

French-Canadian  mothers 

610 

574 

129 

224.7 

36 

5.9 

Able  to  speak  English 

249 

231 

50 

216.5 

18 

7.2 

Unable  to  speak  English 

361 

343 

79 

230.3 

18 

5.0 

Other  foreign-born  mothers 

356 

347 

53 

152.7 

9 

2.5 

Able  to  speak  English 

92 

90 

10 

2 

Unable  to  speak  English 

264 

257 

43 

167.3 

7 

2.7 

1 Not  shown  where  base  is  less  than  100. 

8 Includes  42  native  mothers. 

8 English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Canadian  except  French. 


A classification  of  foreign-born  mothers  of  non-English  speaking 
nationalities  according  to  ability  to  speak  English  reveals  the  fact 


60 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


« 

that  the  ’French-Canadian  mothers,  who  are  longer  resident  in  this 
country  than  other  foreign-born  mothers,  had  acquired  the  language 
to  a greater  degree  than  the  others.  Of  the  610  babies  born  to 
French-Canadian  mothers  249,  or  40.8  per  cent,  had  mothers  able 
to  speak  English,  while  of  the  babies  of  other  non-English  speaking 
foreign-born  mothers  but  92,  or  25.8  per  cent,  had  such  mothers. 
Forty- two  native  mothers  spoke  French  only. 

The  rate  among  babies  of  all  mothers  (native  and  foreign-born)  able 
to  speak  English  was  136.7,  while  that  of  babies  whose  mothers  could 
not  speak  the  language  was  205.9.  The  infant  death  rate  for  babies 
of  both  French-Canadian  and  other  non-English  speaking  foreign- 
born  mothers  was  higher  where  the  mother  could  not  speak  English 
than  where  she  could. 

Years  in  United  States. — The  infant  death  rate  for  babies  of  all 
foreign-born  mothers  who  had  been  in  this  country  5 years  or  less 
was  248.8,  while  that  for  babies  of  mothers  who  had  lived  here  over 
5 years  was  165.7.  On  the  other  hand,  the  French-Canadian,  among 
whom  the  highest  infant  death  rate  was  found,  was  the  foreign  group 
which  had  been  in  this  country  longest.  Only  14.9  per  cent  of  all 
babies  of  French-Canadian  mothers  were  born  to  those  who  had  lived 
in  the  United  States  5 years  or  less;  whereas  27.5  per  cent  of  babies 
of  other  foreign-born  mothers  were  born  to  those  who  had  lived  in  the 
United  States  for  that  period.  Nearly  half  of  the  French-Canadian 
mothers  had  been  in  this  country  over  15  years.  The  infant  death 
rate  was  higher,  however,  among  the  more  recently  arrived  French 
Canadians  than  among  those  who  had  been  in  the  United  States  for 
12  years  or  more. 


INFANT  MORTALITY, 


61 


Table  37. 

Births  during  selected  year  to  foreign-born  mothers  and 
infant  deaths. 

Live  births. 

Stillbirths. 

Ifears  in  the  United  States. 

Total 

births. 

Infant  deaths. 

Total. 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate.1 

Number. 

Per 

cent.1 

1,095 

1,041 

191 

183.5 

54 

4.9 

44 

43 

9 

1 

3 to  5 years 

180 

174 

45 

258.6 

6 

3.3 

6 to  8 years 

165 

160 

24 

150.0 

5 

3.0 

9 to  11  years 

138 

132 

29 

219.7 

6 

4.3 

12  to  15  years 

183 

176 

24 

136.4 

7 

3.8 

16  years  and  more 

381 

353 

59 

167.1 

28 

7.3 

Not  reported 

4 

3 

1 

1 

French-Canadian  mothers 

610 

574 

129 

224.7 

36 

5.9 

Less  than  3 years  . 

14 

13 

5 

1 

3 to  5 years. 

77 

74 

24 

3 

6 to  8 years 

68 

65 

14 

3 

9 to  11  years 

55 

52 

16 

3 

12  to  15  years 

108 

103 

19 

184.5 

5 

4.6 

16  years  and  more 

285 

265 

50 

188.7 

20 

7.0 

Not  reported 

3 

2 

1 

1 

Other  foreign-born  mothers 

485 

467 

62 

132.8 

18 

3.7 

Less  than  3 years 

30 

30 

4 

3 to  5 years 

103 

100 

21 

210.0 

3 

2.9 

6 to  8 years 

97 

95 

10 

2 

9 to  11  years 

83 

80 

13 

3 

12  to  15  years 

75 

73 

5 

2 

16  years  and  more 

96 

88 

9 

8 

Not  reported 

1 

1 

i Not  shown  where  base  is  less  than  100. 


Table  38. 


Births  during  selected  year  to  foreign-bom  mothers. 


Nationality  of  mother. 


In  United  States  specified  number  of  years. 


Total. 


Under 

3. 


3 to 
5. 


6 to 

8. 


9 to 

11. 


12  to 
15. 


16 

and 

over. 


Not 

re- 

ported. 


All  foreign-bom  mothers 


1,095 


44 


180 


165 


138 


183 


381 


Canadian,  French 

Polish 

English,  Irish,  and  Scotch. 

Greek  and  Syrian 

All  other 

Not  reported 


610 

170 

115 

72 

127 

1 


14 

77 

68 

7 

41 

51 

1 

7 

11 

14 

37 

12 

8 

18 

23 

108 

24 

27 

1 

23 


285  3 

8 

52  


35  1 

1 


PER  CENT  DISTRIBUTION. 


All  foreign-born  mothers 

100.0 

4.0 

16.4 

15.1 

12.6 

16.7 

34.8 

0.4 

Canadian,  French 

100.0 

2.3 

12.6 

11.1 

9.0 

17.7 

46.7 

.5 

Polish 

100.0 

4.1 

24. 1 

30.0 

22.9 

14. 1 

4.  7 

English,  Irish,  and  Scotch 

100.0 

.9 

6. 1 

9.6 

14.8 

23.5 

45.2 

Greek  and  Syrian 

100.0 

19.4 

51.4 

16.7 

11. 1 

1.4 

All  other 

100.0 

6.3 

14.2 

18.1 

15.0 

18.1 

27.6 

.8 

62 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Literacy. — Literacy  in  Manchester  showed  almost  as  close  a rela- 
tion to  foreign  birth  as  ability  to  speak  English,  for  out  of  a total  of 
286  babies  born  to  mothers  who  were  illiterate  only  25  were  babies 
of  native  mothers.  In  the  case  of  literacy  again  a peculiar  situ- 
ation exists  with  reference  to  the  French  Canadians,  for  although 
illiteracy  in  general  is  accompanied  by  a high  infant  death  rate,  in 
the  French-Canadian  group  the  infant  death  rate  for  all  babies  was 
224.7,  and  for  babies  of  literate  mothers  the  rate  was  practically 
identical,  namely  223.3.  The  difference  in  the  infant  mortality  rates 
on  the  basis  of  the  literacy  of  mothers  was  chiefly  confined  to  the 
group  of  other  foreign  born.  Here  the  rate  was  only  94.6  for  babies 
of  literate  mothers  but  rose  to  198.8  for  babies  of  illiterate  mothers. 
The  French-Canadian  mothers  were  more  generally  literate  than  the 
other  foreign-born  mothers,  85.9  per  cent  being  so  classed  as  com- 
pared with  63.9  per  cent  of  the  other  foreign  horn. 


Table  39. 


Births  during  selected  year  and  infant  deaths. 


Live  births. 

Stillbirths. 

Literacy 1 of  mother. 

Total. 

births. 

Infant  deaths. 

Total. 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate.2 

Number. 

Per  cent.* 

All  mothers 

1, 643 

1,564 

258 

165.0 

79 

4.8 

Literate 

1,355 

1,291 

200 

154.9 

64 

4.7 

Illiterate  3 

286 

271 

58 

214.0 

15 

5.2 

Not  reported 

2 

2 

Foreign-bom  mothers 

1,095 

1,041 

191 

183.5 

54 

4.9 

Literate 

834 

793 

139 

175.3 

41 

4.9 

Illiterate 

261 

248 

52 

209.7 

13 

5.0 

French-Canadian  mothers 

610 

574 

129 

224.7 

36 

5.9 

Literate 

524 

497 

111 

223.3 

27 

5.2 

Illiterate 

86 

77 

18 

9 

Other  foreign-bom  mothers 

485 

467 

62 

132.8 

18 

3.7 

Literate 

310 

296 

28 

94.6 

14 

4.5 

Illiterate 

175 

171 

34 

198.8 

4 

2.3 

1 Persons  who  can  read  and  write  in  any  language  are  reported  literate. 

2 Not  shown  where  base  is  less  than  100. 

3 Includes  25  native  mothers. 


Conditions  peculiar  to  French  Canadians. — Since  those  conditions 
which  have  been  shown  to  be  factors  in  a high  infant  mortality  rate 
exist  to  practically  no  greater  extent  among  the  French  Canadians 
than  among  the  other  groups,  the  reasons  for  the  excessive  infant 
mortality  rate  among  the  babies  of  French-Canadian  mothers  must 
be  sought,  perhaps,  in  conditions  of  living  that  are  peculiar  to  this 
group. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


63 


Lack  of  Americanization — that  is,  retention  of  a foreign  language 
and  maintenance  of  such  distinct  channels  of  expression  as  separate 
schools,  churches,  orphanages,  political  and  pleasure  clubs,  as  well  as 
a daily  paper  printed  in  a foreign  language — may  tend  to  narrow  and 
limit  that  opportunity  for  contact  which  might  have  an  educational 
value  along  hygienic  and  other  lines.  But  this  question  was  not  pur- 
sued far  enough  to  justify  any  positive  conclusion  as  to  its  importance 
in  retarding  the  development  of  the  French  Canadians.  In  any  case 
these  social  conditions  would  affect  the  baby  largely  as  they  modified 
customs  within  the  home  itself. 

In  their  method  of  feeding  and  in  the  size  of  their  families  the  French 
Canadians  show  distinctive  conditions  which  may  account  partly 
for  the  difference  between  their  infant  mortality  rate  and  the  rates 
of  other  groups  of  foreign  born. 

FEEDING. 

Feeding  and  infant  mortality. — Method  of  feeding  is  among  the 
factors  immediately  related  to  infant  mortality.  Feeding  is  often 
the  primary  means  through  which  the  less  direct  factors,  such  as 
employment  of  mothers  away  from  home  and  low  income  with  in- 
sufficient food  and  rest  for  the  mother,  exert  their  influence.  The 
mother’s  intelligence  and  care  are  also  reflected  in  the  baby’s  feeding, 
although  the  mother’s  ignorance  is  itself  often  but  the  consequence 
of  low  economic  status  and  early  entrance  into  gainful  employment. 
The  importance  of  feeding  to  infant  welfare  is  universally  acknowl- 
edged, and  authorities  are  also  agreed  in  emphasizing  the  great  su- 
periority of  breast  feeding  to  any  substitute  for  mother’s  milk. 

Of  the  1,643  babies  included  in  this  report,  1,564  were  live  bom, 
and  of  this  number  1,535  survived  long  enough  to  be  fed.  Upon  this 
latter  group,  then,  the  study  of  feeding  is  based.  Only  the  first  nine 
months  were  taken  into  account  in  the  study  of  feeding,  because  as 
a rule  breast  feeding  after  that  period  is  not  necessary  to  the  baby’s 
welfare. 

Effects  of  feeding  in  each  month  of  age. — The  chances  of  survival 
for  babies  deprived  of  breast  milk  at  an  early  age  are  decidedly  less 
than  those  for  babies  nursed  for  a longer  period.  A comparison  of 
the  babies  being  breast  fed  and  those  being  artificially  fed  any  month 
up  to  the  ninth  reveals  the  fact  that  the  percentage  who  failed  to 
survive  infancy  was  from  two  to  five  times  as  high  among  babies 
being  artificially  fed  as  among  those  receiving  breast  milk  exclu- 
sively. (See  Table  40.) 


64 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Table  40. 


Infants  born  during  selected  year  and  surviving  at  beginning  of  specified  month. 


All  mothers. 

Native  mothers. 

Foreign-bom  mothers. 

Month  of  life  and  type 

Died  in 

Died  in — 

Died  in— 

of  feeding. 

Total. 

First  year. 

Total. 

First  year. 

Total. 

First  year. 

Speci- 

Speci- 

Speci- 

fied 

fied 

fied 

Num- 

Per 

month. 

Num- 

Per 

month. 

Num- 

Per 

month. 

her. 

cent. 

ber. 

eent. 

ber. 

cent. 

First  month 

1,564 

258 

16.5 

72 

523 

67 

12.8 

16 

1,041 

191' 

18.3 

•56 

Breast  exclusively .... 

1,238 

148 

12.0 

26 

420 

38 

9.0 

6 

818 

no 

13.4 

20 

57 

15 

26.3 

3 

15 

1 

6.7 

42 

14 

33.3 

3 

Artificial  exclusively. 

238 

66 

27.7 

14 

82 

22 

26.8 

4 

156 

44 

28.2 

10 

29 

29 

29 

6 

6 

6 

23 

23 

23 

2 

2 

Second  month. . 

1,492 

186 

12.5 

24 

507 

51 

10.1 

4 

985 

135 

13.7 

20 

Breast  exclusively — 

1,067 

92 

8.6 

12 

353 

22 

6.2 

1 

714 

70 

9.8 

11 

Mixed 

90 

18 

20.0 

2 

25 

1 

4.0 

65 

17 

26.2 

2 

Artificial  exclusively. 

33$ 

76 

22.8 

10 

129 

28 

21.7 

3 

204 

48 

23.5 

7 

2 

2 

Third  month  . . 

1,468 

162 

11.0 

24 

503 

47 

9.3 

4 

965 

115 

11.9 

20 

Breast  exclusively — 

910 

53 

5.8 

9 

305 

14 

4.6 

1 

605 

39 

6.4 

8 

129 

24 

18.6 

4 

33 

3 

9. 1 

96 

21 

21.9 

4 

Artificial  exclusively . 

427 

85 

19.9 

11 

165 

30 

18.2 

3 

262 

55 

21.0 

8 

Not  reported 

2 

....2 

Fourth  month  . 

1,444 

138 

9.6 

18 

499 

43 

8.6 

7 

945 

95 

10.1 

11 

Breast  exclusively — 

742 

31 

4.2 

6 

250 

7 

2.8 

3 

492 

24 

4.9 

3 

Mixed 

184 

21 

11.4 

2 

48 

5 

10.4 

136 

16 

11.8 

2 

Artificial  exclusively . 

516 

86 

16.7 

10 

201 

31 

15.4^ 

4 

315 

55 

17.5 

6 

Not  reported 

2 

2 

Fifth  month. . . 

1,426 

120 

8.4 

18 

492 

36 

7.3 

5 

934 

84 

9.0 

13 

Breast  exclusively 

633 

17 

2.7 

211 

2 

.9 

422 

15 

3.6 

Mixed - 

229 

22 

9.6 

4 

63 

4 

6.3 

166 

18 

10.8 

4 

Artificial  exclusively . 

562 

81 

14.4 

14 

218 

30 

13.8 

5 

344 

51 

14.8 

9 

Not  reported 

2 

2 

Sixth  month . . . 

1,408 

102 

7.2 

21 

487 

31 

6.4 

10 

921 

71 

7.7 

11 

Breast  exclusively — 

523 

14 

2.7 

3 

174 

1 

.6 

1 

349 

13 

3.7 

2 

Mixed 

281 

20 

7.1 

5 

81 

4 

4.9 

3 

200 

16 

8.0 

2 

Artificial  exclusively . 

602 

68 

11.3 

13 

232 

26 

11.2 

• 6 

370 

42 

11.4 

7 

Not,  reported 

2 

2 

Seventh  month 

1,387 

81 

5.8 

18 

477 

21 

4.4 

5 

910 

60 

6.6 

13 

Breast  exclusively 

386 

10 

2.6 

1 

125 

261 

10 

3.8 

1 

Mixed 

354 

14 

4.0 

2 

107 

247 

14 

5.7 

2 

Artificial  exclusively. 

645 

57 

8.8 

15 

245 

21 

8.6 

5 

400 

36 

9.0 

10 

Not  reported 

2 

2 

Eighth  month  . 

1,369 

63 

4.6 

11 

472 

16 

3.4 

3 

897 

47 

5.2 

8 

Breast  exclusively 

314 

6 

1.9 

98 

216 

6 

2.8 

Mixed  . . 

391 

13 

3.3 

2 

122 

269 

13 

4.8 

2 

Artificial  exclusively . 

662 

44 

6.6 

9 

252 

16 

6.3 

3 

410 

28 

6.8 

6 

Not  reported.  . 

2 

2 

1. 

Ninth  month  . . 

1,358 

52 

3.8 

20 

469 

13 

2.8 

6 

889 

39 

4.4 

14 

Breast  exclusively 

247 

5 

2.0 

j 

79 

168 

5 

3.0 

1 

Mixed 

410 

9 

2.2 

3 

129 

281 

9 

3.2 

3 

Artificial  exclusively. 

699 

38 

5.4 

16 

261 

13 

5.0 

6 

438 

25 

5.7 

10 

Not  reported 

2 

2 

1 

1 

The  total  number  of  babies  who  were  breast  fed  exclusively  during 
their  first  month  was  1,238,  and  of  these  12  per  cent  failed  to  survive 
till  the  end  of  the  year.  Among  the  238  babies  who  were  artificially 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


65 


fed  during  this  month,  however,  27.7  per  cent  died  before  the  end  of 
the  year.  There  were  1,492  babies  who  survived  until  the  beginning 
of  the  second  month;  1,067  of  these  were  breast  fed  during  this  month 
and  333  received  no  breast  milk  whatever.  In  the  former  group  only 
8.6  per  cent  died  before  the  end  of  the  year,  while  in  the  latter  group, 
babies  being  artificially  fed  during  the  second  month,  22.8  per  cent 
failed  to  survive  infancy.  The  percentages  of  infant  deaths  for  the 
two  groups,  according  to  feeding  in  the  third  month,  were  5.8  and 
19.9,  respectively,  and  for  the  succeeding  months  similar  differences 
in  the  proportion  of  infant  deaths  in  each  group  appear.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  ninth  month  there  were  1,358  babies  living,  of 
whom  247  were  nursed  exclusively  in  this  month  and  699  were  arti- 
ficially fed.  In  the  first  group  2 per  cent  died  before  reaching  12 
months,  while  5.4  per  cent  of  the  second  group  failed  to  live  to  that 
age.  The  difference  in  rates  here,  of  course,  can  not  be  attributed 
to  the  relative  influence  of  breast  and  artificial  feeding  at  9 months. 
But  effects  of  both  types  of  feeding  are  cumulative,  and  at  any  period 
during  infancy  they  show  in  the  subsequent  death  rates  among  the 
survivors.  Not  only  the  feeding  being  given  during  any  specified 
month  but  also  the  feeding  during  all  or  a part  of  the  preceding 
months  of  the  child’s  life  cause  the  difference  in  death  rates  later. 

The  above  comparisons  are  between  breast  feeding  exclusively  and 
artificial  feeding  exclusively  during  various  periods  of  the  first  9 
months.  The  influence  of  mixed  feeding — that  is,  part  breast  milk 
and  part  other  food — upon  the  infant  death  rate  is  less  pronounced. 
Babies  whose  feeding  was  mixed,  in  all  groups  compared,  died  in 
less  numbers  relatively  than  those  being  artificially  fed  and  in  greater 
numbers  relatively  than  those  being  breast  fed.  In  the  early 
months  exclusive  breast  feeding  appears  to  be  of  most  importance 
to  a baby’s  welfare,  for  during  this  period  the  percentage  of  infant 
deaths  among  babies  whose  feeding  is  mixed  more  closely  approaches 
that  for  babies  being  artificially  fed  than  that  for  babies  being  ex- 
clusively breast  fed.  After  the  sixth  month  the  reverse  is  practically 
true,  and  in  the  ninth  month  the  advantage  of  exclusive  breast  feed- 
ing over  mixed  feeding,  so  far  as  it  is  indicated  by  the  infant  death 
rates,  almost  disappears. 

A somewhat  sharper  contrast  in  the  effects  of  feeding  as  indicated 
by  death  rates  appears  if  we  consider  all  babies  alive  at  specified  ages 
who  had  received  a single  type  of  feeding  during  their  entire  life  up 
to  that  age.  Of  the  infants  alive  at  the  end  of  3 months  only  4.9 
per  cent  of  those  who  had  been  breast  fed  up  to  that  time  died  later 
under  1 year  of  age,  while  those  who  had  been  fed  otherwise  died 
at  from  more  than  two  to  nearly  four  times  this  rate.  Of  the  infants 
who  had  been  breast  fed  exclusively  during  the  first  6 months  of  life 
only  2.1  per  cent  died  under  1 year  of  age,  as  compared  with  per- 
72624°— 17 5 


66 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


centages  about  six  times  as  great  for  those  who  had  had  either 
mixed  or  artificial  feeding  during  the  same  period.  At  the  end  of 
9 months  there  were  244  infants  who  had  had  only  breast  milk  and 
177  who  had  never  had  it;  1.6  per  cent  of  the  first  group  and  3.4 
per  cent  of  the  second  subsequently  died  under  1 year  of  age. 


Table  41. 


Infants  born  during  selected  year  and  surviving  at 
specified  time. 


Died  later  in  year. 


Type  of  feeding,  age  of  infant,  and  nativity 
of  mother. 

Total. 

In  specified  month  of  age. 

"c3 

O 

® 

e 

3 

P 

O) 

o 

u 

<x> 

Ph 

£ 

1 

pH 

£ 

£ 

£ 

m 

£ 

1 

® 

m 

£ 

£ 

w> 

W 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

® 

Eh 

£ 

£ 

® 

® 

S 

£ 

1 

Eh 

ALL  MOTHERS.1 

Type  of  feeding: 

At  3 months  of  age 

1,442 

901 

138 

9,6 

18 

18 

21 

18 

11 

20 

11 

9 

12 

Breast 

44 

4.9 

6 

2 

11 

7 

2 

4 

2 

4 

6 

Mixed 

125 

20 

16.0 

2 

4 

1 

1 

4 

3 

2 

2 

Artificial 

416 

74 

17.8 

10 

12 

9 

10 

8 

12 

6 

3 

4 

During  first  3 months 

1,442 

138 

9.6 

18 

18 

21 

18 

11 

20 

11 

9 

12 

Breast  exclusively 

9.00 

44 

4.9 

6 

2 

11 

7 

2 

4 

2 

4 

6 

Mixed  exclusively 

41 

5 

12.2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Artificial  exclusively 

206 

35 

17.0 

3 

5 

‘T 

8 

4 

6 

3 

1 

2 

More  than  one  type" 

295 

54 

18.3 

9 

10 

7 

2 

5 

10 

5 

3 

3 

At  6 months  of  age ..." 

1,385 

520 

81 

5.8 

18 

11 

20 

11 

9 

12 

Breast 

11 

2. 1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

4 

Mixed 

276 

15 

5.4 

2 

2 

3 

2 

2 

4 

Artificial 

589 

55 

9.3 

15 

8 

16 

8 

4 

4 

During  first  6 months 

1,385 

518 

81 

5.  8 

18 

11 

20 

11 

9 

12 

Breast  exclusively 

11 

2. 1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

4 

Mixed  exclusively.. 

31 

4 

12.9 

2 

1 

1 

1 

Artificial  exclusively 

195 

24 

12.3 

8 

4 

6 

3 

1 

2 

More  than  one  type 

641 

42 

6.6 

8 

6 

13 

6 

4 

5 

At  9 months  of  age 

1,336 

246 

32 

2.4 

11 

9 

12 

Breast 

4 

1.6 

2 

2 

Mixed 

407 

6 

1.  5 

2 

4 

Artificial 

683 

22 

3.2 

9 

7 

6 

During  first  9 months 

1,336 

32 

2.4 

11 

9 

12 

Breast  exclusively 

244 

4 

1.6 

2 

2 

Mixed  exclusively 

25 

2 

8.  0 

1 

Artificial  exclusively 

177 

6 

3.4 

3 

.... 

2 

More  than  one  type 

890 

20 

2.2 

7 

6 

7 

NATIVE  MOTHERS. 

Type  of  feeding: 

At  3 months  of  age 

490 

43 

8.6 

7 

5 

10 

5 

3 

6 

3 

2 

2 

Breast 

304 

13 

4.3 

3 

1 

5 

2 

1 

1 

Mixed 

33 

3 

9.  1 

1 

1 

1 

Artificial 

162 

27 

16.7 

4 

4 

4 

3 

3 

6 

1 

'2 

During  first  3 months 

499 

43 

8.  6 

7 

5 

10 

5 

3 

6 

3 

2 

2 

Breast  exclusively 

304 

13 

4.3 

3 

1 

5 

2 

1 

1 

Mixed  exclusively 

10 

Artificial  exclusively 

74 

14 

18.9 

3 

2 

2 

1 

4 

1 

More  than  one  type 

111 

16 

14.4 

'T 

1 

3 

1 

2 

2 

1 

i 

1 

At  6 months  of  age 

477 

21 

4.4 

5 

3 

6 

3 

2 

2 

Breast 

173 

Mixed 

78 

1 

1.3 

1 

Artificial 

226 

20 

8.8 

5 

3 

6 

3 

1 

"2 

During  first  6 months 

477 

21 

4.4 

5 

3 

6 

3 

2 

2 

Breast  exclusively 

173 

Mixed  exclusively 

6 

Artificial  exclusively 

69 

9 

13.0 

2 

1 

4 

1 

1 

More  than  one  type 

229 

12 

5.2 

3 

2 

2 

2 

"2 

1 

At  9 months  of  age 

463 

7 

1.5 

3 

2 

2 

Breast  . . . 

79 

Mixed 

129 

Artificial 

255 

7 

2.7 

3 

2 

2 

During  first  9 months . . 

463 

7 

1.5 

3 

2 

2 

Breast  exclusively 

78 

Mixed  exclusively 

6 

Artificial  exclusively . 

62 

2 

3,  2 
1.6 

1 

1 

More  than  one  tvne'. 

317 

5 

2 

" 2 

1 

i Excluding  2 infants  surviving  1 year  for  whom  feeding  was  not  reported. 


INFANT  MORTALITY, 


67 


Table  41 — Continued. 

Type  of  feeding,  age  of  infant,  and  nativity 
of  mother. 

Infants  born  during  selected  year  and  surviving  at 
specified  time. 

Total. 

Total. 

Died  later  in  year. 

In  specified  month 

® 

to 

*3 

| Number. 

Per  cent. 

| Fourth. 

Fifth. 

Sixth. 

| Seventh. 

| Eighth. 

| Ninth. 

| Tenth. 

1 

Eleventh. 

Twelfth.  ] 

FOREIGN-BORN  MOTHERS.1 

Type  of  feeding: 

At  3 months  of  age 

943 

95 

10.1 

11 

13 

11 

13 

8 

14 

8 

7 

10 

Breast 

597 

31 

5.2 

3 

1 

6 

5 

2 

4 

1 

3 

6 

Mixed 

92 

17 

18.5 

2 

4 

1 

1 

4 

2 

1 

2 

Artificial 

254 

47 

18.5 

6 

8 

"5* 

7 

5 

6 

5 

3 

2 

During  first  3 months 

943 

95 

10.1 

11 

13 

11 

13 

8 

14 

8 

7 

10 

Breast  exclusively 

596 

31 

5.2 

3 

1 

6 

5 

2 

4 

1 

3 

6 

31 

5 

16.1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Artificial  exclusively 

132 

21 

15.9 

”3’ 

2 

’ T 

6 

3 

2 

2 

1 

More  than  one  type 

184 

38 

20.7 

5 

9 

4 

1 

3 

8 

4 

2 

2 

908 

60 

6.6 

13 

8 

14 

8 

7 

10 

347 

11 

3.2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

4 

198 

14 

7.1 

2 

2 

3 

2 

4 

363 

35 

9.6 

10 

5 

10 

5 

3 

2 

908 

60 

6.6 

13 

8 

14 

8 

7 

10 

345 

11 

3.2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

4 

25 

4 

16.0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

126 

15 

11.9 

6 

3 

2 

2 

1 

1 

412 

30 

7.3 

5 

4 

11 

4 

2 

4 

873 

25 

2.9 

8 

7 

10 

Breast ~ 

167 

4 

2.4 

2 

2 

Mixed. ..  . . 

278 

6 

2.2 

2 

4 

Artificial  

428 

15 

3.5 

6 

*5" 

4 

During  first  9 months 

873 

25 

2.9 

8 

7 

10 

Breast  exclusively 

166 

4 

2.4 

2 

2 

Mixed  exclusively 

19 

2 

10.5 

1 

1 

Artificial  exclusively 

115 

4 

3.5 

2 

i 

More  than  one  type 

573 

15 

2.6 

5 

4 

6 

French-  Canadian  mothers. 

Type  of  feeding: 

At  3 months  of  age 

511 

66 

12.9 

10 

9 

7 

13 

5 

9 

5 

3 

5 

Breast 

269 

18 

6.7 

3 

1 ' 

3 

5 

3 

1 

2 

Mixed 

43 

11 

25.6 

1 

2 

1 

T 

2 

"i‘ 

1 

2 

Artificial 

199 

37 

18.6 

6 

6 

4’ 

7 

4 

4 

4 

1 

1 

During  first  3 months 

511 

66 

12.9 

10 

9 

7 

13 

5 

9 

5 

3 

5 

Breast  exclusively 

269 

18 

6.7 

3 

1 

3 

5 

3 

1 

2 

Mixed  exclusively 

15 

4 

26.7 

1 

i 

j 

1 

Artificial  exclusively 

106 

16 

15. 1 

3 

2 

1 

6 

2 

1 

1 

More  than  one  type 

121 

28 

23.1 

4 

6 

3 

3 

5 

3 

1 

2 

At  6 months  of  age 

485 

40 

8.2 

13 

5 

9 

5 

3 

5 

Breast 

138 

4 

2.9 

1 

2 

Mixed 

71 

8 

11.3 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

Artificial 

276 

28 

10. 1 

10 

4 

8 

4 

1 

1 

During  first  6 months 

485 

40 

8.2 

13 

5 

9 

5 

3 

5 

Breast  exclusively 

138 

4 

2.  9 

1 

1 

2 

Mixed  exclusively 

' 14 

4 

28.  6 

1 

1 

1 

Artificial  exclusively 

100 

10 

10.0 

6 

2 

1 

1 

More  than  one  type 

233 

22 

9.4 

5 

3 

8 

3 

1 

2 

At  9 months  of  age 

458 

13 

2.8 

5 

3 

5 

Breast 

58 

1 

1.  7 

Mixed 

86 

3 

3.5 

1 

2 

Artificial 

314 

9 

2.  9 

4 

3 

2 

During  first  9 months 

458 

13 

2.8 

5 

3 

5 

Breast  exclusively 

58 

1 

1.7 

Mixed  exclusively 

8 

2 

25.0 

1 

2 

Artificial  exclusively 

91 

1 

1. 1 

1 

More  than  one  type 

301 

9 

3.0 

3 

3 

3 

Other  foreign-horn  mothers.1 

Type  of  feeding: 

At  3 months  of  age 

432 

29 

6.7 

1 

4 

4 

3 

5 

3 

4 

5 

Breast ! 

328 

13 

4.0 

3 

2 

1 

1 

2 

4 

Mixed  

49 

6 

12.2 

1 

2 

.... 

2 

1 

Artificial 

1 55 

10 

18.2 

2 

1 

i 

2 

1 

2 

i 

i Excluding  2 infants  surviving  1 year  for  whom  feeding  was  not  reported. 


68 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Table  41— Continued. 


Infants  born  during  selected  year  and  surviving  at 
specified  time. 


Died  later  in  year. 


Type  of  feeding,  age  of  infant,  and  nativity 
of  mother. 

"(3 

o 

Eh  ■ 

Total. 

In  specified  month  of  age. 

rO 

a 

3 

fc 

d 

<D 

O 

<3 

Ph 

rd 

4-3 

a 

o 

,3 

£ 

A 

m 

a 

1 

% 

m 

A 

§ 

£ 

A 

.a 

£ 

A 

g 

Eh 

.a 

"8 

® 

® 

£ 

A 

1 

Eh 

foreign-born  mothers — continued. 

Other  foreign-horn  mothers— Continued. 

Type  of  feeding— Continued. 

During  first  3 months 

432 

29 

6.7 

i 

4 

4 

3 

5 

3 

4 

5 

Breast  exclusively 

32? 

13 

4.0 

3 

2 

1 

1 

2 

4 

Mixed  exclusively 

16 

1 

6.3 

2 

Artificial  exclusively 

26 

5 

19.2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

More  than  one  type 

63 

10 

15.9 

2 

3 

1 

3 

1 

1 

At  6 months  of  age 

423 

20 

4.7 

3 

5 

3 

4 



5 

Breast 

209 

7 

3.3 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

Mixed 

127 

6 

4.7 

1 

2 

1 

2 

Artificial 

87 

7 

8.0 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

During  first  6 months ; . . 

423 

20 

4.7 

3 

5 

3 

4 

5 

Breast  exclusively 

207 

7 

3.4 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

Mixed  exclusively 

11 

Artificial  exclusively 

26 

5 

19.2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

More  than  one  type 

179 

8 

4.5 

1 

3 

1 

1 

2 

At  9 months  of  age 

415 

12 

2.9 

3 

4 

5 

Breast 

109 

3 

2.8 

2 

1 

Mixed 

192 

3 

1.6 

2 

2 

Artificial 

114 

6 

' 5.3 

2 

2 

2 

During  first  9 months 

415 

12 

2.9 

3 

4 

5 

Breast  exclusively 

108 

3 

2.8 

2 

1 

Mixed  exclusively 

11 

Artificial  exclusively 

24 

3 

12.5 

j 

2 

1 

More  than  one  type 

272 

6 

2 2 

2 

1 

3 

i 

Feeding  methods  and  nationality. — The  practice  in  regard  to 
breast  feeding  varied  according  to  nationality,  economic  status,  and 
gainful  employment ' of  the  mother.  On  the  whole,  foreign-horn 
mothers  other  than  French-Canadian  nursed  their  babies  longest. 
At  the  end  of  three  months  75.9  per  cent  of  foreign-bom  mothers  ex- 
cept French-Canadian,  60.9  per  cent  of  native  mothers,  and  52.6  per 
cent  of  French-Canadian  mothers  were  exclusively  breast  feeding 
their  babies.  At  the  end  of  6 months  these  percentages  were  49.4, 
36.3,  and  28.5,  respectively.  At  9 months  the  contrast  is  similar, 
and  in  addition  at  each  of  these  periods  the  foreign-born  mothers 
other  than  French-Canadian  much  more  commonly  than  either  of 
the  other  classes  of  mothers  were  using  a mixed  diet  for  their  babies. 
No  doubt  the  great  extent  of  exclusively  artificial  feeding  among 
babies  of  French-Canadian  mothers  is  a large  factor  in  accounting 
for  their  high  infant  death  rate. 

If  instead  of  considering  the  type  of  feeding  at  the  end  of  these 
three  age  periods  we  consider  the  type  during  the  same  periods,  we 
find  the  same  tendency  in  the  different  groups,  and  as  far  as  breast 
feeding  is  concerned  almost  identical  percentages  in  each  case. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


69 


Table  42. 

Per  cent  distribution  of  infants 
of  — 

Type  of  feeding  and  age  of  infant. 

Foreign-bom 

mothers. 

Native 

mothers. 

French- 

Canadian. 

Other. 

Type  of  feeding: 

At  3 months  of  age 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

60.9 

52.6 

75.9 

6.6 

8.4 

11.3 

Artificial 

32.5 

38.9 

12.7 

During  first  3 months 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Breast  exclusively 

60.9 

52.6 

75.7 

Mixed  exclusively 

2.0 

2.9 

3.7 

Artificial  exclusively 

14.8 

20.7 

6.0 

More  than  one  type 

22.2 

23.7 

14.6 

At  6 months  of  age 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Breast 

36.3 

28.5 

49.4 

Mixed 

16.4 

14.6 

30.0 

Artificial 

47.4 

56.9 

20.6 

During  first  6 months 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Breast  exclusively 

36.3 

28.5 

48.9 

Mixed  exclusively 

1.3 

2.9 

2.6 

Artificial  exclusively 

14.5 

20.6 

6.1 

More  than  one  type 

48.0 

48.0 

42.3 

At  9 months  of  age 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Breast 

17. 1 

12.7 

26.3 

Mixed 

27.9 

18.8 

46.3 

Artificial 

55. 1 

68.6 

27.5 

During  first  9 months 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Breast  exclusively 

16.8 

12.7 

26.0 

Mixed  exclusively 

1.3 

1.7 

2.1 

Artificial  exclusively 

13.4 

19.9 

5.8 

More  than  one  type 

68.5 

65.7 

65.5 

An  analysis  of  the  relation  of  type  of  feeding  to  infant  mortality 
according  to  nationality  shows  practically  no  difference  in  results. 
The  same  tendency  for  a high  infant  mortality  rate  to  accompany 
artificial  feeding  occurs  among  the  babies  of  both  native  and  foreign- 
born  mothers.  As  might  be  expected  from  the  higher  general  rate, 
the  babies  of  foreign-born  mothers  show  in  nearly  all  cases,  whatever 
the  type  of  feeding,  a higher  death  rate  than  babies  of  native  mothers. 
(See  Table  40.) 

Feeding  methods  in  economic  groups. — Native  and  foreign-born 

mothers  in  the  same  economic  classes  do  not  show  the  same  tenden- 
cies with  reference  to  the  baby’s  feeding.  For  the  purpose  of  sim- 
plifying the  comparison,  economic  classes  were  reduced  to  three — 
fathers  earning  under  $650,  fathers  earning  from  $650  to  $1,049,  and 
fathers  earning  $1,050  and  over.  Among  native  mothers  artificial 
feeding  existed  to  the  greatest  extent  in  the  poorest  class  and 
the  percentage  of  babies  artificially  fed  declined  with  the  rise  in 
father’s  earnings.  Of  babies  of  native  mothers  35.4  per  cent  were 
artificially  fed  at  3 months  of  age  in  the  class  where  the  father’s 
earnings  were  under  $650;  30.8  per  cent  where  the  earnings  were 
$650  to  $1,049;  and  28.1  per  cent- where  the  earnings  were  $1,050 
and  over.  In  contrast  to  this,  among  babies  of  the  same  age  of 
foreign-bom  mothers  23.6  per  cent  were  being  artificially  fed  in  the 


70 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


class  where  father’s  earnings  were  under  $650;  31.  8 per  cent  in  the 
next  higher  class;  and  26.4  per  cent  in  the  highest  economic  group, 
where  father’s  earnings  were  $1,050  and  over.  An  analysis  of  the 
feeding  given  at  6 months  according  to  nativity  of  mother  and  earn- 
ings of  father  reveals  a similar  situation. 

Among  foreign-born  mothers,  then,  the  poorest  mothers  nurse  their 
babies  to  the  greatest  extent,  and  the  mothers  in  the  middle  eco- 
nomic class  nurse  their  babies  least.  French-Canadian  mothers  should 
be  excepted  from  this  generalization  since,  as  has  been  shown,  their 
general  custom  in  regard  to  nursing  the  baby  differs  radically  from 
that  of  other  foreign-born  mothers.  Among  the  Polish  mothers  the 
extent  of  artificial  feeding  is  almost  negligible. 


Table  43. 


Infants  born  during  selected  year. 


Infants  living  and  artificially  fed 
at  specified  age  and  nationality 
of  mother. 


Whose  fathers  earned  specified  amount. 


Total. 

Under  $650. 

$650  to 
$1,049. 

$1,050  and 
over. 

No  earn- 
ings.i 

Not  re- 
ported. 

ALL  MOTHERS.' — * 

Infants  living  at  end  of  3 months. . 

1,444 

691 

548 

168 

18 

19 

Number  artificially  fed 

416 

182 

172 

46 

9 

7 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

28.8 

26.3 

31.4 

27.4 

50.0 

36.8 

Infants  living  at  end  of  6 mqpths. . 

1,387 

661 

529 

163 

17 

17 

Number  artificially  fed 

589 

260 

245 

67 

8 

9 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

42.5 

39.3 

46.3 

41.1 

47.1 

52.8 

Infants  living  at  end  of  9 months. . 

1,338 

625 

519 

163 

15 

16 

Number  artificially  fed 

683 

300 

272 

95 

7 

9 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

51.0 

48.0 

52.4 

58.3 

46.7 

56.3 

NATIVE  MOTHERS. 

Infants  living  at  end  of  3 months. . 

499 

161 

234 

96 

4 

4 

Number  artificially  fed 

162 

57 

72 

27 

4 

2 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

32.5 

35.4 

30.8 

28.1 

100.0 

50.0 

Infants  living  at  end  of  6 months. . 

477 

152 

223 

95 

4 

3 

Number  artificially  fed 

226 

80 

101 

39 

4 

2 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

47.4 

52.6 

45.3 

41.1 

100.0 

66.7 

Infants  living  at  end  of  9 months. . 

463 

142 

221 

95 

3 

2 

Number  artificially  fed 

255 

82 

112 

57 

3 

1 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

55.1 

57.7 

50.7 

60.0 

100.0 

50.0 

FOREIGN-BORN  MOTHERS. 

Infants  living  at  end  of  3 months. . 

945 

530 

314 

72 

14 

15 

Number  artificially  fed 

254 

125 

100 

19 

5 

5 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

26.9 

23.6 

31.8 

26.4 

35.7 

33.3 

Infants  living  at  end  of  6 months. . 

910 

509 

306 

68 

13 

14 

Number  artificially  fed ‘ 

363 

180 

144 

28 

4 

7 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

39.9 

35.4 

47.1 

41.2 

30.8 

50.0 

Infants  living  at  end  of  9 months. . 

875 

483 

298 

68 

12 

14 

Number  artificially  fed 

428 

218 

160 

38 

4 

8 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

48.9 

45.1 

53.7 

55.9 

33.3 

57.1 

French-  Canadian  mothers. 

Infants  living  at  end  of  3 months. . 

511 

260 

204 

34 

6 

7 

Number  artificially  fed 

199 

100 

80 

11 

4 

4 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

38.9 

38.5 

39.2 

32.4 

66.7 

57.1 

Infants  living  at  end  of  6 months . . . 

485 

246 

196 

31 

6 

6 

Number  artificially  fed 

276 

139 

116 

14 

4 

3 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

56.9 

56.5 

59.2 

45.2 

66.7 

50.0 

Infants  living  at  end  of  9 months. . 

458 

228 

188 

31 

5 

6 

Number  artificially  fed 

314 

156 

130 

21 

3 

4 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

68.6 

68.4 

69.1 

67.7  • 

60.0 

66.7 

i Includes  1 father  living  on  his  income. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


71 


Taule  43 — Continued. 


Infants  born  during  selected  year. 


Infants  living  and  artificially  fed 
at  specified  age  and  nationality 
of  mother. 

Total. 

Whose  fathers  earned  specified  amount. 

Under  $650. 

$650  to 
$1,049. 

$1,050  and 
over. 

No  earn- 
ings.1 

Not  re- 
ported. 

Polish  mothers. 

Infants  living  at  end  of  3 months . . 

147 

133 

11 

1 

2 

6 

5 

1 

4. 1 

3.8 

9.1 

Infants  living  at  end  of  6 months. . 

144 

130 

11 

1 

2 

12 

9 

2 

1 

8.3 

6.9 

18.2 

50.0 

Infants  living  at  end  of  9 months. . 

138 

124 

11 

1 

2 

21 

17 

3 

1 

Por  pont.  artificially  fed 

15.2 

13.7 

27.3 

50.0 

English,  Irish,  and  Scotch 

mothers. 

Infants  living  at  end  of  3 months 

103 

41 

52 

7 

2 

1 

Number  artificially  fed 

18 

4 

13 

1 

Per  cent  artificially  fed. . . 

17.5 

9.8 

25.0 

14.3 

Infants  living  at  end  of  6 months. . 

100 

39 

52 

6 

2 

1 

Number  artificially  fed . 

25 

7 

16 

2 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

25.0 

17.9 

30.8 

33.3 

Infants  living  at  end  of  9 months . . . 

100 

39 

52 

6 

2 

1 

Number  artificially  fed. . . . 

30 

12 

16 

2 

Per  cent  artificially  fed. . . 

30.0 

30.8 

30.8 

33.3 

Other  foreign-horn  mothers. 

Infants  living  at  end  of  3 months. . 

184 

96 

47 

31 

5 

5 

Number  artificially  fed 

31 

16 

6 

7 

1 

1 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

16.8 

16.7 

12.8 

22.6 

20.0 

20.0 

Infants  living  at  end  of  6 months. . 

181 

94 

47 

31 

4 

5 

Number  artificially  fed 

50 

25 

10 

12 

3 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

27.6 

26.6 

21.3 

38.7 

60.0 

Infants  living  at  end  of  9 months. . . 

179 

92 

47 

31 

4 

5 

Number  artificially  fed 

63 

33 

11 

15 

1 

3 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

35.2 

35.9 

23.4 

48.4 

25.0 

60.0 

1 Includes  1 father  living  on  his  income. 


Effects  of  feeding  modified  by  income. — A classification  of  babies 
both  according  to  type  of  feeding  and  according  to  father’s  earnings 
reveals  the  fact  that  the  economic  status  of  the  family  modifies  the 
influence  of  feeding.  Poverty  nullifies  in  part  the  advantages  of 
breast  feeding,  while  an  ample  income  mitigates  the  disadvantages  of 
artificial  feeding.  The  reason  for  this  may  be,  as  before  noted, 
that  poverty  usually  means  low  standards  and  ignorance  on  the  part 
of  the  mother,  while  ample  income  makes  possible  the  attainment  of 
higher  standards,  better  medical  attention,  and  greater  knowledge 
in  the  care  of  the  baby. 

In  the  lowest  economic  class,  in  which  the  fathers  earn  less  than 
$650,  the  percentage  of  breast-fed  babies  alive  at  3 months  who  failed 
to  survive  till  the  end  of  the  year  was  6.7;  in  the  next  class  the  per- 
centage declined  to  3.6,  while  for  the  highest  class,  where  fathers 
earned  $1,050  or  more,  it  was  only  2.7.  The  percentages  of  deaths 
among  artificially  fed  babies  alive  at  3 months  were  22,  14.5,  and 
4.3 — in  the  two  lower  economic  classes  percentages  3 and  4 times  as 
large  as  those  for  breast-fed  babies  in  the  same  classes.  In  the 
highest  class  the  difference  between  the  percentages  almost  disappears. 


72 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


An  analysis  of  the  distribution  of  infant  deaths  occurring  among 
babies  who  survived  6 months  shows  the  same  results.  The  per- 
centage of  deaths  among  both  breast-fed  and  artificially  fed  babies 
decreased  with  the  advance  in  economic  status.  In  the  highest  class, 
in  which  fathers  earned  $1,050  or  more,  no  babies  who  had  survived 
6 months  died  before  the  end  of  the  year. 


Table  44. 


Infants  born  during  selected  year  and  surviving  at  specified  time. 


Whose  fathers  earned  specified  amount. 


Type  of  feeding  at  specified 
age. 

Total. 

Died  later  in 
year. 

Under  $650. 

$650  to  $1,049. 

Total. 

Died  later  in 
year. 

Total. 

Died  later  in 
year. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent. 

Type  of  feeding: 

At  3 months  of  age 

1,444 

138 

9.6 

691 

86 

12.4 

548 

40 

7.3 

Breast 

901 

44 

4.9 

434 

29 

6.7 

338 

12 

3.6 

Mixed 

125 

20 

16.0 

75 

17 

22.7 

36 

3 

8.3 

Artificial 

416 

74 

17.8 

182 

40 

22.0 

172 

25 

14.5 

Not  reported 

2 

2 

At  6 months  of  age 

1,387 

81 

5.8 

661 

56 

8.5 

529 

21 

4.0 

Breast 

520 

11 

2.1 

237 

8 

3.4 

203 

3 

1.5 

Mixed 

276 

15 

5.4 

164 

13 

7.9 

79 

2 

2.5 

Artificial 

589 

55 

9.3 

260 

35 

13.5 

245 

16 

6.5 

Not  reported 

2 

2 

Whose  fathers  earned  specified  amount — Continued. 


Type  of  feeding  at  specified 
age. 

$1,050  and  over. 

No  earnings.1 

Not  reported. 

Total. 

Died  later  in  year. 

Total. 

Died  later 
in  year. 

Total. 

Died  later 
in  year. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Type  of  feeding: 

A t3  months  of  age. ... 

168 

5 

3.0 

18 

4 

19 

3 

Breast 

112 

3 

2.  7 

7 

10 

Mixed . 

10 

2 

2 

Artificial 

46 

2 

4.3 

9 

4 

7 

3 

At  6 months  of  age 

163 

17 

3 

17 

1 

Breast  

69 

5 

6 

Mixed 

27 

4 

2 

Artificial 

1 67 

8 

3 

9 

1 

1 Includes  1 father  living  on  his  income. 


Feeding  methods  and  employment  of  mother. — Gainful  employ- 
ment of  the  mother  away  from  home  shows  a more  conspicuous  rela- 
tion to  failure  to  nurse  the  baby  than  either  nativity  or  economic 
status.  Among  the  babies  of  mothers  employed  away  from  home 
65.5  per  cent  were  being  artificially  fed  at  3 months  of  age,  as  com- 
pared with  28.5  per  cent  artificially  fed  among  the  babies  of  mothers 
not  gainfully  employed  at  that  time.  Among  babies  whose  mothers 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


73 


worked  at  home,  however,  the  percentage  of  artificial  feeding  was 
lower  than  in  either  of  the  above  groups — only  18.1.  In  general  this 
condition  was  the  same  both  for  native  and  foreign-born  mothers. 
In  the  native  group  the  percentage  of  babies  weaned  at  3 months  of 
age  whose  mothers  were  not  gainfully  employed  was  30.2;  of  those 
whose  mothers  worked  at  home,  it  was  30.9;  but  of  those  whose 
mothers  worked  away  from  home,  it  was  67.9.  Among  foreign-born 
mothers  the  tendencies  according  to  employment  of  mother  are  not 
identical,  but  the  contrasts  are  greater.  Among  babies  of  foreign- 
born  mothers  who  worked  at  home  at  the  time  only  15  per  cent  had 
been  weaned  at  3 months;  among  babies  of  mothers  not  employed  at 
all  the  per  cent  was  27.4;  and  among  babies  of  mothers  who  worked 
away  from  home,  64.4.  At  6 months  48.3  per  cent  of  the  babies  of 
native  mothers  then  employed  at  home  had  been  weaned,  42.5  per 
cent  in  the  case  of  mothers  not  employed  and  83.3  per  cent  in  the 
case  of  mothers  employed  away  from  home.  The  proportions  for 
babies  of  foreign-born  mothers  weaned  at  6 months  were  27,  39.1, 
and  69.6,  respectively. 


Table  45. 


Infants  born  during  selected  year. 


Whose  mothers  during  year  following 
baby's  birth — 


Infants  living  and  artificially  fed  at  specified  age 
and  nationality  of  mother. 


ALL  MOTHERS. 

Infants  living  at  end  of  3 months 

Number  artificially  fed 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

Infants  living  at  end  of  6 months 

1 -T umber  artificially  fed 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

Infants  living  at  end  of  9 months 

Number  artificially  fed 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

NATIVE  MOTHERS. 

Infants  living  at  end  of  3 months 

Number  artificially  fed 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

Infants  living  at  end  of  6 months 

Number  artificially  fed 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

Infants  living  at  end  of  9 months 

Number  artificially  fed 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

FOREIGN-BORN  MOTHERS. 

Infants  living  at  end  of  3 months 

Number  artificially  fed 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

Infants  living  at  end  of  6 months 

Number  artificially  fed 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

Infants  living  at  end  of  9 months 

Number  artificially  fed 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 


Total. 

Had  no 
work  or 
began  work 
after  time 
specified. 

Began  work  before 
time  specified 
and  worked— 

Did  not 
report 
time 
resumed. 

With 

baby. 

Away 

from 

baby. 

1,444 

1.057 

288 

87 

12 

416 

301 

52 

57 

6 

28.8 

28.5 

18.1 

65.5 

50.0 

1,387 

913 

299 

163 

12 

589 

369 

93 

120 

7 

42.5 

40.4 

31.1 

73.6 

58.3 

1,338 

814 

297 

216 

11 

683 

420 

114 

143 

6 

51.0 

51.6 

38.4 

66.2 

54.5 

499 

410 

55 

28 

6 

162 

124 

17 

19 

2 

32.5 

30.2 

30.9 

67.9 

33.3 

477 

365 

58 

48 

6 

226 

155 

28 

40 

3 

47.4 

42.5 

48.3 

83.3 

50.0 

463 

342 

58 

58 

5 

255 

174 

30 

49 

2 

55.1 

50.9 

51.7 

84.5 

40.0 

945 

647 

233 

59 

6 

254 

177 

35 

38 

4 

26.9 

27.4 

15.0 

64.4 

66.7 

910 

548 

241 

115 

6 

363 

214 

65 

80 

4 

39.9 

39.1 

27.0 

69.6 

66.7 

875 

472 

239 

158 

6 

428 

246 

84 

94 

4 

48.9 

52.1 

35.1 

59.5 

66.7 

74 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Table  45 — Continued. 

Infants  living  and  artificially  fed  at  specified  age 
and  nationality  of  mother. 

Infants  born  during  selected  year. 

Total. 

Whose  m 

Had  no 
work  or 
began  work 
after  time 
specified. 

Lothers  during  year  fo 
baby’s  birth — 

Began  work  before 
time  specified 
and  worked — 

llowing 

Did  not 
report 
time 
resumed. 

With 

baby. 

Away 

from 

baby. 

French- Canadian  mothers. 

Infants  living  at  end  of  3 months 

511 

385 

78 

45 

3 

Number  artificially  fed 

199 

142 

23 

32 

2 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

38.9 

36.9 

29.5 

71.1 

66.7 

Infants  living  at  end  of  6 months 

485 

323 

80 

79 

3 

Number  artificially  fed 

276 

166 

42 

66 

2 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

56.9 

51.4 

52.5 

83.5 

66.7 

Infants  living  at  end  of  9 months 

458 

293 

78 

84 

3 

Number  artificially  fed 

314 

192 

49 

71 

2 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

68.6 

65.5 

62.8 

84.5 

66.7 

Polish  mothers. 

Infants  living  at  end  of  3 months 

147 

74 

70 

1 

2 

Number  artificially  fed 

6 

3 

1 

1 

1 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

4.1 

4.1 

1.4 

100.0 

50.0 

Infants  living  at  end  of  6 months 

144 

66 

68 

8 

2 

Number  artificially  fed 

12 

4 

4 

3 

1 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

8.3 

6.1 

5.9 

37.5 

50.0 

Infants  living  at  end  of  9 months 

138 

29 

67 

40 

2 

Number  artificially  fed 

21 

4 

9 

7 

1 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

15.2 

13.8 

13.4 

17.5 

50.0 

English,  Irish,  and  Scotch  mothers. 

Infants  living  at  end  of  3 months 

103 

74 

25 

3 

1 

Number  artificially  fed 

18 

11 

5 

1 

1 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

17.5 

14.9 

20.0 

33.3 

100.0 

Infants  living  at  end  of  6 months 

100 

57 

32 

10 

1 

Number  artificially  fed 

25 

14 

5 

5 

1 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

25.0 

24.6 

15.6 

50.0 

100.0 

Infants  living  at  end  of  9 months 

100 

54 

32 

13 

1 

Number  artificially  fed 

30 

16 

7 

6 

1 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

30.0 

29.6 

21.9 

46.2 

100.0 

Other  foreign-horn  mothers. 

Infants  living  at  end  of  3 months 

184 

114 

60 

10 

N umber  artificially  fed 

31 

21 

6 

4 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

16.8 

18.4 

10.0 

40.0 

Infants  living  at  end  of  6 months . . . 

181 

102 

61 

18 

Number  artificially  fed 

50 

30 

14 

6 

Per  cent  artificially  fed  . 

27.6 

29.4 

23.0 

33.3 

Infants  living  at  end  of  9 months 

179 

96 

62 

21 

Number  artificially  fed 

63 

34 

19 

10 

Per  cent  artificially  fed 

35.2 

35.4 

30.6 

47.6 

General  discussion  of  feeding  methods. — It  appears  from  these 
facts  that  in  the  case  of  native  mothers  both  gainful  employment 
away  from  home  and  low  economic  status  are  frequently  accompanied 
by  early  weaning  of  the  baby.  The  mothers  who  worked  away 
from  home  are  on  the  whole  the  poorest  mothers;  hence  the  very 
large  proportion  of  their  babies  weaned  by  the  age  of  3 and  6 months — 
namely,  67.9  and  83.3  per  cent.  Among  foreign-born  mothers, 
however,  low  economic  status,  as  has  been  shown,  is  accompanied 
by  a general  tendency  to  nurse  the  baby.  Mothers  who  worked  away 
from  home,  however,  were  often  required  to  wean  their  babies,  for 
64.4  per  cent  of  these  babies  were  weaned  at  3 months  and  69.6  per 
cent  at  6 months. 


INFANT  MORTALITY:, 


75 


The  reason  for  the  divergence  in  the  customs  of  native  and  foreign- 
born  mothers  (other  than  French-Canadian)  as  to  the  feeding  of  the 
baby  is  not  apparent.  Possibly  the  other  foreign-born  mothers  in 
the  poorest  classes  still  follow  a custom  from  which  the  native 
mothers,  who  know  more  of  substitutes  for  mother’s  milk,  have 
broken  away.  The  latter  and  the  French-Canadian  mothers  as  well 
are  constantly  appealed  to  by  advertisements  of  patent  infant  foods. 
Indeed,  one  mother  gave  as  a reason  for  ceasing  to  nurse  her  baby  that 
she  wanted  to  try  the  samples  of  patent  infant  foods  which  had 
been  given  her. 

Of  the  native  mothers  those  in  the  highest  economic  class,  contrary 
to  expectation,  practiced  breast  feeding  most  commonly,  and  in  this 
same  group,  because  of  access  to  competent  medical  advice  and  because 
of  the  better  education  of  the  mothers  generally,  they  are  apt  to 
make  more  intelligent  use  of  artificial  food  and  their  babies  are  likely 
to  suffer  least  from  artificial  feeding.  These  very  circumstances, 
however,  may  explain  the  reason  for  the  greater  readiness  of  these 
mothers  to  nurse  their  babies,  for  they  would  be  the  class  to  be 
reached  first  by  the  campaigns  of  public  education  in  favor  of  breast 
feeding  which  have  been  carried  on  in  recent  years. 

Substitutes  for  mother’s  milk. — Artificially  fed  babies  of  the 
poorer  mothers  suffer  under  the  extra  handicap  of  the  ignorance  of 
such  mothers  as  to  the  proper  feeding  of  babies.  The  importance  of 
a pure  city  milk  supply  and  of  infant-welfare  stations  to  this  class 
of  babies  is  obvious.  In  Manchester  the  substitutes  for  mother’s 
milk  most  frequently  resorted  to  were  condensed  milk,  patent  infant 
foods,  and  whole  milk.  Only  infrequently  did  mothers  report  that 
they  gave  their  babies  modified  milk.  The  cows’  milk  was  usually 
the  same  grade  as  that  used  for  adult  consumption. 

There  are  two  grades  of  milk  officially  recognized  by  the  city  depart- 
ment of  health,  and  of  these  ‘ ‘inspected  milk”  is  the  superior  and  the 
one  suitable  for  infants.  This  grade  of  milk,  however,  was  only 
provided  for  by  the  State  board  of  health  in  April,  1913,  and  intro- 
duced into  Manchester  in  the  same  year.  About  10  per  cent  of  the 
entire  supply  was  pasteurized. 

MATERNAL  HISTORIES. 

Data  were  obtained  from  the  mothers  regarding  all  pregnancies 
which  they  had  had  previous  to  the  birth  of  the  baby  during  the 
selected  year.  This  information  included  the  following  details: 
The  total  number  of  pregnancies  and  the  result  of  each — that  is, 
whether  a live-born  child,  a stillborn  child,  or  a miscarriage;  the 
year  of  birth  and  sex  of  each  child ; the  number  of  live-born  children 
who  had  died,  and  the  age  of  each  at  death.  An  analysis  of  these 
maternal  histories  serves  to  supplement  the  more  detailed  study  of 
infants  born  during  a single  year. 

The  histories  of  1,618  mothers  form  the  basis  of  the  study  of  the 
issues  of  all  pregnancies.  From  6 of  the  1,624  mothers  of  babies 


76 


INFANT  MORTALITY, 


born  during  the  selected  year  complete  maternal  histories  could 
not  be  secured. 

Infant  mortality  rate,  all  pregnancies.— These  1,618  mothers  had 
given  birth  to  6,061  infants,  of  whom  1,029  had  died  in  infancy  and 
174  were  stillborn.  In  addition  they  reported  other  pregnancies 
resulting  in  295  miscarriages.  The  infant  mortality  rate  for  5,887 
live-born  babies  was  174.8,  a rate  somewhat  higher  than  that  found 
for  the  babies  born  during  the  selected  year,  which  was  165. 


Births  and  infant  deaths,  all  pregnancies. 


Births  per  mother  and  nativity 
of  mother. 

Total. 

mothers. 

Total 

births. 

Live  births. 

Stillbirths. 

Total. 

Infant  deaths. 

Number. 

Per  cent.1 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate.1 

All  mothers 

Births: 

1 

2 

3  

4  

5  

6  

7  

8  

9  

10  

11 

12 

13  

14  

is  

1, 618 

6, 061 

5, 887 

1,029 

174.8 

174 

2.9 

448 

310 

225 

157 

115 

89 

73 

52 

36 

35 

26 

20 

13 

9 

3 

6 

1 

540 

448 

620 

675 

628 

575 

534 

511 

416 

324 

350 

286 

240 

169 

126 

45 

96 

18 

1, 479 

421 

601 

653 

614 

563 

517 

500 

406 

320 

337 

276 

236 

166 

125 

45 

89 

18 

1,432 

68 

73 

108 

102 

75 

99 

111 

71 

43 
64 
67 
51 
31 

44 
6 

13 

3 

203 

161.5 

121.5 

165. 1 

166.1 
133. 2 

191.5 
222. 0 

174.9 
134.4 

189.9 
242.8 
216.1 
186.7 
352. 0 

27 

19 

22 

14 

12 

17 

11 

10 

4 

13 

10 

4 

3 

6.0 

3.1 

3.3 

2.2 
2.1 

3.2 

2.2 

2.4 
1.2 

3.7 

3.5 

1.7 

1.8 
.8 

16  

7 

1ft  

Native  mothers 

141.8 

47 

3.2 

Births: 

194 

194 

180 

15 

83.3 

14 

7.2 

2 

122 

244 

237 

25 

105.5 

7 

2.9 

3 

93 

279 

'270 

40 

148.1 

9 

3.2 

4 

40 

160 

156 

23 

147.4 

4 

2.5 

5 

32 

160 

158 

21 

132.9 

2 

1.3 

6 

25 

150 

143 

26 

181.8 

7 

4.7 

7 

14 

98 

97 

20 

J 

g 

6 

48 

48 

13 

9 

5 

45 

45 

4 

10 

3 

30 

30 

2 

11 

4 

44 

43 

7 

1 

13 

1 

13 

11 

3 

2 

14 

1 

14 

14 

4 

Foreign-born  mothers 

1,078 

4,582 

4,455 

826 

185.4 

127 

2.8 

Births: 

1 

254 

254 

241 

53 

219.9 

13 

5.1 

2 

188 

376 

364 

48 

131.9 

12 

3.2 

3 

132 

396 

383 

68 

177.5 

13 

3.3 

4 

117 

468 

458 

79 

172.5 

10 

2.1 

5 

83 

415 

405 

54 

133.3 

10 

2.4 

6 

64 

384 

374 

73 

195.2 

10 

2.6 

7 

59 

413 

403 

91 

225.8 

10 

2.4 

8 

46 

368 

358 

58 

162.0 

10 

2.7 

9 

31 

279 

275 

39 

141.8 

4 

1.4 

10 

32 

320 

307 

62 

202.0 

13 

4.1 

11 

22 

242 

233 

60 

257.5 

9 

3.7 

12 

20 

240 

236 

51 

216.1 

4 

1.7 

13 

12 

156 

155 

28 

180.6 

1 

.6 

14 

8 

112 

111 

40 

360.4 

1 

.9 

15  . 

3 

45 

45 

6 

16. . . 

6 

96 

89 

13 

7 

18 

1 

18 

18 

3 

1 Not  shown  where  base  is  less  than  100. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


77 


Stillbirths  and  miscarriages. — The  stillbirths  reported  formed  but 
a small  proportion  of  all  births.  It  is  likely,  however,  that  the  number 
of  stillbirths  and  of  miscarriages  is  understated.  The  registration  of 
stillbirths  is  less  complete  than  the  registration  of  live  births,  and  it  is 
more  difficult  to  secure  from  the  mother  information  about  both  still- 
births and  miscarriages  than  about  live-born  children. 


1 Including  miscarriages. 


78 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


The  information  obtained  regarding  miscarriages  and  stillbirths 
is  probably  the  least  reliable  of  any  of  the  data  contained  in  the 
maternal  histories.  It  presents,  however,  at  least  a minimum  state- 
ment of  the  extent  of  loss  of  infant  life  from  these  causes.  There 
were  174  stillbirths  reported  by  153  mothers  and  295  miscarriages 
reported  by  193  of  the  1,618  mothers.  Six  was  the  largest  number 
of  either  stillbirths  or  miscarriages  recorded  for  any  mother. 


Table  48. 


Births  per  mother  and  nativity  of  mother. 


Number  of  mothers. 


Total. 


Reporting  specified  number 
of  stillbirths. 


None. 


All  mothers 

Births: 

1 

2 

3  

4  

5  

6  

7  

8  

9  

10  

11 

12 

13  

14  

15  

16  

18 

Native  mothers 

Births: 

1 

2 

3  

4  

5  

6  

7  

8  

9  

10  

11 

13  

14  

Foreign-born  mothers 
Births: 

1 

2 

3  

4  

5  

6  

7  

8  

9  

10  

11 

12 

13  

14  

15  

16  

18 


,618 


448 

310 

225 

157 

115 

89 

73 

52 

36 

35 

26 

20 

13 

9 

3 

6 

1 

540 


194 

122 

93 

40 

32 

25 

14 

6 

5 

3 

4 
1 
1 

,078 


254 

188 

132 

117 

83 

64 

59 

46 

31 

32 
22 
20 
12 

8 

3 


1,465 


138 


12 


421 

291 

205 

144 

104 

76 

63 

43 

32 

25 

18 

16 

11 

8 

3 

4 
1 

497 


180 

115 

84 

37 

30 

20 

13 

6 

5 

3 

3 


968 


241 

176 

121 

107 

74 

56 

50 

37 

27 

22 

15 

16 
11 

7 

3 

4 
1 


40 


10 


10 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


79 


Age  at  death. — A large  proportion  of  the  deaths  reported  by  the 
mothers  among  all  infants  borne  by  them  occurred  during  the  early 
period  of  infancy.  Of  the  total  number  of  deaths,  218,  or  21.2  per 
cent,  occurred  within  the  first  two  weeks  after  birth. 

The  maternal  histories  do  not  furnish  the  details  necessary  for  an 
extended  analysis  of  the  causes  of  infant  mortality  in  the  whole  group 
of  6,061  babies.  The  influence  exercised  by  economic  status,  size  of 
family,  and  other  factors  is  however  indicated  to  some  extent. 


Table  49. 

Live  births  per  mother  and  nativity  of  mother. 


All  mothers 

Live  births: 

1 

2 

3  

4  

5  

6  : 

7  

8  

9  

10  

11 

12 

13  

14  

15  

16  

18 

Native  mothers 

Live  births: 

1 

2 ' 

3  

4  

5  

6  

7  

8  

9  

10  

11 

14 

Foreign-born  mothers 

Live  births: 

1 

2 

3  

4  

5  

6  

7  

8  

9  

10  

11 

12 

13  

14  

15  

16  

18 


Number  of  mothers. 


Total. 


1,591 


442 

310 

219 

156 

115 

86 

72 

48 

42 

32 

23 

17 

12 

8 

4 

4 


526 


187 

125 

87 

39 

34 

21 

13 

6 

5 

4 

4 

1 

1,065 


255 

185 


Reporting  specified  number  of  infant  deaths. 


None. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

Over  5. 

955 

412 

123 

68 

17 

8 

8 

367 

75 

241 

60 

9 

131 

73 

12 

3 

79 

56 

15 

6 

61 

38 

13 

2 

1 

25 

38 

13 

7 

2 

16 

19 

22 

11 

3 

1 

13 

15 

10 

9 

1 

11 

17 

8 

5 

1 

7 

6 

6 

8 

5 

5 

6 

6 

2 

2 

2 

1 

5 

5 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

3 

1 

2 

2 

j 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

379 

112 

22 

8 

2 

3 

171 

16 

99 

24 

2 

55 

25 

6 

1 

21 

13 

5 

19 

10 

4 

1 

7 

11 

1 

1 

1 

3 

5 

3 

1 

1 

3 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

3 

l 

576 

300 

101 

60 

15 

5 

8 

196 

59 

142 

36 

7 

76 

48 

6 

2 

58 

43 

10 

6 

42 

28 

9 

2 

18 

27 

12 

6 

2 

13 

14 

19 

10 

3 

13 

12 

10 

7 

9 

15 

7 

5 

1 

5 

4 

6 

8 

5 

4 

6 

3 

2 

2 

2 

1 

5 

5 

3 

1 

i 

1 

1 

2 

3 

3 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

i 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

i 

1 

80 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Order  of  pregnancy  and  age  of  mother. — The  relative  importance 
of  order  of  pregnancy  and  age  of  mother  as  factors  in  infant  mor- 
tality has  never  been  established. 

It  is  interesting  to  compare  the  data  for  all  pregnancies  shown  in 
the  next  table  with  those  presented  in  Tables  19  and  21,  which  relate 
to  the  babies  born  during  the  selected  year.  Infant  mortality  rates 
do  not  show  an  absolutely  regular  trend  from  one  pregnancy  to  the 
next,  or  from  one  age  group  to  the  next,  any  more  than  when  based 
upon  births  during  the  selected  year,  but  by  making  comparisons  of 


INFANT  MORTALITY, 


81 


groups  of  three  the  general  tendency  to  a higher  infant  mortality  rate 
among  later-born  children  is  shown. 


Table  51. 

Order  of  pregnancy  and  age  of  mother. 

Births  and  infant  deaths,  all  pregnancies. 

Total 

births. 

Live  births. 

Stillbirths. 

Total. 

Infant  deaths. 

Number. 

Per  cent.1 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate.1 

All  pregnancies,  all  ages 

6,061 

5,887 

1,029 

174.8 

174 

2.9 

Under  20 

422 

415 

100 

241.0 

7 

1.7 

20  to  24 

2,031 

1,972 

366 

185.6 

59 

2.9 

25  to  29 

1,860 

1,816 

284 

156.4 

44 

2.4 

30  to  34 

1,065 

1,037 

161 

155.3 

28 

2.6 

35  to  39 

530 

510 

90 

176.5 

20 

3.8 

40  and  over 

142 

130 

22 

169.2“ 

12 

8.5 

Not  reported 

11 

7 

6 

4 

First  pregnancy,  all  ages 

1,631 

1,574 

274 

174.1 

57 

3.5 

Under  20 

324 

319 

71 

222.6 

5 

1.5 

20  to  24. . 

877 

844 

145 

171.8 

33 

3.8 

25  to  29 

328 

315 

43 

136. 5 

13 

4.0 

30  to  34 

79 

73 

11 

6 

35  to  39 

20 

20 

2 

40  and  over 

2 

2 

1 

Not  reported 

1 

1 

1 

Second  pregnancy,  all  ages 

1,178 

1,151 

189 

164.2 

27 

2.3 

Under  20 

80 

78 

23 

2 

20  to  24 

621 

609 

108 

177.3 

12 

1.9 

25  to  29 

353 

346 

44 

127.2 

7 

-2.0 

30  to  34 

102 

96 

12 

6 

5.9 

35  to  39 

19 

19 

2 

40  and  over 

2 

2 

Not  reported 

1 

1 

Third  pregnancy,  all  ages 

868 

847 

149 

175.9 

21 

2.4 

Under  20 

16 

16 

6 

20  to  24 

330 

320 

66 

206.3 

10 

3.0 

25  to  29 

370 

364 

55 

151.1 

6 

1.6 

30  to  34 

114 

111 

16 

144.1 

3 

2.6 

35  to  39 

33 

32 

4 

1 

40  and  over 

3 

3 

1 

Not  reported 

2 

1 

1 

1 

Fourth  pregnancy,  all  ages 

641 

626 

122 

194.9 

15 

2.3 

Under  20 

2 

2 

20  to  24 

139 

136 

32 

235.3 

O O 

25  to  29 

320 

312 

57 

I82!  7 

O 

8 

z.  z 
2.5 

30  to  34 

137 

136 

26 

191.2 

1 

7 

35  to  39 

38 

36 

4 

2 

. ( 

40  and  over 

1 

1 

Not  reported 

4 

3 

3 

1 

Fifth  pregnancy,  all  ages , 

475 

465 

73 

157.0 

10 

2.1 

20  to  24 

45 

44 

10 

l 

25  to  29 

231 

230 

38 

165. 2 

1 

.4 

30  to  34 

141 

137 

18 

131.4 

4 

2.8 

35  to  39 

49 

46 

7 

3 

40  and  over 

8 

8 

Not  reported 

1 

j 

Sixth  pregnancy,  all  ages 

361 

352 

53 

150.6 

9 

2.5 

20  to  24 

13 

13 

3 

25  to  29 

146 

142 

23 

162.0 

4 

2.7 

30  to  34 

147 

145 

20 

137.9 

2 

1.4 

35  to  39 

48 

47 

6 

1 

40  and  over 

6 

5 

1 

1 

Not  reported 

1 

1 

Not  shown  where  base  is  less  than  100. 


72624°— 17- 


82 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Table  51— Continued. 


Births  and  infant  deaths,  all  pregnancies. 


Order  of  pregnancy  and  age  of  mother. 

Total 

births. 

Live  births. 

Stillbirths. 

Total. 

Infant  deaths. 

Number. 

Per  cent.1 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate.1 

Seventh  pregnancy,  all  ages 

269 

259 

50 

193.1 

10 

3.7 

20  to  24 

5 

5 

1 

25  to  29 

72 

68 

15 

4 

30  to  34 

121 

120 

20 

166.7 

1 

.8 

35  to  39 

60 

57 

13 

3 

11 

9 

1 

2 

Eighth  pregnancy,  all  ages 

200 

193 

25 

129.5 

7 

3.5 

20  to  24 

1 

1 

1 

25  to  29 

25 

24 

2 

1 

30  to  34 

99 

98 

13 

1 

35  to  39 

61 

56 

9 

5 

40  and  over ^ 

14 

14 

Ninth  pregnancv,  all  ages 

146 

142 

29 

204.2 

4 

2.7 

25  to  29 

8 

8 

3 

30  to  34 

64 

63 

14 

1 

35  to  39 

59 

57 

10 

* 

2 

40  and  over 

14 

13 

1 

1 

Not  reported 

1 

1 

1 

Tenth  pregnancy,  all  ages 

103 

99 

23 

4 

3.9 

25  to  29 

4 

4 

2 

30  to  34 

32 

31 

4 

1 

35  to  39 

50 

49 

14 

1 

40  and  over 

17 

15 

3 

2 

Eleventh  pregnancv,  all  ages 

76 

72 

14 

4 

25  to  29 

2 

2 

1 

30  to  34 

16 

14 

5 

2 

35  to  39 

41 

40 

5 

1 

40  and  over 

17 

16 

3 

1 

Twelfth  pregnancv,  all  ages 

49 

47 

11 

2 

25  to  29 

1 

j 

1 

30  to  34 

7 

7 

35  to  39 

27 

27 

5 

40  and  over 

14 

12 

5 

2 

Thirteenth  pregnancy,  all  ages 

31 

28 

10 

3 

30  to  34 

4 

4 

1 

35  to  39 

13 

12 

7 

1 

40  and  over 

14 

12 

2 

2 

Fourteenth  pregnancy,  all  ages 

19 

18 

5 

1 

30  to  34 

2 

2 

1 

35  to  39 

9 

9 

2 

40  and  over 

8 

r 

2 

1 

Fifteenth  pregnancy,  all  ages. . 

9 

9 

1 

35  to  39 

2 

2 

40  and  over 

7 

7 

1 

Sixteenth  pregnancy,  all  ages. . . 

4 

4 

1 

35  to  39 

1 

1 

40  and  over 

3 

3 

1 

Seventeenth  pregnancv,  all  ages 

1 

1 

40  and  over 

1 

1 

Not  shown  where  base  is  less  than  100. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


83 


Plural  births. — Of  the  total  number  of  pregnancies  64  resulted  in 
live-born  twins  and  1 each  in  stillborn  twins  and  in  stillborn  triplets. 
In  Natality  and  Fecundity1  it  is  stated  that  the  frequency  of  twins 
in  Scotland  in  47  consecutive  years  from  1855  to  1901  amounted  to 
11.7  per  1,000  confinements.  In  Manchester,  among  the  1,618 
mothers  reporting  the  results  of  5,994  confinements,  the  twin  preg- 
nancies numbered  10.8  per  1,000. 

Exactly  half  of  the  128  live-born  twin  infants  died  in  infancy.  This 
infant  mortality  rate  of  500  among  them,  as  compared  with  a rate 
of  174.8  for  all  births  at  all  pregnancies  and  167.6  for  single  births  at 
all  pregnancies,  conforms  with  the  usual  findings  in  foreign  countries 
as  regards  the  high  infant  mortality  among  twins. 


Table  52. 


Plural  births  resulting  from  all  pregnancies. 


Live  births. 

Stillbirths. 

Age  of  mother. 

Total. 

plural 

Infant  deaths. 

births.1 

Total. 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate.2 

Number. 

Per  cent.2 

All  mothers 

133 

128 

64 

500.0 

5 

3.8 

Under  20 

10 

10 

6 

20  to  24 

38 

36 

17 

2 

25  to  29 

36 

36 

15 

30  to  34 

20 

18 

10 

2 

35  to  39 

21 

20 

12 

1 

40  and  over 

6 

6 

2 

Not  reported 

2 

2 

2 

- 

1 Twins  resulted  from  65  pregnancies  and  triplets  from  1 pregnancy. 

2 Not  shown  where  base  is  less  than  100. 


Nationality  of  mother. — A classification  of  the  6,061  babies  by 
nationality  of  mother  showed  a higher  infant  death  rate  among 
babies  of  foreign-born  mothers  than  among  babies  of  native  mothers, 
and  also  higher  rates  for  the  French-Canadian  and  Polish  than  for 
other  foreign  groups.  This  same  tendency  existed  when  the  com- 
parison was  limited  to  infants  born  during  the  selected  year  to 
these  mothers.  The  rate  was  141.8  for  natives  and  185.4  for  all 
foreign  born.  The  percentage  of  stillbirths  among  foreign-born 
mothers,  however,  was  only  2.8,  a percentage  lower  than  that  shown 
for  native  mothers,  which  was  3.2.  This  outcome  may  have  been 
due  to  incomplete  data  on  stillbirths,  inasmuch  as  the  proportion  of 
stillbirths  reported  for  all  mothers  was  low.  (See  Table  53.) 


i Lewis,  C.  J.  and  J.  Norman,  Natality  and  Fecundity,  London,  1906,  p.  63. 


84 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Table  53. 

Nationality  of  mother. 

Total 

mothers. 

Births  and  infant  deaths,  all  pregnancies. 

Total 

births. 

Live  births. 

Stillbirths. 

Total. 

Ihfant  deaths. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate. 

All  mothers 

1,618 

6,061 

5,887 

1,029 

174.8 

174 

2.9 

Native  mothers 

540 

1,479 

1,432 

203 

141.8 

47~ 

3.2 

Foreign-horn  mothers 

1,078 

4,582 

4,455 

826 

185.4 

127 

2.8 

French-Canadian 

601 

2,905 

2,815 

583 

207.1 

90 

3.1 

Polish 

167 

525 

517 

90 

174.1 

8 

1.5 

English,  Irish,  and  Scotch. . 

111 

514 

497 

63 

126.8 

17 

3.3 

Greek  and  Syrian 

72 

191 

187 

25 

133.7 

4 

2.1 

German 

30 

123 

119 

18 

151.3 

4 

3.3 

Jewish 

24 

114 

111* 

16 

144.1 

3 

2.6 

All  other  and  not  reported.. 

73 

210 

209 

31 

148.3 

1 

.5 

Economic  status. — The  economic  status  of  the  family  for  the  whole 
period  covered  by  the  maternal  history  was  assumed  to  be  indicated, 
roughly  at  least,  by  the  amount  the  father  earned  in  the  year  follow- 
ing the  birth  in  the  selected  year.  This  assumption  without  doubt  is 
erroneous  in  individual  cases,  but  it  is  believed  that  for  the  majority 
of  families  the  earnings  of  the  father  did  not  change  sufficiently  from 
year  to  year  to  produce  a radical  change  in  the  standard  of  living. 

The  results  show,  for  all  mothers,  a decline  in  the  infant  mortality 
rate  accompanying  the  advance  in  economic  status  with  one  excep- 
tion. The  infant  mortality  rate  among  babies  whose  fathers  earned 
under  $550  a year  was  184.4,  while  the  rate  for  babies  in  the  next  class, 
whose  fathers  earned  $550  to  $649,  was  somewhat  higher — 195.3 ; but 
this  exception  does  not  disturb  the  trend.  In  the  succeeding  classes 
the  infant  mortality  rate  decreased  steadily,  and  the  rate  in  the 
highest  economic  class,  where  fathers  earned  $1,250  and  over,  was 
only  99.3.  It  is  apparent  that  the  same  general  relation  between 
economic  status  and  the  infant  mortality  rate  is  revealed  here  that 
was  found  in  the  analysis  of  the  rate  for  the  babies  born  during  the 
selected  year.  The  assumption  involved  in  the  determination  of 
economic  status  for  the  larger  group  of  babies  makes  the  figures  pre- 
sented for  them  less  reliable  than  those  shown  for  the  babies  born  dur- 
ing the  selected  year. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


85 


Table  54. 

Father’s  earnings  and  nativity 
of  mother. 

Total 

mothers. 

Births  and  infant  deaths,  all  pregnancies. 

Total 

births. 

Live  births. 

Stillbirths. 

Total. 

Infant  deaths. 

Number. 

Per  cent.1 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate.1 

All  mothers 

1,618 

6,061 

5,887 

1,029 

174.8 

174 

2.9 

Father’s  earnings: 

Under  $550 

493 

1,916 

1,866 

344 

184.4 

50 

2.6 

$550  to  $649 

292 

1,108 

1,065 

208 

195.3 

43 

3.9 

$650  to  $849 

419 

1,618 

1,574 

288 

183.0 

44 

2.7 

$850  to  $1,049 

198 

668 

647 

90 

139.1 

21 

3.1 

$1,050  to  $1,249 

72 

268 

261 

27 

103.4 

7 

2.6 

$1,250  and  over 

103 

307 

302 

30 

99.3 

5 

1.6 

No  earnings2 

21 

87 

84 

25 

3 

Not  reported 

20 

89 

88 

17 

1 

Native  mothers 

540 

1,479 

1,432 

203 

141.8 

47 

3.2 

Father’s  earnings: 

Under  $550 

87 

238 

226 

36 

159.3 

12 

5.0 

$550  to  $649 

90 

241 

232 

52 

224.1 

9 

3.7 

$650  to  $849 

157 

475 

465 

62 

133.3 

10 

2.1 

$850  to  $1,049 

100 

262 

254 

32 

126.0 

8 

3.1 

$1,050  to  $1,249 

36 

98 

93 

8 

5 

$1,250  and  over 

61 

145 

143 

8 

55.9 

2 

1.4 

No  earnings 

5 

7 

6 

2 

1 

Not  reported 

4 

13 

13 

3 

Foreign-bom  mothers 

1,078 

4,582 

4,455 

826 

185.4 

127 

2.8 

Father’s  earnings: 

Under  $550 

406 

1, 678 

1,640 

308 

187.8 

38 

2.3 

$550  to  $649 

202 

867 

833 

156 

187.3 

34 

3.9 

$650  to  $849 

262 

1,143 

1,109 

226 

203.8 

34 

3.0 

$850  to  $1,049 

98 

406 

393 

58 

147.6 

13 

3.2 

$1,050  to  $1,249 

36 

170 

168 

19 

113.1 

2 

1.2 

$1,250  and  over 

42 

162 

159 

22 

138.4 

3 

1.9 

No  earnings 2 

16 

80 

78 

23 

2 

Not  reported 

16 

76 

75 

14 

1 

1 Not  shown  where  base  is  less  than  100.  2 Includes  1 father  living  on  his  income. 


Size  of  family  and  infant  mortality. — The  relation  between  the 
infant  mortality  rate  and  the  size  of  the  family  or  number  of  children 
born,  is  the  point  upon  which  the  maternal  histories  offer  the  fullest  and 
most  reliable  data.  All  pregnancies  excepting  those  resulting  in  mis- 
carriages were  considered.  A marked  difference  in  the  infant  mortality 
rates  was  revealed  according  to  the  number  of  such  pregnancies,  or 
births.  As  a rule  the  rate  increased  with  the  number  of  children  to 
which  the  mother  had  given  birth,  though  this  tendency  was  not  alto- 
gether regular  from  one  number  to  the  next.  That  is,  a rise  in  the 
infant  mortality  rate  did  not  accompany  each  single  increase  in  the 
size  of  the  family. 

The  general  underlying  tendency  toward  a higher  infant  mortality 
rate  in  the  larger  families  is  revealed  when  a classification  of  the  number 
of  births  per  mother  is  made  by  groups  of  three.  This,  with  one  ex- 
ception, is  accompanied  by  a regular  increase  in  the  infant  mortality 
rate  from  the  smallest  number  to  the  largest.  The  infant  mortality 


86 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


rate,  according  to  the  number  of  children,  then  runs  as  follows:  For 
children  of  all  mothers  who  have  borne  3 children  or  less  the  rate  is 
148.7;  for  children  of  mothers  who  have  borne  4 to  6 (inclusive)  it  is 
162.9;  7 to  9 children,  183.5;  in  families  of  10  to  12  children  the  in- 
fant mortality  rate  is  214.4;  and  in  families  of  13  to  15  children  it  is 
241.1.  Seven  mothers  had  had  more  than  15  children.  The  infant 
mortality  rate  for  this  group  presents  an  exception  to  the  general 
tendency  of  the  rate  to  be  higher  in  large  families,  for  there  it  falls 
to  149.5.  Inasmuch  as  the  numbers  involved  here  are  much  smaller 
than  for  any  of  the  other  groups  compared  this  exception  is  not  of 
great  significance. 

On  the  whole,  then,  although  the  infant  mortality  rate  shows  the 
variations  noted,  the  general  tendency  toward  a higher  infant  death 
rate  in  the  larger  families  is  clearly  established. 


Table  55. 

Births  per  mother. 

Number 

of 

mothers. 

Live 
births, 
all  preg- 
nancies. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate. 

All  mothers 

1,618 

5, 887 

174.8 

Less  than  4 births 

983 

361 

161 

81 

25 

7 

1,675 

1,694 

1,226 

849 

336 

107 

148.7 

162.9 

183.5 

214.4 
241.1 

149.5 

4 to  6 births 

7 to  9 births  

10  to  12  births 

13  to  15  births 

16  births  and  over 

Large  families  and  nationality. — An  analysis  was  made  of  the  size 
of  the  family  according  to  nationality.  The  average  number  of 
children  born  to  foreign  mothers  was  4.3,  while  among  native  mothers 
the  average  number  of  children  was  2.7.  The  French-Can adian 
mothers  had  the  largest  families.  The  average  number  of  children 
born  to  these  mothers  was  4.8.  The  English,  Irish,  and  Scotch  mothers 
were  next  in  order,  with  an  average  of  4.6. 


Table  56. 


Nationality  of  mother. 


si 

sj 

Sh  •<— < 
<D  r} 


Total 

mothers. 


Mothers  reporting  specified  number  of  births. 


Under  4.  4 to  6. 


7 to  9. 


10  to  12. 


13  and 
over. 


All  mothers 

Native  mothers 

Foreign-bom  mothers. . . 

French-Canadian . . . 

Polish 

English,  Irish,  and 

Scotch 

All  other  and  not  re- 
ported  


3.7 


1,618 


100.0 


60.8 


361 


22.3 


161 


10.0 


81 


5.0 


2.7 

4.3 


540 

1,078 


100.0 

100.0 


409 

574 


75. 7 
53.2 


97 

264 


18.0 

24.5 


25 

136 


4.6 

12.6 


1.3 

6.9 


4.8 

3.1 


4.6 

3.2 


601 

167 


111 

199 


100.0 

100.0 


100.0 

100.0 


287 

104 


49 

134 


47.8 

62.3 


44.1 


145 

48 


24.1 

28.7 


28.8 

19.6 


13.5 

7.8 


19.8 

10.1 


9.7 

1.2 


7.2 

3.0 


32 


2.0 


.4 

2.8 


30 


5.0 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


87 


Out  of  a total  of  32  mothers  who  had  had  more  than  12  children 
30  were  French  Canadians.  Mothers  of  10  children  and  over  among 
French  Canadians  formed  14.6  per  cent  of  the  whole  number,  while 
among  all  other  foreign-born  mothers  the  percentage  who  had  had 
this  number  of  children  was  3.4.  Only  1.7  per  cent  of  the  native- 
born  mothers  had  had  as  many  as  10  children. 

General  discussion  of  maternal  histories. — In  addition  to  furnish- 
ing the  basis  for  the  few  broad  generalizations  given  above  the 
maternal  histories  offer  a wealth  of  concrete  material.  These  his- 
tories take  the  family  as  a unit,  but  within  this  small  unit  may 
be  represented  many  of  the  adverse  conditions  which  cause  the 
infant  mortality  in  the  community  as  a whole.  The  method  pur- 
sued in  the  study  of  infant  mortality  for  the  community  was  to 
seek  for  coincidences  between  a high  infant  death  rate  and  specific 
adverse  conditions.  To  portray  the  conditions  found  in  certain  fami- 
lies which  suffered  a large  number  of  infant  deaths  is  the  purpose 
of  this  section.  These  statements  do  not  furnish  proof  that  the  con- 
ditions portrayed  are  responsible  for  the  deaths  cited,  but  they  do 
serve  to  make  more  vivid  some  of  the  evils  accompanying  a high 
infant  death  rate  already  pointed  out  in  the  statistical  analysis. 

The  stories  of  the  mothers  which  follow  are  arranged  for  con- 
venient reference  according  to  the  number  of  births  the  mother  has 
had.  Since  these  records  are  not  given  as  typical  a case  table  is  sub- 
mitted, which  shows  the  exact  distribution  of  stillbirths  and  infant 
deaths  among  all  mothers  classified  by  the  number  of  children  they 
have  borne  and  the  number  of  years  they  have  been  married.  By 
referring  to  this  table  it  is  possible  to  determine  the  extent  to  which 
any  case  cited  is  representative  of  the  group  as  a whole.  The 
causes  of  death  assigned  to  babies  other  than  those  born  during  the 
selected  year  and  included  in  the  detailed  study  are  based  on  the 
statements  of  the  mothers  unless  otherwise  indicated  in  the  text. 
The  cause  of  death  of  the  last  born  child,  however,  is  that  reported  by 
the  physician  on  the  death  certificate.  Methods  of  feeding  and  the 
exact  length  of  time  when  the  mother  ceased  work  before  the  birth 
of  a child  or  resumed  it  afterwards  are  reported  only  for  the  last 
baby. 

ILLUSTRATIVE  CASES. 

Schedule  993:  The  mother,  41  years  old,  had  had  12  children  (11 
pregnancies)  in  22  years.  She  lost  8;  1 was  stillborn  at  7 months 
and  the  others  all  died  in  infancy.  Four  children,  including  the  last, 
were  living  at  the  time  of  the  agent’s  visit.  The  mother  worked  2 
years  before  marriage  in  a cotton  mill  and  19  years  after  marriage 
between  pregnancies.  She  had  not  worked  for  wages  for  the  last  three 
years.  The  father  also  was  a cotton-mill  operative.  His  earnings 
were  $710  from  this  source  during  the  year  after  the  last  baby’s 
birth,  but  these  were  increased  $300  from  canvassing  during  his  spare 


88 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


time.  Both  parents  were  literate  and  were  intelligent,  hard  working, 
and  thrifty.  The  home  would  have  been  good  had  it  not  been  that 
smoke  and  soot  from  a smokestack  near  by  blew  into  the  back  windows 
and  made  it  difficult  to  keep  the  home  clean. 

Schedule  1287:  The  mother,  41  years  of  age,  had  had  12  children 
in  22  years,  of  whom  5 died  during  their  first  year  from  diarrhea. 
She  never  had  been  able  to  nurse  any  of  her  babies  but  fed  them 
on  cows’  milk.  She  was  an  “old-fashioned”  mother  who  used  her 
own  mother’s  household  remedies  when  her  children  were  sick,  and 
called  the  doctor  only  when  these  failed.  She  worked  in  a cotton  mill 
from  the  age  of  14  until  she  was  20,  when  her  first  baby  was  born. 
The  baby’s  father  is  a laborer  who  earned  $624  the  year  after  the  last 
baby’s  birth,  but  the  family  income  was  increased  $1,500  by  the  earn- 
ings of  older  children. 

Schedule  120:  The  mother  was  42  years  old,  twice  married,  at  18 
and  at  27  years  of  age,  respectively.  In  all  she  had  13  pregnancies, 
12  of  which  occurred  in  the  last  14  years.  One,  she  said,  resulted  in 
a miscarriage  caused  by  heavy  lifting.  Seven  children  died  in  in- 
fancy; 5,  including  the  last  baby,  from  gastrointestinal  troubles. 
The  mother  had  worked  in  the  cotton  mill  3 years  before  her  first 
and  5 years  before  her  second  marriage,  but  never  since.  The  hus- 
band was  employed  in  a cigar  factory  and  reported  his  earnings  at 
$546  during  the  year  after  the  birth  of  the  last  baby. 

Schedule  206:  The  mother,  38  years  of  age,  had  13  pregnancies 
in  20  years.  These  included  1 pregnancy  of  twins,  which  resulted  in 
miscarriage.  Among  the  live-born  children  had  occurred  4 infant 
deaths  and  1 death  at  2 years  of  age.  The  last  baby  died  in  the  third 
month,  of  cholera  infantum.  The  mother,  on  the  doctor’s  advice,  had 
resorted  in  part  to  artificial  feeding  with  this  baby,  because  her  own 
milk  was  insufficient.  She  did  all  her  own  housework  and  resumed 
it  6 days  after  the  last  baby  was  born.  As  a girl  from  13  to  18  she 
helped  with  farm  work,  but  never  worked  in  a factory  until  after 
the  death  of  the  last  baby,  when  she  went  into  the  cotton  mill.  The 
father  was  a cotton-mill  employee  earning  $481  the  year  after  the 
last  baby  was  born.  The  home  contained  only  5 rooms  for  9 people. 

Schedule  194:  The  mother,  41  years  old,  in  21  years  had  had  12 
pregnancies,  11  five-born  children  and  1 miscarriage.  Four  children 
died  in  infancy,  the  last  of  whooping  cough  and  convulsions  at  11 
months.  The  mother  had  no  breast  milk  for  this  baby,  and  after  the 
second  month  she  left  it  in  the  care  of  the  baby’s  older  sister,  aged 
17,  while  she  went  out  to  work  by  the  day.  Before  marriage  and  up 
to  the  time  of  the  birth  of  her  first  baby  she  had  worked  in  a woolen 
mill.  Since  that  time  she  had  not  been  gainfully  employed  until  the 
last  year,  when  she  went  out  by  the  day  at  char  work.  The  father’s 
earnings  the  year  after  the  baby’s  birth  he  reported  to  be  approxi- 
mately $414. 

Schedule  84:  The  mother,  35  years  of  age,  married  at  16  and  had 
11  children  in  19  years.  She  lost  7 of  these  under  1 year  of  age. 
For  the  last  2 years  she  kept  lodgers  in  addition  to  her  millwork,  and 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


89 


did  not  cease  work  at  all  prior  to  the  birth  of  the  last  baby,  which 
was  born  prematurely  and  died  the  first  day.  She  resumed  her 
household  tasks  3 days  after  its  birth  and  her  millwork  in  2 weeks. 
The  mother  attributed  the  loss  of  the  last  child  to  hard  work  and 
worry.  Her  husband  had  deserted  her  several  times,  and  she  had 
been  the  chief  support  of  the  family.  He  contributed  nothing  to  the 
family’s  support  the  year  after  the  birth  of  the  last  baby.  She  had 
worked  in  the  cotton  mill  for  the  last  8 years,  with  brief  intermis- 
sions at  the  birth  of  each  child. 

Schedule  183:  The  mother  was  38  years  old,  married  at  18,  and 
bore  11  children  in  20  years.  Five  died  in  infancy,  3 of  digestive 
troubles.  The  last  baby  was  artificially  fed  from  birth  because  of 
the  mother’s  lack  of  milk;  it  died  of  cholera  infantum  in  the  eighth 
month.  The  mother  had  worked  in  the  cotton  mill  since  the  age  of 
12.  After  marriage  she  worked  intermittently,  chiefly  during  slack 
seasons  in  her  husband’s  employment  in  the  shoe  factory.  She  worked 
until  within  6 months  of  the  birth  of  the  last  baby  and  went  back  to 
work  in  the  mill  1 month  after.  The  baby  was  left  in  the  care  of 
its  grandmother  while  the  mother  was  away  at  work.  Home  duties 
were  resumed  in  part  3 days  after  the  baby’s  birth.  The  home  con- 
sisted of  4 rooms  for  8 people  in  a 4-family  tenement.  Apart  from 
room  overcrowding,  conditions  were  not  bad. 

Schedule  1195:  The  mother,  41  years  of  age,  was  married  twice, 
the  first  time  at  16  years  of  age  and  the  second  at  36.  She  had  8 
children  in  15  years  by  the  first  marriage  and  3 in  5 years  by  the 
second.  All  were  live  born,  3 died  in  infancy,  and  1 at  14  months. 
Two  died  of  digestive  troubles.  The  last  baby  was  living  at  the  time 
of  the  agent’s  visit.  The  mother  had  never  attempted  to  nurse  it, 
because  she  had  to  go  to  work.  It  was  left  in  the  care  of  an  older 
sister  from  its  second  month.  This  mother  did  not  work  before 
marriage,  but  since  marriage  has  been  almost  continuously  employed 
between  confinements.  From  16  to  21  years  of  age  she  worked  as 
housemaid;  after  that  in  a cotton  mill;  since  her  second  marriage,  in 
addition  to  millwork  she  has  kept  lodgers.  She  worked  in  the  mill 
until  1 month  before  the  last  baby  was  born  and  went  back  a month 
later.  She  began  to  do  her  housework  and  to  care  for  the  lodgers  9 
days  after  confinement.  The  husband  was  a painter,  whose  earnings 
the  last  year  were  $468.  He  could  not  read  and  write. 

Schedule  1209:  The  mother,  37  years  of  age,  had  11  children  in  19 
years.  She  was  again  pregnant  at  the  time  of  the  agent’s  visit  and 
had  to  cease  nursing  her  last  baby  at  5 months  of  age  on  this  account. 
Three  children  had  died  in  infancy,  2 of  cholera  infantum.  The 
mother  began  work  in  a cotton  mill  at  the  age  of  13  and  worked 
regularly  until  marriage.  After  marriage  she  continued  to  work  in 
the  mill  at  intervals.  During  the  year  previous  to  the  birth  of  the 
last  baby  she  had  worked  6 months,  but  none  in  the  year  following. 
She  was  unable  to  read  and  write.  The  father’s  earnings  were  re- 
ported to  be  $832. 

Schedule  1305:  The  mother  was  29  years  of  age.  She  married  at 
the  age  of  14  and  had  11  children  in  15  years.  Of  these  2 died 


90 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


under  1 year,  3 between  the  ages  of  1 and  2,  and  1 at  2 years. 
Four  deaths,  including  that  of  the  last  baby  when  15  months  old, 
were  due  to  gastrointestinal  diseases.  The  last  baby  had  been  arti- 
ficially fed  after  2 months  because  the  mother  had  no  more  milk. 
The  mother  went  to  work  in  a cotton  mill  at  the  age  of  13  and  worked 
until  she  was  16,  when  her  first  baby  was  born.  Since  then  she  has 
continued  to  work  intermittently  between  confinements,  generally 
for  about  6 months  out  of  each  year.  She  ceased  work  7 months 
before  the  birth  of  the  last  baby  and  did  not  resume  millwork  during 
the  year  after.  The  husband  was  a shoe  operative,  with  earnings  of 
$550  in  a year.  The  home  consisted  of  4 rooms  for  7 people. 

Schedule  1306:  The  mother,  38  years  old,  had  11  children  in  14 
years.  The  first  6 all  died,  5 in  infancy  and  1 at  the  age  of  13 
months.  The  last  baby  had  to  be  weaned  after  the  second  month 
because  the  mother  was  weak  and  had  no  milk.  She  did  all  her 
own  housework,  including  washing,  and  took  up  these  duties  5 days 
after  the  birth  of  the  last  baby.  She  never  worked  for  wages,  how- 
ever. The  father  was  an  unskilled  employee  in  a cotton  mill, 
whose  earnings  the  year  after  the  birth  of  the  last  baby  were  reported 
at  $529.  Both  parents  were  illiterate. 

Schedule  338:  The  mother,  44  years  of  age,  had  11  pregnancies 
(twins  once)  in  21  years.  Among  these  there  had  been  1 miscar- 
riage, 3 infant  deaths,  and  1 death  at  1 year.  The  last  were  twins, 
born  prematurely  and  dying  shortly  after  their  birth.  This  mother 
began  work  in  a cotton  mill  at  the  age  of  12  and  worked  until  18. 
The  next  2 years  she  worked  as  a waitress  and  then  returned  to 
the  cotton  mill  until  her  marriage  at  23.  During  her  21  years  of 
married  life  she  had  gone  out  to  work  at  charring  irregularly.  She 
ceased  to  work  out  6 months  before  the  birth  of  the  last  baby  and 
did  not  resume  work  until  1 1 months  afterwards.  The  husband  was  a 
carpenter  whose  earnings  the  year  after  the  birth  of  the  twins  were 
reported  at  $775.  The  home  consisted  of  4 rooms  for  9 persons  in  a 
12-family  tenement. 

Schedule  198:  The  mother,  47  years  of  age,  married  at  27  and  had 
13  pregnancies  in  20  years.  Three  resulted  in  miscarriages  and  1 in 
stillbirth.  The  mother  thought  her  milk  not  nourishing  and  did 
not  nurse  the  last  baby  but  fed  it  on  a prepared  infant  food,  which, 
however,  failed  to  agree  with  the  baby,  who  died  in  its  fourth  month 
of  marasmus.  This  mother  worked  in  a mill  13  years  before  marriage, 
from  the  age  of  12  to  25,  but  never  since,  tier  husband  earned  over 
$1,250  a year. 

Schedule  207:  The  mother  was  37  years  of  age.  Ten  children 
(twins  at  seventh  pregnancy)  were  born  in  18  years,  4 of  whom 
died  in  infancy,  3 of  them  of  gastrointestinal  diseases.  The  mother 
was  unable  to  nurse  the  last  baby  because  she  had  no  milk.  She 
said  her  children  were  born  weak  because  of  her  overwork.  She 
first  went  to  work  at  the  age  of  14,  in  a cotton  mill,  and  worked 
regularly  until  marriage  at  the  age  of  19.  After  marriage  she  worked 
between  confinements.  She  ceased  to  work  in  the  mill  3 months 
before  the  birth  of  the  last  baby  and  went  back  to  her  work  when 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


91 


the  baby  was  3 months  old.  The  child  was  left  in  the  care  of  its 
grandmother,  75  years  old,  and  died  6 weeks  later.  The  father 
worked  in  a cotton  mill  also,  and  his  earnings  during  the  year  fol- 
lowing the  birth  of  the  last  baby  were  approximately  $424.  Both 
parents  were  illiterate. 

Schedule  226:  The  mother,  aged  37,  had  11  pregnancies  in  19  years, 

1 resulting  in  a miscarriage  and  3 in  stillbirths.  The  last  2 chil-  * 
dren  died  in  infancy,  1 at  3 weeks  and  1 at  15  days,  of  spina  bifida. 
The  mother  said  she  had  lost  these  2 and  had  had  the  miscar- 
riage and  stillbirths  because  of  “ something  wrong  with  the  spine.’ ’ 
She  worked  a year  in  a cotton  mill  before  marriage  and  occasionally 
since,  but  was  not  gainfully  employed  the  year  preceding  or  following 
the  birth  of  the  last  baby.  The  father  was  a cotton-mill  employee, 
earning  $475  the  year  after  the  birth  of  the  last  baby.  Both  parents 
were  illiterate. 

Schedule  1590:  The  mother  was  33  years  old  when  her  last  baby 
was  born,  and  in  the  15  years  of  her  married  life  had  borne  10  chil- 
dren. Both  of  the  twins  which  preceded  the  last  baby  had  died,  1 
at  3 months  and  1 at  5 months,  and  the  mother  said  they  were 
always  sickly.  The  last  baby  was  entirely  breast  fed  for  6 months, 
but  during  the  remainder  of  the  first  year  the  mother’s  milk  was 
supplemented  by  other  food.  The  mother  had  worked  as  weaver 
in  a textile  mill  for  a year  and  a half  before  marriage.  After  mar- 
riage she  continued  this  work  for  a year  and  resumed  it  for  4 months 
between  the  births  of  her  first  two  children.*  After  leaving  the  mill 
before  the  birth  of  her  second  child  she  kept  lodgers  for  13  years, 
but  the  year  before  the  last  baby’s  birth  she  ceased  all  gainful  em- 
ployment. This  family  of  9 persons  lived  in  their  own  house  of  7 
rooms.  The  mother  had  done  all  her  own  housework  up  to  the  day 
of  the  last  baby’s  birth,  but  did  not  resume  all  her  duties  until  1 
month  afterwards.  The  father  was  a retail  salesman.  His  earnings 
were  only  $210,  but  the  family  income  was  increased  by  the  rent  from 
another  house  which  they  owned. 

* Schedule  885:  The  mother,  38  years  of  age,  had  10  children  (9 
pregnancies)  in  17  years.  All  were  live  born.  The  twins,  however, 
were  born  prematurely  and  died  in  a few  minutes.  Four  other 
children  died  at  ages  ranging  from  1 to  6 years.  The  mother  had 
worked  in  a cotton  mill  6 years  before  marriage,  from  the  age  of  15 
to  21,  and  irregularly  afterwards.  She  worked  8 months  of  the  year 
preceding  the  last  baby’s  birth  and  resumed  work  9 months  after 
its  birth,  leaving  the  baby  in  the  care  of  a neighbor.  This  baby 
was  alive  at  1 year  of  age.  The  husband  was  a laborer,  earning 
$418  the  year  following  the  birth  of  the  last  child.  This  income  was 
increased  by  the  mother’s  earnings. 

Schedule  984:  The  mother,  35  years  of  age,  had  11  pregnancies  in 
14  years — 1 miscarriage  and  10  live-born  children.  One  child  was 
born  prematurely  after  a period  of  7 months  gestation  and  died  when 
a few  days  old.  Three  other  children  died  in  their  first  year,  2 at 
6 and  1 at  4 months  of  age.  Six  children,  including  the  last  baby, 
were  surviving  at  the  time  of  the  agent’s  visit.  The  mother  went 


92 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


to  work  in  a cotton  mill  at  the  age  of  15  and  worked  there  until  mar- 
riage at  the  age  of  21.  Since  marriage  her  only  gainful  work  has 
been  the  keeping  of  lodgers.  The  father,  a shoe  operative,  reported 
his  earnings  as  $713.  He  was  unable  to  read  and  write. 

Schedule  1486:  The  mother  was  41  years  of  age.  She  had  10  chil- 
dren in  17  years;  2 were  stillborn  and  2 had  died  in  infancy.  The 
mother  went  to  work  at  the  age  of  13  in  a silk  mill.  She  worked 
there  for  8 years  prior  to  marriage.  After  marriage  she  was  not  gain- 
fully employed  until  after  the  birth  of  the  last  baby.  At  this  time 
she  worked  in  a cotton  mill  from  the  baby’s  third  to  its  ninth 
month,  leaving  it  in  the  care  of  its  15-year-old  sister.  While  thus  at 
work  she  continued  nursing  the  baby,  feeding  it  in  the  morning,  at 
noon,  and  at  night.  The  father  was  a laborer  earning  $400  in  a 
year. 

Schedule  1663:  The  mother  was  40  years  of  age  and  had  11  preg- 
nancies, including  1 miscarriage  and  1 stillbirth,  in  22  years.  Three 
children  died  in  infancy  and  6 were  surviving  at  the  time  of  the 
agent’s  visit.  The  mother  had  worked  in  a cotton  mill  between 
the  ages  of  14  and  18.  Since  marriage  she  worked  out  irregularly,  at 
washing  and  cleaning.  She  was  employed  at  this  work  until  within  a 
month  of  the  birth  of  the  last  baby,  but  had  not  engaged  in  it  since. 
The  father  was  a cotton-mill  employee,  earning  $582  during  the  year 
following  the  birth  of  the  last  baby.  The  family  owned  their  home, 
a 6-room  cottage,  but  conditions  around  it  were  insanitary.  The 
father  had  dug  a hole  in*  the  ground  for  a cesspool.  At  the  time  of 
the  agent’s  visit  this  was  filled  and  overflowing  a drain  into  a pool 
in  the  garden,  about  15  feet  from  the  house.  Though  there  was  no 
sewer  connection,  the  house  had  city  water. 

Schedule  161:  This  mother,  36  years  of  age,  had  10  pregnancies 
in  15  years.  Every  one  of  her  children  excepting  the  fourth  was 
born  prematurely  after  a 7 months’  period  of  gestation.  The 
third  pregnancy  resulted  in  a miscarriage  at  6 months.  Three 
children  died  in  early  infancy.  The  mother  suffered  from  long 
labors  and  atony  of  the  uterus.  She  never  was  engaged  in  gainfm 
employment  and  received  assistance  with  her  housework  to  the 
extent  of  having  her  laundry  work  done.  The  husband  was  a team- 
ster who  earned  $702  a year,  and  this  was  supplemented  by  income 
from  property. 

Schedule  220:  The  mother  was  49  years  of  age  and  had  12 
pregnancies  in  23  years.  These  included  3 miscarriages  and  9 live- 
born  children.  One  child  died  at  3 years  of  age,  and  1,  the  last, 
at  11  months.  The  mother  attributed  all  her  miscarriages  to  her 
weakness  from  overwork.  The  mother  weaned  the  last  baby  at 
the  end  of  the  first  month  in  order  to  go  to  work  in  the  mill.  She 
had  worked  in  the  mill  4 years  before  marriage  at  26  years  of  age, 
and  continued  intermittently  after  marriage,  averaging  7 months  a 
year.  She  ceased  her  millwork  only  2 months  before  the  birth  of 
the  last  baby  and  resumed  it  1 month  after,  leaving  the  baby  in  the 
care  of  a 12-year-old  sister.  She  had  partially  resumed  her  house- 
hold duties  3 days  after  the  baby’s  birth.  The  husband  worked  in  a 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


93 


factory  where  his  earnings  the  year  after  the  birth  of  the  last  child 
had  averaged  about  $10  per  week.  The  home,  6 rooms  for  8 people 
in  a 4-family  rear  tenement,  was  dark  and  without  adequate  air. 

Schedule  236:  The  mother  was  37  years  of  age.  She  had  12 
pregnancies  in  17  years,  3 of  which  resulted  in  miscarriages. 
Three  children  died,  only  1,  however,  the  last,  in  infancy.  This 
baby  died  at  7 months  of  gastroenteritis.  The  mother  had  nursed 
it  4 months,  but  ceased  then,  by  the  doctor’s  advice,  she  said,  be- 
cause the  baby  was  sick.  The  baby  was  thereafter  fed  upon  con- 
densed milk.  The  mother  worked  in  the  cotton  mill  7 years  in 
all,  including  the  first  year  after  marriage.  For  the  last  2 years  she 
was  gainfully  employed  at  home  taking  care  of  children  while  their 
mothers  were  away  at  work.  The  father  was  a laborer  and  earned 
the  year  after  the  birth  of  the  last  baby  only  $260.  This  was  in- 
creased by  the  earnings  of  others  in  the  family.  Neither  parent  could 
read  or  write.  The  home  consisted  of  4 rooms  for  the  8 members  of 
the  family,  and  during  the  day  the  3 children  of  neighbors  of  whom  the 
mother  had  charge. 

Schedule  468:  The  mother  was  34  years  old.  She  married  at 
15  and  in  19  years  had  13  pregnancies,  including  4 miscarriages. 
She  lost  1 baby  at  7 months  from  cholera  infantum.  The  last  baby 
was  living  at  the  time  of  the  agent’s  visit  and  had  been  artificially 
fed  from  birth  because  the  mother  had  no  milk.  The  mother 
worked  irregularly  after  marriage  at  cleaning  and  char  work,  and 
also  for  a few  months  in  a shoe  factory.  She  was  not,  however, 
gainfully  employed  either  during  the  year  preceding  or  the  year 
following  the  birth  of  the  last  baby.  The  father  was  a day  laborer. 
His  earnings  the  last  year  he  reported  at  $250,  supplemented  by  $350 
from  other  sources. 

Schedule  244:  The  mother  was  37  years  of  age  and  had  9 children 
in  17  years,  2 of  whom  she  lost  at  4 years  of  age.  The  last  baby 
died  of  cholera  infantum  at  5 months.  This  baby  was  weaned 
at  the  end  of  5 weeks  because  the  mother  had  to  go  to  work. 
The  mother’s  earnings  were  the  sole  support  of  the  family,  which 
was  deserted  by  the  father.  She  had  worked  until  within  1 month 
of  the  birth  of  the  last  baby  and  resumed  this  work  5 weeks  after, 
leaving  the  baby  in  care  of  an  aunt.  The  home  was  a 4-room  apart- 
ment for  7 persons  in  an  8-family  rear  tenement. 

Schedule  35:  The  mother,  aged  35,  had  10  pregnancies  in 
13  years.  Two  resulted  in  miscarriages  and  1,  the  last,  in  a still- 
birth. Three  babies  died  in  infancy,  all  of  cholera  infantum.  The 
premature  deliveries  the  mother  and  doctor  both  attributed  to 
overwork.  The  mother  worked  in  a cotton  mill  until  within  3 weeks 
of  the  birth  of  the  last  baby,  and  had  averaged  about  7 months’  work 
a year  between  confinements.  She  worked  for  8 years  previous  to 
her  marriage,  beginning  at  the  age  of  14.  The  father  also  worked 
in  the  cotton  mill,  and  his  earnings  the  year  following  the  birth  of 
the  last  baby  were  $550.  The  mother  did  not  work  during  this 
period.  The  home  consisted  of  a poorly  ventilated  4-room  apart- 
ment for  6 people  in  a 3-family  house  in  the  congested  section. 
The  mother  could  read  and  write,  but  the  father  could  not. 


94 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Schedule  690:  The  mother  was  36  years  of  age  and  in  16  years 
she  had  8 pregnancies,  all  resulting  in  live  births.  She  lost  4 
babies  in  infancy  and  1,  the  last,  died  in  its  thirteenth  month  of 
infantile  paralysis.  Three  children  were  surviving  at  the  time 
of  the  agent’s  visit.  The  mother  did  not  know  the  cause  of  death 
of  her  babies — “they  just  died.”  She  had  not  been  able  to  nurse 
the  last  baby.  This  mother  had  worked  in  a textile  mill  6 years, 
previous  to  marriage,  from  the  age  of  14  to  20,  and  in  a woolen 
mill  at  intervals  since  marriage,  aggregating  about  55  months. 
She  worked  until  within  3 months  of  the  birth  of  the  last  baby,  but 
not  since.  The  husband  was  an  operative  in  a textile  mill,  earning 
$470  the  year  after  the  last  baby’s  birth.  He  could  not  read  and 
write;  the  mother  was  literate.  The  home  consisted  of  4 rooms  in 
a 5-family  tenement  in  a congested  section  of  the  city.  The  toilet 
was  used  in  common  with  other  families  in  the  house. 

Schedule  867 : The  mother  was  37  years  of  age.  She  married  at 
15  and  had  9 pregnancies,  1 of  which  terminated  in  a miscarriage, 
caused,  the  mother  thought,  by  overwork.  Three  children  died 
in  infancy.  Five  children,  including  the  last,  were  living  at  the 
time  of  the  agent’s  visit.  This  baby  had  never  been  nursed,  how- 
ever, because  the  mother  intended  to  go  to  work.  She  had  gone 
out  to  work  for  wages  since  the  birth  of  her  last  2 children,  6 
years  in  all.  She  worked  intermittently  in  a cotton  mill  during 
this  period,  and  for  the  last  2 years  had,  in  addition,  kept  1 or  2 
lodgers.  The  year  previous  to  the  birth  of  the  last  baby  she  worked 
in  the  cotton  mill  9 months,  until  within  2 months  of  its  birth.  She 
returned  to  work  3 months  after,  leaving  the  baby  in  the  care  of 
a sister,  aged  13,  or  of  another  girl  aged  16.  The  father  was  a cotton- 
mill  operative,  earning  about  $500  a year. 

Schedule  1059:  The  mother,  35  years  of  age,  in  13  years  had  14 
pregnancies,  6 of  which  resulted  in  miscarriages.  She  lost  1 baby 
at  7 weeks  of  age,  1 at  16  months,  and  1 at  18  months,  all  of  diar- 
rhea. The  miscarriages,  she  said,  the  doctor  attributed  to  her  weak- 
ness caused  by  her  work  in  the  mill.  Previous  to  marriage  she 
had  been  employed  as  a cotton-mill  operative  6 years  (from  the  age 
of  16)  and  at  intervals  since  marriage.  She  had  not  worked,  how- 
ever, during  the  year  before  or  following  the  birth  of  the  last  baby. 
The  mother  weaned  this  baby  at  4 months  because  she  had  again 
become  pregnant,  the  fifteenth  pregnancy.  The  father’s  earnings 
the  year  following  the  birth  of  the  last  baby  were  $540.  Neither 
father  nor  mother  could  read  and  write. 

Schedule  1336:  The  mother,  32  years  of  age,  had  married  at 
16.  She  had  11  pregnancies,  including  3 miscarriages,  in  16  years. 
The  miscarriages  were  attributed  by  the  mother  to  “weakness,”  and 
in  one  case  to  a fall.  One  child  died  at  6 months,  1 at  1 year  of  gastro- 
intestinal trouble,  1 at  18  months  of  convulsions,  and  1 as  the  result 
of  burns;  the  last  baby  was  living  at  the  time  of  the  agent’s  visit. 
The  mother  had  done  general  housework  for  2 years,  from  the  age  of 
14  to  16.  After  marriage  at  16  she  started  to  work  in  a cotton  mill, 
where  she  had  worked  at  intervals  ever  since.  She  ceased  work  only 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


95 


2 months  prior  to  the  birth  of  the  last  baby,  but  did  not  work  during 
the  year  following.  The  husband  was  a cotton-mill  employee  whose 
earnings  the  year  after  the  baby's  birth  were  $900. 

Schedule  1088:  The  mother,  aged  26,  married  at  16  and  had  8 
pregnancies  in  10  years.  All  her  children  were  live  born,  but  she 
had  lost  3 in  infancy  and  1 at  5 years.  Two  died  at  3 months  of 
cholera  infantum,  and  the  other  2 deaths  were  from  pneumonia. 
Four  children,  including  the  last  baby,  were  surviving  at  the  time  of 
the  agent’s  visit.  The  last  child  had  been  artificially  fed  from  birth, 
because  the  mother  had  no  milk.  This  mother  had  worked  in  a tex- 
tile mill  since  the  age  of  11,  a period  of  5 years  previous  to  marriage, 
and  irregularly  since.  She  was  not  engaged  in  gainful  employment, 
however,  either  the  year  preceding  or  that  following  the  birth  of 
the  last  baby.  The  father’s  earnings  for  the  year  after  the  last 
baby’s  birth  approximated  $776.  The  father  could  read  and  write, 
but  the  mother  could  not. 

Schedule  1184:  The  mother  was  34  years  of  age.  She  had  11  preg- 
nancies in  12  years.  Three  of  these  terminated  in  miscarriages. 
There  were  8 children  live  born,  but  3 died  in  infancy.  The  last 
baby,  which  was  surviving  at  the  time  of  the  agent’s  visit,  was 
weaned  at  2 months  because  the  mother  had  again  become  preg- 
nant. This  mother  worked  6 years,  previous  to  marriage — 3 years  at 
domestic  service  and  3 years  as  a shoe  operative.  She  had  also  worked 
intermittently  since  marriage,  though  not  during  the  last  6 years. 
Her  husband  was  a retail  salesman  with  annual  earnings  of  $725, 
which  were  supplemented  by  $120  from  other  sources. 

Schedule  1192:  The  mother,  36  years  of  age,  had  10  pregnancies  in 

16  years,  2 of  which  terminated  in  miscarriages  at  5 months  and  2 
in  stillbirths  at  7 months.  One  child  was  born  prematurely  at  8 
months  and  died  on  the  first  day;  another  died  at  17  days  of  diph- 
theria. Four  children,  including  the  last,  were  surviving  at  the  time 
of  the  agent’s  visit.  The  last  baby,  however,  had  been  ill  of  scrofula 
since  5 months  of  age;  its  eyes  had  been  sore  since  birth,  so  that 
it  had  to  be  kept  constantly  in  a dark  room.  The  mother  had 
been  compelled  to  wean  this  baby  when  it  was  1 week  old  because 
she  had  no  strength  to  nurse  it.  She  resumed  part  of  her  house- 
hold duties  in  5 days  after  the  baby’s  birth  and  all  of  them  10 
days  later.  The  mother  had  been  gainfully  employed  as  housemaid 
for  4 years  previous  to  marriage,  but  had  not  worked  since.  The  father 
was  a cotton-mill  operative  and  earned  $416,  supplemented  by  $260 
from  other  sources.  The  home  consisted  of  3 rooms  in  a 4-family 
tenement  in  the  congested  section  of  the  city.  This  family  consisted 
of  5 people.  Twelve  people  in  all  used  the  toilet. 

Schedule  1222:  The  mother,  30  years  of  age,  had  been  married  at 

17  and  had  9 pregnancies  in  13  years.  One  terminated  in  a miscar- 
riage at  4 months,  and  1 baby,  prematurely  born  at  8 months,  died 
shortly  after  birth.  Another  child  died  at  3 months  of  whooping 
cough,  and  3 children  at  3,  5,  and  10  years,  respectively,  of  tuber- 
culosis, of  whooping  cough,  and  of  pleurisy.  The  mother  had  child- 
bed fever  at  the  birth  of  the  last  baby  and  so  was  not  able  to  nurse 


96 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


it.  This  baby  and  2 other  children  were  surviving  at  the  time  of 
the  agent’s  visit.  This  mother  had  begun  work  in  a cotton  mill  at 
the  age  of  10,  where  she  worked  for  9 years,  including  2 years  after 
marriage,  but  she  had  not  subsequently  engaged  in  gainful  employ- 
ment. The  annual  earnings  of  the  father  were  reported  by  the  mother 
to  be  over  $1,250.  The  mother  was  literate,  the  father  illiterate. 

Schedule  1547:  The  mother,  aged  36,  had  11  pregnancies  in  12 
years,  including  3 miscarriages  after  3 months’  periods  of  gesta- 
tion. The  first  miscarriage,  the  mother  said,  was  caused  by  over- 
exertion; the  2 succeeding  miscarriages,  the  mother  reported, 
were  said  by  the  physician  to  be  due  to  her  weakened  condition  on . 
account  of  too  frequent  pregnancies.  The  mother  was  careless  of 
her  rugged  health,  and  did  not  spare  herself  from  overexertion.  She 
had  not  been  gainfully  employed  since  marriage,  but  had  worked  in 
a cotton  mill  from  the  age  of  18  to  24,  previous  to  marriage.  The 
father  earned  $1,092  the  year  following  the  birth  of  the  last  baby. 
The  home  consisted  of  a 7-room  1 -family  cottage  with  adequate 
light  and  air.  It  had  no  sewer  connection,  and  water  from  the  sink 
was  conveyed  from  the  house  through  an  open  drain. 

Schedule  36:  The  mother,  who  was  41  years  of  age,  had  7 preg- 
nancies in  15  years.  The  first  baby  died  at  2 weeks  and  the 
second  at  7 years.  The  last  2 children  were  stillborn  at  7 months 
because,  the  physician  stated,  of  the  overwork  of  the  mother. 
The  mother  had  worked  in  a cotton  mill  from  the  age  of  16  until 
marriage  and  since  marriage  it  had  been  her  practice  to  work  con- 
tinuously, unless  interrupted  for  childbearing.  It  was  her  custom 
to  work  until  6 months  pregnant  and  return  to  work  within  a few 
weeks  after  childbirth.  She  did  not  cease  her  millwork  at  all  pre- 
vious to  the  birth  of  the  last  baby  and  resumed  work  1 week  after. 
The  father,  who  was  a cotton-mill  operative,  reported  his  year’s 
earnings  at  $562.  The  mother’s  earnings  were  $360.  Neither  parent 
could  read  or  write.  The  home  consisted  of  4 rooms  for  5 people  in 
a 5-family  tenement.  The  rooms  were  dark  and  ventilation  poor. 

Schedule  213:  The  mother  was  30  years  of  age,  married  at  17,  and 
had  7 pregnancies  in  13  years.  All  of  her  children  were  born  at 
term,  1 was  stillborn,  and  1 died  within  a few  minutes  after  birth, 
both  deaths  caused,  the  mother  thought,  by  overwork  during  preg- 
nancy. In  addition,  2 other  children  died  in  infancy,  1 at  8 months 
of  diarrhea,  and  the  other,  the  last  born,  at  4J  months  of  gastroen- 
teritis. This  baby  had  been  weaned  by  the  mother  when  3 weeks 
of  age,  because  she  wanted  to  go  to  work  in  the  mill.  She  worked 
until  within  2 months  of  the  birth  of  this  child.  She  resumed  her 
household  duties  4 days  after  the  last  baby’s  birth  and  went  back  to 
her  millwork  5 weeks  after,  leaving  the  baby  in  the  care  of  its  grand- 
mother. This  mother  had  worked  in  the  cotton  mill  almost  continu- 
ously since  the  age  of  13.  After  marriage  it  had  been  her  custom  to 
cease  work  2 months  before  the  birth  of  each  child,  and  to  resume  2 
months  after  the  baby’s  birth.  The  father,  who  was  employed  in  the 
building  trades,  earned  $630;  the  mother’s  earnings  increased  this  to 
$1,100  during  the  year  after  the  baby’s  birth.  The  father  could  not 
read  and  write;  the  mother  was  literate. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


97 


Schedule  339:  The  mother  was  35  years  of  age  and  had  8 preg- 
nancies in  13  years,  1 of  which  terminated  in  a miscarriage.  Of 
the  7 live-born  children  5,  including  the  last  born,  died  under  6 
months  of  age  of  malnutrition.  The  last,  which  died  at  5 months, 
was  nursed  only  for  the  first  3 weeks,  because  the  doctor  told  her,  the 
mother  said,  that  her  milk  was  not  good.  This  mother  had  worked 
in  a cotton  mill  from  the  age  of  16  to  22  and  for  a part  of  the  year 
prior  to  the  baby’s  birth,  ceasing  the  work  3 months  before,  but  she 
did  not  resume  work  during  the  year  following.  The  father  was  a 
shoe-factory  operative.  His  earnings  were  $634  the  year  following 
the  last  baby’s  birth. 

Schedule  1297 : This  mother,  aged  39,  had  7 pregnancies  in  15  years, 
ail  resulting  in  live-born  children.  She  lost  the  first  4;  3 died  in 
infancy  and  1 at  16  months,  all  from  malnutrition.  The  mother  had 
not  been  able  to  nurse  the  last  baby  on  account  of  lack  of  milk. 
This  mother  worked  in  a cotton  mill  6 years,  previous  to  marriage, 
from  the  age  of  18  to  24,  and  since  marriage  had  kept  a store  in  con- 
nection with  the  home.  She  ceased  none  of  her  work  previous  to 
the  birth  of  the  last  baby,  and  resumed  all  of  it  6 days  after.  The 
father  was  a laborer,  with  annual  earnings  of  $511,  and  the  mother 
earned  $350.  The  home  consisted  of  a 6-room  cottage. 

Schedule  1524:  The  mother  was  30  years  of  age,  and  in  6 years  had 
7 pregnancies,  including  2 which  resulted  in  miscarriages  at  2 and  4 
months.  She  twice  gave  birth  to  twins,  born  alive  but  prematurely. 
Three  of  the  4 twins  died  in  infancy.  The  last  baby  and  3 other 
children  were  surviving  at  the  time  of  the  agent’s  visit.  This  mother 
had  worked  for  a period  of  5 years  previous  to  marriage,  2 years  as 
bookkeeper  and  3 years  as  chambermaid.  Since  marriage  she  had 
kept  lodgers  now  and  then.  The  father  was  a factory  operative, 
whose  earnings  approximated  $800  the  year  following  the  birth  of 
the  last  baby.  The  mother  stated,  however,  that  her  husband  drank, 
and  gave  her  money  only  occasionally,  so  that  her  brother  was  obliged 
to  help. 

Schedule  18:  The  mother  was  28  years  of  age.  She  had  8 preg- 
nancies in  9 years  and  lost  every  child.  Two  were  miscarriages  at 
6 months  and  3 were  stillborn  at  full  time.  The  mother  thought  the 
cause  of  these  losses  was  her  overwork  and  too  frequent  pregnancies. 
The  physician  stated  that  the  mother  had  tuberculosis.  The  other 
3 children  died  in  infancy.  The  last  child  was  stillborn  because  of  an 
accident  of  labor.  This  mother  had  worked  in  a cotton  mill  for  a 
period  of  5 years  previous  to  marriage,  from  the  age  of  14  to  19,  and 
since  marriage  she  had  worked  between  confinements.  She  ceased 
work  4 months  before  the  birth  of  the  last  baby  and  resumed  5 months 
afterwards.  The  mother  stated  that  this  was  her  usual  custom.  The 
father’s  earnings  in  a year  were  $1,170  and  the  mother’s  $164.  The 
home  consisted  of  5 rooms  in  a 4-family  tenement  and  had  adequate 
means  of  ventilation  and  sanitary  facilities,  but  the  building  was  old, 
built  close  to  the  ground,  and  unhealthful  because  of  its  dampness. 

72624°— 17 7 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


98 

i ■ 

Schedule  38 : The  mother  was  35  years  of  age  and  had  6 pregnancies 
in  16  years.  She  lost  3 children  in  all,  1 at  4 years  of  diphtheria,  1 at 

2 J years  of  gastroenteritis,  and  the  last  was  stillborn.  The  mother  had 
worked  in  a cotton  mill  for  5 years  previous  to  her  marriage  at  19, 
and  since  then  she  has  been  almost  continuously  employed,  working 
during  the  major  portion  of  all  pregnancies.  She  ceased  work  2 
months  prior  to  the  birth  of  the  last  child  and  resumed  it  3 months 
after.  In  addition  to  her  millwork  she  also  kept  lodgers  during  the 
last  year.  The  father  also  was  a cotton-mill  operative,  and  his  earn- 
ings during  the  year  following  the  baby’s  birth  were  $300 the  mother’s 
were  $288;  and  they  had  $84  from  other  sources.  Neither  parent 
could  read  and  write.  The  home  was  in  a 4-family  tenement  and 
consisted  of  6 rooms  for  the  5 members  of  the  family  and  3 lodgers. 
Light  and  air  and  sanitary  facilities  seemed  adequate. 

Schedule  651:  The  mother,  34  years  of  age,  had  7 pregnancies  in 
19  years,  and  had  lost  all  her  children  but  the  last  2.  One  preg- 
nancy resulted  in  a miscarriage  at  3 months,  1 in  a stillbirth  at  7^ 
months,  and  1 child  had  died  when  5 days  old.  Two  other  children 
died  after  infancy,  1 at  2 years  of  cholera  infantum  and  1 at  1 year  of 
congenital  debility.  The  last  baby  was  weaned  at  3 months  because 
of  the  mother’s  lack  of  milk.  This  mother  had  worked  in  a cotton 
mill  since  the  age  of  13.  Since  marriage  it  had  been  her  custom  to 
continue  work  between  confinements  and  during  the  first  5 months 
of  pregnancy.  When  the  last  baby  was  7 months  old  she  went  back 
to  the  mill,  leaving  the  baby  in  charge  of  a housekeeper,  whom  she 
paid  $4  a week.  The  father  was  a cotton-mill  operative.  He  reported 
his  earnings  at  $403  during  the  year  following  the  last  baby’s  birth; 
the  mother’s  were  $290. 

Schedule  707 : The  mother  was  24  years  of  age  and  had  6 live-born 
children  in  8 years.  The  first  baby  was  born  prematurely  at  7 
months  and  died  the  day  of  birth;  the  next  4 all  died  of  digestive 
trouble  at  ages  ranging  from  5 to  8 months.  Three  of  these  were 
born  prematurely.  The  last  child,  the  only  one  surviving  at  the 
time  of  the  agent’s  visit,  never  had  been  nursed,  on  account  of  the 
mother’s  sore  breasts.  This  mother  began  work  in  a cotton  mill 
at  the  age  of  12  years,  where  she  worked  2 years;  from  14  to  16 
she  worked  in  a hosiery  mill,  and  after  marriage,  at  16,  she  returned 
to  the  cotton  mill,  where  she  has  worked  intermittently  since — about 

3 years  in  all.  She  had  not  been  gainfully  employed,  however,  since 
the  birth  of  her  last  2 children.  The  father  was  a laborer,  earning 
$624  during  the  year  following  the  last  baby’s  birth. 

Schedule  328:  The  mother  was  23  years  of  age  and  in  6 years 
had  4 pregnancies,  resulting  in  the  birth  of  4 live-born  children. 
Only  the  first  child,  however,  was  surviving  at  the  time  of  the 
agent’s  visit.  The  second  and  third  babies  died  at  7 and  at  15  months, 
respectively,  of  diarrhea,  and  the  last  baby  died  at  9 months,  of 
broncho-pneumonia.  The  mother  weaned  this  baby  at  3 months  in 
order  to  go  to  work  in  a textile  mill.  The  mother  had  begun  mill- 
work  at  the  age  of  12,  and  had  continued  at  it  regularly  until  mar- 
riage, at  17;  since  marriage  she  had  worked  between  confinements. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


99 


The  father  was  a laborer,  employed  at  odd  jobs.  His  earnings 
the  year  following  the  last  baby’s  birth  were  $350  and  these  were 
supplemented  by  the  mother’s  earnings,  $333. 

Schedule  10:  The  mother  was  39  years  of  age  and  had  4 preg- 
nancies in  9 years,  2 of  which  resulted  in  the  premature  birth  of 
stillborn  children.  One  child  died  at  9 months  and  1 was  sur- 
viving at  the  time  of  the  agent’s  visit.  This  mother  worked  in 
the  cotton  mill  from  the  age  of  17  till  21  and  also  during  the  years 
preceding  and  following  the  birth  of  the  last  baby.  She  ceased  work 
1 week  prior  to  the  birth  of  this  child,  which  was  stillborn  at  8 months, 
and  resumed  work  3 weeks  after.  The  father  also  was  an  employee 
in  the  cotton  mill,  earning  $600,  and  the  mother  earned  $521. 

Schedule  1600:  The  mother  had  4 children  in  7 years,  of  whom  only 
the  last  was  living.  She  began  to  work  in  a textile  mill  at  18  years  of 
age,  a year  before  her  marriage,  and  continued  this,  with  brief  inter- 
ruptions when  her  first  2 children  were  born,  until  she  was  24  years 
old.  The  first  baby  died  at  1 week  of  age;  the  second  at  6 months, 
from  measles.  The  third  child  lived  only  5 minutes.  When  the  last 
child  was  born  the  mother  had  been  doing  her  own  housework  and 
helping  in  her  husband’s  store  until  2 days  before  the  baby’s  birth, 
and  she  resumed  these  duties  when  the  baby  was  1 week  old.  The 
family  lived  in  3 rooms  in  the  rear  of  the  store.  The  mother  nursed 
her  baby  throughout  the  first  year.  After  the  seventh  month  she 
gave  him  other  food  also,  because,  she  said,  the  doctor  advised  it. 
Four  other  families  lived  in  the  building  and  the  toilet  was  used  by 
27  persons.  The  family’s  income  from  the  store  was  $780. 

Schedule  258:  In  the  5 years  of  her  married  life  this  mother,  aged 
28,  had  borne  4 children.  The  first  child  had  died  of  pneumonia  at 
18  months  and  the  last  baby  had  died  of  cholera  infantum  at  8 months 
and  17  days.  The  last  baby  was  breast  fed  until  death.  The  mother 
had  continued  her  usual  home  duties,  except  laundry  work,  until  the 
birth  of  the  last  baby  and  resumed  them  all  2 weeks  later.  Her  family 
and  lodgers,  14  persons  in  all,  occupied  5 rooms  in  a 2-family  house. 
The  home  was  poorly  ventilated  and  dirty.  The  father  was  a textile- 
mill  operative  and  his  earnings  during  the  year  following  the  last 
baby’s  birth  were  $404,  to  which  was  added  income  from  lodgers 
and  other  sources. 

Schedule  306:  The  mother  was  26  years  old  and  had  3 children  in 
the  4 years  of  her  married  life.  Only  the  second  child  was  living. 
She  had  worked  in  a textile  mill  since  she  was  19  years  old,  with 
intermissions  when  her  first  2 children  were  born.  For  a year  before 
the  last  baby’s  birth  she  had  not  been  employed,  although  she  went 
back  to  the  mill  when  this  baby  was  6 months  old,  leaving  him  with 
his  grandmother  during  her  absence  at  the  mill.  This  baby  was 
breast  fed  until  the  mother  went  out  to  work,  when  she  began  to 
supplement  her  nursing  with  other  food.  A month  later  she  weaned 
the  baby  entirely.  Both  this  baby  and  the  first  child  had  died  of 
broncho-pneumonia,  the  first  baby  at  21  months  and  the  last  at  10 


100 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


months  and  18  days.  The  father  was  an  engineer  earning  $780,  and 
the  mother  earned  $160.  The  family  lived  with  7 other  persons  in  5 
rooms  in  a 3-famity  house. 

Schedule  313:  The  mother  was  21  years  of  age  and  in  the  4 years 
of  her  married  life  had  3 children.  The  last  one  died  of  gastro- 
enteritis just  before  he  was  4 months  old.  For  the  first  month 
the  baby  had  mother’s  milk  supplemented  by  other  food,  but  he  was 
completely  weaned  at  the  beginning  of  the  second  month.  The 
mother  had  worked  in  a textile  mill  since  she  was  13  years  old.  Two 
months  before  each  baby  came  she  had  left  the  mill,  and  returned 
when  the  baby  was  2 months  old.  The  mother  had  done  her  house- 
work, except  the  washing,  until  the  birth  of  the  baby  and  resumed 
the  housework,  in  part,  6 days  later.  A girl  of  14  was  employed  to 
look  after  the  baby  during  the  mother’s  absence  at  the  mill.  The 
father  was  a textile  operative.  He  earned  $383  during  the  year  after 
the  last  baby’s  birth,  and  the  mother  earned  $150.  They  lived  in  a 
5-room  flat  in  an  8-family  dwelling. 


Number  of  births  per  mother,  infant  surviv-  Married  specified  number  of  years, 

als,  infant  deaths,  and  stillbirths.  


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


101 


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INFANT  MORTALITY. 


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INFANT  MORTALITY 


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INFANT  MORTALITY. 


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INFANT  MORTALITY, 


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INFANT  MORTALITY. 


107 


108 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


ILLEGITIMACY. 

The  condition  of  illegitimacy  subjects  babies  to  special  handicaps 
which  make  their  welfare  a problem  somewhat  apart  from  the  gen- 
eral problem  of  infant  welfare.  Babies  born  to  unmarried  parents 
constitute  always  an  abnormal  class  and  must  be  dealt  with  as 
such.  For  this  reason  the  schedules  secured  for  them  were  not 
included  in  the  general  tabulations,  but  were  reserved  for  separate 
consideration.  (See  Table  1.)  A record  of  44  illegitimate  births 
in  Manchester  during  the  period  studied  was  obtained  by  the 
agents.  Of  these,  35  were  registered,  but  of  that  number  complete 
schedules  were  obtained  in  only  11  instances.  There  were  21  who 
could  not  be  found  or  had  moved  out  of  town  and  3 whom  it  seemed 
unwise  to  visit.  The  scope  of  the  investigation  was  not  such  as  to 
warrant  taking  the  measures  necessary  to  obtain  full  information 
regarding  either  the  total  number  of  illegitimate  births  or  the  cir- 
cumstances surrounding  all  those  which  were  known.  The  data 
obtained  are  recognized  as  incomplete  but  are  presented  for  what 
interest  they  may  have. 

Among  the  44  babies  of  illegitimate  birth  14  died  in  infancy  and  7 
were  stillborn.  The  births  were  nearly  evenly  divided  between  na- 
tive and  foreign-born  mothers. 

Records  of  the  State  board  of  charities  relating  to  the  infant 
asylum  in  Manchester,  which  receives  foundlings  and  dependent 
babies,  are  of  interest  in  this  connection. 

Thirty- two  Manchester  infants  under  1 year  of  age  were  received 
into  the  asylum  during  the  period  covered  by  this  investigation.  Of 
these,  15  were  reported  as  of  legitimate  birth,  16  as  illegitimate,  and 
one  as  unknown.  Among  the  babies  at  the  asylum  14  infant  deaths 
occurred — 8 illegitimate  babies,  5 babies  born  in  wedlock,  and  1 
child  whose  parentage  was  unknown.  The  county  hospital  also  had 
records  of  12  babies  born  there  during  the  period  in  question  whose 
mothers  were  from  Manchester,  and  of  these  9 were  illegitimate.  These 
three  groups  (that  is,  the  44  illegitimate  births  discovered  by  this 
investigation,  the  9 illegitimate  births  recorded  at  the  county  hospital, 
and  the  16  babies  of  illegitimate  birth  received  by  the  infant  asylum) 
probably  overlap  to  some  extent,  so  that  it  is  not  possible  to  deduce 
from  these  figures  any  conclusions  as  to  the  number  of  babies  of  ille- 
gitimate birth  born  during  the  selected  year. 

ENVIRONMENT. 

Bad  housing,  congestion,  and  insanitary  conditions  in  general, 
such  as  dirty  streets,  defective  sewerage,  and  inadequate  or  impure 
water  supply  are  generally  regarded  in  studies  of  infant  mortality  as 
being  important  factors.  These  conditions  were  acute  in  some  parts 


INFANT  MOKTALITY. 


109 


of  Manchester,  but  were  not  extensive.  In  so  far  as  they  did  exist, 
however,  there  is  evidence  that  they  had  the  same  association  with 
high  infant  mortality  rates  here  as  elsewhere.  In  the  central  portion 
of  the  city  were  some  bad  housing  areas  and  congested  sections  and 
in  the  tenement  houses  agents  found  many  dark  rooms  as  well  as  dark 
unventilated  toilets. 

Though  the  data  presented  on  housing  and  sanitation  are  somewhat 
meager,  they  nevertheless  show  that  babies  do  not  thrive  in  poor  and 
crowded  quarters,  in  tenements,  and  in  alley  and  rear  houses.  The 
exact  degree  of  responsibility,  however,  of  any  one  of  these  conditions 
for  infant  deaths  can  not  be  measured  by  a comparison  of  rates.  The 
poverty  and  low  standards  of  living  inevitably  bound  up  with  bad 
housing  complicate  its  effects.  It  is  fair  to  assume,  nevertheless, 
that  to  bad  housing  conditions  belongs  some  share  at  least  in  the  re- 
sponsibility for  the  high  infant  death  rates  which  accompany  them. 

HOUSING.1 

A consideration  of  specified  housing  defects  in  connection  with  the 
infant  mortality  rates  among  babies  subjected  to  them  revealed  a 
coincidence  of  bad  housing  conditions  and  a high  infant  mortality 
rate.  The  housing  data  collected  in  this  study  relate  to  the  house  in 
which  the  baby  had  lived  during  the  greater  part  of  its  first  year,  and, 
for  stillborn  infants,  that  where  the  mother  had  lived  during  the 
greater  part  of  her  pregnancy. 

Sanitary  condition  of  baby’s  home. — Out  of  a total  of  1,624 
dwellings  of  the  1,643  babies  scheduled  by  this  investigation,  1,597 
had  city  water  and  1,500  had  sewer  connection  for  both  sink  and 
toilet.  The  majority  of  the  homes  which  did  not  have  city  water  and 
sewer  connection  proved  to  be  located  on  the  outskirts  of  the  city 
where  rural  conditions  prevailed,  so  that  the  absence  of  these  facili- 
ties did  not  serve  as  an  index  to.  general  bad  sanitary  and  housing 
conditions. 

Data  gathered  regarding  the  sanitary  condition  of  the  dwelling 
give  further  detail  to  the  general  picture  of  housing  and  sanitary  con- 
ditions, although  they  are  not  presented  as  factors  in  the  infant  mor- 
tality rate.  Of  the  1,624  dwellings,  1,060  were  reported  good  as 
to  means  of  ventilation,  480  were  fair,  and  81  poor.  The  rooms  were 
reported  clean  in  741  cases,  medium  in  671,  and  dirty  in  203  cases. 
There  were  1,531  dwellings  where  the  toilet  was  a water-closet,  and 
for  1,377  of  these  it  was  located  in  the  house;  90  dwellings  had  wet  or 
dry  privies.  From  these  statements  it  appears  that  the  housing 
and  sanitary  conditions  of  a considerable  proportion  of  the  homes 
visited  by  the  agents  were  fairly  good.  (See  Table  58.) 


See  further  discussion  of  housing  on  p.  131  of  this  report. 


110 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Table  58. 


Number  of  dwellings  occupied 
by— 


Sanitary  condition  of  dwelling. 


Total  dwellings 

Means  of  ventilation: 

Good 

Fair 

Poor 

Not  reported 

Rooms: 

Clean 

Medium 

Dirty 

N ot  reported 

Water  supply : 

City 

Spring 

Dug  well 

Type  of  toilet: 

Water-closet 

Wet  privy 

' Dry  privy 

No  toilet 

Not  reported 

Location  of  toilet : 

House 

Porch 

Yard 

Cellar 

No  toilet 

Not  reported 

Sewer  connection  : 

Sinks  directly  connected 

Sinks  not  directly  connected. 

Not  reported 

Toilet  directly  connected 

Toilet  not  directly  connected 
No  toilet  and  not  reported  .. 


All 

Native 

Foreign  - 

mothers. 

mothers. 

born 

mothers. 

1,624 

541 

1,083 

1,060 

425 

635 

480 

103 

377 

81 

13 

68 

3 

3 

741 

291 

450 

671 

196 

475 

203 

52 

151 

9 

2 

7 

1,597 

529 

1,068 

8 

2 

6 

19 

10 

9 

1,531 

503 

1,028 

17 

8 

9 

73 

29 

44 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1,377 

472 

905 

16 

3 

13 

137 

47 

90 

72 

12 

60 

2 

1 

20 

6 

14 

1,540 

510 

1,030 

83 

30 

53 

1 

1 

1,500 

493 

1,007 

121 

46 

75 

3 

2 

1 

Street  and  alley  frontage. — The  homes  of  1,510  babies  had  street 
frontage  and  129  alley  frontage.  Conditions  in  and  around  alley  and 
rear  houses  were  found  by  the  agents  to  be  almost  uniformly  bad,  and 
the  infant  mortality  rate  for  babies  in  such  houses  was  high.  Live- 
born  babies  in  these  houses  numbered  123,  or  7.9  per  cent  of  the  whole 
number.  These  babies  died  at  a rate  of  227.6  per  1,000,  while  the 
death  rate  among  babies  in  homes  with  a street  frontage  was  only 
159.4. 


Table  59. 


Births  during  selected  year  and  infant  deaths. 


Live  births. 

Stillbirths. 

Location  of  dwelling. 

Total 

birras. 

Infant  deaths. 

Total. 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

All  locations 

1,643 

1,564 

258 

165.0 

79 

4.8 

Street 

1,510 

129 

1,437  ! 
123 

229 

159.4 

73 

4. 8 

Alley  or  rear 

28 

227.6 

6 

4.7 

Not  reported 

4 

4 

1 

1 

INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Ill 


Multiple  dwellings. — Two-family  and  three-family  homes  which 
present  conditions  not  greatly  different  from  those  of  single  dwelling 
houses  were  very  common.  They  were  built  usually  with  but  one 
apartment  to  a floor,  so  that  each  family  had  light  and  air  on  four 
sides  and  were  found  in  large  numbers  in  the  more  open  parts  of 
the  city.  The  term  tenement  house,  in  the  common  sense  of  the  word, 
should  apply  in  Manchester  to  houses  which  contained  more  than  one 
apartment  to  a floor,  though  often  rows  of  attached  houses  of  one  or 
more  stories  were  termed  tenements,  and  they  presented  many  features 
commonly  associated  with  tenement-house  conditions.  A number 
of  old  three-story  wooden  houses  of  this  type  existed  in  the  central 
portion  of  the  city.  The  tendency  was,  however,  for  houses  of  four 
families  or  more  to  represent  the  tenement  type  and  houses  of  less 
than  four  the  single-family  type. 

There  were  244  live-born  babies  whose  homes  were  in  single-family 
houses,  384  in  two-family  houses,  and  435  in  three-family  houses. 
Thus  over  half  the  babies,  819,  had  homes  in  the  two-family  and 
three-family  houses  so  common  in  the  city.  The  dwellings  of  283 
live-born  babies  were  in  four-family  to  six-family  houses,  and  188 
had  homes  in  houses  containing  over  six  families. 

Babies  whose  homes  were  in  multiple  dwellings,  particularly  in 
buildings  which  housed  a large  number  of  families,  had  a decidedly 
higher  death  rate  than  those  whose  homes  were  in  single-family  houses. 
The  death  rate  for  babies  whose  homes  were  in  one-family  houses 
was  86.1;  and  in  houses  containing  seven  or  more  families,  236.6. 
The  contrasts  are  sufficient  to  indicate  the  disadvantage  of  a tene- 
ment home  to  babies. 

But  in  this  case,  as  elsewhere,  housing  conditions  reflect  economic 
status,  so  that  the  influence  of  both  conditions  undoubtedly  enters 
into  the  rates  quoted  above. 


Table  60. 


Births  during  selected  year  and  infant  deaths. 


Dwellings  per  building. 

Total 

births. 

Live  biiths. 

Stillbirths. 

Total. 

Infant  deaths. 

Number. 

Percent.1 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate. 

All  classes 

1,643 

1,564 

258 

165.0 

79 

4.8 

Dwellings: 

1 

254 

244 

21 

8b.  1 ! 

1 10 

3.9 

2 

403 

384 

59 

15'J  6 

19 

4.7 

3 

457 

435 

77 

177. 0 

22 

4.8 

4 to  6 

301 

283 

46 

162. 5 1 

18 

6.0 

7 or  more 

195 

186 

44 

236.6  ; 

1 9 

4.6 

7 to  9 

98 

90 

23 

8 

10  or  more 

97 

96 

21 

i 1 

Not  reported 

33 

32 

11 

1 

Not  shown  where  base  is  less  than  100 


112 


INFANT  MORTALITY, 


Room  congestion. — Of  the  live-born  babies  included  in  this  inves- 
tigation 42.5  per  cent  had  homes  where  the  number  of  persons 
exclusive  of  the  baby  averaged  under  1 per  room;  46  per  cent  where 
the  average  was  1 but  under  2;  6.8  per  cent  where  the  average  was 
2 but  under  3 ; and  1 per  cent  had  homes  in  which  the  average  num- 
ber of  persons  per  room  was  from  3 to  5.  Overcrowded  rooms  were 
found  more  commonly  among  the  foreign  bom  than  among  the 
native,  particularly  among  the  Poles,  whose  custom  it  is  to  take  large 
numbers  of  “ boarders.” 

The  infant  mortality  rate  showed  a steady  increase  according  to 
the  number  of  persons  per  room.  It  was  123.3  where  the  average 
was  less  than  1;  177.8  where  the  average  was  1 but  under  2;  and  261.7 
where  the  average  was  2 but  less  than  3. 


Table  61. 


Persons  i per  dwelling  and  nativity  of 


Births  during  selected  year. 


According  to  number  of  rooms  in  dwelling. 


Total. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

>■17 

Not  re- 
ported. 

All  mothers 

1,643 

i 17 

123 

342 

1509 

341 

133 

72 

21 

7 

2 

! 5 

2 

I s 
1 3 

1 

2 

58 

Persons  per  dwelling: 

I 

T“ 

1 

1 

1 

2 

244 

J5 

1 12 

38 

68 

; 75 

28 

7 

8 

1 

2 

3 

243.. 

2 

26 

67 

80 

34 

19 

6 

3 

2 

1 

j 

2 

4 

218  .. 

23 

55 

. 62 

57 

8 

9 

2 

1 

1 

5 

226  _ . 

23 

46 

75 

46 

18 

12 

"3 

1 

i 

6 

182 

2 

4 

37 

69 

50 

12 

6 

1 

1 

7 

134 

3 

26 

45 

31 

17 

5 

5 

1 

2 

8 

121 

3 

19 

49 

26 

13 

7 

2 

2 

9 

73 

1 

2 

9 

20 

17 

12 

5 

4 

1 

2 

10 

58 

8 

9 

16 

15 

6 

2 

1 

1 

More  than  10 • 

96 

7 

24 

35 

12 

8 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

Not  reported 

48 

1 

1 

46 

Native  mothers 

548 

3 

44 

113 

159 

113 

44 

39 

14 

2 

2 

5 

1 

2 

1 

2 

4 

persons  per  dwelling: 

1 

1 

1 

2 

113 

3 

16 

32 

35 

15 

6 

6 

3 

122 

13 

30 

42 

16 

9 

6 

3 

1 

1 

1 

H 

4 

85 

5 

22 

21 

25 

4 

5 

1 

1 

ii 

5 

73 

7 

13 

23 

15 

4 

9 

i 

1 

G 

59 

1 

11 

19 

18 

4 

4 

1 

..1 

1 

7 

31 

1 

1 

7 

9 

4 

5 

4 

1 

8 

19 

1 

7, 

4 

3 

1 

1 

2! 

9 

14 

2 

1 

3 

3 

1 

3 

1 

.! 

10 

15 

3 

3 

6 

2 

..1 

More  than  10 

12 

1 

1 

4 

1 

1 

** 

1 

i 

2 

Not  reported 

4 

1 

3 

Foreign-born  mothers 

1,095 

5 

14 

79, 

229 

350 

228 

89 

33 

7 

5 

i 

lt 

1 

1 

J 

54 

Persons  per  dwelling: 

| 

I 

2 

131 

5 

9 

22' 

36 

40 

13 

1 

2 

1 

-- 

! 

2 

3 

121 

1 

2 

131 

37 

38 

18 

10 

1 

1 

2 

4 

133 

18 

33 

41 

32 

4 

’4 

i 

"! 

5 

152 

16 

33 

52 

31 

14 

3 

2 

-1 

1 

..1 

6 

123 

2 

3' 

2 

26 

50 

32 

8 

2 

7 

103 

25 

38 

22 

13 

1 

1 

..l 

1 

8... 

102 

3 

18 

42 

22 

10 

6 

1 

..1 

9.. 

59 

i 

2 ! 

7 

19 

14 

9 

4 

1 

2 

10  . 

43 

8 

6 

13 

9 

4 

1; 

1 

More  than  10 

84 

6 

23 

31 

11 

8 

1 

1 

3 

Not  reported 

• 44 

1 

I 

43 

I 

French-Canadian  mothers 

610 

2 

10 

36 

130 

226 

128 

49 

14 

3 

3 

1 

1 

7 

Persons  per  dwelling: 

1 

2 

82 

2 

7 

13 

23 

26 

7 

2 

1 

3 

77 

2 

7i 

24 

24 

9 

8 

1 

1 

2 

4 

86 

8 

21 

31 

20 

3 

2 

1 

I 

5. . . 

101 

6 

22 

41 

22 

7 

1 

1 

I 

1 

6 

71 

1 

l1 

12 

35 

16! 

5! 

1 

7 

57 

1 

10 

23 

15! 

6l 

1!  1 

1 

i 

Baby  born  during  selected  year  not  included  in  number. 


INFANT  MORTALITY, 


113 


Table  61 — Continued. 

Births  during  selected  year. 

Persons 1 per  dwelling  and  nativity  of 
mother. 

According  to  number  of  rooms  in  dwelling. 

Total. 

* 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

17 

Not  re- 
ported. 

French-Canadian  mothers— Con. 
Persons  per  dwelling— Continued. 

8 

53 

8 

25 

10 

6 

4 

9 

28 

4 

10 

7 

6 

1 

10 

20 

5 

3 

6 

3 

2 

1 

More  than  10 

33 

1 

8 

16 

5 

2 

1 

Not  reported  

2 

2 

other  foreign -b^rn  Tnntbp.rs 

485 

3 

4 

43 

99 

124 

100 

40 

19 

4 

2 

47 

Persons  per  dwelling: 

2 . 

49 

3 

2 

9 

13 

14 

6 

1 

1 

3 

44 

6 

13 

14 

9 

2 

4 

47 

10 

12 

10 

12 

1 

2 

5 

51 

10 

11 

11 

9 

7 

2 

1 

6 

52 

i 

2 

14 

15 

16 

3 

1 

7 

46 

1 

15 

15 

7 

7 

1 

8 

49 

3 

10 

17 

12 

4 

2 

1 

9 

31 

1 

2 

3 

9 

7 

3 

4 

1 

1 

10 

23 

3 

3 

7 

6 

2 

1 

1 

More  than  10  . 

51 

5 

15 

15 

6 

6 

1 

1 

2 

Not  reported  

42 

1 

41 

1 Baby  born  during  selected  year  not  included  in  number. 


Table  62. 


Births  diming  selected  year  and  infant  deaths. 


Persons1  per  room  and  nativity  of  mother. 

Total 

births. 

Live  births. 

Stillbirths. 

Total. 

Infant  deaths. 

Number. 

Percent.2 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate.2 

All  mothers 

1,643 

1,564 

258 

165.0 

79 

4.8 

Less  than  1 

698 

665 

82 

123.3 

33 

4.7 

1 but  less  than  2 ’ 

760 

720 

128 

177.8 

40 

5.3 

2 but  less  than  3 

110 

107 

28 

261.7 

3 

2.7 

3 but  less  than  5 

15 

15 

2 

Not  reported 

60 

57 

18 

3 

Native  mothers 

548 

523 

67 

128.1 

25 

4.6 

Le<=s  than  1 

332 

318 

34 

106.9 

14 

4.2 

1 but  less  than  2 

* 199 

188 

27 

143.6 

11 

5.5 

2 but  less  than  3 

12 

12 

5 

Not  reported 

5 

5 

1 

Foreign-born  mothers 

1,095 

1,041 

191 

183.5 

54 

4.9 

Less  than  1 

366 

347 

48 

138.3 

19 

5.2 

1 but  less  than  2 

561 

532 

101 

189.8 

29 

5.2 

2 but  less  than  3 

98 

95 

23 

3 

3 but  less  than  5 

15 

15 

2 

Not  reported 

55 

52 

17 

3 

French-Canadian  mothers 

610 

574 

129 

224.7 

36 

5.9 

Less  than  1 

236 

221 

40 

181.0 

15 

6.4 

1 but  less  than  2 

325 

306 

73 

238.6 

19 

5.8 

2 but  less  than  3 

40 

39 

13 

1 

3 but  less  than  5 

2 

2 

Not  reported 

7 

6 

3 

1 

Other  foreign-born  mothers 

485 

467 

62 

132.8 

18 

3.7 

Less  than  1 

130 

126 

8 

63.5 

4 

3.1 

1 but  less  than  2 

236 

226 

28 

123.9 

10 

4.2 

2 but  less  than  3 

58 

56 

10 

2 

3 but  less  than  5 

13 

13 

2 

Not  reported 

48 

46 

14 

2 

Baby  born  during  selected  year  not  included  in  number.  2 Not  shown  where  base  is  less  than  100. 

72624°— 17 8 


114 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Rent. — Rent  furnishes  an  index  to  the  status  of  the  baby’s  home 
less  reliable  than  any  other  so  far  used,  for  the  reason  that  with 
it  should  be  considered  the  size  of  the  family  and  the  number  of 
roomers  or  others  in  the  family.  In  Manchester,  moreover,  a number 
of  joint  families  were  encountered;  that  is,  two  family  groups,  such 
as  parents  and  married  children  or  married  brothers  and  sisters,  who 
occupied  one  dwelling  jointly,  sharing  expenses,  including  rent.  To 
attribute  to  a family  in  such  an  arrangement  the  actual  amount  of 
rent  paid  would  indicate  quarters  really  inferior  to  those  they  occu- 
pied, while  obviously  it  would  not  be  accurate  to  credit  them  with 
the  rent  of  the  entire  dwelling.  Such  objections,  however,  merely 
impair  but  do  not  destroy  the  usefulness  of  rent  as  an  index  to  housing 
status.  In  a city  as  small  as  Manchester,  where  the  population  is 
very  mobile,  rents  tend  toward  an  equality  for  equal  accommodations. 
A comparison  of  the  rentals  paid  with  the  infant  mortality  rates  for 
each  group  may  serve  at  least  to  reenforce  data  already  presented  as 
to  the  general  tendency  of  the  infant  mortality  rate  to  fall  as  housing 
conditions  improve. 

The  rents  paid  in  Manchester  are  most  readily  grouped  in  four 
classes:  Less  than  $7.50  per  month;  $7.50  to  $12.49;  $12.50  to  $17.49; 
and  $17.50  and  over.  There  were  175  homes  of  live-born  babies 
where  the  rental  paid  was  less  than  $7.50,  and  the  infant  mortality 
rate  among  babies  in  these  homes  was  211.4.  The  largest  number  of 
babies,  703,  was  found  in  homes  where  the  rent  paid  was  $7.50  up  to 
$12.49.  The  rate  for  this  group  was  172.1.  There  were  300  babies 
in  the  next  class,  where  the  rentals  were  from  $12.50  to  $17.49,  and 
the  infant  mortality  rate  among  them  was  156.7.  Only  62  babies 
belonged  to  homes  with  a rental  of  $17.50  and  over,  and  6 deaths 
occurred  among  them.  The  parents  of  186  babies  owned  their 
homes  and  the  infant  death  rate  was  only  86  per  1,000. 


I NT  A NT  MORTALITY. 


115 


Table  63. 

Live  births  during  selected 
year  and  infant  deaths. 

Tenure  of  home  and  nativity  of  mother. 

Total 

live 

births. 

Infant  deaths. 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate.i 

. 1,564 

258 

165.0 

186 

16 

86.0 

1,314 

226 

172.0 

Monthly  rental: 

Under  $7.50  

175 

37 

211.4 

$7.50  to  $12.49  

703 

121 

172.1 

$12  50  to  $17  49  

300 

47 

156.7 

62 

6 

6 

68 

15 

64 

16 

523 

67 

128.1 

68 

6 

444 

58 

130.6 

Monthly  rental: 

Under  $7  50  

49 

11 

$7.50  to  $12.49  

217 

36 

165.9 

$12.50  to  $17.49  

103 

7 

68.0 

43 

1 

Boarding . 

31 

4 

Not  reported  - - 

11 

3 

Foreign-born  mothers 

1,041 

191 

183.  5 

Home  owned 

118 

10 

84.7 

Home  not  owned . . . 

870 

168 

193.1 

Monthly  rental: 

Under  $7.50 

126 

26 

206.3 

$7.50  to  $12.49 

486 

85 

174.9 

$12.50  to  $17.49..  

197 

40 

203.0 

$17.50  and  over . 

19 

6 

Free. . . 

5 

Boarding 

37 

11 

jvjot  reported 

53 

13 

French-CaDadian  mothers 

574 

129 

224.7 

Home  owned  

71 

10 

Home  not  owned  

494 

118 

238.9 

Monthly  rental: 

Under  $7.50  ...  . 

71 

19 

$7.50  to  $12.49 

288 

61 

211.8 

$12.50  to  $17.49 

100 

24 

240.0 

$17.50  and  o ver ...  

11 

6 

Free 

4 

I 

Boarding . . . 

20 

8 

Not,  reported 

9 

1 

Other  foreign-born  mothers 

467 

62 

132.8 

Home  owned  

47 

Home  not  owned 

376 

50 

133.0 

Monthly  rental: 

Under  $7.50 

55 

7 

$7.50  to  $12.49 

198 

24 

121.2 

$12.50  to  $17.49 

97 

16 

$17.50  and  over 

8 

Free  . 

1 

Boarding  

17 

3 

Not  reported 

44 

12 

i Not  shown  where  base  is  less  than  100. 


116 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


WARDS. 

A comparison  of  infant  mortality  rates  by  neighborhoods  is  another 
method  of  measuring  the  influence  of  bad  environment.  This  method, 
however,  yielded  more  or  less  negative  results  in  Manchester,  for  the 
reason  that  no  practicable  method  was  found  of  comparing  good  and 
bad  districts. 

Births  and  deaths  were  recorded  by  wards,  but  the  ward  divisions 
in  Manchester  had  only  political  significance;  they  did  not  correspond 
to  any  division  of  the  city  into  sections  according  to  the  character  of 
the  housing,  sanitation,  or  population.  The  majority  of  the  wards 
radiated  from  the  center  of  the  city  and  presented  every  variety  of 
neighborhood  within  their  boundaries.  Such  a lack  of  distinctive 
character  in  the  wards  made  it  difficult  to  interpret  the  infant 
mortality  rate  each  showed. 

The  two  wards  exhibiting  the  lowest  infant  mortality  rates, 
wards  5 and  6,  with  rates  of  120.6  and  119.6,  respectively,  were  the 
wards  containing  the  greatest  proportion  of  people  living  under  rural 
and  semirural  conditions.  No  crowded  or  congested  areas  were  found 
within  the  boundaries  of  either. 

The  highest  infant  death  rates  were  found  in  wards  2 and  9.  In 
the  former  there  were  51  infant  deaths,  which  made  a rate  of  236.1, 
and  in  the  latter  ward  48  deaths,  a rate  of  227.5.  Both  of  these 
wards  had  sections  varying  widely  in  character,  but  they  also  pre- 
sented conditions  which  throw  some  light  upon  the  large  numbers  of 
infant  deaths  occurring  in  them.  Ward  2 was  one  of  the  radiating 
wards  and  at  its  inner  end  exhibited  some  of  the  worst  living  condi- 
tions in  the  city.  Over  two-thirds  of  the  mothers  here  were  foreign 
born,  the  majority  being  French  Canadians  and  Poles.  Ward  9 was  on 
the  y^est  side  and  quite  closely  built  up,  with  some  congested  districts. 
The  hausing  on  the  whole,  however,  was  much  superior  to  the  worst 
sections  in  the  congested  central  portion  east  of  Elm  Street.  A large 
proportion  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  ward  were  “mill”  people  and 
over  two-thirds  French  Canadians. 

The  other  wards  of  the  city  had  infant  mortality  rates  which  were 
well  within  these  extremes  and  which  bore  no  particular  relation  to 
neighborhood  conditions.  A somewhat  peculiar  contrast  appears 
between  the  rates  revealed  for  ward  1 and  for  ward  4.  The  former, 
which  contained  the  best  residence  district  of  the  city,  had  an  infant 
mortality  rate  of  177.6,  while  the  latter,  which  was  the  most  congested 
ward  in  the  city,  had  a rate  of  only  144.7.  Such  results  may  be 
wholly  accidental,  of  course,  since  the  numbers  involved  are  not 
large,  or  they  may  be  explicable  upon  the  basis  of  facts  not  disclosed 
by  this  investigation.  In  any  case,  no  satisfactory  comparison  of 
neighborhoods  and  rates  can  be  made  on  the  basis  of  ward  divisions, 
because  of  the  varied  conditions  found  within  each  ward. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


117 


Table  64. 


Births  during  selected  year  and  infant  deaths. 


Live  births. 

Stillbirths. 

Ward  of  residence. 

Total 

births. 

Infant  deaths. 

Total. 

Number. 

Infant 

mortality 

rate. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

The  city 

1,643 

1,564 

258 

165.0 

79 

4.8 

Ward: 

1 

111 

107 

19 

177.6 

4 

3.6 

2 • 

224 

216 

51 

236.1 

8 

3.6 

3 

189 

179 

27 

150.8 

10 

5.3 

4 

244 

235 

34 

144.7 

9 

3.7 

5 

143 

141 

17 

120.6 

2 

1.4 

6 

201 

184 

22 

119.6 

17 

8.5 

7 

150 

141 

21 

148.9 

9 

6.0 

8 

157 

150 

19 

126.7 

7 

4.5 

9 

224 

211 

48 

227.5 

13 

5.8 

Table  65. 

Nationality  of  mother. 

Births  during  selected  year. 

Total. 

Ward  of  residence. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

All  mothers 

1,643 

111 

224 

189 

244 

143 

201 

150 

157 

224 

Native 

548 

56 

68 

56 

41 

78 

82 

65 

47 

55 

Foreign  born 

1,095 

55 

156 

133 

203 

65 

119 

85 

110 

169 

Canadian,  French 

610 

37 

70 

36 

62 

31 

86 

42 

96 

150 

Canadian  except  French 

27 

4 

4 

3 

3 

6 

2 

5 

Polish 

170 

1 

68 

62 

24 

2 

10 

3 

English,  Irish'  and  Scotch 

115 

7 

5 

13 

28 

17 

10 

23 

4 

8 

Greek  and  Syrian 

72 

65 

3 

4 

Op.rmnn  

30 

2 

16 

9 

3 

Jewish 

24 

3 

3 

12 

6 

Ruthenian  and  Lithuanian 

22 

4 

14 

4 

All  other  and  not  reported 

25 

6 

6 

5 

3 

1 

2 

1 

CONCLUSIONS. 

Infant  mortality  rate. — The  infant  mortality  rate  of  165  for  the 
whole  group  of  1,564  live-born  infants  is  strikingly  high.  Not  only 
is  it  higher  than  the  rate  of  124,  computed  in  1910  for  the  general 
registration  area  of  the  United  States,  and  higher  than  that  of  101.8 
in  1913  for  New  York  City  with  all  its  congestion  and  large  foreign 
element,  but  it  is  also  several  times  as  high  as  the  rates  found  in  cer- 
tain foreign  countries. 

Environment. — Bad  housing  and  insanitary  environment,  in  so  far 
as  they  existed,  were  accompanied  by  high  infant  mortality  rates. 
These  conditions  were  confined  to  relatively  few  areas  and  were  not 
generally  prevalent  throughout  the  city.  They  are,  however,  likely 
to  become  worse  and  more  extensive  in  the  future  unless  controlled 
by  adequate  restriction. 


118 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Low  earnings. — Low  earnings  of  the  father  indicate  in  general  a 
low  economic  status  for  the  family,  and  in  Manchester  they  were 
accompanied  by  a high  infant  mortality  rate.  As  the  father's  earn- 
ings increased  the  rate  declined  substantially. 

Mother’s  employment. — Gainful  employment  of  the  mother  existed 
principally  when  the  earnings  of  the  father  were  low.  Such  employ- 
ment away  from  home  usually  necessitated  artificial  feeding  and 
was  accompanied  by  an  infant  mortality  rate  higher  than  that 
accompanying  low  earnings  of  father. 

Nationality. — Babies  of  foreign-born  mothers  had  a higher  rate 
than  those  of  native  mothers,  largely  on  account  of  the  numerous 
deaths  among  babies  of  French-Canadian  mothers.  The  French 
Canadians  as  a group,  however,  occupied  a generally  higher  economic 
status  than  other  foreign  born,  and  gainful  employment  of  the  mother 
was  found  to  a less  extent  among  them.  Their  high  death  rate  may 
be  accounted  for  in  part  by  their  large  families  and  the  prevalence  of 
artificial  feeding. 

Large  families. — In  general  the  later-born  children  have  a greater 
tendency  to  a high  infant  mortality  rate  than  those  earlier  born. 
Large  families  were  found  chiefly  among  the  French  Canadians  and 
among  the  lower  economic  groups  of  other  nationalities.  The  mor- 
tality rate  among  all  babies  ninth  and  later  in  order  of  birth  is  con- 
siderably higher  than  the  rates  for  those  earlier  born  in  either  of 
these  groups  with  unfavorable  rates. 

Artificial  feeding. — Artificial  feeding  was  accompanied  by  a,  higher 
infant  mortality  rate  than  breast  feeding.  Feeding  methods  reflect 
standards  and  customs  and  the  opportunity  of  the  mother  to  care 
for  the  baby.  Artificial  feeding  was  practiced  most  extensively  by 
mothers  gainfully  employed  away  from  home;  by  native  mothers  in 
the  lowest  economic  class;  and  by  the  French  Canadians.  In  each  of 
these  groups  other  conditions  coincident  to  a high  infant  mortality 
rate  are  also  present.  In  the  highest  economic  group,  where  the 
food  is  more  likely  to  be  prepared  in  accordance  with  instructions  of 
physicians  and  where  other  unfavorable  conditions  tending  to  produce 
a high  rate  are  absent,  the  rates  for  breast-fed  and  artificially  fed 
babies  are  both  low,  with  a slight  difference  in  favor  of  the  breast-fed 
baby. 


PART  II.  CIVIC  ACTIVITIES  AND  CONDITIONS. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  INFANT-WELFARE  WORK. 

During  the  period  covered  by  this  study  organized  inf  an  t-w  elf  are 
work  in  Manchester  was  in  charge  of  private  philanthropy.  One 
organization,  the  Infant  Aid  Association,  gave  its  exclusive  atten- 
tion to  this  work.  Its  activities  were  confined  to  the  support  during 
July  and  August  of  milk  stations,  where  pure  milk  was  distributed 
at  cost  or  less  to  mothers  otherwise  unable  to  provide  it  for  their 
babies.  The  milk  was  modified  according  to  the  baby’s  require- 
ments and  the  mothers  were  given  instruction  in  the  care  and  feed- 
ing of  the  baby.  The  association  began  its  work  in  1912  with  the 
opening  of  one  milk  station.  In  1914  the  number  of  milk  stations 
was  increased  to  three,  with  a staff  of  four  nurses  giving  full  time 
and  a number  of  physicians  giving  part  time.  A total  of  266  babies 
were  cared  for  during  the  two  months.  In  addition  to  the  instruc- 
tion of  mothers  at  the  stations  through  mothers’  meetings  and  baby 
clinics,  the  mothers  and  babies  were  visited  in  their  homes. 

The  District  Nursing  Association  also  has  interested  itself  in 
infant  welfare,  referring  cases  to  the  Infant  Aid  Association  during 
the  months  when  the  milk  stations  were  open  and  taking  over  such 
cases  as  needed  attention  after  the  milk  stations  had  closed.  In 
1914  they  maintained  a special  baby  nurse  who  devoted  all  her 
time  to  work  with  babies.  There  were  in  her  charge  during  the 
year  198  babies.  The  association  also  gave  mothers  who  were  preg- 
nant advice  and  attention  when  needed. 

The  larger  of  the  two  textile-manufacturing  establishments  main- 
tained visiting  nurses  for  the  benefit  of  the  families  of  its  employees. 
As  part  of  their  work  during  1914  these  nurses  made  visits  to  infants 
and  attended  maternity  cases. 

The  city  did  not  engage  directly  in  infant- welfare  work  in  any 
form,  but  in  1913  it  appropriated  the  sum  of  $300  toward  the  work 
of  the  District  Nursing  Association,  and  it  also  made  similar  appro- 
priations to  various  institutions  for  the  care  of  dependent  infants 
and  children  The  department  of  health  had  charge  of  milk  inspec- 
tion and  medical  inspection  of  school  children;  it  did  not,  however, 
at  that  time  engage  in  any  activities,  educational  or  otherwise, 
which  had  as  their  special  object  the  promotion  of  infant  health  and 
hygiene. 

Since  this  study  was  made  the  infant-welfare  activities  of  Man- 
chester have  been  considerably  broadened;  the  Infant  Aid  Associa- 

119 


120 


infant  Mortality. 


tion  maintains  a milk  station  all  the  year;  the  District  Nursing 
Association  is  devoting  an  increased  amount  of  time  toward  improv- 
ing infant  health  and  hygiene  and  maintains  a successful  baby 
clinic;  the  manufacturing  establishment  mentioned  above  has  in- 
creased its  infant-welfare  work  both  directly  and  through  contribu- 
tions; and  the  department  of  health  now  has  an  infant-welfare 
nurse  giving  full  time  to  such  work. 

BIRTH  REGISTRATION. 

The  registration  of  births  is  made  compulsory  by  the  State  law 
under  penalty  of  fine.1  The  physician,  accoucheur,  midwife,  or  other 
attendant  at  birth  must  report  to  the  town  clerk  within  six  days 
after  the  birth  of  the  child  the  facts  2 required  by  this  law.  Still- 
births must  be  registered  both  as  births  and  as  deaths.  A fee  of 
25  cents  is  provided  for  the  person  reporting  and  a fee  of  15  cents  to 
the  town  clerk  for  each  birth  recorded;  also  a fee  of  25  cents  to  the 
town  clerk  for  obtaining  the  facts  regarding  a birth  not  reported. 

In  spite,  however,  of  the  penalty  attached  to  failure  to  obey  the 
law  and  the  fees  provided  for  compliance,  Manchester,  in  common 
with  many  other  communities  within  the  registration  area,  has  not 
secured  strict  enforcement  of  the  law.  Violations  are  prosecuted 
when  discovered,  but  the  city  employs  no  special  methods  to  discover 
unregistered  births  other  than  checking  birth  and  death  certificates 
against  each  other.  No  canvass  is  made  for  births.  Since  a burial 
permit  is  required  from  the  board  of  health  before  interment  can 
take  place,  the  record  of  infant  deaths  is  more  nearly  complete  than 
that  of  births. 

The  importance  of  adequate  birth  registration  as  a basis  for  all 
other  inf  ant- welfare  work  is  now  coming  to  be  generally  recognized. 
Unless  the  number  and  local  distribution  of  births  relative  to  the 
number  and  distribution  of  infant  deaths  in  a commmiity  be  known 
it  is  not  possible  to  organize  intelligently  plans  for  the  reduction  of 
infant  deaths  or  for  the  promotion  of  infant  welfare. 

PHILANTHROPIC  INSTITUTIONS  AND  AGENCIES. 

Manchester  had  a considerable  number  of  philanthropic  institu- 
tions. These  were  chiefly  under  private  control,  and  a number  had 
religious  affiliations.  Residents  had  access  to  six  hospitals.  One 
of  these  was  a county  hospital  located  a short  distance  beyond  the  city 
limits,  one  an  isolation  hospital  maintained  by  the  city,  and  the 
other  four  were  private  institutions.  Three  of  the  latter  received  a 

1 Chapter  173,  Public  Statutes,  1901,  amended  by  chapter  60  of  the  Acts  of  1911  and  by  chapter  39  of  the 
Acts  of  1913. 

2 The  date  and  place  of  birth,  name,  color,  and  sex  of  child,  whether  living  or  stillborn,  and  the  name, 
color,  occupation,  residence,  and  birthplace  of  parents. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


121 


small  annual  appropriation  from  the  city.  These  hospitals  all  did 
general  work  and  accepted  obstetrical  cases.  It  was  not  a common 
practice,  however,  among  the  mothers  interviewed  to  go  to  the  hos- 
pital for  confinement. 

Private  relief. — Homes  for  the  care  of  various  classes  of  dependent 
children  and  for  the  aged  and  infirm  were  the  most  numerous  of  all 
philanthropic  institutions.  Altogether  there  were  20  such  homes  in 
Manchester,  of  which  8 were  for  children,  5 for  the  aged,  and  the  7 
remaining  for  a variety  of  classes.  The  children’s  homes  are  of  most 
interest  in  connection  with  this  report.  One  of  these  was  an  infant 
asylum,  which  took  only  children  under  4 years  of  age,  and  in  one 
other  small  children  and  babies  were  taken  care  of  by  the  day  while 
the  mothers  went  to  work.  All  were  private  institutions,  hut,  inas- 
much as  there  was  no  county  or  city  children’s  home,  children  who 
were  public  charges  were  boarded  in  these  homes  by  the  county  and 
city.  Parents  also  sometimes  placed  their  children  in  them  and  paid 
either  wholly  or  in  part  the  cost  of  their  maintenance.  The  city 
contributed  a small  annual  appropriation  toward  the  support  of  the 
majority  of  these  homes,  and  the  remainder  of  their  support  came 
from  private  charity. 

The  New  Hampshire  Children’s  Aid  and  Protective  Society,  with 
headquarters  at  Manchester,  was  interested  in  the  protection  of  chil- 
dren, including  infants,  from  abuse  and  neglect.  A part  of  its  work 
had  been  the  investigation  of  infant  boarding  houses,  or  private  homes 
which  took  one  or  more  infants  to  board,  in  order  to  discover  and 
abolish  unlicensed  places  and  places  unfit  to  receive  babies. 

Private  charitable  relief  in  Manchester  was  left  largely  to  unorgan- 
ized effort.  One  society  maintained  by  the  various  Protestant 
churches  was  engaged  primarily  in  giving  general  material  relief  to 
the  poor  in  their  homes.  Other  societies  and  institutions  gave  some 
material  relief  incidentally  in  connection  with  other  lines  of  philan- 
thropic activity. 

The  larger  factories  did  a considerable  amount  of  welfare  work  for 
the  promotion  of  the  health  and  general  well-being  of  their  em- 
ployees. This  work  provided  for  educational  and  recreational  facil- 
ities, medical  attention  both  for  employees  and  for  members  of  their 
families,  assistance  in  building  homes,  and  other  activities. 

Public  relief. — Public  relief  of  the  poor  in  Manchester  was  adminis- 
tered by  both  the  city  and  the  county.  The  city  helped  residents, 
that  is,  persons  who  had  established  a settlement;  and  the  county, 
nonresidents.  The  requirements  for  obtaining  a settlement  were  so 
difficult  to  meet,  however,  that  the  amount  of  relief  given  by  the 
county  to  inhabitants  of  Manchester  exceeded  that  given  by  the  city. 
In  1913  the  county  aided  Manchester  families  representing  1,341 
persons,  and  disbursed  $14,329.84  for  the  relief  of  persons  in  their 


122 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


homes.  This  was  exclusive  of  $2,176.15  spent  for  the  care  of  indi- 
gent soldiers.  In  addition  the  county  also  spent  a considerable  sum 
on  indoor  relief,  for  the  maintenance  of  Manchester  paupers  and 
prisoners  at  the  county  farm,  and  for  the  board  of  dependent  chil- 
dren outside,  estimated  to  be  $38, 103. 052  The  amounts  disbursed 
by  the  city  were  $14,825.08  on  outdoor  relief,  $2,706.04  for  the  sup- 
port of  dependents  in  homes,  and  $391.25  for  the  relief  of  indigent 
soldiers. 

In  addition,  as  stated  previously,  the  city  contributed  toward  the 
support  of  various  private  philanthropic  institutions.  In  1913  this 
municipal  appropriation  amounted  to  $5,100,  divided  among  17 
organizations. 

The  total  amount,  then,  expended  by  county  and  city  for  indoor 
and  outdoor  relief  in  1913  was  $69,964.01.  This  was  exclusive  of 
aid  to  soldiers  and  appropriations  to  private  institutions.  With 
these  included  the  amount  was  $77,631.41. 

This  represents  a considerable  sum  spent  for  public  charitable  relief 
in  a city  of  74,000  population,  but  in  the  absence  of  definite  informa- 
tion concerning  the  total  number  of  persons  and  of  families  helped, 
and  the  amounts  expended  for  similar  purposes  by  private  charity,  it 
is  not  possible  to  draw  conclusions  with  regard  to  the  extent  of  pov- 
erty in  the  city  which  this  expenditure  may  indicate. 

There  were  32  babies  included  in  this  investigation  whose  families 
were  on  the  county  or  city  records  as  receiving  public  aid.  On 
account  of  the  difficulty  of  identifying  names,  however,  this  is  likely 
an  understatement  of  the  total  number. 

Public  care  and  protection  of  infants. — As  has  already  been  stated, 
there  were  no  public  institutions  for  the  care  of  infants  or  children  in 
Manchester.  Dependent  children  under  3 were  cared  for  at  the 
county  almshouse.  The  published  records  of  the  county  commission- 
ers showed  that  30  babies  under  1 year  of  age  were  cared  for  at  the 
county  farm  in  1913.1  2 The  private  infant  asylum  referred  to  above 
also  admitted  20  babies  under  1 year  of  age  during  the  period  covered 
by  this  investigation. 

Private  individuals  also  took  infants  to  board,  but  the  State  law 
requires  that  when  the  number  received  is  two  or  more  it  is  necessary 
to  obtain  from  the  State  board  of  charities  a license  to  maintain  a 
boarding  house  for  infants.3  The  application  must  first  be  approved 
by  the  local  board  of  health,  but  supervision  thereafter  is  by  the  State 
board  of  charities.  In  Manchester  during  the  period  covered  by  this 
investigation  there  were  two  licensed  infant  boarding  houses. 


1 Estimate  based  on  the  percentage  which  the  cost  of  county  outdoor  relief  in  Manchester  formed  of 
the  total  county  outdoor  relief. 

2 Report  of  the  County  Commissioners  of  Hillsborough  County,  1913,  pp.  132-169. 

3 Session  Laws  of  1911,  ch.  134,  p.  150. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


123 


EDUCATION. 

The  educational  situation  in  Manchester  reflected  to  some  extent  the 
tendency  pointed  out  in  earlier  pages  for  the  French  Canadians  and 
also  the  Greeks  to  retain  their  own  community  life.  The  schools  were 
almost  equally  divided  between  public  and  parochial,  27  of  the  former 
and  24  of  the  latter  having  enrollments  of  6,679  and  6,688  pupils, 
respectively.  One  of  the  parochial  schools  was  of  the  Greek  Church 
and  the  others  Roman  Catholic.  The  standards  of  the  Greek  school 
did  not  meet  the  public  educational  requirements,  however,  and  it 
therefore  held  its  sessions  only  after  regular  school  hours,  and  attend- 
ance in  a public  school  was  required  of  its  pupils.  The  remaining 
parochial  schools  were  all  officially  approved. 

A number  of  these  schools  were  termed,  locally,  * 1 French  schools  ”— 
that  is,  they  were  conducted  partly  in  the  French  language.  There  was 
also  one  “ Polish  school.”  All  these  schools  conformed  to  the  law  in 
teaching  English  part  time,  but  it  appeared  to  be  regarded  as  a foreign 
language  by  some  of  the  children  in  the  French  schools.  This  expla- 
nation was  given  by  some  of  the  native-born  “French”  mothers  for 
their  inability  to  speak  English.  Agents  frequently  found  that  school 
children  whom  they  addressed  on  the  street  to  inquire  for  direction 
were  unable  to  understand  English.  In  the  predominantly  French 
section  the  language  of  the  home,  the  street,  and  the  shop  was 
French. 

PUBLIC  HEALTH  AND  SANITATION. 

Administration. — The  board  of  health  is  the  city  department  pri- 
marily concerned  with  the  problem  of  public  health  and  sanitation, 
but  at  the  time  of  this  study  the  scope  of  its  work  was  considerably 
limited  by  inadequate  financial  support.  The  board  had  no  full-time 
executive  health  officer,  and  the  amount  allowed  for  salaries  was 
quite  insufficient  to  secure  the  expert  service  which  such  a board 
requires.  The  expenditures  for  1913,  exclusive  of  the  cost  of 
maintenance  of  the  isolation  and  smallpox  hospitals,  amounted  to 
only  $11,282.56.  Of  this,  $2,911.05  was  expended  for  medical 
inspection  in  the  schools,  leaving  only  $8,371.51  to  cover  the  cost 
of  sanitary  inspection,  milk  and  food  inspection,  maintenance  of 
laboratory,  control  of  contagious  diseases,  and  payment  of  salaries 
and  office  expenses.  Three  members  of  the  board  of  health  gave  part 
time  and  served  at  a nominal  salary.  One  of  the  members  was  a 
physician,  but  no  physician  or  trained  bacteriologist  giving  full  time 
regularly  was  in  the  board’s  employ.  All  the  executive  and  admin- 
istrative business  was  transacted  at  the  board  meetings  which  were 
held  usually  once  a week,  though  extra  meetings  were  called  if  the 
occasion  demanded.  In  1913  the  number  of  meetings  held  was  55. 
Four  sanitary  inspectors  acted  as  the  agents  of  the  board  of  health 


124 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


and  carried  out  its  orders.  With  a force  and  budget  so  limited  the 
work  of  this  department  was  necessarily  handicapped. 

Recently,  however,  there  has  been  a radical  change  in  the  city’s 
policy  toward  health  and  sanitation.  Since  March,  1916,  Man- 
chester has  had  a full-time  health  officer  who  is  reorganizing  the 
department  according  to  modern  standards. 

Other  city  departments  concerned  with  the  maintenance  of  public 
sanitation  are  the  board  of  public  works,  the  board  of  water  com- 
missioners, the  department  of  buildings,  and  the  police  department. 
The  board  of  public  works  has  charge  of  the  paving  and  cleaning  of 
streets,  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  sewers,  and  the  scavenger 
service.  The  water  commissioners  have  charge  of  the  city  water- 
works. The  department  of  buildings  administers  the  building  code, 
which  lays  down  regulations  for  the  construction  and  repair  of 
buildings.  The  police  department  cooperates  with  the  board  of 
health  in  the  abatement  of  nuisances  and  in  maintaining  cleanliness 
of  back  alleys  and  back  yards. 

Milk  supply. — The  city  consumed  daily  about  22,000  quarts  of 
milk  and  900  quarts  of  cream,  coming  from  850  farms.1  Most  of 
this  supply  the  milk  inspector  reported  to  be  produced  within  20  miles 
of  the  city  and  to  be  from  12  to  18  hours  old  when  delivered  to  the 
consumer.  All  milk  was  required  to  be  bottled  at  the  dairy  or  milk 
station,  and  to  be  retailed  only  in  closed  containers.  All  persons 
selling  milk  in  the  city  were  required  to  be  licensed  and  all  dealers  who 
purchased  from  others  milk  to  sell  in  the  city  to  file  with  the  board 
of  health  a list  of  the  names  and  addresses  of  all  persons  or  firms 
from  whom  they  collected  their  milk.  All  farms  producing  milk  con- 
sumed in  Manchester,  as  well  as  all  city  milk  plants — that  is,  depots 
where  milk  was  shipped  and  bottled  for  distribution — were  subject 
to  inspection  by  the  board  of  health. 

The  work  of  milk  inspection  at  the  time  of  this  inquiry  included 
visiting  and  scoring  the  various  farms  and  the  city  milk  plants,  the 
collection  and  laboratory  examination  of  samples  of  milk,  and  the 
notification  and  prosecution  of  violations.  Two  sanitary  inspectors 
of  the  board  of  health  gave  part  time  to  this  work.  The  chief  milk 
inspector  was  plumbing  inspector  also,  and  in  addition  inspected  and 
scored  barber  shops.  Obviously  this  force  was  too  small  to  do  satis- 
factory work.  It  was  not  possible  to  visit  the  majority  of  the  farms 
oftener  than  once  a year,  and  farms  lying  at  too  great  a distance  could 
not  be  visited  at  all.  In  1913-14  inspections  were  made  about  24 
miles  north,  35  miles  east,  12  miles  south,  and  9 miles  west. 

As  stated  above,  850  different  farms  were  reported  to  be  supply- 
ing the  city  with  milk.  As  only  91  licenses  were  granted  in  1913 

1 Private  report  made  to  Dairy  Division,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  by  board  cf  health,  Man- 
chester, Feb.  4,  1914. 


IOTANT  MORTALITY. 


125 


to  milkmen,  it  is  evident  that  the  city  received  the  bulk  of  its  milk 
supply  from  a large  number  of  small  producers  scattered  through 
the  country  who  sold  to  middlemen.  Such  a supply  is  the  most 
difficult  to  safeguard.  The  number  of  farms  visited  and  scored  in 
1913  was  420,  not  quite  half  of  the  total  number  reported  to  be 
sending  milk  to  the  city. 

The  official  Dairy  Instructors’  Association  score  card  was  used  in 
the  work  of  inspection  and  the  average  score  for  the  420  farms  was 
46.38  out  of  a possible  100  points.  Regarding  the  use  and  signifi- 
cance of  the  score  card,  a bulletin  of  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture  says : 1 

The  score  card  is  not  a set  of  peremptory  orders,  but  a system  of  giving  credit  for 
good  conditions  and  marking  down  for  bad  ones.  It  does  not  ask  or  expect  a man 
to  be  perfect,  but  rates  him  as  it  finds  his  equipment  and  methods.  A dairy  in  the 
seventies  is  usually  in  acceptable  condition. 

The  chief  requirements  as  to  the  quality  of  milk  which  may  be 
sold  in  Manchester,  contained  in  the  State  law  and  in  the  local  milk 
regulations,  state  that  milk  shall  contain  at  least  12  per  cent  total 
solids,  and  no  adulterants  or  preservatives;  that  it  shall  not  be  pro- 
duced from  diseased  cows,  nor  under  insanitary  conditions,  nor 
contain  more  than  500,000  bacteria  per  cubic  centimeter;  it  shall 
be  maintained  at  a temperature  of  not  more  than  55°  F.,  and  must 
be  retailed  in  sealed  receptacles.2  No  standard  was  required  for  dairy 
scores,  as  the  board  of  health  considered  that  the  best  results  would 
be  accomplished  by  educating  the  dairymen  and  enlisting  their 
voluntary  interest  in  proper  methods  of  production.  The  scores  of 
the  various  milkmen  were  kept  on  file  at  the  board  of  health  office, 
and  might  be  consulted  by  private  citizens  upon  request. 

Besides  dairy  inspection  an  important  supplementary  means  of 
controlling  the  quality  of  the  milk  supply,  and  the  only  means  of 
enforcing  bacteriological  standards,  is  the  frequent  collection  and 
examination  of  samples  for  adulterants  and  particularly  for  bacteria. 
The  former  director  of  the  United  States  Hygienic  Laboratory,  Dr. 
M.  J.  Rosenau,  has  the  following  to  say  as  to  the  value  of  bacterio- 
logic  counts:3 

The  health  officer  who  has  the  advantage  of  bacteriologic  assistance  knows  that  the 
milk  of  dairies  containing  excessive  numbers  of  bacteria  is  dirty,  old,  or  warm. 

With  a bacteriologic  count  as  a guide  it  is  comparatively  easy  to  determine  the  cause 
of  the  trouble  and  institute  proper  means  to  correct  it.  The  enumeration  of  bacteria 
in  milk  is,  therefore,  one  of  the  cheapest  and  readiest  methods  at  the  disposal  of  the 
health  officers'  to  determine  the  general  sanitary  quality  of  the  market  milk  supply. 
The  laboratory  results  serve  not  only  as  a guide  to  direct  the  efforts  of  the  health  officer, 


1 “The  score  card  system  of  dairy  inspection.”  George  M.  Whittaker,  circular  199,  revised,  Bureau 
of  Animal  Industry,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  p.  10. 

2 Sanitary  Milk  Rules,  issued  by  board  of  health  of  city  of  Manchester. 

3 Milk  and  its  Relation  to  the  Public  Health,  U.  S.  Hygienic  Laboratory,  bulletin  56,  pp.  436  and  437. 


126 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


but  confirm  the  conclusions  arrived  at  from  an  inspection  of  the  dairies  and  dairy 
farms. 

One  great  advantage  accruing  from  the  bacteriological  control  of  milk  is  that  it 
affords  an  opportunity  to  exclude  the  milk  of  diseased  cows.  * * * 

Fresh  milk  from  cows  with  diseased  udders  contains  an  excessive  number  of  strep- 
tococci and  pus  cells,  or  an  excess  of  pus  cells  alone.  So  far  as  we  know,  such  milk 
is  dangerous  for  infant  feeding. 

The  total  number  of  samples  of  milk  and  cream  examined  from  the 
Manchester  milk  supply  in  1913  was  826,  an  average  of  not  quite  two 
a year  for  every  dairy  scored,  and  less  than  one  a year  for  every 
farm  reported  to  be  supplying  milk  and  cream  to  Manchester.  These 
were  all  examined  for  formaldehyde,  but  only  a portion  were  ex- 
amined for  other  preservatives,  for  adulterants,  and  for  bacteria. 
The  work  of  bacteriologic  examination  of  milk  was  handicapped 
by  lack  of  adequate  laboratory  facilities  as  well  as  by  an  insufficient 
force.  In  1914  no  bacterial  examinations  were  made,  as  a sterilizer 
was  not  available.  Since  that  time,  however,  one  has  been  installed. 

The  board  of  health  at  the  time  of  the  inquiry  employed  no  trained 
bacteriologist.  The  chief  milk  inspector  held  a certificate  from  the 
New  Hampshire  College  of  Agriculture  for  the  completion  of  a 
special  six  weeks’  course  of  instruction  for  dairy  inspectors.  The 
State  law  makes  this  provision  with  reference  to  the  qualifications 
of  milk  inspectors: 

No  milk  inspector  shall  be  paid  for  his  services  unless  he  is  a registered  chemist  or 
is  the  holder  of  a certificate  from  the  superintendent  of  the  dairy  department  of  the 
New  Hampshire  College  of  Agriculture  and  the  Mechanic  Arts  showing  the  said  holder 
to  be  qualified  to  perform  such  work.1 

Since  1916  the  bacterial  analysis  of  the  milk  supply  has  been 
under  the  direction  of  the  health  officer,  a trained  bacteriologist. 

A method  employed  by  the  board  of  health  to  discover  dirty  milk 
is  to  strain  samples  collected  through  cotton  pads.  In  case  the 
result  shows  the  milk  to  be  dirty,  the  pad  is  mounted  upon  a card 
which  bears  upon  it  the  inscription  “The  dirt  upon  each  of  these 
pads  was  strained  out  of  a pint  of  your  milk,”  and  this  is  then  mailed 
to  the  producer  with  a warning,  and  if  such  warning  is  not  effective 
his  milk  is  excluded  from  the  city. 

The  standards  for  “inspected  milk”  are  somewhat  stricter  than 
those  given  above  for  the  general  milk  supply.2  They  lay  down  spe- 
cific requirements  as  to  the  methods  and  equipment  of  the  dairies, 
provide  for  the  examination  of  the  cows  twice  a year  for  tuberculosis, 
and  require  that  the  milk  shall  not  contain  bacteria  in  excess  of 
100,000  per  cubic  centimeter  and  must  be  entirely  free  from  patho- 
genic germs.  These  regulations  were  not  promulgated  until  April  15, 
1913,  so  that  Manchester  did  not  have  the  benefit  of  them  during  all 


1 Laws  of  1901,  New  Hampshire,  eh.  107,  p.  607. 

2 Laws  of  1911,  New  Hampshire,  ch.  108,  p.  112;  and  State  Board  of  Health  Regulations. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


127 


the  period  which  this  investigation  covers.  The  tubercular  test  was 
enforced  for  inspected  milk  only.  About  10  per  cent  of  the  whole 
supply  was  pasteurized.  The  health  officer  estimates  that  now 
about  50  per  cent  is  pasteurized. 

Two  dairies  supplied  inspected  milk  to  Manchester.  They  had  a 
total  of  about  50  or  60  cows,  and  in  1913  their  scores  were  77.6  and 
83.2,  respectively;  in  1914  they  scored  81  and  86.8',  respectively. 
The  city  milk  plants  scored  an  average  of  71.1. 

The  importance  of  a pure  milk  supply  to  the  health  and  well- 
being of  babies  is  well  recognized.  The  facts  recited  in  the  foregoing 
description  make  it  apparent  that  the  milk  supply  in  Manchester 
was  not  adequately  safeguarded  during  the  period  covered  by  this 
investigation.  The  force  of  inspectors  was  inadequate  and  generally 
lacking  in  scientific  training.  Inspections  of  dairies  were  too  infre- 
quent to  maintain  standards  of  production,  and  the  average  of  the 
scores  which  were  obtained  was  considerably  below  the  rating  which 
indicates  an  acceptable  condition.  The  use  of  the  bacteriologic  count 
would  have  been  of  greater  value  if  more  samples  had  been  examined. 

Water  supply. — The  source  of  Manchester's  water  supply  is  Lake 
Massebesic,  a lake  of  about  2,500  acres,  located  to  the  east  of  the  city 
and  partly  within  its  boundaries.  The  lake  is  protected  from  con- 
tamination by  city  and  State  regulations  as  to  the  use  which  can  be 
made  of  its  banks.  The  city  owned  82  per  cent  of  the  shore.  The 
lake  had  approximately  40  miles  of  watershed,  about  half  of  which  was 
wooded  and  hah  cleared.  There  was  no  filtration  system  or  settling 
basin,  but  the  water  was  pumped  from  the  lake  directly  into  a reser- 
voir of  15,000,000  gallons  capacity,  from  which  it  flowed  directly 
into  the  distributing  mains.  The  local  superintendent  of  the  water- 
works estimated  that  about  90  per  cent  of  the  population  of 
Manchester  were  consumers  of  this  water.  The  service  was  extensive 
and  accessible  to  all  parts  of  the  city  except  the  outlying  districts.1 

Streets. — Manchester,  because  of  the  large  rural  area  within  the 
city  limits,  had  a very  considerable  street  mileage — 203.6.  Of  this, 
however,  72.7  miles  were  outlying  country  roads.  Paved  streets, 
including  “back  streets"  and  “lanes,"  comprised  only  8.6  miles. 
The  pavements  used  were  chiefly  tar,  concrete,  and  granite  blocks. 
TheJ?ack  streets  and  lanes  are  not  included  in  the  total  street  mileage 
given  above,  and  their  length  is  not  given  in  the  city  reports.  There 
are  in  the  city,  however,  a number  of  these  narrow  thoroughfares 
running  between  two  main  streets,  called  lanes  or  back  streets,  which, 
though  they  had  some  houses  fronting  on  them,  were  practically  alleys. 

1 The  reports  of  the  State  board  of  health  for  1911-12  and  1913-14  give  an  analysis  of  this  water  supply. 
The  former  report  states  that  about  99  per  cent  of  the  population  are  consumers  of  the  city  water.  No 
opinion  as  to  the  quality  of  the  water  supply  is  included  in  the  report.  Some  index  to  the  quality,  however, 
may  be  afforded  by  the  fact  that  there  were  only  five  cases  of  typhoid  fever  reported  in  Manchester 
for  1913. 


128 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


The  usual  width  of  street  in  Manchester  is  50  feet.  Elm  Street,  the 
main  business  street,  which  runs  the  length  of  the  pity,  is  100  feet 
wide.  A few  streets  are  30  and  40  feet,  while  the  lanes — with  the 
exception  of  Martin  Lane,  which  is  only  17  feet — are  20  feet,  the 
same  width  as  the  alleys.  Portions  only  of  the  lanes  were  paved,  and 
most  of  them  had  no  sidewalks.  Sidewalks,  however,  were  found 
along  all  the  principal  streets ; their  total  length  was  approximately 
200  miles. 

The  streets  in  Manchester  were  kept  in  a fair  condition.  Most  of  the 
paved  streets  were  cleaned  regularly.  Some  of  the  unpaved  streets 
were  macadamized.  Where  that  was  not  the  case  the  streets  were  apt 
to  be  very  dusty,  because  of  the  loose,  sandy  soil.  About  72  miles  of 
streets  were  regularly  sprinkled  between  the  months  of  April  and 
November.  Some  oiling  was  done  also.  The  chief  criticism  which 
the  agents  encountered  with  regard  to  the  condition  of  the  streets 
referred  to  the  “lanes.”  Some  of  these  were  found  dirty  and  littered 
with  trash.  Also,  in  the  more  outlying  districts,  dusty  streets  caused 
complaint  in  dry  weather. 

Sewerage. — The  sewer  service  in  Manchester  reaches  a large  pro- 
portion of  the  population.  There  was  in  1913  a total  of  93.5  miles 
of  sewer  as  compared  with  203.6  miles  of  streets,  but  the  fact  that  so 
much  of  the  city  is  rural  territory  makes  this  contrast  appear  more 
unfavorable  than  the  situation  warrants.  All  the  built-up  portion  of 
the  city  had  public  sewer  service,  with  the  exception  of  a small  sec- 
tion near  the  mills  occupied  by  “company  houses.”  This  portion  of 
the  city  was  built  and  maintained  by  the  mill  corporation  and  was 
served  in  part  by  private  sewers.  It  contained  between  six  and  seven 
hundred  dwellings,  all  of  which  have  now  been  connected  with  the 
sewer. 

For  the  rest  of  the  city  the  number  of  house  connections  with  the 
sewer  on  record  for  1913  was  7,785.  The  United  States  census  re- 
ports the  number  of  dwellings  for  Manchester  in  1910  to  have  been 
8,694,  and  the  number  of  house  connections  recorded  for  that  year 
was  6,884,  or  79.2  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  dwellings.  Among 
the  corporation’s  houses  were  probably  several  hundred  connections. 
A city  ordinance  requires  that  every  house  within  100  feet  of  a 
public  sewer  shall  be  connected.1 

All  sewage  flows  directly  into  the  river,  and  the  factory  wastes 
empty  into  the  factory  canals  and  thence  into  the  river.  No  method 
of  purification  was  employed.  In  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  sewer 
exits  are  into  the  Merrimack  River  where  it  flows  through  the  center 
of  the  city,  no  nuisance  was  observable  from  this  method  of  sewage 
disposal,  due  to  the  fact,  no  doubt,  that  the  mills  surround  the  river 
in  the  heart  of  the  city  and  there  are  no  dwelling  houses  near  its 
banks. 


1 Public  Statutes,  ch.  108,  sec.  8,  as  amended  by  Laws  of  1907,  ch.  106,  sec.  1. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


129 


Garbage  and  refuse  collection. — Garbage  collection  in  1913  was 
by  private  scavengers,  licensed  by  the  board  of  public  works,  which 
was  charged  with  the  duty  of  regulating  and  providing  for  this 
service.  Collections  were  required  to  be  made  twice  a week,  and  the 
garbage  must  be  kept  by  the  householder  in  a covered  receptacle 
apart  from  ashes  and  rubbish.  Part  of  the  garbage  was  collected  and 
sold  to  farmers;  part  was  collected  by  the  farmers  themselves  for  use 
in  feeding  their  hogs.  No  complaint  was  made  by  the  families 
visited  of  the  service  rendered  by  this  system.  In  the  congested 
sections  the  agents  encountered  some  cases  where  garbage  and  rub- 
bish created  a nuisance  in  yards  and  alleys,  but  for  the  city  as  a whole 
the  conditions  observed  were  fair.  A regulation  prohibiting  the 
placing  of  receptacles  in  highways  has  gone  far  toward  remedying 
these  conditions.  The  board  of  health  in  its  annual  report  for  1913 
makes  the  following  statements  with  reference  to  the  scavenger 
service : 1 

Eighty-nine  complaints  were  made  against  the  scavenger  service;  in  each  case  the 
proper  parties  were  notified  and  relief  afforded. 

Thirty-two  persons  were  found  throwing  garbage  in  the  back  streets  and  were 
warned  against  the  practice. 

Private  swill  collectors  have  been  warned  62  times  to  be  neater  in  their  work. 

The  disposal  of  rubbish  was  less  satisfactory  than  that  of  garbage. 
The  city  collected  and  hauled  the  rubbish,  including  not  only  ashes 
but  rubbish  of  all  sorts — tin  cans,  crockery,  mattresses,  paper,  etc. — 
to  various  dumps  located  on  vacant  ground  within  the  city.  There 
were  17  such  dumps  in  use  in  1913,  and  a total  of  13,432J  loads,  or 
71,585.53  cubic  yards,  of  rubbish  were  collected  and  deposited  upon 
them.  Among  the  largest  was  the  so-called  Putman  Street  dump, 
located  in  a residence  district.  This  dump  was  not  only  unsightly 
and  a nuisance  because  of  the  odors  arising  from  it,  but  had  more  or 
less  organic  material  mixed  wdth  the  rubbish  which  was  deposited 
here.  Furthermore,  it  was  a breeding  place  for  germs,  flies,  and  rats 
and  mice.  Such  articles  as  old  mattresses  deposited  upon  the  dumps 
may  readily  carry  disease  directly.  The  Putman  Street  dump,  at 
the  time  this  investigation  was  being  carried  on,  was  frequented  by 
people  who  picked  up  rags  and  junk  from  it.  Children  also  played 
there.  Other  dumps  were  less  objectionable.  The  board  of  health 
reports  for  1913  that  “the  dumps  have  been  inspected  65  times; 
found  insanitary  18  times.” 

The  city  authorities  made  an  effort  to  keep  the  dumps  in  as  sanitary 
a condition  as  possible  by  burning  the  combustible  material  they 
contained  and  by  covering  them  with  earth,  but  such  a method  of  rub- 
bish disposal  is  necessarily  unsatisfactory.  Since  the  period  to  which 
this  report  refers,  dumping  has  been  discontinued  at  the  Putman 

1 Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Health,  Manchester,  1913,  p.  31. 

72624°— 17 9 


130 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


Street  dump.  The  city  still  has  failed,  however,  to  provide  for  an 
incineration  plant  in  accordance  with  present-day  standards  of 
sanitary  engineering,  a step  long  urged  by  the  board  of  health  and 
the  board  of  public  works. 

With  the  growth  of  population  in  Manchester  and  increase  in  its 
density  the  present  relatively  primitive  methods  of  sewage  and  gar- 
bage disposal  are  likely  to  result  in  a serious  menace  to  public  health. 
That  these  methods  are  not  more  obnoxious  at  present  is  due  in  part 
to  the  size  of  the  city,  the  distribution  of  the  population  over  a broad 
area,  and  the  fact  that  the  water  of  the  Merrimack  is  used  by  this  city 
only  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

Housing. — The  mills  lining  the  banks  of  the  Merrimack  lie  in  the 
heart  of  the  city,  and  spreading  outward  from  them  the  population 
becomes  less  dense.  The  river  and  the  mills  divide  the  city  into  two 
distinct  parts,  called  locally  East  and  West  Manchester.  East  Man- 
chester is  the  larger  and  contains  the  main  business  section,  with 
Elm  Street,  running  parallel  to  the  river,  as  its  center.  West  Man- 
chester also  has  its  business  street,  Main  Street,  running  parallel  to 
the  river  and  bearing  the  same  relation  to  the  west  side  that  Elm 
Street  does  to  the  east.  These  two  parallel  streets  bound  the  mill 
territory,  though  the  bulk  of  the  mills  lie  on  the  east  side  of  the  river, 
and  it  would  be  more  nearly  correct,  perhaps,  to  say  that  the  density 
of  the  population  decreases  as  one  moves  outward  from  these  two 
streets. 

Between  Elm  Street  and  the  mills,  on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  lies  a 
section  known  as  the  “ Corporation.”  This  was  built-  up  largely  with 
“ company  houses,”  put  up  many  years  ago  to  provide  for  the  em- 
ployees of  the  cotton  mills  in  the  early  days  of  the  city’s  growth. 
The  majority  of  these  houses  were  found  in  two-story  brick  rows,  with 
small  yards  and  sheds  to  the  rear.  Some  were  built  in  rows  facing  each 
other  upon  a common  yard  and  had  grass  plots  in  front.  Others 
fronted  directly  upon  the  street.  There  were  also  some  three-tenement 
and  four- tenement  “ blocks.” 1 The  houses  were  for  the  most  part  sub- 
stantially built  and  a number  of  the  streets  were  lined  with  shade  trees, 
so  that  they  did  not  present  the  barren,  dilapidated  aspect  of  many 
u company  rows.”  Conditions  varied  somewhat,  however.  At  the 
time  of  this  investigation  there  were  also  a number  of  old  wooden 
tenements,  with  yard  privies,  which  presented  objectionable  condi- 
tions. These  frame  tenements  have  been  removed  since  and  within 
the  p’ast  two  years  eight  new  five-family  brick  blocks  have  been 
erected  within  the  “ Corporation.”  All  yard  privies  also  have  been 
removed  from  corporation  premises.  Elsewhere  most  of  the  houses 
encountered  were  connected  with  sewers,  though  in  a number  of  cases 
the  water-closet  was  in  a shed  to  the  rear  of  the  house  and  the  tenants 

i A tenement  building  is  termed,  locally,  a “block’’;  this  may  apply  to  one  building  proper  or  to  a 
row  of  attached  houses. 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


131 


complained  of  its  freezing  up  in  winter  and  getting  out  of  repair. 
The  sewer  service,  street  cleaning,  and  scavenger  service  in  this 
district  are  all  provided  by  the  mill  corporation.  All  these  houses 
but  two  blocks  belonged  to  one  company,  which  also  owned  what 
would  equal  about  one  city  block  of  houses  across  the  river.  In  all, 
this  company  maintained  629  tenements  including  31  boarding 
houses.  The  wooden  tenements,  in  reality  rows  of  two-and-a-half- 
story  houses,  comprised  11  so-called  11  blocks  ” and  60  tenements  or 
dwellings. 

The  worst  housing  conditions  and  the  most  congested  district  in  the 
city  were  found  east  of  Elm  Street,  in  the  district  extending  about 
15  city  blocks  along  Elm  Street,  north  and  south,  and  about  three 
blocks  east,  now  chiefly  included  in  the  present  ward  5.  It  contained 
portions  of  wards  2,  3,  and  4,  so  that  it  was  not  possible  to  obtain  the 
population  per  acre,  but  there  was  a considerable  degree  of  lot  crowd- 
ing within  this  area,  and  as  most  of  the  buildings,  with  the  exception 
of  those  along  Elm  Street, were  wooden,  the  fire  menace  was  serious. 
In  this  district  were  sixteen  4-story  wooden  tenements,  three  of  which 
were  rear.1  This  neighborhood  contained  a number  of  houses  fronting 
on  the  so-called  ‘ ‘ lanes,  ’ ’ which  in  reality  were  alleys,  being  only  20  feet 
wide  and  presenting  alley  conditions.  There  were  40  tenements  and 
43  houses,  chiefly  wooden  and  including  rear  houses,  fronting  on 
these  lanes.  In  a number  of  cases,  besides,  the  buildings  ran  through 
from  street  to  alley,  occupying  practically  the  entire  lot,  and  several 
almost  solid  city  half  blocks  were  found,  particularly  along  Elm  Street. 
Many  of  the  wooden  houses  were  old  and  in  bad  repair.  Toilets,  many 
of  which  are  now  in  the  tenements,  were  usually  in  the  basements, 
one  for  several  families,  and  often  the  public  also  had  access.  Under 
such  conditions  it  was  almost  impossible  to  maintain  them  in  a fit 
condition.  In  some  cases  the  pipes  had  rusted  and  were  so  clogged 
that  it  was  nearly  impossible  to  flush  the  closets.  In  the  old  and 
dilapidated  houses  sanitary  conditions  generally  were  bad.  Also  the 
danger  of  fire  was  great  in  these  places,  especially  as  such  houses 
were  heated  by  stoves  and  the  rooms  and  public  halls  frequently 
lighted  by  lamps. 

Along  Elm  Street  a large  proportion  of  the  buildings  were  brick  and 
on  the  lower  floors  were  used  for  the  most  part  for  business  purposes, 
and  above  for  tenements.  Shops  and  stores  claimed  a portion  of  the 
other  streets  also,  and  a considerable  number  of  public  buildings  were 
Located  in  the  district.  One  commendable  feature  which  tended  to 
relieve  the  general  congestion  of  this  section  was  the  existence  of  four 
or  five  open  squares  or  commons. 

A small  section  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  in  the  ninth  ward, 
now  the  extreme  eastern  sections  of  wards  12  and  13,  contained 

1 Data  as  to  numbers  of  alley  houses  and  tenements  obtained  from  fire  insurance  map  of  Manchester, 

published  by  Sanborn  Map  Co. 


132 


INFANT  MOBTALITY. 


conditions  as  bad  as  described  above,  but  much  more  limited  in 
extent.  This  was  a triangle  containing  six  city  blocks  located 
between  the  mills  and  Main  Street.  At  the  time  of  the  investigation 
all  but  two  of  the  buildings  in  this  area  were  wooden,  and  it  con- 
tained seven  4-story  wooden  tenements,  two  of  which  were  rear. 
There  were  four  rear  tenements  and  one  rear  house.  The  blocks  were 
bisected  by  two  small  lanes,  one  of  17  feet  and  one  of  20  feet,  on  which 
these  rear  dwellings  were  found.  The  occupants  were  largely  French 
Canadians.  Along  Main  Street  in  the  central  portion  of  the  west 
side  were  also  some  bad  housing  conditions  and  instances  of  lot 
crowding.  Some  old  dilapidated  buildings  and  tenements  were 
found  here  and  a few  rear  houses,  but  conditions  were  not  comparable 
with  those  just  described  for  the  section  just  east  of  Elm  Street. 

Outside  of  these  three  areas  only  isolated  cases  of  bad  housing  were 
found.  Most  of  the  houses  in  Manchester  were  frame  dwellings  of  two 
and  three  stories  and  with  adequate  lot  area.  Wooden  tenements 
and  flat  buildings  were  scattered  all  over  the  city,  but  the  type  which 
was  being  erected  most  frequently  in  all  but  the  best  residence  por- 
tion of  the  city  was  the  two-family  and  three-family  house.  It  was 
cheaper  to  build  than  the  attached  houses,  because  the  fire  regulations 
required  that  every  party  wall,  or  wall  between  two  apartments,  must 
be  of  fireproof  material,  and  this  added  to  the  cost  of  construction. 
The  three-family  house  particularly  was  being  built  in  large  numbers, 
with  one  family  to  a floor.  This  style  of  building  allows  a more 
intensive  use  of  the  lot  and  when  new  is  attractive  and  desirable  in 
that  it  permits  each  family  to  have  light  and  air  on  four  sides.  This 
condition  holds,  however,  only  so  long  as  the  adjoining  lots  are  not 
built  upon,  and  such  houses  tend  toward  lot  crowding.  They  are 
also  dangerous  in  case  of  fire,  as  the  interior  stairways  running  straight 
up  from  first  floor  to  roof  act  as  chimneys.  Another  common  prac- 
tice in  Manchester  was  to  build  two  houses  upon  one  lot  by  placing  one 
house  to  the  rear  and  side  so  that  a portion  of  the  house  had  frontage 
on  the  street.  It  might  or  might  not  be  attached  to  the  one  in  front. 
Such  houses  for  the  most  part  had  adequate  light  and  air  and  were 
not  counted  as  rear  houses  in  this  report,  but  houses  so  placed  soon 
become  objectionable  and  are  likely  to  be  shut  in  later. 

The  chief  evils  in  the  housing  situation  in  Manchester  have  to  do 
with  maintenance.  A new  building  code,  passed  in  1911,  provides 
against  the  multiplication  of  some  of  the  present  evils  in  the  construc- 
tion of  new  houses,  but  there  is  no  provision  for  the  alteration  of  old 
houses,  other  than  that  buildings  hereafter  remodeled  to  an  extent 
exceeding  the  cost  of  50  per  cent  of  the  original  building  cost  shall  be 
made  to  conform  to  the  requirements  of  the  code.  It  also  provides 
that  no  more  frame  buildings  shall  be  erected  within  the  fire  limits,  or 
if  any  building  shall  be  damaged  by  fire  to  a greater  extent  than  50 
per  cent  of  its  value  it  must  be  torn  down.  The  new  requirements  make 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


133 


construction  more  expensive,  with  the  result  that  the  old  property 
pays  a higher  rate  on  the  investment  then  new  buildings  could  he 
made  to  do.  The  result  is  that  the  tearing  down  of  old  buildings 
is  delayed,  and,  since  there  are  no  requirements  as  to  the  minor  alter- 
ations or  repairs,  the  condition  in  which  they  are  maintained  depends 
upon  the  interest  and  disposition  of  the  landlord.  In  some  cases 
the  old  wooden  property  has  been  left  standing  on  the  front  of  the 
lot  and  a new  brick  tenement  has  been  built  on  the  rear. 

While  tenement-house  inspection  was  not  organized,  the  board  of 
health  inspected  for  sanitary  conditions  upon  complaint.  It  might 
order  the  premises  cleaned  or  water-closets  and  cesspools  cleaned  and 
repaired,  or  it  might  order  water-closets  installed.  As  before  stated, 
the  law  requires  that  all  houses  within  100  feet  of  a public  sewer 
be  connected,  and  that  a water-closet  for  every  15  persons  be  main- 
tained. The  board  of  health  also  inspected  plumbing  fixtures  when 
they  were  installed,  to  see  that  they  conformed  to  the  plumbing 
regulations.  In  1913,  the  board  stated  in  its  report,  1,002  tenements, 
95  vaults  and  privies,  and  50  cesspools  were  inspected.  It  reported 
21  tenements  cleaned,  492  water-closets  cleaned  or  repaired,  21  cess- 
pools and  35  “ filthy  hallways  and  roofs”  ordered  cleaned,  and  15 
vaults  and  privies  ordered  cleaned  or  repaired.  In  addition,  inspec- 
tions were  made  of  yards  and  alleys,  cellars,  outbuildings,  and  barns. 

The  building  code  provides  that  for  new  houses  no  room  shall  be 
built  without  windows  opening  either  upon  a court,  yard,  or  the 
street,  and  that  not  more  than  70  per  cent  of  an  inside  lot  or  90  per 
cent  of  a corner  lot  shall  be  occupied.  Every  apartment  must  have  a 
water-closet  with  adequate  means  of  ventilation.  Also  the  window 
and  floor  area  is  prescribed  for  each  room.  Inner  courts  must  be  1 2 
feet  in  width  and  outer  courts  8 feet  for  buildings  three  stories  in 
height.  This  width  must  be  increased  with  the  increase  in  the  height 
of  the  building  over  three  stories,  or  may  be  decreased  with  each  story 
less  than  three.  But  a court  whose  outer  side  is  on  the  lot  line  need 
measure  only  4 feet  in  width  for  a building  three  stories  in  height. 
Furthermore,  the  code  does  not  forbid  the  erection  of  rear  houses  nor 
further  encroachments  upon  the  lot  by  other  buildings,  on  the  back 
or  the  front,  so  that  the  total  percentage  of  the  lot  which  can  be  occu- 
pied may  be  considerably  in  excess  of  70. 

The  housing  situation  in  Manchester  may  be  briefly  summarized: 
The  city  covers  a broad  area  and  a large  proportion  of  the  population 
lives  in  the  open  parts  of  the  city.  Near  the  center,  however,  in  the 
areas  verging  on  the  business  and  mill  sections,  housing  conditions  were 
seriously  bad.  Lot  congestion,  dilapidated  wooden  tenements,  rear 
and  alley  houses,  and  dark,  insanitary  dwellings  prevailed.  Tenement- 
house  inspection  was  not  systematic  but  was  made  upon  complaint  and 
was  chiefly  for  nuisances. 


Schedule  used  in  investigation. 


134 


INFANT  MORTALITY. 


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PLATE  I.— TENEMENT  HOUSES  IN  THE  FOURTH  WARD,  OUT  TOWARD  VALLEY 
STREET.  MODERN  PLUMBING,  TOILET  ON  EVERY  FLOOR,  ALL  SIDES  EX- 
POSED TO  LIGHT  AND  AIR.  TYPE  OF  TENEMENT  HOUSE  BECOMING  MORE 
COMMON  IN  MANCHESTER. 


PLATE  II.— REAR  OF  AN  OLD  HOUSE  OCCUPIED  BY  TWO  FAMILIES.  BOTH 
USE  SAME  tOILET  IN  CELLAR. 


PLATE  III.— TWO  TOILETS  IN  BASEMENT  SERVE  THE  FOUR  FAMILIES  LIVING 

HERE. 


PLATE  IV.— HOUSE  SHOWN  ABOVE  AND  ANOTHER  LARGE  TENEMENT  HOUSE 
SEPARATED  FROM  IT  ONLY  BY  A NARROW  PASSAGEWAY. 


PLATE  V.— FOUR-FAMILY  HOUSE,  CONTAINING  FOUR  DARK  BEDROOMS. 
TOILETS  IN  YARD. 


PLATE  VI.— REAR  VIEW  OF  SOME  THREE-STORY  TENEMENT  HOUSES. 


PLATE  VII.— REAR  VIEW  OF  TENEMENT  HOUSES. 


PLATE  VIII.— REAR  AND  FRONT  VIEWS. 


INDUSTRIAL  SCHOOL 


MANCHESTER,  N.  II 
1913 


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STATE 

By 

DUNCAN  and  EMMA  DUKE 

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PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  CHILDREN’S  BUREAU. 


Annual  Reports: 

Third  Annual  Report,  of  the  Chief,  Children’s  Bureau,  to  the  Secretary  of  Labor, 
for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30, 1915.  26  pp.  1915. 

Fourth  Annual  Report  of  the  Chief,  Children’s  Bureau,  to  the  Secretary  of  Labor, 
for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30, 1916.  27  pp.  1916. 

Care  of  Children  Series: 

No.  1.  Prenatal  Care,  by  Mrs.  Max  West.  41pp.  4th  ed.  1915.  Bureau  pub- 
lication No.  4. 

No.  2.  Infant  Care,  by  Mrs.  Max  West.  87  pp.  1914.  Bureau  publication  No.  8. 

Dependent,  Defective,  and  Delinquent  Classes  Series: 

No.  1.  Laws  Relating  to  Mothers’  Pensions  in  the  United  States,  Denmark,  and 
New  Zealand.  102  pp.  1914.  Bureau  publication  No.  7.  (Out  of  print. 
Revised  edition  in  preparation.) 

No.  2.  Mental  Defectives  in  the  District  of  Columbia:  A brief  description  of  local  a 
conditions  and  the  need  for  custodial  care  and  training.  39  pp.  1915.  Bureau  * 
publication  No.  13.  ; - ' 

Infant  Mortality  Series: 

No.  1.  Baby-Saving  Campaigns:  A preliminary  report  on  what  American  cities 
are  doing  to  prevent  infant  mortality.  93  pp.  4th  ed.  1914.  Bureau  publi- « 
cation  No.  3.  (Bureau  supply  exhausted.  Copies  may  be  purchased  from 
Superintendent  of  Documents  at  15  cents  each.) 

No.  2.  New  Zealand  Society  for  the  Health  of  Women  and  Children:  An  example  | 
of  methods  of  baby-saving  work  in  small  towns  and  rural  districts.  18  pp. 
1914.  Bureau  publication  No.  6. 

No.  3.  Infant  Mortality:  Results  of  a field  study  in  Johnstown,  Pa.,  based  on 
births  in  one  calendar  year,  by  Emma  Duke.  103  pp.  1915.  Bureau  publi- 
cation No.  9. 

No.  4.  Infant  Mortality,  Montclair,  N.  J.:  A study  of  infant  mortality  in  a sub- 
urban community.  36  pp.  1915.  Bureau  publication  No.  11. 

No.  6.  A Tabular  Statement  of  Infant-Welfare  Work  by  Public  and  Private 1 
Agencies  in  the  United  States,  by  Etta  R.  Goodwin.  114  pp.  1916.  Bureau  I 
publication  No.  16. 

No.  6.  Infant  Mortality:  Results  of  a field  study  in  Manchester,  N.  H.,  based  on 
births  in  one  year,  by  Beatrice  Sheets  Duncan  and  Emma  Duke.  134  pp.,  4 
pp.  illus.  and  map  of  Manchester.  1917.  Bureau  publication  No.  20. 

Industrial  Series: 

No.  1.  Child-Labor  Legislation  in  the  United  States,  by  Helen  L.  Sumner  and 
Ella  A.  Merritt.  1131pp.  2 charts.  1915.  Bureau  publication  No.  10. 

Reprints  from  the  above  are  also  issued,  as  follows: 

Child-Labor  Legislation  in  the  United  States:  Separate  No.  1.  Ana- 
lytical tables.  475  pp.  2 charts. 

Child-Labor  Legislation  in  the  United  States:  Separates  Nos.  2 to  54. 

Text  of  laws  for  each  State  separately.  1 

Child-Labor  Legislation  in  the  United  States:  Separate  No.  55.  Text? 
of  Federal  Child-Labor  Law.  1916. 

No.  2.  Administration  of  Child-Labor  Laws: 

Part.  1.  Employment-Certificate  System,  Connecticut,  by  Helen  L.  Sumner 
and  Ethel  E.  Hanks.  69  pp.  2 charts.  1915.  Bureau  publication  No.  12. . 
Part  2.  Employment-Certificate  System,  New  York,  by  Helen  L.  Sumner 
and  Ethel  E.  Hanks.  164  pp.  ^ 3 charts.  1917.  Bureau  publication  No.  17. 

161pp.  1916.  Bureau  publication  i 


No.  3.  List  of  References  on  Crnld  Labor. 


No.  18. 


[Continued  on  third  page  of  cover.] 


